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in

COMPUTER
NETWORKS
Two marks with answer
B.TECH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Cseitquestions.blogspot.in[Type text]

CSE/IT

11ge 1

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K.L.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CS6551-COMPUTER NETWORKS
PART-A (2 MARKS)
UNIT-I
1. What are the three criteria necessary for an effective and efficient network?
The most important criteria are performance, reliability and
security.Performance of the network depends on number of users, type of
transmission medium, and the capabilities of the connected h/w and the efficiency
of the s/w.Reliability is measured by frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to
recover from the failure and the networks robustness in a catastrophe.
Security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access and viruses.
2. Group the OSI layers by function?
The seven layers of the OSI model belonging to three subgroups.Physical,
data link and network layers are the network support layers; they deal with the
physical aspects of moving data from one device to another.Session, presentation
and application layers are the user support layers; they allow interoperability
among unrelated software systems.The transport layer ensures end-to-end reliable
data transmission.
3. What are header and trailers and how do they get added and removed?
Each layer in the sending machine adds its own information to the message
it receives from the layer just above it and passes the whole package to the layer
just below it. This information is added in the form of headers or trailers. Headers
are added to the message at the layers 6,5,4,3, and 2. A trailer is added at layer2. At
the receiving machine, the headers or trailers attached to the data unit at the
corresponding sending layers are removed, and actions appropriate to that layer are
taken.
4. What are the features provided by layering?
Two nice features:
It decomposes the problem of building a network into more
manageable components.

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It provides a more modular design.

5. Why are protocols needed?

In networks, communication occurs between the entities in different
systems. Two entities cannot just send bit streams to each other and expect to be
understood. For communication, the entities must agree on a protocol. A protocol
is a set of rules that govern data communication.
6. What are the two interfaces provided by protocols?
Service interface
Peer interface
Service interface- defines the operations that local objects can perform on the
protocol.
Peer interface- defines the form and meaning of messages exchanged between
protocol peers to implement the communication service.
7. Mention the different physical media?
Twisted pair(the wire that your phone connects to)
Coaxial cable(the wire that your TV connects to)
Optical fiber(the medium most commonly used for highbandwidth, long-distance links)
Space(the stuff that radio waves, microwaves and infra red
beams propagate through)
8. Define Signals?
Signals are actually electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light. The
speed of light is, however, medium dependent-electromagnetic waves traveling
through copper and fiber do so at about two-thirds the speed of light in vacuum.
9. What is waves wavelength?
The distance between a pair of adjacent maxima or minima of a wave, typically
measured in meters, is called waves wavelength.

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10. Define Modulation?

Modulation -varying the frequency, amplitude or phase of the signal to effect the
transmission of information. A simple example of modulation is to vary the power
(amplitude) of a single wavelength.
11. Explain the two types of duplex?

Full duplex-two bit streams can be simultaneously transmitted

over the links at the same time, one going in each direction.
Half duplex-it supports data flowing in only one direction at a
time.
12. What is CODEC?
A device that encodes analog voice into a digital ISDN link is called a CODEC, for
coder/decoder.
13. What is spread spectrum and explain the two types of spread spectrum?
Spread spectrum is to spread the signal over a wider frequency band than normal in
such a way as to minimize the impact of interference from other devices.
Frequency Hopping
Direct sequence

14. What are the different encoding techniques?

NRZ
NRZI
Manchester
4B/5B
15. How does NRZ-L differ from NRZ-I?

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In the NRZ-L sequence, positive and negative voltages have specific

meanings: positive for 0 and negative for 1. in the NRZ-I sequence, the voltages
are meaningless.Instead, the receiver looks for changes from one level to another
as its basis for recognition of 1s.
16. What are the responsibilities of data link layer?
Specific responsibilities of data link layer include the following. a) Framing
b) Physical addressing c) Flow control d) Error control e) Access control.
17. What are the ways to address the framing problem?
Byte-Oriented Protocols(PPP)
Bit-Oriented Protocols(HDLC)
Clock-Based Framing(SONET)
18. Distinguish between peer-to-peer relationship and a primary-secondary
relationship. peer -to- peer relationship?

All the devices share the link equally.Primary-secondary relationship: One

device controls traffic and the others must transmit through it.
19. Mention the types of errors and define the terms?
There are 2 types of errors
Single-bit error.
Burst-bit error.
Single bit error: The term single bit error means that only one bit of a given data
unit (such as byte character/data unit or packet) is changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to
1.
Burst error: Means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have changed from 1 to 0
from 0 to 1.
20. List out the available detection methods.

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There are 4 types of redundancy checks are used in data communication.

Vertical redundancy checks (VRC).
Longitudinal redundancy checks (LRC).
Cyclic redundancy checks (CRC).
Checksum.
21. Write short notes on VRC.
The most common and least expensive mechanism for error detection is the
vertical redundancy check (VRC) often called a parity check. In this technique a
redundant bit called a parity bit, is appended to every data unit so, that the total
number of 0s in the unit (including the parity bit) becomes even.
22. Write short notes on LRC.
In longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), a block of bits is divided into rows
and a redundant row of bits is added to the whole block.
23. Write short notes on CRC.
The third and most powerful of the redundancy checking techniques is the
cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) CRC is based on binary division. Here a
sequence of redundant bits, called the CRC remainder is appended to the end of
data unit.
24. Write short notes on CRC checker.
A CRC checker functions exactly like a generator. After receiving the data
appended with the CRC it does the same modulo-2 division. If the remainder is all

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0s the CRC is dropped and the data accepted. Otherwise, the received stream of
bits is discarded and the dates are resent.
25. Define checksum.
The error detection method used by the higher layer protocol is called
checksum. Checksum is based on the concept of redundancy.
26. What are the steps followed in checksum generator?
The sender follows these steps a) the units are divided into k sections each of
n bits. b) All sections are added together using 2s complement to get the sum. c)
The sum is complemented and become the checksum. d) The checksum is sent
with the data.
27. Mention the types of error correcting methods.
There are 2 error-correcting methods.
Single bit error correction
Burst error correction.
28. Write short notes on error correction?
It is the mechanism to correct the errors and it can be handled in 2 ways.
When an error is discovered, the receiver can have the sender
retransmit the entire data unit.
A receiver can use an error correcting coder, which
automatically corrects certain errors.
29. What is the purpose of hamming code?
A hamming code can be designed to correct burst errors of certain lengths.
So the simple strategy used by the hamming code to correct single bit errors must
be redesigned to be applicable for multiple bit correction.
30. What is redundancy?
It is the error detecting mechanism, which means a shorter group of bits or
extra bits may be appended at the destination of each unit.
31. Define flow control?
Flow control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data.
The sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment.

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32. Mention the categories of flow control?

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There are 2 methods have been developed to control flow of data across
communication links. a) Stop and wait- send one from at a time. b) Sliding
window- send several frames at a time.

33. What is a buffer?

Each receiving device has a block of memory called a buffer, reserved for
storing incoming data until they are processed.
UNIIT-II
1. What are the functions of MAC?
MAC sub layer resolves the contention for the shared media. It contains
synchronization, flag, flow and error control specifications necessary to move
information from one place to another, as well as the physical address of the next
station to receive and route a packet.
2. What are the functions of LLC?
The IEEE project 802 models take the structure of an HDLC frame and
divides it into 2 sets of functions. One set contains the end user portion of the
HDLC frame the logical address, control information, and data. These functions
are handled by the IEEE 802.2 logical link control (LLC) protocol.
3. What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a multiple-access network, meaning that a set of nodes send and receive
frames over a shared link.
4. Define the term carrier sense in CSMA/CD?
All the nodes can distinguish between idle and a busy-link and collision detect
means that a node listens as it transmits and can therefore detect when a frame it is
transmitting has interfered (collided) with a frame transmitted by another node.
5. Define Repeater?
A repeater is a device that forwards digital signals, much like an amplifier
forwards analog signals. However, no more than four repeaters may be positioned
between any pairs of hosts, meaning that an Ethernet has a total reach of only
2,500m.
6. Define collision detection?

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In Ethernet, all these hosts are competing for access to the same link, and as a
consequence, they are said to be in the same collision detection.
7. Why Ethernet is said to be a I-persistent protocol?
An adaptor with a frame to send transmits with probability 1 whenever a busy
line goes idle.
8. What is exponential back off?
Once an adaptor has detected a collision and stopped its transmission, it waits a
certain amount of time and tries again. Each time it tries to transmit but fails, the
adaptor doubles the amount of time it waits before trying again. This strategy of
doubling the delay interval between each transmission attempt is a general
technique known as exponential back off.
9. What is token holding time (THT)?
It defines that how much data a given node is allowed to transmit each time it
possesses the token or equivalently, how long a given node is allowed to hold the
token.
10. What are the two classes of traffic in FDDI?
Synchronous
Asynchronous
11. What are the four prominent wireless technologies?
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi(formally known as 802.11)
WiMAX(802.16)
Third generation or 3G cellular wireless.
12. Define Bluetooth?
Bluetooth fills the niche of very short-range communication between mobile
phones, PDAs, notebook computers, and other personal or peripheral devices. For
example, Bluetooth can be used to connect mobile phones to a headset, or a
notebook computer to a printer.
13. What are the four steps involves in scanning?
1. The node sends a Probe frame.
2. All APs within reach reply with a Probe Response frame.
3. The node selects one of the access points, and sends that AP an

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Association Request frame.

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4. The AP replies with an Association Response frame.

14. Explain the term handoff?
If the phone is involved in a call at the time , the call must be transferred to the
new base station in what is called a hand off.
15. Define satphones?
Satphones use communication satellites as base stations, communicating on
frequency bands that have been reserved internationally for satellite use.
16. How to mediate access to a shared link?
Ethernet,token ring, and several wireless protocols. Ethernet and token ring media
access protocols have no central arbitrator of access. Media access in wireless
networks is made more complicated by the fact that some nodes may be hidden
from each other due to range limitations of radio transmission.
17. Define Aggregation points?
It collects and processes the data they receive from neighboring nodes, and then
transmit the processed data. By processing the data incrementally, instead of
forwarding all the raw data to the base station, the amount of traffic in the network
is reduced.
18. Define Beacons?
Beacon to determine their own absolute locations based on GPS or manual
configuration. The majority of nodes can then derive their absolute location by
combining an estimate of their position relative to the beacons with the absolute
location information provided by the beacons.
19. What is the use of Switch?
It is used to forward the packets between shared media LANs such as Ethernet.
Such switches are sometimes known by the obvious name of LAN switches.
20. Explain Bridge?
It is a collection of LANs connected by one or more bridges is usually said to form
an extended LAN. In their simplest variants, bridges simply accept LAN frames on
their inputs and forward them out on all other outputs.
21. What is Spanning tree?

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It is for the bridges to select the ports over which they will forward frames.
22. What are the three pieces of information in the configuration messages?
1. The ID for the bridge that is sending the message.
2. The ID for what the sending bridge believes to the root bridge.
3. The distance, measured in hops, from the sending bridge to the root
bridge.
23. What is broadcast?
Broadcast is simple each bridge forwards a frame with a destination broadcast
address out on each active (selected) port other than the one on which the frame
was received.
24. What is multicast?
It can be implemented with each host deciding for itself whether or not to accept
the message.
25. How does a given bridge learn whether it should forward a multicast
frame over a given port?
It learns exactly the same way that a bridge learns whether it should forward a
unicast frame over a particular port- by observing the source addresses that it
receives over that port.
26. What are the limitations of bridges?
scale
heterogeneity
UNIT-III
1. Define packet switching?
A packet switch is a device with several inputs and outputs leading to and from
the hosts that the switch interconnects.
2. What is a virtual circuit?
A logical circuit made between the sending and receiving computers. The
connection is made after both computers do handshaking. After the connection, all
packets follow the same route and arrive in sequence.
3. What are data grams?

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In datagram approach, each packet is treated independently from all others.

Even when one packet represents just a place of a multi packet transmission, the

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network treats it although it existed alone. Packets in this technology are referred
to as datagram.
4. What is meant by switched virtual circuit?
Switched virtual circuit format is comparable conceptually to dial-up line in
circuit switching. In this method, a virtual circuit is created whenever it is needed
and exits only for the duration of specific exchange.
5. What is meant by Permanent virtual circuit?
Permanent virtual circuits are comparable to leased lines in circuit switching.
In this method, the same virtual circuit is provided between two uses on a
continuous basis. The circuit is dedicated to the specific uses.
6. What are the properties in star topology?
Even though a switch has a fixed number of inputs and outputs, which
limits the number of hosts that can be connected to a single switch ,
large networks can be built by interconnecting a number of switches.
We can connect switches to each other and to hosts using point-to
point links, which typically means that we can build networks of large
geographic scope.
7. What is VCI?
A Virtual Circuit Identifier that uniquely identifies the connection at this switch,
and which will be carried inside the header of the packets that belongs to this
connection.
8. What is hop-by-hop flow control?
Each node is ensured of having the buffers it needs to queue the packets that arrive
on that circuit. This basic strategy is usually called hop-by-hop flow control.
9. Explain the term best-effort?
If something goes wrong and the packet gets lost, corrupted, misdelivered, or in
any way fails to reach its intended destination, the network does nothing.
10. What is maximum transmission unit?
MTU- which is the largest IP datagram that it can carry in a frame .
11. Define Routing?

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It is the process of building up the tables that allow thwe collect output for a packet
to be determined.

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12. Define ICMP?

Internet Control Message Protocol is a collection of error messages that are sent
back to the source host whenever a router or host is unable to process an IP
datagram successfully
13. Write the keys for understanding the distance vector routing?
The three keys for understanding the algorithm are,
Knowledge about the whole networks
Routing only to neighbors
Information sharing at regular intervals
14. Write the keys for understanding the link state routing?
The three keys for understanding the algorithm are,
Knowledge about the neighborhood.
Routing to all neighbors.
Information sharing when there is a range.
15. How the packet cost referred in distance vector and link state routing?
In distance vector routing, cost refer to hop count while in case of link state
routing, cost is a weighted value based on a variety of factors such as security
levels, traffic or the state of the link.
16. Define Reliable flooding?
It is the process of making sure that all the nodes participating in the routing
protocol get a copy of the link state information from all the other nodes.
17. What are the features in OSPF?
Authentication of routing messages.
Additional hierarchy.
Load balancing.
18. Define Subnetting?
Subnetting provides an elegantly simple way to reduce the total number of network
numbers that are assigned. The idea is to take a single IP network number and
allocate the IP address with that network to several physical networks, which are
now referred to as subnets.

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19. What are the different types of AS?

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Stub AS
Multi homed AS
Transit AS
20. What is an Area?
An Area is a set of routers that are administratively configured to exchange linkstate information with each other. There is one special area- the backbone area,
also known as area 0.
21. What is Source Specific Multicast?
SSM , a receiving host specifies both a multicast group and a specific host .the
receiving host would then receive multicast addressed to the specified group, but
only if they are from the special sender.
22. What is meant by congestion?
Congestion in a network occurs if user sends data into the network at a rate greater
than that allowed by network resources.
23. Why the congestion occurs in network?
Congestion occurs because the switches in a network have a limited buffer size to
store arrived packets.
24. What are the rules of non boundary-level masking?
The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 255 in the mask will be
repeated in the sub network address
The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 0 in the mask will
change to 0 in the sub network address
For other bytes, use the bit-wise AND operator.
25. What is LSP?
In link state routing, a small packet containing routing information sent by a router
to all other router by a packet called link state packet.
UNIT-IV
1. Explain the main idea of UDP?
The basic idea is for a source process to send a message to a port and for the
destination process to receive the message from a port.

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2. What are the different fields in pseudo header?

Protocol number
Source IP address
Destination IP addresses.
3. Define TCP?
TCP guarantees the reliable, in order delivery of a stream of bytes. It is a fullduplex protocol, meaning that each TCP connection supports a pair of byte
streams, one flowing in each direction.
4. Define Congestion Control?
It involves preventing too much data from being injected into the network, thereby
causing switches or links to become overloaded. Thus flow control is an end to an
end issue, while congestion control is concerned with how hosts and networks
interact.
5. State the two kinds of events trigger a state transition?
A segment arrives from the peer.
The local application process invokes an operation on TCP.
6. What is meant by segment?
At the sending and receiving end of the transmission, TCP divides long
transmissions into smaller data units and packages each into a frame called a
segment.
7. What is meant by segmentation?
When the size of the data unit received from the upper layer is too long for the
network layer datagram or data link layer frame to handle, the transport protocol
divides it into smaller usable blocks. The dividing process is called segmentation.
8. What is meant by Concatenation?
The size of the data unit belonging to single sessions are so small that several can
fit together into a single datagram or frame, the transport protocol combines them
into a single data unit. The combining process is called concatenation.
9. What is rate based design?
Rate- based design, in which the receiver tells the sender the rate-expressed in
either bytes or packets per second at which it is willing to accept incoming data.

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10. Define Gateway.

A device used to connect two separate networks that use different communication
protocols.
11. What is meant by quality of service?
The quality of service defines a set of attributes related to the performance of the
connection. For each connection, the user can request a particular attribute each
service class is associated with a set of attributes.
12. What are the two categories of QoS attributes?
The two main categories are,
User Oriented
Network Oriented
13. List out the user related attributes?
User related attributes are SCR Sustainable Cell Rate PCR Peak Cell Rate
MCR- Minimum Cell Rate CVDT Cell Variation Delay Tolerance.
14. What are the networks related attributes?
The network related attributes are, Cell loss ratio (CLR) Cell transfer delay
(CTD) Cell delay variation (CDV) Cell error ratio (CER).
15. What is RED?
Random Early Detection in each router is programmed to monitor its own queue
length and when it detects that congestion is imminent, to notify the source to
adjust its congestion window.
16. What are the three events involved in the connection?
For security, the transport layer may create a connection between the two end
ports. A connection is a single logical path between the source and destination that
is associated with all packets in a message. Creating a connection involves three
steps:
Connection establishment
Data transfer
Connection release
17.What is Silly Window Syndrome?
If the sender or the receiver application program processes slowly and can

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send only 1 byte of data at a time, then the overhead is high.This is because to send
one byte of data, 20 bytes of TCP header and 20 bytes of IP header are sent. This is
called as silly window syndrome.

UNIT-V
1. What is the function of SMTP?
The TCP/IP protocol supports electronic mail on the Internet is called
Simple Mail Transfer (SMTP). It is a system for sending messages to other
computer users based
on e-mail addresses. SMTP provides mail exchange between users on the same or
different computers.
2. What is the difference between a user agent (UA) and a mail transfer agent
(MTA)?
The UA prepares the message, creates the envelope, and puts the message in the
envelope. The MTA transfers the mail across the Internet.
3. How does MIME enhance SMTP?
MIME is a supplementary protocol that allows non-ASCII data to be sent through
SMTP. MIME transforms non-ASCII data at the sender site to NVT ASCII data
and deliverers it to the client SMTP to be sent through the Internet. The server
SMTP at the receiving side receives the NVT ASCII data and delivers it to MIME
to be transformed back to the original data.
4. Why is an application such as POP needed for electronic messaging?
Workstations interact with the SMTP host, which receives the mail on behalf
of every host in the organization, to retrieve messages by using a client-server
protocol such as Post Office Protocol, version 3(POP3). Although POP3 is used to
download messages from the server, the SMTP client still needed on the desktop to
forward messages from the workstation user to its SMTP mail server.
5.

Give the format of HTTP request message?

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6. What is the purpose of Domain Name System?

Domain Name System can map a name to an address and conversely an
address to name.
7. Discuss the three main division of the domain name space.
Domain name space is divided into three different sections: generic domains,
country domains & inverse domain.
Generic domain: Define registered hosts according to their generic behavior, uses
generic suffixes.
Country domain: Uses two characters to identify a country as the last suffix.
Inverse domain: Finds the domain name given the IP address.
8. Discuss the TCP connections needed in FTP.
FTP establishes two connections between the hosts. One connection is used
for data transfer, the other for control information. The control connection uses
very simple rules of communication. The data connection needs more complex
rules due to the variety of data types transferred.
9. Discuss the basic model of FTP.
The client has three components: the user interface, the client control

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process, and the client data transfer process. The server has two components: the
server control process and the server data transfer process. The control connection
is made between the control processes. The data connection is made between the
data transfer processes.
10. Name four factors needed for a secure network?
Privacy: The sender and the receiver expect confidentiality.
Authentication: The receiver is sure of the senders identity and that an
imposter has not sent the message.
Integrity: The data must arrive at the receiver exactly as it was sent.
Non-Reputation: The receiver must able to prove that a received message
came from a specific sender.
11. How is a secret key different from public key?
In secret key, the same key is used by both parties. The sender uses this key
and an encryption algorithm to encrypt data; the receiver uses the same key and the
corresponding decryption algorithm to decrypt the data. In public key, there are
two keys: a private key and a public key. The private key is kept by the receiver.
The public key is announced to the public.
12. What is a digital signature?
Digital signature is a method to authenticate the sender of a message. It is
similar to that of signing transactions documents when you do business with a
bank. In network transactions, you can create an equivalent of an electronic or
digital signature by the way you send data.

13. What are the advantages & disadvantages of public key encryption?
Advantages:
a) Remove the restriction of a shared secret key between two entities.
Here each entity can create a pair of keys, keep the private one, and publicly
distribute the other one.
b) The no. of keys needed is reduced tremendously. For one million
users to communicate, only two million keys are needed.
Disadvantage:
If you use large numbers the method to be effective. Calculating the
cipher text using the long keys takes a lot of time. So it is not recommended
for large amounts of text.

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14. What are the advantages & disadvantages of secret key encryption?
Advantage:
Secret Key algorithms are efficient: it takes less time to encrypt a
message. The reason is that the key is usually smaller. So it is used to
encrypt or decrypt long messages.
Disadvantages:
a) Each pair of users must have a secret key. If N people in world
want to use this method, there needs to be N (N-1)/2 secret keys. For one
million people to communicate, a half-billion secret keys are needed.
b) The distribution of the keys between two parties can be difficult.
15. Define permutation.
Permutation is transposition in bit level.
Straight permutation: The no. of bits in the input and output are
preserved.
Compressed permutation: The no. of bits is reduced (some of the bits
are dropped).
Expanded permutation: The no. of bits is increased (some bits are
repeated).
16. Define substitution & transposition encryption?
.
Substitution: A character level encryption in which each character is
replaced by another character in the set.
Transposition: A Character level encryption in which the characters retain
their plaintext but the position of the character changes.
17. Define CGI?
.
CGI is a standard for communication between HTTP servers and executable
programs. It is used in crating dynamic documents.
18. What are the requests messages support SNMP and explain it?
GET
SET
The former is used to retrieve a piece of state from some node and the
latter is used to store a new piece of state in some node.
19. Define PGP?
Pretty Good Privacy is used to provide security for electronic mail. It provides
authentication, confidentiality, data integrity, and non repudiation.

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20. Define SSH?

Secure Shell is used to provide a remote login, and used to remotely execute
commands and transfer files and also provide strong client/server authentication /
message integrity.

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22.
Wh
at
is
The transport layer If a packet passes the
If the frames are to be
the
diff
Header includes a
network boundary we distributed to different
ere
type of address
need
systems on the network, nce
bet
called a service point
another addressing to
the
wee
address or port address,
n
differentiate the source data link layer adds the
serv
which makes a data
and destination systems. header, which defines
ice
delivery from a specific
The network layer adds the source machine s poi
process on one
nt
c omputer to a
a
address
add
specific
ress
header, which indicate and the destination
,
process on another
logi
the
Machine s address.
computer.
cal
logical address of the
add
ress
sender
and
and receiver.
phy
sica
l
address?
Service
point
addressing
Logical
addressing Physical
addressing
Service
addressing

point Logical addressing

Physical addressing

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The client has three components: the user interface, the client control
process, and the client data transfer process. The server has two components: the
server control process and the server data transfer process. The control connection
is made between the control processes. The data connection is made between the
data transfer processes.
22.What is a digital signature?
Digital signature is a method to authenticate the sender of a message. It is
similar to that of signing transactions documents when you do business with a
bank. In network transactions, you can create an equivalent of an electronic or
digital signature by the way you send data.

23.Draw the diagram foe explain security

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24. Define Cryptography

Cryptography refers to the science and art of transforming messages to make
them secure and immune to attacks.
Original message before being transformed is called plaintext.
After the message is transformed, is called ciphertext.
An encryption algorithm transforms the plaintext to ciphertext; a decryption
algorithm transforms the ciphertext back to plaintext.
The term cipher is used to refer to encryption and decryption algorithms.
25. What are the types of DNS Message
Two types of messages
Query: header and question records
Response: Header, question records, answer records, authoritative records,
and additional records.
26. What is TELNET PROTOCOL?
A TELNET connection is a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
used to transmit data with interspersed TELNET control information.

connection

The TELNET Protocol is built upon three main ideas: first, the
concept of a
"Network Virtual Terminal"; second, the principle of
negotiated options; and
third, a symmetric view of terminals and processes.
27. What is PGP?
Pretty Good Privacy. A program using public key encryption popularly used with
email
A high security RSA public-key encryption application for MS-DOS, Unix,
VAX/VMS, and other computers. It was written by Philip R. Zimmermann of
Phil's Pretty Good(tm) Software and later augmented by a cast of thousands,
especially including Hal Finney, Branko Lankester, and Peter Gutmann.

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28. What is POP3?

POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for
receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and
held for you by your Internet server. POP and IMAP deal with the receiving of email and are not to be confused with the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), a
protocol for transferring e-mail across the Internet.
29. What is IMAP.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a standard protocol
mail from your local server. IMAP (the latest version is IMAP
client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you
server.IMAP can be thought of as a remote file server. POP3
of as a "store-and-forward" service.

for accessing eVersion 4) is a

by your Internet
can be thought

30. What is SSH?

(Secure Shell) A security protocol for logging into a remote server. SSH provides
an encrypted session for transferring files and executing server programs. Also
serving as a secure client/server connection for applications such as database
access and e-mail SSH supports a variety of authentication methods.

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