Rigging
Rigging
Rigging
24 RIGGING
RIGGING
Minimum
distance
3 metres
4.5 metres
ER!
G
N
DA TOP!
S
6 metres
Beware:
The wind can blow powerlines, hoist lines, or your load.
This can cause them to cross the minimum distance.
RIGGING
FIBRE ROPES
DETERMINING LOADS
The first step in planning a rigging operation is
to calculate or estimate the weight of the
material to be lifted or moved.
Figure 1
24 3
RIGGING
Manila Rope
Manila rope is not recommended for
construction use and is illegal for
lifelines and lanyards.
Inspection
Dusty residue
Wear from inside out.
when twisted open Overloading. If extensive,
replace rope.
Broken strands,
Replace rope.
fraying, spongy
texture
Wet
Strength could be reduced.
Frozen
Replace rope.
Chalky exterior
appearance
Overexposed to sunlight
(UV) rays. Possibly left
unprotected outside. Do
not use. Discard.
Dusty residue
Worn from inside out. If
when twisted open extensive, replace.
Frayed exterior
Broken strands
Cold or frozen
Size reduction
Design Factors
Fibre rope must have a design factor to account
for loads over and above the weight being
hoisted and for reduced capacity due to
If rope or eye
stretches,
thimble will rock.
Figure 2
Whip rope to
tighten up
thimble in eye.
Check for
To secure
tucks
splice, use
popping free. whipping.
Figure 3
24 4
RIGGING
Breaking strength
WLL = ___________________
Design Factor
Breaking strength
= ___________________
5
For example, a rope rated at 1500 lbs.
breaking strength has a working load
limit of 300 lbs.
1500 lbs.
_________
5
= 300 lbs.
Figure 4
Figure 5
24 5
RIGGING
Polyethylene Rope
1. Change the rope diameter into eighths of
an inch.
Care
Remove kinks carefully. Never try to pull
them straight. This will severely damage
the rope and reduce its strength.
Nylon Rope
1. Change the rope diameter into eighths of
an inch.
Polypropylene Rope
1. Change the rope diameter into eighths of
an inch.
2. Square the numerator and multiply by 40.
Example: 1/2 inch polypropylene rope =
4
/8 inch diameter
WLL = 4 x 4 x 40 = 640 lbs.
Figure 7
Polyester Rope
Storage
Hang fibre ropes in loose coils on largediameter wooden pegs well above the
floor (Figure 8).
24 6
RIGGING
Knots
Wherever practical, avoid tying knots in rope.
Knots, bends, and hitches reduce rope strength
considerably. Just how much depends on the
knot and how it is applied. Use a spliced end
with a hook or other standard rigging hardware
such as slings and shackles to attach ropes to
loads.
24 7
Bight
End
Standing
Part
Figure 9
RIGGING
Overhand Loop
Underhand Loop
Turn
Figure 10
Bowline
1
3
Reef or
Square Knot
RIGGING
WIRE ROPE
Strand
Wire Rope
Wire
Figure 11
Strand Constructions
Wires in a strand are commonly arranged in one
of four basic constructions or combinations
(Figure 12).
Ordinary
Seale
Running Bowline
2
1
3
4
24 9
RIGGING
Lay
The strands of a rope can be configured in
different arrangements by lay. Each lay has
characteristics suited to certain applications.
Regular Lay
Lay Lay
Right Lay
Left Lay
Alternate Lay
Wires in strand
and strands of
rope wind the
same direction
(right lay shown).
Increased
resistance to
abrasion; greater
flexibility and
fatigue resistance
than regular lay;
will kink and
untwist.
Alternate strands
of right regular
lay and right lang
lay.
Used in a few
special situations
cable tool
drilling line, for
example.
Grades of Steel
6 x 19 Seale
6 x 25 Filler Wire
24 10
RIGGING
Braided
Slings
Inspection
Worn
section
Enlarged
view of
single
strand
Where the surface wires
are worn by 1/3 or more
of their diameter, the
rope must be replaced.
24 11
RIGGING
Wire Rope
Rusty, lack of
lubrication
Excessive
outside wear
Broken wires
Kinks,
bird-caging
Crushed and
jammed
strands
Core
protrusion
Kinks, birdcaging
Crushed,
Replace rope.
jammed, or
flattened
strands
Bulges in rope Replace, especially nonrotating types.
Frozen rope
Broken wires
24 12
Attached
fittings
Frozen
Sharp bends
RIGGING
NYLON SLINGS
Frozen
Oil
contaminated
Destroy.
Figure B
Figure A
Figure C
24 13
RIGGING
CHAIN SLINGS
Figure D
Chain Slings
Use only alloy steel for overhead lifting.
Elongated or
Return to manufacturer for
stretched links repair.
Failure to hang Return to manufacturer for
straight
repair.
Bent, twisted,
or cracked
links
Gouges, chips,
or scores
RIGGING
RIGGING HARDWARE
Swivels
All fittings must be of adequate strength for the
application. Only forged alloy steel load-rated
hardware should be used for overhead lifting.
Load-rated hardware is stamped with its WLL
(Figure 15).
wear
cracks
severe corrosion
deformation/bends
Figure 15
mismatched parts
Stock Diameter
(Inches)
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/8
1-1/4
1-1/2
obvious damage.
Check for wear
and deformation.
Check for cracks
and twisting.
Maximum Working
Load Limit (Pounds)
850
1,250
2,250
3,600
5,200
7,200
10,000
12,500
15,200
18,000
45,200
Figure 16
Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes of illustration only.
Refer to the manufacturer of the equipment youre using for precise values.
Figure 17
Hoisting Hooks
Should be equipped with safety catches
(except for sorting or grab hooks).
Should be forged alloy steel with WLL
stamped or marked on the saddle.
24 15
RIGGING
Shackles
Figure 18
If the load shifts, the sling will
unscrew the shackle pin
Never replace a
shackle pin with a bolt.
Check for wear
Figure 22
WARNING
Don't run the sling through a hook or shackle.
The sling can slide in the hook or shackle
and allow an unbalanced load to tip.
Turnbuckles
Figure 19
Figure 20
Packings
Hook
Good Practice
Pack the pin with washers
to centre the shackle
Figure 21
24 16
RIGGING
Jaw
Stub
Inspect turnbuckles
frequently for cracks in end
Do not use jam nuts
fittings (especially at the
neck of the shank),
deformed end fittings,
deformed and bent rods
and bodies, cracks and
bends around the internally threaded
portion, and signs of thread damage.
Hook
(has reduced
capacity)
Figure 23
Figure 24
Eye Bolts
For hoisting, use eye or ring
bolts made of forged alloy
steel.
Use bolts with shoulders or
collars. Shoulderless bolts are
fine for vertical loading but
can bend and lose
considerable capacity under
angle loading (Figure 25).
Even with shoulders, eye and
ring bolts lose some
capacity when loaded on an
angle.
Make sure that bolts are at
right angles to hole, make
contact with working
surface, and have nuts
properly torqued (Figure
26).
Pack bolts with washers
when necessary to ensure
firm, uniform contact with
working surface (Figure 26).
Figure 25
Pack with
washers to
ensure that
shoulder is
firmly in
contact with
surface
Shoulder must be
in full contact with
surface
24 17
RIGGING
Multiplication Factors
for Snatch Block Loads
Angle Between Lead
Multiplication Factor
and Load Lines
10
1.99
20
1.97
30
1.93
40
1.87
50
1.81
60
1.73
70
1.64
80
1.53
90
1.41
100
1.29
110
1.15
120
1.00
130
.84
140
.68
150
.52
160
.35
170
.17
180
.00
Incorrect Orientation
When the load is
applied to the eye
Correct Orientation
- Load is in the
plane of the eye
Load
Load
Result
Figure 27
particularly
important with
bridle slings,
which always
develop an
angular pull in
eye bolts unless
a spreader bar
is used.
Correct
Use a shackle
Figure 31
Incorrect
Never insert the
Figure 28
point of a hook
in any eye bolt.
Use a shackle instead (Figure 28).
Safety Tip
RIGGING
Figure 30
Rope
Diameter
(Inches)
Minimum
Number of
Clips
Amount of Torque in
Rope Turn- Foot-Pounds
back from Unlubricated
Thimble
Bolts
(inches)
5-1/2
30
5/16
3/8
6-1/2
45
7/16
65
1/2
11-1/2
65
9/16
12
95
5/8
12
95
3/4
18
130
7/8
19
225
Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes of illustration only.
Refer to the manufacturer of the equipment youre using for precise values.
Figure 32
24 19
RIGGING
STEP 1
Wrong
Right
Apply
Tension
APPLY TENSION and tighten all nuts to
recommended torque.
STEP 5
Apply
Tension
CHECK NUT TORQUE after rope has
been in operation.
Figure 33
24 20
RIGGING
SLINGS
7L
BS
57
500 LBS
60
BS
7L
Damage is caused by
57
500 LBS
1000 LBS
1000 LBS
Best
Good
1
BS 000
LB
S
30
L
00
10
1000 LBS
1000 LBS
Minimum
Recommended
AVOID
Sling Angles
Figure 34
Sling Configurations
24 21
RIGGING
Single
Vertical
Hitch
RIGHT
WRONG
Legs will
slide together.
Bridle Hitch
Bridle
Hitch
Double
Wrap
Basket
Hitch
Detail
Single
Basket
Hitch
Single
Choker
Hitch
Double
Choker
Hitch
Double
Basket
Hitch
Double
Wrap
Choker
Hitch
RIGGING
Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes of illustration only. Refer to the manufacturer of the equipment youre using for precise values.
RIGGING
Figure 35
24 24
Caution: This table contains sample values for the purposes of illustration only. Refer to the manufacturer of the equipment youre using for precise values.
RIGGING
Figure 36
24 25
RIGGING
Figure 37
Figure 38
Figure 39
HOISTING TIPS
Never wrap a wire rope sling completely
around a hook. The tight radius will
damage the sling.
Make sure the load is balanced in the
hook. Eccentric loading can reduce
capacity dangerously.
Never point-load a hook unless it is
24 26
RIGGING
Figure 40
Point Loading
Load Down
Load Up Slowly
Boom Down
Boom Up Slowly
Everything
Slowly
11
Turn Left
Close Clam
13
17
Open Clam
Travel Forward
Extend Hydraulic
Boom
18
Boom Down
Load Up
12
16
Boom Up
Load Down
Use Main
Line
Shorten
Hydraulic Boom
Boom Up
Boom Down
Slowly
Use Whip
Line
Load Down
Slowly
10
Turn Right
14
Swing Load
15
Stop
19
Dog Everything
No response should be
made to unclear signals.
21
22
23
Figure 41
24 27
20