2. Irdurtnial wader demomncls. 3, Sratitubional [Commmencial coaster dernanda, 4, Dornomd 4% pulstic ase, 5. dre dem omala 6. Demands to cormpensate losses & thett(15-20%) xMin 185 ped raguined to meeb the olomestic dem ancls cae comm undty Be com von tuapto 200 bed x Mim « 60 Iped_requrred to mech tndustricl damomcs x20 Ipcd. arsgpinel 4 trulttubronal omd wmmercial homande Like nail thakions, airport, templar, modquas, Resbaunoos , hospi rchoole 410 Iped randlad to oddews the darmonelt Be public wo x BB lped, nequined to compensate lessen amd theft Eropivical_Formulae to Find Five Demands: ja = seal P—> population wm thousand Q—> pre damomd in litres minute (pm) 2, Theernere_Sorrmule3. Wational: Board of Fine umclonioniters Formula draunarnce uaenpo in USA. Caraticon is sed 46" pop ulakiono lens than 2 lakh meee accepted -fpurrulo. la = 4ea7P_ (I-o.0fP) | a Bastor’s Jonmnula. Q = 5bb3 JP P-7 2 Q-12 P= 190009 — 00. 1900 @ = 4637 Woo (1-010 Live) 1 1 pm = = Lfman + pinta = 41733 Lf a) = FWESX 24x 60_ = Gao _lped L. B;000 cn Nolura of woaker used to puk off fine = Qxdurotion ob : dunation of fi = 41733x@x60. gig. coker com orth, luni Fine darnord (on ped) m= vols ob wonton erournel PO de i Popubakion x 30 = AI783 KAKO 3.22 Lpcd 10x30. = x a pon IS code, fobal daxnomd of o coramumily wong fom 970 tw 335 lped. Factors Affecting Water Demand t ; w@ Bye of the comemuonity Wy Promune, Wii) Cost of wsocben. Go Climatic conditions cwMethod of aaphly Gil Quality of water Lib Soctn economic starkus of people. i) Type of reuxnageVariations tn Water Demand : 6G @ Average. day water demond ,Q = Population» per capita wate alpen Mane. doy woken olemond = 18 times the oy. daily clemomol. [Ara day = NER, Mase. “hourly woaken dercamd = 15 timed trace daily wootar damay — Qmox howdy, = 2.7@ % Coincident Anat (dnaye = depth of cok. = clemernd) = marc doles water demand + fire demond. xe Totak dorramd (Cr total drat) = rooms shounlg coach, clamarnd) edhichs OR moan Goincident drat ‘ Components of warn | Derign rake Design. Peniod , > sepriy heme | s mace . dod ree ) eae Jevaken bervonnd, 3 ° 2, Into ker mrone daily waren 30 years d demon, 38, Comment main | more. daily. water 80 years > YS Gee) olen ond. i 4, Pumps. 2x Qerouekad 15 years 5S. Jranktrment units | 18x Qmax daily (exeopt nopid ford) 6 Rogid tomd fttos | 2x Oey daily, domond) 15 years 7 Woker crtribubion| Total demand. om 0 30 yearns. &. Durmbation More ho eee % | demand, “8 8 resorw SUL 3 years.P— 06: Q-09. Q= Z00x4x10% = 120 wi¥chay- rip. Qmrax hourly = 27XQ.= 324 MLD Gmrorchaiy = bexQ = 26. mip Q-10 Q = Box = 25 MLD. Givens anna. lift pumpt one cerigned r= 2xQ = 2x25 = 50 Lp Qa Q= 25 mip. Fine darmand = 61 MLD Slotol, darnard = Qmax hourly Bincident draft = 27Q a. C8e4+61) = Ens & Gi+45) 2 Copatily ob dlistnibubion kyatarn = 106 tL Design Period : Boign poiod iu the Bath tub Curve : eccilitay poiod or wohl Pesbotility lg period. Failure, {By Krowing the tanta period, ok cam Faplace the “componersta Waker supp idhemne yon an owenage, Gey has a potod of 20-40 yearsguy, (9) vue a, Bounces 2 Camgyvances og Waser Buroce Souncos — Quosity bod but Longe scotty Pole, alee Bebraunfoce Younces —high quality bat lew Juomtity (groin ce) Springs, wells , inptobion gu Good, quakity wakr due to natural pitemakion. soon (zal infittection galleries ~ hellno trennals mode abe bed or base of noo Q = KLGEH) 5 Q infilgallouy collecte conten qhomn a owlg one ste (bomk) = fy Q= kt i vie 5 U4 16 colledts eaten rome both sides (bed Y | Nentical “holes made to enkract growed. wou, — “Well —o ‘ b Yonigarbol. holes mode to eaknact iar ° | Seepage bon — infftbation. guess v Intakes : Prurkune cansrructal coibhin, the sun free, soaker boat ved ty comn|prtaltig, coiled voabar farm fend» ee ee ae enn conveys wb to distnibudion. pipe. stone + delves —> Wet Intakes (River intake) Arles + —> Bry wrakes (naverwmein intake ) Colleck + deliverWATER CONVEYANCE : 1. Gravity Conveyance 2. Pnessune Comvegamrce, ~ using pipe amok pump,i Juuy THURSDAY 3. QUALITY OF Was Re. ‘ Bow nts pfs |p? whe at Quality of Quality of coarken (testing) caasken (teating) Quay oh Waker, (esting of voatoy)?— 1. Jo ferove the owkentt of tempunitiad prasertt in watt vosed on thin method amd degree Oh dneakrmerts ‘u dacided. 2. Jo ensure the. qucdity of treated watar belere supply. 1. Bowed om ge of terpuniities, t Ae 51 3 qaero & UW) Suspended impurities... 1 mm 40 Oomm Ctoorgm— 1 ays} micro {ee cenpuniibians s+ 12min fe 10 Fm [1 agrm= 15 rm) Gib Duwolwed inp antbien 1B 40. 108m Tis? 10°F aan d ) 2, Bosed_on _natunc of impurities co Ongenic irmpuniites = i present im combers thay promote grow of rrano-ergorusrne Yemca. Yecboon unities — of nakunal, ane one hanmlenss buat Unade induced yf humans are hagendo. Sy: Codemiun, dhnomiumn, niclel, lead che one toxic, wd gnongoric imp gine meray 9, Strake of matter d Physical Urpuniicas Gy Charical trmrpunitios 7 (ii ological tenponitiesPhysical _Worter Quality s Apnorsed ‘4 kenowing- the exkend of Pryp ical trmpuniites Ye voor, Dryspreal water quel Panomokens ane thee which nasponid to human fentee 1 Sempanatune, (18 +o 28) 2. Robouns ) Warm termpanatune we ideal {pr rricnobial growth wo Polubvilaty of ges dapondent- of temperature. Be Ghghan the temperature slow will be sdubility temp ib. Chernrcal noadions are, temperature contro ed: : Li, Hemp should nat be eg + — ) Hasedor dere poraure low thom td’ 2. Coloun. (5TCU to 20 Tcv) Apponenst colour > suspended foliols, True colour —> dimolwed eulocbamces . Colour nn wake measured on Burgers roale( Platinum sete) amd eneprensed in terns of Thue coburn Unite (Trev) bay wing. device kmoun ab “Tintornetor? 1 Tcu = 1 my of Platinum as a Chlonoplatinate Wr mised. im 1 Uebme of daliled water, then the coloun. prodiace te taken as 1 stomdand Tov. & uh Amy raced ww SL, TrvsO5 Tov (maw + vdlume) Brienkingy eebor stomdond wore coloun = 5 Ho 20 Tev (mail) Yow than Sta & not cantly adkievatle » Gloun > 20 Tov tu perceptabile, 0 on thing, above 20 Tu is ngjected. 3 Funbi city (5 Tu +o to TY) Opaguanse rn water ib known ab tunbiclity Ib Che rosisbamce $0 parrage of lights through var bg Che parciolesTenbidity to woken 4 caured. by Rupendad, & colloidal at, Brralhon particle — ‘high turbidity (mone will be the Surface anea) Longer pontices — lange tunbiclity erns turbidity, aa 4 Sonlpae anor gov My Tunlidity i a turface prenomene % Dinwolwed particles do not poreors cova Surface anon. Shey o into molecular level. 20 turbidity 4 olfpmed by suspended. 8 and choidal pontieles Fuolicde, ww the measure of retiskomee olfped. by particles fr dad, “to the: pasoage. of Ught Uroagh, coma “Brea Seale? and exp x TFunliat tw measuned on mm toons of Turbidity Unie’ (ru) LT TU = Vimy of Fooly divided silica iced by 1L of distt ed, wot» than the senladity produced is uke ad 1 Skamdond turbid unit Be ale mown ab Gackson Turbici Unit (oTU Surbadity 8 rreasuned bys a iy Devices costkingy ON the prinazle of light absonytion king, the principle of Vigh Seabtening ae Faunlbidinnekons (Mgpet Absorption) ty Gackson Tanbidi Nod — field measunement: heon Tunbidirneker— igh tanbic «goo ~ ne (325 aT) di Device © ay meker = lows tunbidity (0-231 ~~~ apto. SJTU) —— wy Ghilege meker. (upto 50 ITU) PE needle = ) engin, meter)x Wephlomanr (light scattering ) Wephlometer measure. turbidity in tbemmo of (Wophlonetric Sunbidityy Unit) NTU TNT = Teng ob prmegyn polymer mixed ie 1k a distilled cock, ges abso orepraroed. te FTU as poorer iw used os a polymer W771 tight sar ple. Source, convergin Zz PLAN tose Photometey | Viephlornoten measunet amount of Ugh seaktord L4y inciolert Lig amd vhe meooune eteckronically, displayed, emcee poe daom — hurnanm orons Drinking, woken atds une turbidity = sNT +o 10 NTU he guy a A Odoun & Jaste (<8) Odoun i woken i measured by a dewice kmoun, “ Ogmoscope”. Fee orn baler with capacity 200 ml. cy croune the tahety of, He penton who conducts stent , clilucted. ene. obovong sed Odoun % exprered im terms of STON’ Ghrashold doongles Odour Warnbor). TON 4% dilaton nakeo ak hich odour te lo bor) « gee dekeckakle Ton = AtB_ 3 A+B =200 mL (capacity of : ovate) A > vel. of water tarnple used i dilution (mt), (Asean Ss gp vol. of, didted, water (mot) A Be TONNE ‘ tomt 190 mL . ig mL 1@5 mb (detected)Brinking waka stamdarls 9 Odour = lew tham 3 TON % TON = 1 com be obsowed oni strained portons ToN=2 cam be sereed Uy avg. imdividuate th told Thine ore nO such tests 4o measure tesbe. Germaig a tamngle wilh bod. odoun in enpected to tote bad — Flavoured Thredvold Wamber, FTN p-23 43. Ton = 200 = |b 25 = At gs FTN = 200 Chemical Water Quality: 1 Solids, Reriduc let on evaporation ts cated Solids in water, ty Tovah folie Gnansivnets Go Buspended Soiole Coseight mead nement), Giv Total dimolved. Zoliols (ros) J Expreweak im mgll oe ppm. d ; nore: For wok Tmgil. = t pprn x Toboh Solide:~ , V mb of 5 > ve woaten Sample. 3 Ld Ee dritiol wacight> Wy ee oun gren at ol woh he he ) qo tes he on oc ago S Foval setda = oe eg Qa A somi of water gare drow, on 40 on empty doa oe » the final chow Iniivol wil. fyund 49 be ARN. After overs drging, wr oh containin puma to be der4Ok g- Find total eeu in wood in mg llJotor folida = G2. 468— 42-434) 107 ‘a 5ox 1074 0-064X10 = 64 mgll % Suspended Solids 3- itor pope of, pore Sige smaller than the dw auspondad, partie. is unk 4A fiknotion. waight of solide pdboinred Orr filber paper are rmeanured, Drak ust: of Fi lke popor= We gritial wt. of empty a ain, oven doy fibten popes Wi fog ee eee: Busperdad abla (gl) = We-wi Nols ol, oorbor -fittenad. @. A Wee of water aocergle. parsed Hough empty dy fiber paper whee intial wk fpurd tp be bang ge Abt oven dogoog a fon ak wk rroasuned to be 1262 gs ind suspended solids fon woken wml. ooo 3 Junponded lide = (1-280= 1-248) 107 _ og mil 50x 107% =o x Jotak Brwolved Gold» (ros) [4 300 mg tt) tps Incduoles both G0 We IRAE Gg. , we = FB. 4be g. Ts = 64 = 640 L {00 x10°F nen : Volattle solide = We-We = 22x10? _ 229 mg/L Vv 100 — tle solide = We-Wi = Kamo? _ VYon volattl ol + AO = 420 mgll 100 2. pH (6-5 + 8) pH we a meanune of potential ob Myarogen ion > concentration. Ho —> Ht + 0n” — (Jonisation) Gonisakeon constant, k = CATCHY H20 Gr pune water @ He, HeO=1 => kK = 19S mol/L App) beg — either Bide, ="4 log th" 3 + log co +t Jt. = lobo HF * 4 Onm i pH + poh = 14,ph = BHF = Wl CH por = leg te = —log,Cowd Whethon tbs strong oxi bore or weak acid (bare, product Cea) eee) er constants (14) 44 ConmD= FFF mol/L, then find ph oh water a p oH = 10g 5% 25) = 825 pH = (4-25 = 5:75 mol/L pre Cn ala tat] = 41 CHT = 10 = reayaid® mollL p-23 — > 3. HS 7 =/7 =! WL Q.at Pow )= Tegle = 7 '° ey Tx oor aI, mol/L 2 mglb [x Ge git) = &(& mall) * rool: wt of 2X * 1000 pion) = 3 plat = 4-3 = Xfngn) = ew) % &, wk. of % * 1000 Eq,we of 2c = Mol wt of 26 Valeney, Shag = tmioguisy® robs fx.P23 p42. Qs 5-6 a CO = 10 emo = 15 mol/L mm mol/L = millt mmol /L pon = %6 * moll, a ph =5 pl =a.25- ; pon = 4.75 Cow) = to mol/L = 4215 = 10x 100% 17 = 0.302 mg/L (pr = 72 CPH)o = BH (Pag = las tI mg, = Za Crt, = 10 mol/L Carty = 100% mol/L ee re) 7 CH Dong = OTE TL 395% FF moll. 2 Cpt, =44 TpHlg= 64. Saco K more acidic Hoorn Soragle. B. K-Acidtc sie Basi. —ay Cet, ot GH wool hte. A: Vol ww 300 ml, pH =7, catd=t0! Bi Vol ww Fooml, pH=s5, crty= 10° Pihnsntene) = 101x300 + 15°X700 i" : 1000 = 7-03x10 5s pH Geiack unt) = ~log [7-09 015 °9 =Cri = Va Ca + VeCg t VeCo +++ Vat Ya+ Ve ++ # Charvicals raqeined to ‘inet usacter dapencls on pH x Cackrore “high plamd low ph afberts the. Propet, Gyr ocd acids come commotion alkali comsra Scaling. se ANeten traakrnertt te ph gerailive Measunernent of pHi- Eolonomeski CpH paper) hed dekorminalion of, pi Gy Fienornetrg wo Potontiomebry- (pH meken) Drinking outa. dramdonds wrt ph = 6.5 8, 3. Acidity Aaa io the ability of, water to neatnalixe the base Gy Minorok Aadity Cabrong. acid, ) couned y vmimerals, pH inv the Demge 0 to 4.2 Gin Conbornie acid Cuoeak acid) caused iy O25 pH im the range, An? to 83, tabencil Aadity combos + (iy Comrosion, Gy Juboculakion — projectors on. icterton of pipes which nrosutts we erongy los.“@. ww we % Waker eaed iw cordnuction, should have accity low (9 «€ tham a equal to 50 mgil 05 Caco; Acidity < SOmgi. as Cacds | 2 Intenms of git oF y x Aaality ww estimated 4 Tibometry Sfitmowt === Naon. Godicokers + 1. Wlethyt Onange CPonk yellow) 2, Phenaiphbhatein (Yellows~ pink) 20mL of O02N Nan Zoln wv woramed in arabing 5D mt voaker fowngle, Find acidity wn wooden fampla as mylL of CaCQ3. Concanttnation ‘2 = VEN x &yrwt of & ¥ 1000 (mail) ml of, woot en sornple teabed. omen of “2” bm Kamora Y= Varn Sout of y x 1900 mL of woter sample tested. Acialidyy = 20X0.02x (2124 3a) 1000 2 2 = 200 gL 50 4, Alkalinity CTA ¢ 200 malt 92 Caley) Abiiirgy of water to newtnalive tare adds is called x Alkdily cause biter baste to wader * High alkalinity cameos Scaling (reduces comping, capacity # Gnowstakon.* Alkakinity im woten ib cured ba @ OFF tid cog Gi, Heo” (pi: 1410-2) (pH: 83-102) (pH: 4:2 to %3) a V Both cos & Hi couse alkalinity Alkalinity comsed Lye OW negligible « Fotol alkabini’y TA = of % Swk - of Caloy Gall ob Gengil) = cs) wb of OW TA = COS GH wh of C000 + HCOZ % Grok of, HC% ore email) Cy wk of BCID BE cag - 005) ong oes A = v Crag) 7 2 ~ SO Hoos x BO cos # SO + a th, VQ July, SATUROBY P-20 1@ TA = = qoxs0. 4 61x50 = 200 mygiL 08 Ca.COg 30 6 Peat 2 pu=4 4 pon = 14-9=5 LOH3 = 10° * 17x00. = 17 1G mg IL TR = (TKI %x SO = 05 mglL O8 CaCOz (this com be neglched a os pH <10.2) 7 2 = MmequifL * & wt. ~ Poze agg = SKBO = 150 mylk C xno) eqs ® ey ust «of 26” 33. Hoos = 30x61 = 1830 mg(L TA= 5x380x50. 4+ 30x6lXS0_ = 1500 +250 = 1750 ragll, as cacy® pH= @5, pon = 55 OF =-55 10 XI7XI900._ = 010537 TA= 10537 50 = 0. 15S mg/L A Cacdg (neglected ) + Alkakimiy is eotimated by Titrometng. Siknart used — H2S04 Grdicakons used t 1, Phenolphatein (Pink — Colounlers ) 2. Methyl Onange (Yetous — Pink.) orst and port & calked P—Alkadiniryy Sournd end point vs called, Methyl Onan m Abbsownsty $s We cabled an Total Alkolintay (n— ikalinity o& “T-olkatinaty | Reloction blw - 2 pert OH CO? Heo,” P=0 ° Oo | T (Sum will be T) ° 2p T-2p + ° 2p © (eP=2xyr= Prat 2p-T 2r~2p i oo =T P Tv ° ° Q gH TH 9b wot 800 mgil 28 Caco, amd P-A ity 290 mglb 98 CalOg > ben. fond OW) C037) HOO me my lL 5) T= 300 mg It P=200 mylL L => poit On = 2P-T = 4oo—300 = 100 mg] on CaCdg 2- . ot-ap = 60o-400 = 200 mg/L 09 CaCd3 ch = aug =O mylbx Drinking, water famdand cork Alkakionttgt a= Total atkodiondty < 200 mglL as Cacdg 5, Handness (TH < 300 mglt) Dandmerr ie comed at the neadtom of divalent mockalic lions present Aw wake with amions+ Sr Catt, rapt ott, pet, noch Alondners cauneok by set, cet, mort ane +00 small + consioler. Cok, Heog > C1 Soe are Che Giana, comacng harrol nena cat as voye* coo oat a ne — > andrew Fett S027 poet anions cations % Toto andres (TH) = Conbonaceous Vordmes (cH) + Won carbonaceous Gondre (NH ) TH = CH + NCH Cott x Eq: wk of Cac, + rath) “a ak of Cat* rogt Eye ob ACOs Eq.ust of vyr CS et x BOY Mety 50 Cail). 20 3 * aE TH i worker if THDTA | if THET if THOTA | Voy TA => (cog + HeOs) Wearean Cees = 205 mgiL as Cacdz. ge Cah = 12 magi = (2x20 = 240 male og? = 1G mag =IexIe = 26 engl TH = 240x50 4 21bx 59 20 a = 1500 mg/l ad Catog 2+ 2 BE mgll» tog?t =10 magi. a gl» Py 10 rag Qlandna = 95X50 4 1OXS = 174 Fy oe 20. 1202 Q ragiL an CoCQ3 Peal > “30 TA = 280, TH= 350 => THD TN Ans: (A) = TA =250 mgll 2 CACO3 Gnbonate hordnert = TH-CcH= 100 mglL a CaCOg. 4 x20 = 0 mgiL Hoos = 3.5 x6) = 218-5 mglt Git = dog = rare = 2 mglt Tal = 4x20x5d, 4 1x12 xsd 20 SO = 250 mg ik => TH? TA A TH= 25Xx6IX 50 in a V7S rqgheH = TA SITS gle New = 250-15 = Bryglt Hr ee #50 + Mt x 50] Coal) lowe it) p19 = ox 5D. + 4Ox5O 7 ae 35 50. = SGT mgll a8 Cacds a, TH = 200 mg iby TAH 250 mg/b.=> TH STA CH =TH.=200 eagle wa. NCH =O, TH = 65X50 5tx50, = a Bt ME = 225 gle TA= mee = 203 mglt q THO> TA cH eta = 203 ryll Now = 172 glk ‘ xe Uondnew “wa water’ cstimatal by Versanate method” CEDTA method) Sekar + EDTA (Ethylene Biarnene Totna. Acetic acid) Grdicakor : Eridtmome Black Tea, (EBT) oloun chamge + Wine red to Plue Nore: When tebrakeng coith EDTA, coloun ch ea to blue on Peele Oly eet i ae han diners mm water, % ordre wooken causes + a) Biren toate a)grcreased Soap consump tion b) Conrosion ° BolingSa Hardness Netune of (mg IL Of acs) woacten. <5 Soke. fo eso modoately hans, {Tie 0 mat mains unnatice, 150-300 ee . >300 Vous head. x Drinking, cooker stamdands » TH <800 mg IL 6. Chlonides (<250 mglL) x D4 ANanices ore prssent tr wabor odomg. cotth, fodisura, te comne Riclmoy- md, candine problema & Jeawekin iwknution inte groundevaten is vorified sith eMonidars astimmaticon % Chlorides in waston estimeadtral uy Mohv’s Method Titra + silvar ritnate Gockicadors PoArarsinore Onnornecke. Colours yellow 0 brick, red. * Drinking cooker shamndand < 250 mg/L 7, Saphates Cg 250 git) © hancotine” problerse (loote motion —> diewha) je Bul droite estimated. ey Dunliaomelnyy? oaing, Faviuom. . * Drinking water stomdbands <250 mg/L 2 Dissolved Oveygen (3-4 mglt) x dimoWwed oxygen Keeps water pork long pound & High DO conc. cause connosiom vinn at 94m 4 mall thawed be ne ateck, tombGE improves Fasbe of water HK DO im water estimated “Wwimklev’s Method’ tt us Lulph Brown ppt Reagents + | Morgen pose. reeds iu i Ihibe. Aa, dite “ie RS Bw) Juenacns + Bodiam Phiosulphate Grdrcotor: starch HeS04. + broum ppt == Yellows paleran Bh Vw the volume ob non wraumned, noun of DO = V* 0025%# X1000 _ 200 eel po * 2 9 Tluorides (1 to 15 rll) x Fluorides ow o found im Fron desakeon < tangil > Bertal corres (clersbal covities Thaonides + Eramel —> erorg eoth. Cin vocsken) (in. teeth) % Flupricles Fwonades > WS mrgle —> ch moteling of teeth Cbeeth. sain gellow patch * Go Fluonesis (fer veg thigh Fl co! a Be fbaonosis® 2,245 mglt bPhelotol fluonesis. Cre rosie % Drinking wakor shamdand = | to 5 nyll st Fluoricts ior wood antornatreal bg ‘Glounomerng? using Linconiaan,70 Mitnoger Gorm pounds @ % Gndicoke sogorie contamination of woot. 1, ny 4b NO amou of nitre \ . on compounds are aMoroed im doinking. wocste Kjedahel( cb Ammonia. eertrogen — indicates recent pollutton, nitevoge®) Gay Ongomie ritnogen (Atbuminoid mitmagen) — indicatar old pollatzon Cvegekative ond enimal saste), iv Wiknikes — inwrermediate stage oh pollution @ Wietnoter — oxidixed ongenic smakter. xe Vinegen sorvpoumds ont atlin ated by. Chowne ¥Dninking water — Stomdande 2 Prremoria wk rogers < OS mgil mab nog en £03 mgib Orgone. Vines = ml Witnotes < 45 mg/l: Gh vibrates 7 45 gil ie leods to “Blue Boby Disease? mown scentiticolla ‘Methernog “Aoeroglabin in blood, hos rors okey towands ‘nitrates’ than Sxygen. Jo wilAotes sn wonke, ona cornied 10 dlithewri body pants bubead of ompgon: Adken thin hoppomds body turns blue for infants of a pak aye 11 trom & VMlangamese, (Fe 0.8 mit 5 On 60:05 mgiL). ¢ Iron — reddit cdlaun to wabr yan present to » Moragornia = porgle to brown edlaun Sigh ores 4 Estemadred by “Coloromatyy’ 4% Drinking water sbomdonds t Sron £08 mgle Momngomese < 0-05 mall A 2 lobinoemen.wv, Toxic Chemicals (Heavy. Netals ) (Damage central, nervous systern Gv Barrage. Hood eis , (iy Darnaga Wood verels ti cameanogenic: (cancmogenic) Soacie_Cherrical Salostornees Drinking conten Frances, Load Ol omit Anoenie Soos mil Borianre <1 engl Bono Soror agit Coderiuarn Y= 167 stokes. 1 stoke = 1 ontlg Ie xio4 xig* = 039 mms 7 4 Find setling welotty of ponticle af diameter 0.018 mem with 21 tabbing, wm vankin che temp adc, \: Ss = 41 Gud @r4D) (A011 mm) 4ye x @T-) 0-012" ( 3x20+70_ | 100 4 = 0:2aq mlsVs = %8ix @65-1)x 6.025% 16° ig, Pale reeane 562 x10 Is = 0562 cm/s Sedimentation Tanks + The place wshene settling opmation w connie out % moun a8 Sedimentation Tank or Settliyg Tank or Clarifier $i ie 1 Drow anc fle “Bre Settling tomks 7 Ny aw pg Continuous Flows Sebiegg, ie -—~fel— % Continuous Tow Soveling. Tomb + 1. Hongortal Glovo nackorpulon Bottling, Tanke. 2. Podial Flow Ciralan WiHlima, Tanke. 'Reckorngukon Saitlingy Soak. Cirwalan Ring Torok. wein,Design Pancemedons + 1. Bunpace Yonding nate (91) Runface Overflow nate (0%) Aydroratic Loading rake (®) Oventlow velox “Me? Few the volume of woten applied. iw umib time, pr unik turlace anea (plan anea) of obling tank % kmown as ~ gunfpcce. leaclina, noe. Zanhoce loading rake (SLR) Rnhace overflow rake (SOR), Vp = Yolurne /time furkare area, Vo Banlpce Arco. Vs > Vo 2. aca = _Q_ => ponticls capho Vo Panticls are captwed from water, Ve > Vo 3 Sh Vs >No —> ponticles captured. 2 Ns & No —> particles sveape. 3 ap Avg, = 500 +0 750 lit/hn/ rt Tugsony © SLR wm SOR, Vo : = eto 1 rtldag [n€ (10-20 day) nt) ; 2. Detention Time (Hy droulic Detention Time) or Retention Tirne Ueonstical bere taken by cooton to rave : Se in the average © grown Wale to ode of, taibing basins = 4 to @ hows © DT- Flows trogh Velocity Arortgontal Slow ~wdlod}y), Mi Spood with KR woken trowel om inlet to outlet ob ting amk is Rmawn ob “Flows through velouty” wv ‘Nhosdy oh fod. Jen rackoorgulan vobcling, Vu = _Q = <]s onea Bx d= @ Nw Vy = 022-019 m/min. = 0.3 m/min. Langth of, nbtling bork " Vy * DT 4, Wein Loading Rocke, WLR lou por unk length of tank, hmount of voackon VyCeeewound P * 8 07 a VEyiceney of patie removals yg 1 Vo t Y Bunkoco area % 41 Vo * SS we 1 Panticle removal efficiency, S © Particle removal expiienyy depends ony on Banhace ance of, sitting taunk. St w Undependlarre of dagth of tank. H vv, then Vu ty (els = Q vw) sparicle cacaper withouds ‘aiking: the botkorm 0b Va ub increorent © Choral, Mhernoal of oll putilan= =Pin; =Pi (Yet x 100 Ve @ ent % Io a. Vgt > Vo Dei eee Nu Qazi nt /day. Nb = 20 m/dary Gunlpce ova = Q = 60 to 70% lo Pi-> Yo of, partic 100% Removal of panticles from water in Letting tor (Effective rornovall) 5 Portidle ea time < Drtantion time Ho< V. L “a (Vs =Vo 4% 1007 nermoval,oF. ee 5° 7 a 0-897 x10" wils., d= 4-81 (265-1) x@-03x153) = I@ x 0-847 x 10° = 9.02 x10 4 rol Vo = 12000 L/b/nt = 12 wha = 3:33x102 mls = i a 1 SL 00 = G02 x15" i909 = 27-06% 7 3:33 x10 by dal2mm Vg = MYA mls, Helga (a>1 a) ne Yueixésxiaxio3 = = 0.743 m/s W = Mi = 0783 x too > 100% & 100% Vo 3.38x103 =e 1 = 50 + pede. ( consider only, Liquid depth) Qe 2mLo = $333 ri /hn L=lsm, B=6m) son = GQ = $838 = 0925 wifhalet LB isxb = q26 Uhl : = Volume 7 h Drtertion Hee = 15x6x3 = 3.24 hours nam g 3.33 2S = a Sromk efpiienyy = 70% a e oh oy Cds daporital = cone oh ald gehide setrhed. Snes sot i oe a che = ON “ng on 1s1 Vlogs ores lle 2mL= naxidxex0” Arurcings gr amk weed wun Conc. oh dry solids dep ea SJorck diarmeken = 26m) Kael m Q = 13000 a ey = Volum rm ho = 1% sx 21 pt = Yolur wth x18 x 21 a Q 13000/24 z und & Qe A = 2.06 ho 2.441 hos Ved (ood + O-T85H, Nan loading &- 12000 1 on ae = 159155 wildeyfen. Total ammount of ares sulbseamce: % cone, ob fubakance Chg idey) ee (rgts Aug, FRipay COAGULATION (Bedimnentation aided with Coopaletic Gadionortbatticon ieled with cong ulation ia erpleyed. to couphiane Busporcha ponticles oaks colloidal particles Colloidols cat be copraredl y plein telirnontatt stp remove colloids accalonatel sedimentation prows “u ereploy ox dd escape ploin sedirmenrt ation along cotth 1, Qilloicloh particles one changed particles. Gown att oy coy negate Oranges (Colloids aeqiina —ve Shongar hile raw cling st dug. 40 abrasion, wear ean, Brownian motion ete), 2, Colloids carry changas 3, Most of the collide ore Healsle in water ecamse of Khe a+ + = hang a they Orange on shen tunface b—> thicknos of difbuse. layer D —> diclecbric conatont 5 Thre ae we {ree acting bebween too collontl Pee a Sora. of repulsion due to clecboitate potential. by Force oh attraction ous to Vamderwaale fore. Bo oor Jone of nackton x1 ue Aistara. blo particles & ( aaere oe J26" Aug, ® @ uesony he chemical sudsstamcees thot anc odcterl +0 usccter to can A coaguladton krroum as coagulants. “6 A feo adding the coagularsts, the plloosing mechanuame ouuy + 1. Gompration of elecronic dovite laser 2. Adsorption amd change me utnaligabton. 3. Erinapment wm prssyitadton. (Seoeep coagulation ) These three mmcdhomiarnd one collectively catled stabilisation . Tks coneeph wos may oto Derksdr gdenbids Sno ais covered this 08 Verweys Ovenbeak,) Colloidal wo Runion ond tive DLVO Theory. (Deorgzegir > rlamdow A Smrzorponacl brielgny. ‘ > ulation. ———> flowulation. ——> sedimonctatior com ee eemaibioringy Physical corso Sevrbing of « aon ch Feed Grote ob panda), floccularta 4p wok). —> Common Coogularts He pivolent aque 7° } howe YO Nigh coagulating powors. Shey one used as cong la , 1. Aluminivem Badprecke Sulphate amd Jennie chloride, ic cationic Sulastamces thought to “ 2. Jornrouw 3. Joie Ja\prate 4, Bodum lure x Aluminivem Bulprabe (Alum) — universal cong oharct — cheap, eon Gy rendle onel etone — produce effective foc. _ it alto nemeve colour, odour amc ixwpnove baste,= requirement a pH 65 to &5 b) alkalinity tn water. — drawbacks. a benpants “hondners (ren) by woten become wonmrerive Alz@0q),.18H20 + 3Ca(He03)p —> 3CaS04 + 2A (OW s|-+ GO c Jo Caso. 3 1 (OWs } Calkalinity) qnew Fi Clee) 18 Hoc. Molewtorn wh of Ale Cogle = 2x27 3(s2+t4xlo)+ i@ (2+ 16) = 666 3 Ca (HCO3), ——> 3 Cacdg + 3602+ 3H20 Mole cuton wh of 3 6ac03 = 3 (4041243 x16), = 8x100 D * og pants of olum reqsine sxt0o porta ob alkolindy Catdg ——> CO + De Cauick lime} Mole wt ob Catog = 100 Mad. wt of Cad = 5b “po posts of allendinly equine oo pear of Time, gq. 02. Q=10 MLD Dore of oluem = 20 mglb Alkalinity present fr woote = 6 myll Mol. ust of alum = 666 Mol. wt - of 3 Catdy = 3% 100. Mol. wot. of Cad =5bGoo part» of alum tombine with $100 parte of Qe os — CaCD3 1 parc alum 2 300 poste oh alk ating 666 20 vag Ik alum 2 3190 x29 mglL oh alkalinity. 666 Aikorinay nag used ee wool = GF wegll ab CAC. Jot ol alkalinsty pequored per = Qx come. of alka (ig/stoa) 4") (git) toxd =90 Kg ida = 40x10 wg] choy Depiiergy ob, alkabindg me oak = 9-6 = BmgllL a Calg 100 parks oh alkalindy as CaWs rmine: 5b pata of line an GO. t gant albany = Bhs pnts of ne = C03 = Sb IL of, ene amg ll alkalinity of CaCOR = OEXS an, Coty dlote (lime) ragytinel) = Bond = 1-68 mg Jotol ome required = Qx doie, of Ure 10 x1-68 Kglobow Aon wel reyinemers of Ure aa Onis 16.@x365 = 6182 kg) year = 6132 x108 mg ]ya.4. Q=12 Med Dow of dum = a4 mg iL = I+ ppm Jotat alum rsqured pa day = Qx dese FI4K2 = 168 kgldey, Mol we of alum = 666 Mol wk. of 6c02 = 6 (12 Fax) = 6x44 1 part of alum release = SA at pate of Oz, ta mgllL of alarm neleare = SHAG x14 rngil of Coe Ce, nalenned = 5:55_~g Iu x FJonnous Sulphate. Ccopperas ) — elective mn wok 14 pH > 8-5 = Copperas react with drcded Une amd, produce {loc, — Oheapor then aku, bur doe not react with colouned wok Cad + 20 —> CalOH)e (quick Une) C§yyarroctect. me) FeSO, TH20 + CalOW)e — > CaS0q + Fe(OH): b+ TH2O Flog) 08. Jotoh ferrouy sulphate requinel = @ % dete of ferrous Bulpharte = [2x10 = 0 kg lea Mol wk of Fes04.7H20 = Bet 22+4xI6+7( 2416) = 27 Ca (COW a — 2 GO + Hed Coo = 56 Mel ust. of,, ; $ 21g parts of fomous sulphate Aequinel—=56 oly @ ab Cad. 1 port o sfomrous sulphate = 56 % Sag Park oh Ume os cw 10 IL o Fas! = Bb gt cee cee co ie Cad loge nequianel = oS 410 = WIS yl. en aL Verne raquined = Q x aloe ob Vine Joe = jaxzowe = 2418 kgldcgy, * Chloninated Coppenas (Ferric Sulphate & Fennic Chlonide. Chlorinated copperow- Germ chioniae > 2 Fee (S04), + 2FeCls + (fennic sulphate.) 42 R20 = Goppror + ONonimne > G Fe $04.-TH2D +3C\2 Degh ph (oes) amd low ph (26.5) cam eort be. chlorimoked copper. ed, coagulant Fe2(6O)3 + 3Ca(OWJ2 —> 3CaSO4 + 2Fe (OH); ¥ Coc) 2FeCl; +3 Co (OK)2 —> 3 Cle + 2Fe CON) \ _ Colour, wow snot oo esnstaaint to use hem = Fagrey casein hare alum & Copperas % Bodinen Pluminate ( Naz Ale % ) — independent of ptt = voy ompersive of all coogulerttn Neo Ale 04 + CaO), —> Ca AlaO4 + Naz C03 + CO2 + (Hoe) Hed maWO sop, weontspay —> Jar Test Gor Jari is partormed to Ytnd optimum cose of coggularie. (ee mririonscrn cougutomit dose. amd mex removal TEL A YE: % Chemical umn ditioning (cong ubodion) Addilion ob congguloorts amd iaing ete Rapid mixing —1 eo 3 min cc 490 to 120 ypm (umifprm bler x Prrgpical Conaitioning Corthokinetic Flocculation) Ponikinetic jlocaatton i— partotos move amd attract on Ud ou Slows Besta 20) co 40min at Ito 3 vpm x Allow he floe to forme Ao tethle down yy keeping. Une comberste oh Jor quite ond quisurst, ho pariod of Bo mn to 1 hour,-> Design of Cloviflocculator + Claraifloceutator cmnsiste of — @& ® 1, Rapid Mixing Unit (Flash mriscen ) 9, Floceurtoton ( Blovs mmiecing) 3, Sedimentation tank ¥ Design of Rapid Wiring Unit + Mednanical mixingy unib ip designed. 0 blind coaguber with wed, Besign ob nogid mriam Vs based oni 2) Detention time b Velocity grater: — Detention time: 1 40 3 min Volume of medng- bam = Q x DT Dopth + 1 m tO 15 Bunhow orca = Volume oh mice Depth uty ane erculorn on sq.uone = Misings — Veloudy grosiont, 6” G = 100 ~to 1000 §' im plon Dregne ob vovoding ot degree of turbulent & ‘6’ coagulant: 4 Jor one novetion, veloc wokor 4 atisteribiction el Tee fa HAL, Tor N rotation, Ny w= 2 aa Va Verw A obs Blope ob velocity distrabution cunve iu G.whee P= pow im warts we AL = cookgiciert of ayant, viscosity Ve vol of verdana basin sin P= Fev. = Cy Pu ApViv 5S P= a Eo Pa Ap V9 2 3 = A Qa Beton mds >= 0g, G = 600. ST, A= ITF NS/ Hy V Re e= FL Vay. B= 60d x2x0? ete or @ = 28800 riiday , ¥= 15%, G~ a008", pT = 2 min Volume ob micting tamk = 9. oT. = 20800 _ x2= ar 24x60x Design of Flocculotor : cy Uydraulic Tloeculatons L There ora orctolated Proceso floc ferraadtion te not under our control. aN CW ip L So sto gee required ype of B Ui for, mmachamical tlocculorrons uw one ured Gb Mechanical Tlocculaton Mechanical flocarteon commiste Rackamasslan tbomk . eoith lous roving. deter Comum nobaber or paddle nobader) — Basigr panarnekons G) DT (dekereion time) ee Gy Ge (non Aimenional swmber) 1 l UU pr: 20 rn to 40 ™N > Nolume oh Peeulobor= Qx ST {Hl | 0 Apsuoene dagth + 2:5. 45 mm Bunboxe oven, = Volume 6) ga st = S Deh 20 min — GE: 20 + gs" 0 min le [ewe + pT = 20 *0 40 win Gt = 10 to 10 (effective {loe) - 6% ty —> smaller & denser {loc Gh EP > Longer and lighter et tt => ee o ua Gl tL > Only ize inrearosQ= 3000 wilkn > DT = 20mins G= 405", = Lo08TKI0* Pas 6 Lig = 2, dep = 04 B Nolume = 8002 x29 = 1000 mt 6 LxB = 1900 __ 0-4 B tL =2. L=28 2B XB X0.4B = 1000 pe m2 ™ r 21.5443 2 3, = 40% 1.0087 x10” X1 000 = 1613-92 Ww Vi Sept, % Design of Sedimentation Tank. (Sertling tank) THURSDAY Berhing stank, follows Type IL soutling. Type tebbting deals catth Ploceulartt_panticlas sHarment. im dilute euspenatont TRocculant pandiclts arc tote wWhids charge Hain age, thapa, mans » 2prehie groty with time omd epace To olarigh. settling, tank: SLR M SOR, Vo : 20 +o 30 Wilda [nk pri 2 te ¢ youn Now linear path followed by 4. Q = 4.2 WR /rmin Ploceulants particle. Yo = 0.2 mls Deph =3.5 YW = 2. > saz Qe 42/60 so5y ne SA No ox ==Qa 36 vil = 3.5xI0%x24 x40 = 5-04 FOLD. &) @ Aur dptgge = 28 mglt = 44 GT= 4x10 Jotol aburn prrquincl /day = 5:04 x25 = 126 kg! Chung “0 Alan required As 30 days = 26x30 -> Relation among turbidity (concenbrection of colloids) Alkalinity ond Coagulant Dose: Funbiclity Alkalingty Bere ob cogguula Predominant coeeeeeneneel | cat = Medhanisms of Filtration. @ Unedhanical, ant Gy Sedimembatiron iy Jrrpa. cto Gy Sribenception. w Biological mek abolinm . DOYIo oS CREVC © COOC0OSo a Sedimentection " @ tmpaction. Biological Metabolism Clo a valnen ge mat of micro —oganismn, CSehmutz Decke— Ditty Skin) The place where media is packed amo wartor u parted, through yeedla i kmowm os Filter:~> Classification of Filters @ @ 1. Bored on the force Wy Which ftrakion & carnrial ov Growty dittou Go Pramore Fibtore 2 Boaed on rate of fUnatton (volume ob water flare in uni terme per unit tuniace area) e @ Blow Fitkow > Rapid i ttons. 3, Bosed on Nor of media employed. i) Bogle media fetkow iy Duroh Media fro Gy Mulkimedia @ mixed media fitters. -> Slow Sand Fitter - Gb wa tingle wmedion growiy wpe, low Pr = Rete, of Bitnation, ROF = 100 to 200 Lf hy [ne > —Pordicla removal efficiengy,y, = 98 to 99 % — Ne pactnaatmert of water a rsquinady Post treatment . ia opttonal. Coagulated water iv not allowed to pos Ha ough c pie one te di, te otlowed to paw, smaten panticla im i cogguledel waker gress inside, the filer media, blooks tb pornanantty mck Caunte oprrakimna-L probleme 3 % Component s of Plow Sond Fitton Gy) Fitter Boo. — eee open to ectrmasphere,, yooker sagt samt , Sige + 100 - 2000 we fod slope : 1 im 100 Gh Febron media — silica Zand used as media Thickrers + 9O em “to 110 em= Effective alge of tard, Dio + O12 40 0:35~wUniboon wepheciertd, Cut Doo = 1e to 3 ‘Do Braden the panticles > emallar the pore sige —> higha anca of corerack > ow rade of (leratton —> bebe quality cocker iy Gronel bed — ge Mpporé %9 famd media Sicknos + 306m to 75 om Bize : Fmm to 60 wer Covell graded grovel) be wet fend particles to eocape form fitter media. ge dowre Pp” Gv Undor drainage Byatorn — oper drainage system paoweded with — Lockenols omd cembnal drains, 2m Ben spacing (c, wy Qnlek & Outler & , Gplat > 0 opply omer umiferenly oe ental wea Bamd bea Ly to calle (load water a Ouklee Tooter ok constants nok] Pregornekor—> to kmou vhe woken lrel, on the top Ab omc bed Inlet Outlet Raw water in sand bed gravel bed. | | SS > fiitered water o Guridiol read Les Creat low before starting of Umtion): 10cm tr 1B om Avhken beast lors ranches 40 a value of TOem—Aoem (40% sand. Ged thicknes), i indicates Chak fitter UU mot woonlsing. oe naked capacity. $F badly reach alaconing, 0% worshing,= Plow tend fitters ane cleared once iv ewer ont mar ® ty thaee months: Sop bs —3om of sand be ie senappal off voy oti depth of tamd bed a” reduced to SO cm Beyond. thes dopth coor Berd (low fbtrotion) uw found. % the snopped off fine Sond wished with 0.2 -0.6% of filtered waren, nat sept, MEDNESPAY s Design of Slow Sand Fitters + =~ tbo one dantgnedd bowed on Rete of fittration (Ror Supangiial velocity ) ~ Jotal surface area of lous sord filler requined = Q ROF — ioc sige ob ecadh filter: L&B — dink mor of ewe FN oh RUM Cn) amet irda of ench fells sgh & brenda nelotzons - Goce no! (1.88) boa on le — Provide ome aockna fiber (ntt) for reliodbility condition P39 Jor ROF = 120 Lit / npn 5 » Population = 50,000° pewons. a Parcapita. demand = 150 ie] nell oy Mase demand = 1:8 x ong demord. Lume i kept an thawal bay + Nor oh fle Hopman, = 61 = Q= 50000 X150 Wel hogs Design demand = mex demand = 1:¢Q = 12x50000 x ISO Jota onea of tow Sond, fiten repre = Qapsgn ROFc= 1@x 50000 x150/p, i 3125 me Igo n= B(nol ob fbbeu vy operatten) Ane of en ‘bean = § mck filter = 825 — Gas e LxB = 625 of = 625 => B= 17.673 m = 95.35 — Sind “how wn ccna nos of 20x10 sige slow snd ~{bbena @ nequsned to trek 10 TLD woken with Ror = 200 L]ha/me. nx Anew (Lx8) = 2 Q_ RoF = 10x 10°/24 200 6 toxio'/24 toa, me 11 flew 200 x (20 x10) > Rapid Sand Filters — Single media groty ape rapid fitkens, — ROF 3000 to 6000 Lit/ ba] we (x30 slow send) — Ponticle rernoval efhiieny, 1 = 80 to 907, (98-99% slow a — Prekeneakment and pats tratrment of wakm is , compulsory (not Aaquinel i tow and) = wnsumes \ittle pace. amd merle the damandt of Lange carmen erie, % Components of Rapid Sand Filter : Gd Fier box. — open, warn tight, rectangular ctamk- Gi Bige of HHO - 10M tw wowGiy Bod slope = Woo eA Q wo Depth of fbb = 25m to 8m Ww Pitter medio: = Band iw btn media. = Ghickneam of zand bed = 60 40 90 cm — Efpedtve age of sand = Dio = 0.35 to 055 mn = Umikorm cockgedent,Cu= Doo = 12 to Ke Dio Gore pore space inereanes amd hen, note of filtration increanas bude umvbace with foil dacrearer. Due wp Wx emtboct with tanad, Removal ekbechengs> dacracsoe Cel > usniborenli graded. Poo tard grain a ebigetively evolu cl wn ponttele. copbune. This accoune yor go-90% eh erey Athoygh pone space one opened. wi Gaowel bed: — te give jupp ort to Band bed. = i dort atlouw sand grains to ercope chong, cotth wot — Fricke of grovel bal = Sen to Soom = well graded gneve packed (3mm +0 40mm) iy Under drainage % stom: = cleresh dnaina ant ured tp collede woaho. spacieg blw laterals 1Scm $D Bdem Cle C, grave LTTE ‘ perforated laterals — total anes Of porborubtons = 0.2% area of each Fitter— total orca of lotonal = 2 times total onca oj PrIrotions _ otal onan of cenbnal domain = 2 bimts x anea of lodorals. — len ok, Length of Laterot y 6 5 oK diiamebonr of, Lockenal — wiiy Inlet & Ouctlat Aonangarerita + — Gniek applies wacker canifgn ral oven sand bed, without disbanbrra, tomd, gos: — Outler central drain acts ou oct lab. ci Otho Components + a) Wash waster “proughs. by Ain compaeworn (ain pump) ©) Values. &) Rote control dawice (verrbunimeter) 2). Mecca mmearurivrg, danricas back reer “s 7 wom A] ed UU sand bed 44 gravel bed. oe D vertuvimeter c [water valvo|A > influent volve, B> Fittowd waknr valve, sand bed. C—> Work water volne. D> Pittowd water waste valye, vcctor vole gravel bed co a © a Oe > Back wash F > Hin vakoe. Bosak or either oh these : : a conditions aml filker ts Jerrnenal = Bm atoppal and washd ym Tunbidy brake through = 25 wry JY 24h to 48 hn, Gmitiol head los = 10 IE om When fberatton w continual {or lomgan poriocs, pore paces ge cloned and, ‘ead lors inereanes. Ag pore spac area ix reduced, velocity of vseter eee} rough sured bal shoots up ond i shoo torre of the poriclag retained on the yoke bed arnd conniaa t alomy with the filtered woten. Fhis iprgwosn the ctunbiaiy of fib arel water kmown aa “arbichity break through’. — Rapid send fille one cleaned (0) voashed: ly ‘backwashing Amovint of pUeored vscrhn raquined {or backuraihi = 206% of fitered” water Arwothio wa the faut step bnckuvadhing Whine compren pursped Hoag athe Her bed for “E-5 rn, Shich agiveabes the. particles amd by opening. valwe Fy Neovo wong valve ia cloied ocapt E RC _ flugizet an hin inuvwases the pow space amd, gard bed 3X ancpandak upto a neight Zo. (los than Vp ob wash coaton trough) aWwakor gate ceckal In the dnraing os volve CU opened: DAA DADDY RaB, VeX Design of Rapid Sand Fitter: — Jobat onca of RSF naquineh = _@ ROF — Give the sige of each {i fitters (n) Yin the moi oh fOr OG) amd find BE Of each fitter ~ eof, filtered wocckom | used mn TY ~ Her (LBB) cmd find ‘not of Vol. of uraten_ use im backwash Mol of water fibtinad bho backwou) — Volume of frkeored wootenl _ py, ob back woodhing a used mm backwash dunotton of backwash ana. of cach flor ROB DOB anca, of aach fil ios Sob opt eeead Cele Dette backswoshinge duration of fltration » anea of cach xlker ROF % DOF % ane of each { Q = 24 ro. ROR = 5S ad/ha] oF Anan of for bed s(Lxe) = 24x10 /24q 55 22 5 Lx aL 200 => L=10m.& B= 20m oh funad os amquanel | _ ROB + DOB x ane of each fbr 4 ckwos ~ be ba “6 ROF % DOF % ance of each filter = SKROEX 10/60 = wig ¥, RoF x 4-19) =Oct, &) Q HURSOAY P Q=0.26 rs 5 RO = Srefedfhn nad Doi, ; B 4. x LiB= 2:1 3 Back wosh nate = 10Umi/g, Jotal SA= Q@ = 0.25 x60x60x1 ROF = 2 Sefho [ws ot a SYP = 1€0 Saye tr - 2 o FF a SA of ainge filter = WO. = 45 wi so ghee 5H ae Le. eo 3 BO 4. a 2 2g =45 Y 66 Q=2.5 mpe= B= AIG mm | L = 4.49 m J Rog = 10 I/r/s by) Ne = ROB = 1 lief, Og = 10x45 = 450 Vth. TET PF FOF Flow rate im each wath water - 98 = Ye Xanea of filter Awough = 98 = 225 Ut/e = 0.205 a poem 2 28x10 Jeaxtoxegn =0.020 vile, 5 ROF = 126 Ved [mine = 01128 x60 = "RS nk/ m/e 7 Focal SA = 0-029 = 13-42 we 2:08 x10, % = volume of voakern used for backwathing Rag ydunation » vol: of cooker fitters bl ee anaa of fbr ROF x dunation 4 area of filter= 75 RO x 5x Area ROF x G8xuq)xarea, q. q=os5 nik Ror = 200 mint] Total SA asquinel = OF gg 2. 200 Fo4uoo 10. Woiok btern untti aque = 216. 50 's Qairkk 5 n= 14. = 600 my SA = (4x~2) 50 = ROF = 2 144 we /elay eh SKx HOO > Head Loss During Filtration * Carmen — Kozney Equation z—> dapth of sand bed f = 150 (i-n) Re 4 1S Re = Pave b - Nad ; Y AL Dertics one axdurned 40 be parent op = 4092, jo denote the vaniakkon som sphaoty » Vv —> suporfgicial velocily = ROF ; W—> ponolly ob azand bed d.—> diarmetr of sand gnraine = LDA sand %G p> shape factor is wedwy Eiki equakton ws applicable only foro porter Q pmortty, Az time thoreateh porotdty amd velocity damoanos. SH, the wow rarely. ube equation. eee el % Head Loss during Backwash h a fay = zC-)(sa)| ie TREareee | TROPDR DD % Rote of backwash, ROB (Vg) NB. Vecvs 4:5 Ve = Ve (ne) "° Ng = g(s-) d* wy [ze 2 an Aloo |My = ze (G-ne) 6-1), Zz I- Ne 06 Re = Vad = -8— x a5x108x on § 7 Bese * OPO Oo ge =0.38 > 107 & 2 f= 00) gins } Re j = SC 9-4) ins = 6a 27S ) ae 2 He$= 2.66, N= 042, Z= 0.5m A= 0-650 Fm Ze Zz Ne = 0-613 : 2 : Ne = g (sar 9 (2166-1) x. 65x10°3)* Ie a Se hve 1GX 2-66 X4FIG1-33 x10 IGE” ree = 0.2873 mls as Roe “oh backwoshs ROB, (We) = Ve x ne a 0.2878 x (0-613) = 0,032 mig zQ-n) (sa) Bead lors at this rate, Hy= = 0+65( 1-042) (266-1) = 0-62582 m x Particle Removal Effeiency + 1 = C=C 100 Co Iwasaki & Isaku equation. for Fitters :- de wc dem cee cetaeioed a z Jo(08. we 72, ee ee oe He Ze27% Ze Z Ter & Ta ee = Te2 > Te =p Te increases fev ie fzv | ) => He wz. Alo TH TE ga Tar >The Vb Te decreases. = THe < Thy => TH decreases. He = fat (152) > eee Th C1 (conc.) @ Tee The < TH Both Te & Ty decuases * Operational “Problems associated with ‘Rapid Sand Fiber ty Avy bindings —ve head of fibkon 31.2 rm @ Mud bal formation: inadey wake backwash Gi Cracking Ob filters: due to audden dacrcase, —ve head. im moutune coment —When -ve hod of, febtern in creanad ord |e2m, Suckton prestune “in vwosar and 2m. damowed gue prerertt tn ware? Seat ee din btockiy the much bate formed, Soak the fond bed tr Gord ane ~ Fo remove Cause foda , = Pucden dermeaie tn mors ture uorvbertt ocuamubated or tp of vand. im the muolBh Oct, ~owesoay > Pressure Filters @) ® Prorune filer is a nopic earch fUber whore flerakton te camied, ok urder a prewure heal of 30m ‘to Tom. (P= 300 te Foo kn/w) ROF = 6000 +0 15000. litre/he/ rit YN = 60-10% *Prow ure fithors ane wade wsed a 3 «iy Zwierrring Pools U0 Prdustnics Gd Private buildings. Dio =O5mm 0 066 mm Ce = 12 Sun hace anea Pnorture filkor, P : Sand. bod Tr 2 ? at = Q. Gravel. ) ad oooo > @. Find the diawetor of prewune filber Sey ° cach on f= ~ Cy ange 1 LD omel ROF =l0000 Uh fet > Ea xe? u) 1o000x24 : A = 2.3038 m —> Dual Media Fitters (Double Media) we — Dual media len ane raph sand flbou chore spetken ve packed. with hwo fiten media — Anthracite Coal S=l.4+05 Dio = 0.9mm tm 1mm Silica Sand S = 2.65 Did = 0-5 mm~ Filtration ib $M cnrse to fine, Anthracite. coal(sdfe) ~ ROF = 10000 L/hyfnt to 15000 L/halet Silica Send(soy) - % = 80 to 90% sength of fH operation, nurveosce (Hime trtenval bla backs ash to backwash incase) Cost ob constructor & operation “righ Q=72 bod ROF = 15 ref hn/ o® nx Oxe) = Tax 10/24 = 200° 15000 a= 5 Noi of filter unite nequined » = 41 = Cone stenchy ) Arsscering. back sooehing. conmed ouk in 24 houns. Nolume of, usator oat bls back workings (Gnow production ) = ROF X dunatton ~ anea oh each flter Jaome = 1 = 20 win (bw) mm mide TS meas = tx Ga 20 js ao 65 Volume of fp btened wo ackon’ = ROB ¥ chunatxor : used vm backwaslhoyg- ne area, of exch vette = 36% 20 ¥ yp = 420 we fdas oe 4 Iebess Wet produc im tip of each fill unit = 14200 — 440 =14100 ~ 480 = 13629 réldoy = 13-62 MLDt > Multirredia OF) Mixed Media Fitters @ Q = Rapid sand FUR packed wit, 3 PUR media, - Anthyacite coal Ss leG to 15 yo= 09 tO Imm Silica Sand, S= 26S Dio= O15 mm Garnet (green sand) S= 4.2 Dio = OelS mm — ROF = 15000 litve/bafu? to 20,000 litve/ha/ne — 1 = 80 to 90% — Kength of filer rum ia mone ~ Noy cently > Roughoning Fitter — Pretreatment done +0 reduce the (4 slows aed -fithonseh Oc, wieonesony O#% DISINFECTION — Disinfection iw the method of destroying. disease oa organiarns moun as Pecth og era proent In water Objective : - Fo kat ones bing Bers coatker ~ Jo protect water againet futune pewible potertial contamination, — Sulsstames used to cannes owt Ateinjectton ane kmoumn ag © Disinfe ctarrts’. >The Requirements of an Ideal clisinfectart: —eblpdtve amd officiertt ki — fost note 4 kal — thoudd be toxic only to eryamisrns, and net to “humans —showld “hove enough rsidual power. — should be of such vrekune thet t& con be oa debock cal, fom WOK OL > Mechanisms of Disinfection + io By damaging the cell wall, 2. By alteration of cll wath pomeabiliry 3. By dacmay ing, the protoplasm. 4 By prsciptbacing the engyrras, nuct nients ote (Poisoning ) > Methoos oF Disineecrion 1. Physical Wethods @ using heck energy ( &: boiling, ) Gy vary ght energy en Uy roys)9. Chemical We-thods @ R Gy waing, enccens Lene dy Potosium Pormanganate Gi Sun hectare W Ogone Gi) Metal tone Wd Malegen group of chemicals. @ Fodine —b) Bromine c) Chlorine ~> Botltng : = ghe best method im torre of dattnaying. the organo Wo residual pour —umeconomical fer lenge scale punpores > UV treatment : — WV rays of vsawelength 240°to 260 nm ack ay powerhul dis inbeckarts, — Juskant kill, obpective 8 officient hill (damages the pratoplosr no fear prodlarns ye oa amount of UV expesane eohene Ng —> WO: of egomisrns remain tn water after Oh expooure “+. No —> invtiol no: of gona K —> disinfedtton note constants 1 —> inbencity of uv radiation in HM/erk ) tb—> time of expaure (in S on min) Jo nodace ricnoeyanums im woken fom Ihde wo in 2 rin, whak intensity of ov radiation & araquined if K = 0-006 em/uwesec, In 190 = —0-00 Le 006 X T x aasox 2}19s /erd Electricity (% vows) vidid uy rays ~~~ sheet of water #10 em. th Ok 5 Excess Lime Treatment TuEsoay — Growth ob micro -eyg amiewns a tnuenad by pl = PH > 4th, growth of gritos Growth) alamost eho . — adding escaam Lime to water provost pth mone than. 9.4 — Rocanbenakton & requinad +to ainmolve the pracpitetes formed os pu —?> a rout of Lame “breakment; which a encpenslve, = growth of wicio—orgamams optimrwn Gt pl = 7. Horower dasveasing the ph Witeone acidity] omd wads 40 wnration, — Surfectarts — Gurhoce active Ohomicol substances £41 Foopd, dakergertes phenols, — Quoldy of water te akecked_> Treatment with Metal tons oxy ® — Belvar amd vopprr used $9 carryy owk cisinigcbion — Electrokatady nw Process 1 bread-ment of, wator with silver ble coment > _ No nreviduah powor > Treatment with Potassium Permangonate — wells Ww nunal aneat ane durinkeckerl, with Kon 04 — dininigction is tow & takes 24—4¢ houne hen reaching, colth orgariam, pink claun Us formed chick bakes 24-4¢ howe ‘© dir appear ver oheop. _ No nssiduah powd. } —> Ozone : Y — Most reppering claim hectton. method. > — Disiniecerg- owe with ogome & known aa ‘Ozonisation’, FL Spoberk ilk, effective & efficient kill ; — tittle. residual Pow ) — Rarnqver otte, colour, odour svoladile. rgamic compoumals , 3 oxes amrourts of Fe R Dn, ote, emp, @ _ Ogore cncise im unctate form ol : geroredsol just befpre ogerivakiem as tb carat be stoned } a Ales olutely sale for oa amount of ome dloges no 7 soso chan grobleme - 2 k —_—, — 1 kg ogo™% naquses 0+ 6 kewohr Power. ee We Feld) a air —=On +26 —> 26 O+ O —> Og 302. +26 —> 20; trighly unstable, ‘wobope of oxygen, S$ odwaye —% w stable moleutan fern to attoin Eniet Q3 + HeO —> 2HO2 Cprowerful oxtdants) HO2 + 03 —> 202 +H0 —Ho2 & HO Cnydrorgyl free radicals) released iy wader Cod ane ee vee Presertt im water and destroy cohen ~> Halogen Group of Chemicals — Jodine & bromine ane availabe im the form of per on tablets . Shey ane used in small scale, They ane carried by rrilibany men usher oorkong bn pernote “mural ances —> Chlorine — addition of dhlonine or itt compounds to the wabor + Corveyourt destnfe dion ts kmoum as ‘Chlovination’, err 4 a . Hoct —— H+ + oci7 (ionisation) — Hocl + Ocl released Mm water macs with moo organaaras oomcl destroy, then . Hocl & OCL together kmoum as Free chlorine ov “patyy ovalable alanine! — Hock iw chongeles compouna amd powarbul than cle (entero ~eggemsams too have ve 8 te oceuns bh them & oci7). we @o_temes more chozgas amd 6 rputatow— Hocl >>> OC” +o have effective aifpsean - HOcl in woke depends on pl Hock == Ht + oct K = CHT Coot) CHocty kK, Lod — K~> lompation cons. cH ChoctI Lowen the ph, higher wil be wnemtnration of ploct. @ % Hod = HOC — x iO Hock + Oct = 1 ~ | xtoo Vettes ae © Concentration of HCl = dete of Cle ¥ % Hocl. — ovo pH im water wu required fon efficient chloninatfo» pH: o t 5.5 —> only Hoct foamed in water PH! 5:5 to #5 —> both Hoc & OCC mM woken, but HOCL >> ac¢l- PH: 7-5 to 105—> both Hcl & OCI7 im water, but Oct” >> HOCL pH > 10.5 > only OCT form waren= Pra cic alts. chlonine remain as olemental Cle wm the m 2 0 wm a5, $F dow not hydrolyze br wat, ph rom nS tO FS wy mone suitable, = So pH nomge of 5S P-46, Qu fo HOCL = = S61 G ph= 7 sub 15 th wocl = 1 E i _ I+ KK H+ 09. Concrtr akton of oct = dete Ob Cle * Ye. Hoot %e HOCcl zw X 1 ‘/ aT Cone. of HOCL = const. fr fame rwrmoval. => (dose of oe x % Hoel), = (dete of de ae of aoa O7 x 1 = Clore of Cle), ef! [+ 2etxt to I+ 271x168 oma => Gee ob Cle ot pu=e)’ XTe74 Bhog S088 rey ILSh ptt dacreases to 6) doe of Cle = 0-7 x C0274 = 0.566 wyll As phd, doe of Cle JL fer same asmoval. ¥% Chlovine Demand of Water = Chlorine “has more affinity tow oy then ik azact with Ammonia, Chlorine, then, b will menace with aS es Amoynt of Chlorine wornsurmed Mn water w known as fOmlerne demand of water’. Alten meeting the chlorine demernd of woaker Yor Aencklng with obeve,, Ih any oncars chionine remain b> woo, te will appear 03 Feosidual Cle” Cle demand =e doe — Battal Oe | _ ftdwantages of usig. chlonine ore thot te & cheap powers for fudure disimfection amd — Robi Q = 20,000 vi/ day Total Cl, usage = 8 kg doy, Total Cle = Q x disse ob Cla (g/day). (tL) (mg/l) & = 20 x dor of Cle Bow of Cle =F = 0.4 rag IL. 20 Clo demomd = Cle dae — Residual Clo = 4-015 = 0125 mg lLa ¥% Forms of Chlorine 1, Hypochlonites 2, Chlo namines 3 Cle gos 4, Chlorine dioxide | XAddition oly Onlonine ‘va the form of hypochloniea t kmousn os hypacklorinection, W Colcvim hypochlorite CBleazhin Powolar) > 30-35% Gi Bodin hypochlonete.> 10% chlorine available chlovr Arduemtages of uri Bleaching Powder 1 (Creapart of alk forme of chlorine) b Free chlonine ay Ecomormical Diode cortagar of Bleadhing Powsdi ¢ = a) fe doatt adimolwe quick bd looser te strength ee oxpored to Vight or ain, of imparts sls on woot. (more arcandlangy problems) AUigh dasages ore rgumed (7% Chlorine ie voy low) Ch dose = cote of bleaching (BP) powder. % %o Cle in BP 900 kg pr snonth of, bleaching powder conned to treat to mio ta wator to “have Ge residual of 0.2. rag lb. Final, Oklonire lemon of wate in mg Il. Sh BP combaing B0Yo Cla. seks Cl, dete = doe of BP x Ze Cla Dee of BP = Total BP woge _ 300kg /0 dey Q 10 = 1_omgllQa Cle dose = to mgiL * O38 = 03 mg/L Chlorine damomd = Cle deg — Residual Cle mall. 13, fom - BP. 7 Sha dese = 2 ppm = 2rgll Pvailable chlonine = 20%/, Q = populakion % por capita demand. = 10,000 X50 LJ dag = 0.8 bobo. Tovel BP nequineh = Q * dee of BP = OFxX2= 1 kalday 8 7%3 tons oh BP consumed par amie. to chloninate 10 mip cookin to wreck He Cle clemamd of O45 mgiL vn wator Gh ey BP combain 80% Cle, then residual Cle m wat uv. Due of BP = 7:3x10/365 lo = 2.mgl/b 5 Cle dose. = 03 x2 = O6 MyglL. , Residuok chlorine = Cle dere — chlorine demand, = 016 ~ 0045 = Ou mg lL, ~» Chloramines. (Chlorine + Ammonia > Chloramines ) > Chlorine mw He Clipz + HOS Hcl + HCL rm of chlorawninas called Hock + Nig —> Nua CL. Cmonochloramine) Nucl (dichloramine) HOcl + NHCle —> NCG, (tridhloramine) pH >§ — only mmonochlonamine in water pu: 5 —@ —> both movochlonamine & dichlonamine pus 44-5 —> only dichlonamming tw waterpH < 44 > strichlo naming mone — mono & di one | powmbel , han trichlonanting , $0 pew mointained blo 44-8. = Chlonarmines groduce lomg and. farsitkort: rasicluals tn woke. 7 Quickly dimoWwe wm water = $& deawrt lose ta Hreagh hen ercposed to ain & light, — NO colour, torte, odowr pnoblarrs wr Wak for o dose. Ge dossit even form toxic cherricol substances ty oerkor, ~ Hie slower thon other forms of chlonine; (only disadyant slows a8 KMOnO4 but wok ob +> Chlovine Gas — weet sought after form of chlonine — Sh e265 times heamien than ain amd quickly dinolse and produce. free chlovme im wacker, P= 15 kg blond oS Cle gas Viquid Cla — Stoned amd Sippel im the form of Cae Cee to wate in the fem of gareous Cle, = Uigr{ chlorine residuals ane carcinogenic. Ineo Monine neack with oxen Bulstkomées tr wot amd procluce. triholo methane (THe) which ane 0 camdmogenic , &: of THE one Chloroform 5 bromnof orm eke, = Snoe chlorine paridual ia motnbained. a a nage of O11 — 6.2 mgll netiduol BO-2 mg/L. Fnse chlorine “Gree chlorine residual £# On mgilL > no future Prote ction, Aowover dosage of chlorawrina doe mot in{luence, THI formation.—> Chlorine dioxide @) QB — Efpecient > ekhective amd, retard kil. = No THD problem for any datege — independent of pH ~ unstable , the Hb cavit be stoned amd generated. just: bebore use — ercperuive - —> Kinetics of Disinfection. x Chick's Xavw fon disinfection. No ket pata Ne No.e | . t uNo- Nis Ny ho. of Syren Termained, Pee AC any weréack time 5%’, oe eee a iad after co ES uy No— > tnikial mo. of Cdmeame 1 (See 4 > corkact me time —> remleckton Tate constarrt 5 k —> disinigo ; © Pouertage removh, Ny ny an pease se 100) : (he of bil) No ake y N = Now Noe” y 100 No ’ Y= G - oe) % 190 @ log rersoval = 109, (No) ~ log, (Ne) soe cx t cons PN Dvy C > concortnation of, HOC. 2 Cle dose (pl = const.) +> wortoct teme. (detention tive) n—> dilution acton. (type of eganum killed)Pag 6 2 1 No = 12 0-99 mL F NE = 1090+ /igg wat. % removal = No—Ny Bn x100 = 10=18 sion = 99.994 No ok 23.99% lag removal = 1034 No — logy Ne G 2 ee 1%. Q= 2670 wiley, 1 ae, N= No oo 8+ ul =(-«9 100, « — O45 G+ ow = 1-e = £ = 26-9 min Volume of aiinjection unit, V = @ xt 2760 24 x60 X 269% = Sh BURWIA 3 K = 3x0* fc n=1- at 2 — + oaqae = 1- @ 3% Pt = 193.64 5 224 min Is Q= 6 mp. TFotol Cla adoed = 32 Kg (day Jotal Cla odded = Cle dae x Q, ae x2ITOL= 2 moll \ B l dose a a Buk oy = constant ti = comet, > Co = 245 mil Tool Ch added = Cle doe * Q- = 2715 % 22 = 60:5 kglday (+ QT, veloedty T amd Ker oh contact v. Lo adhiene tame heqnee of removal, Cla dre rece to bo. inercased) ) 10 MLO “9 Jind out Cla. dese naguaned 40 trend woken “having. pr =e wh oa coms med por dey ty break §— 20 LD of wacker } we 40 kgldoy. having p= 6- Anaurming the fame hog nae. ) of remeval. ob tome —eorrbet terre, Jake k = 2.7 x10 F mol/L d amd nat. Sted the tontnek Lorre Aaqecned Hh) ty = 2 = 30min Jo treat 20 MLD oh water, 4o {9 Moy of Cla & amsumad when ph of water 6 aki, 80 min ty disinhect water. gp Thoue fame libin ection. while cee 10 LD of warbor with a Cle date Sangll ak PR=P, whet amount of ce ee ee Ab ph =6, % Hocl = %4+37% At pH =, % Wod=27.0 CHoct}] = 145 mg/l CHott} = 5 x 027 = eas mgit. 1645X30 = @& 185 xb >t = 43.33 win@™ @ 1. Plane Chlorination, — only chlonimakion ve used. 2. Pre Chlorination. — bebere filkrotion > Types of Chlorination 3. Post Chlorination — cupbon fitbnotion 4. Double Chlorination — before amd after gibenation, 5. Super Chlorination beyond normal loses 6. Dechlorination. — Soci Hhics ulphate. 2. Break Port Chlorinetion. Tt Residual, = Cle, P ec (rail) 3 3 Fee residual & & (Hoel & oct"). ch dae > combined. residual 4 Vater Free from Cl, deman (cChLoRAriNES) (mgft) Brake Point Cla dose(mgI—S Doce. Jobol residual Cle = Meriduol Cle + combined residual Ch, AB —> Oxidation of fe & tort gc —> Govreation 0, chlonaminas: cp —> dvéknuction of MAO oTYamiamms: ra foemation, of Re dhlonine. Jo obtain prosidual chlonine amd officient kill of raiero OYgamamrs, Cla date Ue oddecl above break poire chlorination,93. 2. Break pet chlonination dato = 15 mg |b Residual chlorine at Break point = Combina chlonin. = 0:3 mg iL. Shue Chinone retical = Fetal dhlonine daw — Break poirs Jotol Cle parsiduah = Tree + Combrud = 05403 = 0.8 oyll Dore of Cl gas = Bry a Cle Grow chlorine residual = 2 mg [L, os Cle pH =25 S ae oct” + Ht == Hock 3K =10° mol/L poe Grlonine nasiduals = ravidaal HOcL + residual Oct” = 2 mgil Fnee randual Cl = Gran residual (in_molt) (is mol/L) “mols wt of Cla x 1000 oa 6 = 26816 x19” mol/L. 2x85+5 X 1000 Residual HOCL + qoiducal OClT = 2-816 x10 mol/L. i Cwoctd CH +ICLocus) Fr TS Hock = kHt =10'°x1 = 1 “oct LHocty = Coca. ‘ Residual Hol = Residual OcT = 2816 X10 1, goexid® mol/L,I > Tests to find Residual Chlorine (3 & 1 Orthotolidime test (O-tolidine test) 5 total residuals 2. OTA test. (Orthotolidime — Arsenae test) 3 Feo residuals 3. Starch— Iodide test Arsenate inbibite the reaction of chloramine with Onthotstidine. fo Ontolicline seach esith {nae Antonine Brandh iodide ter le binomelay tat. Siinant wed a | iorudphate amd indicator uu zhanch. Gloun change Yodiacrn “Prices Grom blue to Wreolourlen. we2d” Oct, NOONDAY 08. MISCELLANEOUS WATER TREATMENT Aeration: = Only arsed for Treating ground water under monmot arucmatan cas. - Acration » the method by Which conten % ercpere, 40 trae atmosphore - Arcnation ib aimel +o remove, undloilinale olirs gost tush os Coz & HS (ushich got “trapped im soll paces due ty detomperikion of, orgonic smatter) amd at the ae time wader ie enriched with Ov. Ween olezonb Clagorsity) CO, & Hes Oma aston Cgarity) Op. go | ae Cs) eohene Cs —> gabunction wuncentration Ce — > actual concemtnabion, Cg > CE —> absongtion Cs < — clesongtion. Jn adatttion to aluorgion & auonbtion of above gassty osnation com also improve +oste, ob water, remove odoun dcolou spon woot, Gh aygen louels mm wake ena. troearsa , Fe2t & togth poshed to nig hr volerey seakes amd “produces insoluble precipi bate vn wake, Acrabion qWlowred by pecipihation, precipitate remove ard hone cwloun camich by Fe @ ton one alto nremovel[eaten] — * Aenokion & w Bw pansion, ct diy Biopowion ob x Bivpowron we & Jourtoins: iy Concade x Bipouion of > a Absorption. sm rrr o t Ldimemtatton. rece maces @) & > | J | rogt nntt uble . insol «ale doh seule elatle cannted out by +00 methods; wot ito ainds Bisonptton >> Abronplc ir into wake. => Alsonption >> Buorption. i into wacker, >]: Tih Aquarium water air b Nosorption- water a Desorption a DesorptionWATER SOFTENING: Fomoval of Thonclnens from wot i called wetor softer 7 1 Boiling > removes only CH counted bap Ca 2, Lime treatment removed CH caused by Ca & 1g» NCH caused “by My L> NCH comsed Gy Ca (&3 g0da) 4. lon—excharye method» zerg hardness & Lime—soda Process TDypes of Handnrewor ares cH —> Ca NcH —> Ca CH —> Ncw —>Mg Lime Soda prows bring? doum the “handnest 0 50 mg/L. 26" Oct, : g , Paso. sunny Kime as CoO requined = 36 x TH Boda requined (Nass) = is 4% Non. 00 when cone. given in (meq /L) Dydroked Ueme [calowle ] raquine = Co2 + Heo + ce oda required == Ca + M9 - [eoy + Heog + On 3 gq dind lime amd todo. ath requined pr day tr by te handle yo rap of water with TH 240 mglL amd CH = 150 mye os Calg Stok Vere required = FE x240 = 184.4 mg lL chara required — por ey = @x BAA = 1244 kglday Boda, oth raqusmel = 1 x @40 sq = Q5-4 mg]b Soda nequined pm ogy = a5-4x10 = 454 kgldey~ a She “pvoureey swsstameas are found in sontea.. Sou OS) 8 Aydrakel ume and foda rnequined & mg IL), Substance Concentration Eq, wt Gane |__¢rp/t) _Comveg /h) Con 1o ce O4s 20 a5 an 10 - $94 40 12 3.33 Hog | 250 a 4-09 03 2 30 0-06 ou 102. cs 0.0012. N Kime requimed (im req /L) Coz + HeKs + tg = 045 + 4.09 + 2.32, = T87 meq/L Lime. nequsned. Gn mgi) = 187 meq /L x s wb. (Ca.con)a) 4 eye i = 1.97 (40+ 2(1641)) _ 5 Bodin naguoned Con mr-0g (LJ a (22 3064)) - 291.9 mai Cat Mg ~ Cog + Hcog +047) ) = 35+ 333- (0.06+ 409+ 0-002) ’ = 2.679% meg /L, Jodo. raqusned (in mgll) = 26908 106 - quae =e% Design of Ion Exchanger Zeolite — Sodiam Alumininum Milicake natn with Get & mg* lors ana pawed Urnough a bad of gralite ggainah gnowity tty hose mone tonbact) Zeolite adr on a Pir amd ion ondhonnye takes place, to aechamge water Cart cat a at tome wo ok ae wah Ne lon: « torn acta Pseudo Hardness” to voter, Nor hin procoa ts oto cabled on Zedite Process. Ndume of ton axchanga == 2 TH Capacty of ercchorgar Coparity ob “eacchamgd = 20 #0 100 kg/vt [day Rete of Flow = 0-2 05 val win [nd I“ area, of ion wechamgon, To = Q € node of dow Jind diarnekor and “height of ion oxcdhamgar rmaquined 4o hamche 1 DOLD of water with TH ISO mg/L as Cacgg, 2 Shika note of pylow ab 0-4 rafemin| nS amd. capacity oh tom ancdreryon 02 40 kal ri} deny= Nolume of on exdbowyn = Q TH ® coe Capo.ciy of exch organs = Lx 150 = 1.667 me 40 Cls ana of ion erccharagen = _@ —_ _1x10/24x60 race of flow od 5 Height of ion ancchamgn = Nolume = 667 _ Cs onan 1-736 Piameter of ion ercchayyar = Jiets6x 4 7 —> Desalination of Water convention of, galine woote into ora ator : * Desalination done byt ? 1. Revorre Osmoiis membrane Seperation techniques. 3 2. Elecdnodi ofy 16 : 3. Dutt ation Gr moral ovmoris, flow v from. rath watar to taline water (Low ame, ao Nigh cone.) » Goliong water offara mone | saline Fresh water water nosiatamea. membrane OsmosisWhen the applied promwre te Goer thom osmotic prawurr , roverse oemote takes plaw omd flow ib pom foline water to dpeth wanker ard, sods gpk depanited, on the membrane Ty feck water Saline wetor salts @ Reverse Osmosis ¥ Electrodialysis. [water cathode S I= Anode Cotton. (we Change) gota Ge cha a (tre charge) collecked wa cathode (ve chai S amd anion (ve chorged. ions) gmt cote Aed im anode, SOOO 8 Q UVlud Pp tp 4 [ole ©. @ \_ Sp membranes * Distillation, Wacken Wpourizel Vopouns condensed. condensed, Vapour H20 Cpune usactan) AW the casalination methods ane arpernsive methods. = Fluoridation & Defluovidation. * Fluordation. Flacnidakion u addition of NaF to water sto mowore fluorides > 1 mg/Lt ea % Defluoridation. @ @ Remeval of usontoles fom waka if fluonielae graston_than 15 maghh — Befluoridakion iw connied outs 1. Troakment with activoted, alumina 2, Nalganda, Technique, (city tm Selaryana ) (Alun + Some + Bleadhing Pousdon) > Activated Corbon (Adsorber) Grloun,odoun ane removed amd taste Of water can aluo be improved ba os with otivetel carbon, > Eutrophication = Mmecenrs growth ob algae im water bodies uhidh leools 40 cleath of water bootie Cumpit {or use) ; — algae weportts gnaen toloun, odour amd lad taste 0 water — to check the growth of afga2 Clo comrol algae fourth) Copper sulphate added t0 wat,2h oct, SUNDAY 09. DISTRIBUTION SysTEN Water distribution — Piped cater reppy > Water Distribution System. Gi) Wetwork Of pipes. Gb Pumps Gy Disribution naservovw, w Nalves ) ‘Waker nekans- wd Fire hyrrantte > Objective Jo fupply water with a minimum nesidual Le to prarbune of m 2m head Of -wator (6 KN/m® to 20 b/d h = Ptknymt) PB (kak het) Yo Pau > Methods of Supply 1 Comtirmrous Slow. Ayetern 2, Grrenmittent Iystem —> Water Distribution Syclems Grandy ype dw Pacmpiong, Seton Wid Gnombay & Pacemping Syston* Gnontey Sypbern . 8 @ — wed when tonce hes 9 Poe 2 - Bore potential omongy by virtue. of He postion — does not Aoq une ony POwRy 30 this syvern i economical, - spy cannot be inowased or darrcarcl based, On demommds -~-------~ x Pacing Gator shen sounce amd destirvations ne ak sone vel head can be varied os per daxnomaAd = deperds or pow, £0 = camnot be oparadred, dunines power joilere, ite eocpensive, x Gnoviy & Pucmpiog- Gate r+ Ceca “Weod % directly shore A : dn a. kore TaAerwODL = condoms sph —Fe FH of vod can be omtunad auen ding fires oh Poe lune. —> Reservoirs 1, Sunhace Pesoroins 2. Sand Pipes3. Llevated Rerenvoins, TT tl curnulakive supe —> — time —> & Seng the Storage Capacity of Resenwin, Froroge capacity = Falomaing, Ehuskising ehorege (5a Catan capacity + Tine sherege ++ Break doum. (or) Repair skonge, Bahameing, storage capacity of rusmwoin & fixed bag wd Mors owe of supply amd damemd, @ Analg ocak method. % Bemond Patterns. Gy Curnulokive Bemond vs, Sme Comroulet demand,Qe Q = Poputatton por capita, clemana = 10°x1@o = 1@ MLD Volurne of uoaten to be aupplied por doy = 18 OL Rocke. of water sp PY = vols of water to be Supplied. duction of, Supply a - S continuous = JS _ = 045 ML 3a BEML [rr Supelg(24 hy Time o-g B-16 | 16-24. Demand “ 45 25 20. Oo a5. Dernond, 48. xg oe oa @ wm) arn Bops 6 6 6 Dany, | org \Qonubabive a 126 1% - demomd. e ulotive 6 12 18 supply (PU. 1 Defet (im mt} (2! O06 | 0 Banplos (om vot] 9 | 0 oO. | x Bolamneing, stonage capacity = 21 mL ss Q= '§ robo. Volume of water to be supplied = 12 %1 = 12 POL. Bupply: 5 aro — BAND 4 pmo — + Ph.Saueohining cworege capasity of, atorvoin = mane. depict + mom. tunplad. = OG +1 = hE ML > hay out of Water Distribution (Amenyement of Pipes) | Main Submain | Branch) —>| Zostera} House | [comnection, | 1. Bead Ed yptom 2, Grid Grom system. 3. Cinaslon — Yyatorn & Radial Bytom.1 % Dead end System. (tree aystem) @® @ = Communities Which hove aroun ov Thaphagand, smenn on, his leyjouct we most suitable : = adwartages i — drsedwarrbages 1 to Ecomowrical. W,chamces of, #heqnadiem. a Amelyiis oma design Ww somple (iy wooden sepely goa Giy Jedrune exparvion 6 Cary. interrupted, dning, repairs x Grid Tron System, (Sntorlacd @D Roticul akton) ~ guitabla for rrade commmurniies like Chaonsigarh, > Bubhammwor, Gordbimager ote, B B i 7 sm CG pou med % > 10 s™. g B t a € B = adwantages i~ — disadwaribag es i- @ Wo shagnaticon (no dead ence) ® Analysis we complicated. Gi ewoyy area. supplied. = nee (i) Fekure expansion & difficn thom me route Gi Expansive. fy lange volume of water ‘u availalile, ci* Circular © Ring System. ” > 5 1 i} [seaee eens 1. » — Bimilon +o gue iron aystem except than main pe mare alimay the, poperge ob the sgotern % Radial Distribution (Zonal distribution) g re. | A N Sie SE AN FSM of ‘Distribution Network. > Analysis & Amalysis co Praveune darop (read Tons), he’ iy Flow rake (discharge) ve each pipe, Q’ @ Dood end lay oust analy sed Ly (Strmple pipe layout), a Deray Weisbach equation. Gi) Contirnmity equation.of © Grid ro, Cretan, Radial Layo ucts (comple: pi nebwonks) one bes omatgted ye ty Hordy Crore Method. ~> Hardy Cross Method. (closed complex pipe networks) — Trial & emon procedure — Dead lowe iw a function of dhncharge H = kQ* he x @ = Flows ore omumed amd head lowes are worked out er amummed flows. Sh amumed jlous ore comect 5 it Thea 40 sakinty the {sllowiy +00 conclittiona: dy At coy pipe ee flow towands gerction equal 40 flow samy for Cameos Qin = Vo tin Agebnoice, sum of head lowes anound a closed loop rust be eo =H =0 Gh above “hoo conditions ane satistied thm tb wa “Balonced distribution. network.?, Obheruke awumed low cama omens d Emon va amumed flow, f = 2 =H xz I a Adjust enon to the ax ued flow & again vont watth above. Denn +% Sign conventions ~ — Pock sue flows ond thein correspon cing Trace loeted onc taken os S+4ve?. = Amb clockwise {locas amd sin Conrsspondling heat lone 6 ane taken as ‘ver ° Qs +O = DP (at gunctton 0) t. .Qg = 100-40 = 60 Qnt Q+ = Oy (ok jr. A) 20+ 30+ Qs= 60 % 10 Q3 + Q57 Get Q2 (ak jn. cj 3 =40 @, = 40410 - 30 = 20. Qp =100 heg= (20. Qe =30 QW+ Qe = BW. Co jr 8) eons @g = 30420 = 50. Gomsidan loop ABCA 5 ZH =0 60-40 — hes =0 oD Comsidan laop ACDA, =zHso hea + 20-120 = O 1 he = 100 D e+> Valves Se) @ 1. Gate valve ©r) Sluice valve Fo regu ate amd wrt nol flow 2. Check Valve @q) Reflux valve ©r) Non Yeturn valve Allow {ler only tn one dinaction. 3. Pressure Relief Valve To neliey Wigh presune 4, Air valve, To expel a pom pipe amd to admit ain into the Pipe 5. Scour Valve. So ergy pip before. clearing,ot Oct, ~~ WASTE WATER ENGING ERING water supply aunpetalfenaactrmertfe comwerencekefeatlection, a SEWERAGE SYSTEM, (Samitary Scheme) > Objectives W Fo quickly droin waste water avoag chow community. (do prevent break up of ator bonne diucases) Gy To make waste water {ik to dispose > Terms: W@ Sewage — AU kinds of qui waste produced Wy fie oe commurnity (inclitcls domattic Watke, inaueinial case ete) Gi Sullage — Lone offensive liquid, waste produced by the community (includes waste water prom bathrooms, wathbarins kitchen gink & sonm water) iy Sewer — a conduit which caries sewage Gy Se werage — network of twers used vm collection, comneyonce amd dinpesal of sewage w Dry weather flow — DWF Bomutic amd industrial waite water prodwecd, by the communtty(Wy Wet Weather Flow :~ (wwe) Seon wacker Tsou Ung rom the commu nity Vin, Humen excreta @y) night soil (or) fecal matter Fbumean waste. —> Methods of Sewage Collection & Disposal. 1 Bry and, conservancy System. 2. Waten Carriage Qystem . ee 1. Combined Syetern only one seion ik employed, which collects beth pwe & wwe, = suitable {or communities Which rateive moderate umikorra rains spreoot {or short pemiod . 2. Seperate System. =o fewer ane employed s one sewer coy only ~ employedt Wm ancas Which pocowe. Thigh imbersity Dwe omd the other one cory Www atone pairs amd, Raimpal seoscr spread Yor lory poniod, 3. Partially Seperated & Partially Combined system. = $wo tewors one ampleyed; unden normal rainfall conditions Ue ack ax foprrake systorn During Meaney Aainfall, period, te ack 04 a combined pram — suitable Yor ancas which Mecelve moderate intense noinfala with occasional, earns nalingarth Oct, &y Q anny Ol, ESTIMATION OF DWE & WWF —> Dry Weather Flow : Qowe = Poprtation x per capita fowage lov, “Por capita Zeusage flow = por capita wat supely. a Focton, Tackton ve +0 account for Pore of wabn sepely. conwented into waste wore, NOTE: To to 80% water supplied +0 com mumaty becomes waste waten and reach tenon as sewage, (factor = 0.2 to 0-8) aS ee > Wet Weather Flow: To astimmate atormuet chor urban ancas (unbon catchments), nattonal formula We used, Quve = AIR (nals) 360 cskenre = A—> anea of catchment: (in ha) Lo amen (joeflgdent) factor OY Run off factor, IT = nun off noimfall. R—> rainfall intensity (in mm/hy)T= 2A A R = depth of rainhall duration of naimfell R= 2540 te+b hene te > time of concentration (mtn ) A &b > constants uShore values doped on dun of storm, “4” Gh $= 5 min to 20 min; gaan & b=10 ka 20min; A=40 & b=20 @ Fh duration of atonm Fw mot given, then tk ts (Cie + =e) taken os teme of concentnatton St’ to = te + te te — tire of entry (min) te > Umre of flow, (min) te = distance tnovelled in drain velocity of flow in dnain. lengtht A = 100 ha, L=0.5, to =50 min, @) @ R= 54a _ 24X40 @ 14.51 mmfiy(t> 505 a=4, b=20) +c +b 50 +20 . Quwe AIR. = 100XO-5XINSI og 1g Sle 2m 360 360 Qowe = poprlasion * por capita wooden A upp a Fackon. = 10° x 200 x 0.45 = CLidey) Quowe = 11.61 Qowe — (Quwe >>> Qowe ) 3b vile te = 10 ming te = 1 = 2400 = 40 min 7 te = te+ te = 50 min R= 254x490 2 1A5t 50 +2D Qowr = SOXAUKIESI agin, veils 36D =—— ~ 3 Qowe = 500004240X10" _ 9, 15825 wile = one B6400 xoms +e = 2045 = 25 min Ra 24x40. 22578 mm in 25 +20 Que = ISOXO-4S X22-57F _ 44,993 nile 360 Total Q = Qpwe + Quwr = 4-350. Ccombimed sewer) A= Q@ = 4950 1.359 m* [fon fall Flv | y 32, Diamar of wr = 1316 mQowr = 4.0000 x 120 X0'F 1000 x 3600 x 24 te = 40 win R= 254x402 16.933 mAn/ hr. 40+2d : 2 AR L oo @awe = AIR = 15KO-7% 16:989 oan alls 360 BDrsdhonge for combiret tower = Sowe + Qwwe = 01080 + 2.47, = 2.508 vils R= 2x10 _ og. mola 24 A= 1 kes = Loo mt Population = 1000 x 100 = wo ha. ae Qowr = population % pen capita, water. supply x factor. = Io® 3 = 108 & 200 X10" X08 _ ones wile. 3600 x 24 Qwowr = AR LOOX OS X1 UE Ey ROO ae 0138 aris, 360 360a os @ & : 02. DESIGN OF SEWERS > Bousens are olasigned, to: ty foe the cron faction of mur ay fray slope @y Gretient @ Savors ans. olerigned a8 oper chommele though closed conduit one used, © To daign rewmor following. equations ane used i a) Comdimuivily equation Q=ay by Mannings damula v= Av s® =ik ~ Bowsers alvoage canny partial flo. ie emsty grace te J pnowided imside the Fecom ty Mtormodiote unocpe ched , unforeseen , Incdertal seusoge flows» Thak space can also be ward to acirmodote gases evolved temporarily, d —Crrculan gaometnic crow socbions ane preferred +4 other Seormetnic cle becouse they ane leydnouically "YS fuser 5 = awhile dasigning the sewena , {lov velo city should nat be 1 toy Thigh amd mot Wo Low. Vélowty of [love on the reroen ghouwld, be maintaind blo non Scouring velocity to self cleancing velocity .Salf ~ Cleansing Velocity + Ge iw the minimum flow velocity ak which mo gikting or reiting of partichs occun, Velie = 8K (SY gd. (0-6 mls to 0.9 mis) where K > chanackor of Sdirnent (constant) £ > pictton fockon S—> ap gnonity of Particles GP declaration due to granity di-> diaraken of’ panicles Tnactive fore, T2 Shear nesiztamee, 7 Non Scouring, Velocity: ge w& the mac. “flow velocity at hich thre & no reounkng of Sewer inberions- Type of, Sewn Non-scounioy velocities (mis) Earthen sure peer Brick lined towers. a Concrete @Y Rec Ane 3 Beusens Sbone wane so 3.5 - 4. CL sewers Bs — 4s Niknified glazed A oe Bo oonCase 1: Sewers nenning: fat, (A= P) a> dapth ob flows D— diammckor of 3200. d=0 A= 1p ro R= A = 7 & 1 = 2 TD. . 28 Ve = rp t(D > a ro 7) s ® 3 Polving O &8@®, pas ane obtained. Case M: Sewers runming half Ral. (a= 2 ) Aztlp ) e J R= Dp D - . f ag if } im doe z d e \ ; v= peel. Q= AY NoTE+ ® Sowers wih geen diaweker amd slope wit gennr ate fore {lovs velocities tn “hal fou amd — fut flows condattony Buk as anza of flow We difirents discharge will be dikkeorent .D= 0.45 m Case I: Sewer vumming. less Txo.as* than halt full, (A< ) wie fe (ae la |D. p= 2re Cosa = d-Ok ye tL Ris gle i x Q=aAv Ime S= 1, vat mis (fuk flow) 1000 > halk {ub condition also, 1 vols — oh = ool, Q = $0000 X 150% O+9X HF oiay wil 1000 x $6400 v= & = O46 = oda mboF. ty nh=so-on. ee 360 2/3 Va = 2 yt @= tex + Gye = Tigvas x 1 x (2s PB ry ye 8 oon CF 360) = 1.354 v/s seit = -(s-) gd = |Sx0-1 (265 \) x9+81x 0 001 0-03 = 0-654 mis Xs = Lys .% v w 8 ores 24 alaee (ey*« sh O01 - S = 4 630x10" = _! ve k ey 3 @ = 0.05 cumece A= Td. 4 = 2h oon @ _ G B> O05 = Tex —x(2 2 ay - or0i8 1006, p= 0:36 ™ Guen 4 206 + Lose 5 v aa D @ x 1 = 054x Q = 054x008 = 0024 curmece We 0-08 a1 allbaes (3's oo 0.018 + ae = 01429 mis 2g M2. 2 Va D B OFM _ HORS Vo 0-05; Vo = 1.562 mis i ee nie Vo 5) &) oF Lp 8 ig sh me (BS) Ve. HSB] ms 9 oe , q = I92¢ ildony ee = 0.02 relyQ= Av “Fee a gy = Exo.vx 1 (03 ( _\n * oon Ce 5 ) = 0.05 wis 2. OR . oy Q O05 From the graph, 2 Los D J. Depth of fours & = 05 X03 = O15 m - Sv = 0¢x0.70F = 05% MIS > Sewerage owe Lakenal Bn ame | Soro. | Sew Seo > “on (street Conk Sewer) Sewer) [gai] Bawa:crown, B Crown matching Inver @ inveve matching. manholes, — sy a 5 — manholes ane provided a regular intowala along the alignment of soerage Epon, _ Marroles facilitate maintenance, repain works ancl, terwice Gr oddition t W Provided whenever tewon chenye ta dowction, clas otton «2% nov, A) @ ~“oNRY O03. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE Boho breaking. Khe wore water awd. diapotirny “the woste, Hs nearoory to Hrrow the. ature, and chanacton 4 woatte woot. Bosal on ths treatment asters omd aisporad sgotems ane dasigned. Jo lgnow the adune amol shanacker of waste woten t a coy to onatmine the teaage, Beurege wns Wp wath. amd 1% solid. A small portior of tetels preteen sewage undergo dramas knoam as decomposition es s 2 Jo brow te ; rere poteritiak. of & semrgges Hyp one onoughly examined 3 a corn dscking- twats. } : Decomposinn. > Oxadatton + Ped ucion ; (Gegnedakton/ ; Peabrilisation) 3 Oxidation —> omobic dacompoiiion, (in greene of ain) > Reduckton —9 amasrobic deconporition (im absence of ain) ve MOV, THESDAY Jo lnow the ‘uleance potential of tewage, it examined in the Labonatopy. 1 Pryysteal Prcarcimaction. 2. Chemicah Ecarnination> Physical Examination oF Waste warter Jo Hmow the state. amd comditcon of coabte uscaler, Physical encarmin ation 6 cannied out 1, Colour Tnadr wwage —> Yellow to grt brown Bale & septic tage —> dork brouin to black 2. Odour Tneth towage —> Wlustt odour Bogtic & Peale sausage —> Foul odown 3. Turbidity Froth tewage > ters bunbid Bepiic & Poole teurege —> mone turbid. 4. Temperature nsdn rewage —> << 30C (noom temper ature) Fopric § Pale fowage —> 330 Waste. > Chemical Exarmimation. of | Water fe te done to clebormine : cy) Ongenic aman, ty Grongarnie. substances ay Dinolved gases. The ogee content prscort In waste water measuned. key estimating the cpygen demand of the waste, Ongarnic content canmat be exbimaded ly. Hmaight tasting proadunes because te we composed of conbolydractes, pnobeins, oils, glucose eteFoUlousing ooeygen dlarmamd, tests ane conducte on vaste @& eoorter 40 brows I Ongamie sbrergthi- G BOD — Biodhemical Oaygen Dernand Gb cop — Chemical Oxygen Bemand. Giy TOD — Total Oxygen Demand W& Thon — Fheonetical Oxygen Demand, > BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand — Bod Ww defined ov the amount Of oxygen em omded y the mano cya (oancbic bactenia) +5 cacompote biooleg radall ongoric vate prevent mn waste wed under asnrabic condition — BOD i» the measure of strength of wark, water Mairsane potential. ox Organic rmakten Strength Of wasbe & Bop. ~— Vo stage Boo: canbonareous game rnattor onciclis ed nd - I stege 800: t Witnageneous onganic Bop roetior oveidired. = within 5 days 60 +0 F0% of organic content UW eridiral , Therefore. 5 doy fon tw taken ab standard reference = BOD test is conducted at 2c Yor 5 days Bday BOD @ 20% iw taken as a staorygth ponamekor of woste water. => yr? 5Np vol. of, distiUed, woken Vs > vol. of es09ge. ‘pb No 00, (©0)p (00) { Ne mt a ce a Initial DO (Dols 5 day incubation (PIs @ 2c W Fimal Do, Bday BoD @ 286 = [(PO}mitial —@o)g.) ) # ailution facton: Dilution factor = 300 = 100 Vg tle dilution . Oo)miat. = OO)miz = Vo(DO)y + Vs (Do)s No. + Vs Disriiel woken = Blanbe — Zarnple [ (Bo)p = Coe Se = (Cok- Ode) «DF = @dg- 00) 4 oF (00-60, 12" nov, WEDNESDAY P-39 Bie 5 day BoD @ we = (00) = @oe) x DF BF = oo. z 2G Ys = @5-35) x igo = 150 rmyitNg = 2 eb Oy & ade N] = (@-2)% 300 _ 5 @-2) 3° = oo rng it. OF = 100. OO), =F mgit Oop = gro. > test w failure. (inoware the oF) Jailed in aotimeckiong. the BOD. \G Initial Do Final DO DE Und m@y malty. (mgit). _ a2 69 60 138 10 at a4 30 14a et | oO a can't be determined: Is _ | ° Ceest Failed) Arsonage BOD = SOI 5 189.5 engi @o)g =F malt (0), = o¢ mg IL (DO)e = 3.8 mgiL DF = joo 5 Ys” = [Pos ~ ode] « DF — Co}, -@o),) = 2-39) x00 _ @2og) = gam 2 Gog) = a2 mgit @® (Bo), = (O)mx = 2Sxee + 5x09 = eH iu RSS +15 ” , % 206 9s = [@0)1- oe] x ve = (Ge = 3-8) x 200 = q2 malt is-> Mathematical Expression for BOD ©@r) BOD Model bere ) — t Lo-Le Organic (organic mation paar removed.) (mg IU. | time (days) > time (days) —> xc rial eyanic matter in the waste waster be “Le be the eygenic rotten ey ot ‘Le. amd ay me. dL x Lt at BL kL. bt alos free Le In@e) = -kU&) +06 Apri boumdony conditions + aw At +t=0, le=Llo In (Le) = ¢. zs In (ly) = kt + In (ls) > woe booigeie vain vray ot my wma, GB ke Le Ye = Lo- Le = Llo- Loe KF > [a = wore whine K —» BOD rate constant: +> time (in doys) By using two Bop test rooutts, Lo & Key can be ovoluated . Kap (bose @) = 23 % Kao (base 10) + BoD @ ary tome at amy tempmatune, y= GI temo) W ies oye @6— 5.4) x 300. &e-o) DF= 300 = 6 6 F184 mglL Kao = 0125 /day mes ye? = bo G-e oy _0.25x5 ned = lo i-e ). Ultimate Bop, Lo = 212.19 mgll(to bose 10) | 04. Kp @o = 01 Kp (ox) = 23X01 = 0-230 (bo base a), 1-20 3 Ko (a9) = Kao (1-047) 0-20 = 0.23(1 oz) = 0.364 = 0.36 yi = be (1-6 “x8 ) no = be (1~ en OFEHKS) Ly = 136.2% mglk Ye? = Whar (yp oo BXS) = 24.704 wall. os: y22 = no melt ys c) Kap = 023 Ks0 = 0364. Lo = 360.53 mil o-déux 5 B29 = 360.53 (1 - y) = 246.3% mglL 13% nov, THURSDAY ae Gor), = 600 mgll 5 K = 0.23/day 20 <0 = Lo Be) Gy a (Gea) > lo = PFEO1 mgllProportion umoniclived after 20 dogs = Lao x100 Lo =kt lo e lo x100. — 0:23x20 e x Mt Yee = 180 MQ/L. 5 Key -0.18 pe doy x Us =o mill ; - one xs Ys = Wb (1- ) pS 1-09 T kt xaos Yas = bo(t—e ). 20 = 203.321 (1— chins) ) > kr = 0:36 d T-20 Kr = Kao (tour) } 0:36 = O18 (oun)??? } (T -20) In 1.042 =In 2 T = 20415.09 = 35, 09% 10, K=0-01 Jhounr = 0-01x24 = 0.24 Jaay YP = Lo (1 S228),2 BODs = F5 mail, k = 09 gorsnexs) Bop; = Lo(i-e Lo = 116-32 ml 79345 x BODg = 1692 (1— £048 *19) = 2.68% mgt 116132 — 112.622 Amount of BOD remaining. 3564 mg lL 206 Te 1 Ys = Yas belt tons) = be okt a) Koo x = + Kao x8 = Kao (043) x ou (eoaey 779 5 Bice A ge = 250 = bo (1 FRY) Ye = 250 = boli more) K20 x5 = Kay xt B= (0gays79 t = 316 days23. 25 ee ee romaine) B® = okt = bog = 6.92 x & PMEXO = 269 mgll When temporatune Increares, orgarium growth increased and ‘mone oxygen i consumed fron the dacowposittom of organic mation. As a rasut, with inoeue io erp, Bop atio in ultimate BoD. — Kez 3 Lo(i-e J = bo (i- chee) Koo #5 = Koa ¥3 = Kap x 4 = Keo (043) © = k20 (1.043 5B = 413 = 63 * Sdays 27%6 8 & & dayao'e gop Yq © = 150 mglt Lo = 1€%-4% mg]b 20"¢ = — Or23x5 ds = 824% (Le ) = 128.113 ae> Population Equivalent: Total atrongth of waste vorter = Total BOD rkgy day) Q (010) * Sema ny, = Population ¥ pen capita, BoD Population equivalens = Jobat 800 Sy Pen capita Bop. — Pe capite. Bap Aa pa \S codes pr capita, BOD = 70-90 9/person/ day Q =s0x0 L/d = 80 MLD. YP = 296 rngl por capba BOD = 75 g/day Populorzon equivalent = 80x285 = 304000 persons 0-075 Q = 1000 wi/dpy = 1 TOLD Y = 162 mle par capita Bop = #09 /captba Populetio equinolent = 1% 162 _ ape persons D: 080 > Relative Stability, ‘Sr’Ta28e, Sr = (V- ©-444)*) 00 Koo = 0.23 ~ @:625)*) 100 Kay = 036, 0-23 X12, Cima a -e ) #100 = 93.62% Bist waste docomposed In 2 dag. “h *” COD - Chemical Oxy gen Dernand [coo > eos] Se Me the amount of oxygen Reptved bo decompare =rypay biodegradable and = bi ; egnes mom: Odegnadable, Seganic matter, prac a thong chemical oxidant Potonsiume Didlrornare, in waste vooder uti, audh ag COD w eatimated tn laboratory wy using reflucc laze. , Apparatus (Or) Aigesters, water hn } * Reagents 1 > Potarium didnomete > oxidant ) Gi) Mercunte Fl phate —» inhibiton. water ) iy Silver Bal phobe > catalyst. @) Cone. Ha S04. Acidic condition @Ablor 2 hours of reflusion (heating), the lekt oven idlnomote . ‘ heating eat mated My Hinating wi) mante, FAS (Jevou Ammonium Su/phade ) vaing Fernoin indicator. Colour : Brick _red—> green ——> brick red© Bored on BOD _ ratio, the nokune of the waste water CoD Gauge) can be dekounrined. BoD cop >O6 —> Biodegradable veasbe i BOD < 0.6 —> Non biodegradable waste e cop (synthetic waste) BOD 5 —> Toxic waste (BoD=o), cop aid When the woete Ww of toxic natwie, mino aganioma one kied amd DO remains the tame. ¥, BOD =o. d@» BoDo=cop=0 —> devoid of Organic matter. TOD - Total Oxygen Demand Amount of omygen Aequineal ty ercicdise bodagnact mon biodsgnadable ama feus inorganic tabstancas ashich ane erdidia able prazent in sewage Top > cop > BOD Th.OD — Theoretical Oxygen Demand. Ge iw the. omygen devmamd eatin ated, bg cotab ln hing, relation among the substances hich ane oocidizable, Find the ThOD of 70 mall ob glicote Wm waste weten. Use the following chemical dzackron, Co H2 Og + 6OQ — 602 + GHD Rea a (od Molecular wt of glucose = 6xI2 #12 x 6x16 = [eoCO « eo part of glicwte demand, 192 pants oh €0, Molectban wk of omygen = 6x 32 = 192 1 part gluse > eS part orygen. TO mgiL of glucose —> 192 . a5 = 74.6% mgit \80 a Thop = 74.6% gil cop 2 Tho0 |1 voy, FRIDAY O4. TREATMENT OF SEWAGE Treatment of sewage (waste water) ¢| classified into y ad ‘Pralirnimary Treatment > Preparacory proces Gi) Prin orgy Tnaokyment —> gettleable organic solids ore removed iy Secondary, Treatment» for goluble BaD removal o) Tertiary Treatment > Jor recycling & reuse of waste water % Preliminary Treatment preliminany treatment ) fonte ux we race Soeens.| Grit cheombonsl IPki mari Crngluent) tongs och eee Tea ange {lo - Objects) (GN pentcly) (Gil & 5 naase) for_1° treatment Waste voater $0 <— [Primary Clanifien. Secondary treatment, “Geteable organic solids) => Screens — Yoeen 8 the forse unit operation clemplayedt tn soreaking waste watn — Brewers ane aired 19 capture lange tloating Objects ruch as paper, cloth, wooden pieces’, conk ote, Benen iw a danice with uniform aigeol opening? moote ep oh parallel bare om rods, provided agairt {low with tome in cing¥ Based on size oft Openings ; @ Coarse Screens (size > 50 mm) Gd) Medium Sereangs (size ¢ Gm t0 40 mm ) Gy Fine Screens *% Design of Screens: ~ Appnoach velouity, e (Sizes 8mm to Grom) Va = 0-6-1-2 mis = c/s anea of seneen = BxH = Qin_ Vo. = Depth of foo, H awumed. and B %& obtained. - fe 5 be the tye of opening and be the number of openings % No. of bors = n+1 Diameter’ oh bar = 6 “ [pone ewe] Normally, fp = mm & $= 25mm @ LONGITUDINAL spacing bls ars x 8 ELEVATIONind the number of bars. $= 10mm, Q= 25 MLD, S=25 mm, ° Ya = 1 MIs H= 09m. Aloo find eat low Hb Ong ay honigorrtal 6 Qs 2SKIO _ 0.2907 mils 10 X $6400 2 BxH = Q_ _ 0.2997 ~ 0.2903 wt Ve. 7 Bos 9.2892 _ 0.2893 _ o.g015 wm H °-9 B= ns + (nang lo00X 0.3215 = nxas + (n4i) 10 A n= &9 24 Membr of bore = att 19 Ne = J > Head low = BY nov, sxturpsy > Grit Chamber 7 Grit Chamber ww aimed to wader flow. Sh grit is mot removed, te oma tear of pumps ond Pipe used at treatment waite down fort amd Sceupy space MEMO grit hom waste, inowore wean plomb. Grit also lebt for othony% Qrik comporec of : ey " a Grorgamic, grt BIZe tO. mm Sp gnavity : D> 265 &: Sond, site, clay, eyndor, broken glo. piews, metal fragments ete, diy Ongame Bubastance (mon biodepacable grit.) size: >2mm Sp.grovity: 1.05 to td &g: Glee grounds, tea gnounds, egg shells, bone chips, grains, Boeds ote x Design of Grit Chamber: ~ Grit hambr wa long morrow rectaryulor channel with imewoad o/s dimension, deccolarake flow velocity and aWlous grit to retkla down, - Grit chamber wa rattling tomk, esith Provrsion to control flow velodty. of velocity control device kmovon, as ‘Proportional flow wely is mouadedse aria teers of grt chamber to mabrbain conebord {flows velouty vr eapecti x ve, of flows nears. — A 2%, Merwe in lous velodty leads 40 regunt of tottled grit. Bimilorly a 26% decreoue in flow velocty leads to wiAiny of other particles.a cis @ outlet - A flow veloaty oh 0-3 mis i provided hich wither allow foun: mon settling of othe other than gut Vu = 0-3 mis (0.25 mls +0 4 mls) — Deemtion tme = 143 min = Volume of grit drember = @% DT ~ cls onea (Ben) = & Vu — kength of grit chamber = Vi ¥ oT = Sertling velocity , Ns = g G-1)d* 18 ¥ Vs = soe o-a [arxza] fF exclusively oe for Grit Chamben, whine do —> cm aie eo Vs > cm]s, — Kength = FS to 20m wfiolth = 25m 4p Fm Depth, 2m to Sm — Parbled grik ie tobe amd di spored off, be amy method.ea ~ o2 Lsl2m, B=lem, H=o€m; Q = #20 nifhn Sonhace loading Rake Vo = @ = 320 UxXB 12xbE5 = 40 vefha/nt = 40,000 L/hnf mt Vo = IX X08 @ 9.92 bn. Q 20 ea h2 mn 04 0 , ) 7 = 4.08 emg 3 2.6- 5.0 , ) P-2e. 2 16 Vu =O3™Is 5 W209 m, $225 ,L = 25 me 3 You = 002x109 96 240 1000 Q = og rea x Vy FERS IHG = 2-025 willy = Bx09x03 = 0-278oe = 0.036 ™Is B Vo = Vs = g (Ss) a* 1g %- (200% eyeaengy ) A= 2.098 Fmd 4m = 0-21 mm > Skimming Tank (Floatation charnber) es ee ee grease granular from waste unter - ou remaining affect secondary treatment ond aloo couse “Problems to clisposal gyftem. — Specie grority of oil amd grease w lew than specific grawity ob waste water thorefone th cart settle Oil amd grease removed by “Yloodtactionn”, — Floatation \e coved out ly applying Comprersed ain Grom bettors, 40 that od amd grsae nee amd. float to ‘mop h aiming tank. Gram there oil amo reane i tat ehimm DIK grease skimmed off < aS of waste water TH from * Design at TY Chamber — Surface anea of ; akinering ‘romk (L*8) ate = 0-00622 Q_ : = Vr { , re sed, Q> flow rate(m ™Jday) coronas Tf Vr > Liquid ne velodty (0.25 mm/min) Detention tere = 3 min +0 5 min| Qa —> Primary Clarifier (or) Primary Sedimentation tank _ Privo ams clanifien iu aimed to coptune aottleable ongaric Folie (tiodegnadable) Precert in wcste water ~ To *0 ff Liodegnadable onganic solic, alk captured => 20 +0 30% gop removal - Primary cloni fier follows TYPE Ti dotting ‘ ‘Type IL settling is hmoum as “hindered, settling? * Design — Burhace loading nate + 30 to 50 7 /day/rt — Bekertion time + 15 to 2 hour. Q = Soos rilday Vo = 35 rift] day, sous 35) = Ty-szQe Sh € Ne — Audge (settled zoids) obtained from primary clarifier should be treated pnion to disposal,15 nov, SATURDAY SECONDARY TREATMENT - Secondary Reece aimed, to remove soluble BOD fom waste water, plow, = Seondoxy treatment wu carried Out by: G) Physico — chemical treatment methods. GW) Piolagical treatment methods. > Physico - Chemical treatment methods; — when BO ¢o.6 coD — vey expensive method. _ Dihherent methods ano: a Mino Sore wing W) Coag udastion by Adsonp%on wy Chemical oocidation iy Absorption wil) Arr atripging Gy) Dittnokion wiih Electnoly aig —> Biological Treatment Methods. — when 80D so.6 coD — very economical — complesc organic. mm ahktor fed to mieno yorisrns to obbain timple & shabl. end products,©) @ Complace Onganic —_ Miro o.garsaras > Simple 2 Pable mn end products Ctmert : less Objectionable) (objectionable) AB -> lag growth Be —> log growth growth CD —> stationary growth DE > declining gnowbh (endogeneous growth) * Micro organisms are classifed : 1 based om ood _comaurming, Capabilibies — © Aucorophic ongartumns = Prepare -fpool On thein ourn — canmok be used for biolegical treecthment methods, &: Algoe a Hetero tnopric Ongamrame. 7 Aepend on oxkernal food source, £5: Backenia, 2 based on ooygen Conauerning. capacity Gy Aenobic ongernisms. — depend on external oxygen source, do Amasnobrc organise — depend on bound oxygen, doarit dapend on aottenvol Oe,Gi) Faculte ongantems — Survive ty both the condition 3. bosed on temperature Aebittone, & Pag dr oprylic organiam (tem, a Mero Prylic Pgantamn, (28 < iy Than vn ophitic perature < of ) temp. co, 4 H; F vobken “Ug! Oe. NH + Energy + ho — Very fart commensions (4-5 he) — But W produces ‘huge am ont . Pp a cure of anes % by-proe which cause cispesal problema. — costlioen companed. 0 othr brolagical teabment metho Gib Anosnobic Biological Ineatmont. — complere organic ration FA +O bactenta, Complex organic + Bacteria —> CHE + COs + Hes + Enay matter Y (70% methane — high calorife value) (biogas) — vey slow bur dort produce large biornond ~ yield useful ky-products, © Waste waten treated aonobically. end fast dinparect off, Dhe sludges obtained prom thie treat ment subjectel to anaerobic treatment‘a > Aerobic Treatment of Waste water 1, Suspended. Cutture Systems Ong aniswns choae ood (oyanic atten) &: Activated Pudge Pnocors, (asp) 2, Attached Culture Systeme Food chose orgarinms : ric k lng. Titers. Rotating biological comtactong sir, Se Blotowow. etc 65) sels on Se oe Bie So 5 ea aa Activated Sludge Process : — ASP wonks on the prmdple Of, B4bpended culbune ayrten - GF omploys hoo nreactons Arration tamk. + both food & os 2, Seemdary Settling tank ; Oyama Supplied. Soperoched fromm. wasbe woter, Op Supply =: Effluent +o disposal.(Qe) oy, mele eee Xe clarifier17 nov, roonpny Q > worte voter flow rate Yi —> mmfluent Bop (Si) V > volume of ameation tank , (L¥BxH) x > torss (Mined Tquon Suspended Lolide ) ey) rorvss (Mined Liquor Volatile Suspended Soiidn) Qe —» plow nate effluent Xe > MLSS im effluent (Xe=0 th not given) Yo —> Effluent Bo (Ye =o if not given) Qu > under flow rate (flow neke of zludge) Xu —> POLss in undan flow (rigs im sludge) Qu > flow nade of waste dludge (taken to tneatrnent) Gr > flow nate ob regyeling Madge. % Design ‘Parameters of ASP 1 FL vatto to Pee ees Fs 0.2 day" 40 0.4 day” to renott i ‘ i Sometimes, Fig comideed as the ratio of mars of pod wreurmed to mars of microg anisms eS ae = 2Ui-s) (10% change may be Vx there in value)2, Mean Call Yesience time (CRT), Oc &) ae Fe w the avmage lise of mimo organisms (sludge age) — Ge & defimed as Mans of calle (micro Ngorioms or puss) in the neacton (anatron temk) to mam of cells worsted par 44. = Mow ob Miss in amation tank, Oc ° Mans of Puss woasted. / chavs nee VX Qu Xu + Q-A4) Xe {a=a+a } Oe = _Y* = Qu Xu + Qe Xe Oc : 4 % 15 days 3 BOD removal efficiency Wt SBL- 95% ; 4, Veumetric loading rate (@r) Organte loading rete (er) Bop loading Yate. Qt). Fetal BOD applied /day Merit volume reactor Ceo Vv ML 10.3 to 06 kg of BOD/doy /y* : Me 5. Aevation Period (Detewtion time), Aenatton Poniod =~ = LEBEN a dog hn6, Sludge Volume Index, (Svt) TL waste wat Cy tar vot pase. occupied in ‘mL? by 1 gram miss apt sottlineg fer GOmin Flom IL sewage, savenple te kmaun og Sludge Volume Index Nas \E/ after eS 30 min N Sv1: 50 % 150 ml/g setting a menswt @ imbofF cone, cylinder t. Recycling Ratio @r a Q yp [Xue 108 Sv1 Bes 0.25 0 O85 Xe £1500 & 3000 mgiL . Xu 9000 40 12000 mgll. P-se 4 Q= 35000 nifday X= 2500 mgt y=10,400 ni Xe=80 wg IL Yi = 250 malt Xu=s Q200 mgll. Ye = 20 mglt. Qw = 220 wl/day, Aenrotion poiod = Xo = 10,900 = 9.31 doy = Q 35000 s = = Qyi _ 35000% 250, = 9,39 Vx 10) qoo x 2500 =+ 301 03, = VX = 10:900x2500 t om x100 = 250520 x19g = Ga%/, 250 QwXu+Q-Ay) Xe gRO0x 220 + (s000- 220)x30 = @58 days Q@ = SOx10 Lid = So000 w/a Ui= Bo ry F £ = Os rE = Wi NX 0-5 = S0000x 180 V x 1200 Vv = 10000 w Q = 50000 r/day Yi = 180 mgt. Afi = 0:55 kg of Bop /day/ wi - Mo = Oy O55 = 50 xo 3 Se VV = 16368 MLSS cone. = 2000 rgll = 2g iL muss 2giL, occupies 176 mL & 1g Wiss Occupy = 186 2 = 88 ml /gmPOLSS = 2200 mg/L = 22 glL Vg cceuppy = = Fh4 @=500 rf} houn. yy = iso mg ll Ye = 19 mag Il. © Aonation period, os col = & houns, Oc = 240 hous = 10 days v= 4000 ¥ roLss =2000 ryll. £ = 500x150 5 SODIxaIE OF 0.225 dhayt 4000 x 2000 Oc = mers ob FOLSs in _oanstton tank mare of MLSS wasted . 240 = 4000 x 2000-xi0'x 15 * aa Mors of POLES woosted , Mare of oLss wasted = 4x20 ~ 90 hg day toLss = 4000 mllL = 4 git g/L Of LSS occupies — 200 mb SVI = 200 = 50 gf mU/g + VE LRBKH =80X 14x 4.3 Q = 0.0906 ris Yi = 130 ™git Xu= G00 mgvod = N= 30x14 x43 ~Aarakeon —pariod Ty SOxI ANd o2698.4 9 0.0396 = 6 hous £ = QYi _ 0076 x Bo Y Kroes 30X14 X4-3x 1500 = 104.52. ml/g Ge 6 a 10 x sv Retunn sludge rote, Qr = 0.0296 xaI"09 0.024 {= 0G ie 10" _ 21800 10%52 = 2054.21 re] day 1 oO SVI = 88 mL/g ) _ 6 6 , Ra = NOs 10s i364 git sv se ee , @ Fotlowing dota pertains to Asp. ‘wouke water flow rete, @ = 10,000 vil cloy Grgluent Bop, yi = 150 gil Eblucnt Bo, Ye = 20 mgll toss = X = 3000 mail.PoLbg in under flow, Xu = 10000 mg Il EF 2 0.28 day" 5 Oc = 10 days, Fine the folowing + wo Mourne of aancckion tank by cunetion potiod. ©. Bop rernaval effictenyy, by Volumetric Loo.chingg poke. 2) Mons a solids wacteol par dag 4 Nolume of slid conthed por deg g) SVE hy Royycling radio, 9 BE = Syi 9 Ve 0-25 = 10000 Xis0 V 3% 3000 3 V = 2000 +f ; = Bose =o ons oe Jd, = NO = 200 ay = 4.2 ho by Anenotton perio 5 ee 4:2 hours cy, BOD Remove ebhideny, W= Yi = 199-20. 199 150 = 86.6 Yq a). Nolumetnic Loading note, Wu= QYi = E yx ~ 0.25x8000 nr) = 0.45 kg of Bop /das lm? @ = Mow of MLSS In aenation tank 2 Mon of gotida vovkel por day, Mos of roids wosted por day = 2%3000 _ 600 kg day. 10£) Volume ob solide asarbal por dey Mors of solide washes Xu an = 600 kgld 19000 x 19 © @ = 600001 = 60 n# fday Qu Xu + (Q-Qu) Xe = 600 kglday 3) Sv & Xe is vot given. 3S xX =o, Qu Xu = 600 kglaay , Volume ob lids wastesl pa day = Quy Qu Xu = 600 Ig fda a (git) 2 Qw = 629 = 9.06 MLD = 60m? t000 9 Xm & 1 vl n Sw we _ we = 100. Xu 10000 meee hy Or x = 2008, ee x Bo = BR (appro rcimaste,) pC uae, 10° _ 2000 svi 100 x Jo Fmd ocak value of x, wonrte man balance equation anound. Aecomdany clarifier. Q+O Ges Xe x us XuSs Mow in = man out (@ + ®) x Bere + QuXu. = @~ Qu) xe + @ +Qulxu Buk Xe =O (mot given), (10000 + @) 3000 = @ + 60) 19000 22 Qr = 4240 wilday Se ee too00 = 0.4 cy > Modifications made to conventional ASP : 1. Tappered Aeration. an = ~Veryjing the O2 supply from inlet to outlet 2. Stepped Aeration _ conventional ood supply @ mubkipe poirtts , r Oa Saply “Fhis will brivg down gap bho ~ On suppy Or supply and utilis atton, PAA Oa ust lisatic Or utilisation. aes3. Extended aeration (@) @ ~ No ontifical supply of onygen ~ Waste wader expose to long periods 40 {noo atmosphere — Main fectunss of extended asration ane: tir Lowy datontion thre (1@ 4 24 hows ) ob Low £. natin, (0:05 to ot dayt) , — An onidatton ditch (oval shappl charmal) usorks on he principe ob enkendad aorakton, laste, 4. Contact Stabilisation. cate. . “0 — ) a a > co 2) @ Plan of oxidation ditch. —> Operational Problems associated. with Asp oO Reaiong af Sludge Bedelad dudge comtains lage number of Wwe cal. They oxidise the oeod, elle and releore witnagen, Thio nitrogen comses the fludge, to re amd increases the Xe value. a Remedies : nitrogen gas - invene Q@r — damaose Oo -devewre @QGy Fulking of Pudge — large number of dead calle in rotted gudge ard. growth of filamentous eyoniams Coccuns when SVI& 150) — Remedies t @ Bring down Svi (™ 100) Gy mowore ph Gi) Inowore dO oy Add eknertb wm deosore F nakio to— @ a reeoy O06. TRICKLING FILTERS nickting Jitters works on the principle 24 otbadred culture system, 5 ack Pike teks | Inieklingg ers comstets bed of Nighy permeable m, 40 Whidk Meno anes ane attached trough Which w a) ch waste woakern Ue parsed. _ wo ually iment motorial te used as media. Sige 24 media broken bricks on broker: akores) , Packed raondownly im the fitkes, So -the furface of range shorn 25mm 40 100mm size, ( cthe media, minobial films one attached. = Dekadhement of attached biofilm pom the tunfaca te colled. Sloughing. Secondany }————> waste woken Clarifier “Ww sposal, fl (efeuent) , — Ctrewlon tank of diameter 36 to 60m Depth = 1m> Design of Ue Filters ~ based on empirical form wor by NRE ( National Reveondh Council ) % NRc Equation, Efpidenyy oh BOD removals | = Y-Ye 149 K 1 =__100 ay V+ o ors | VE hore oe > ongamic loading rake GY) BoD loading nate (kg of 800 /day/ ha-mm) volume of, trickling fitter Cham) Qyi —» totat 0D (by /day) redneulakion factor. F = 1+RyA (+6 Ry)? pecinculation nakio whne Rk R= amount of ahpluerrt recycled q amgunt of influent eipplied % Based on Fy, trickling filters one classified as; 1. Brandand Rake Trickling Fh. trons R=0 = R =o @ FH1 L2-92 a ©) &)> 2, High Rate Shickting Tttens. Roo 3 £ >0 & Fon R N = _1\o0 > Wwe ay (+0004 [Q, ve Woe a Ft Ye = 20 mBIL, yo = 40 mgit YU = 29-40 L100 = 20% 200 a eye = O19S keg Ire day = 1350 Kg /ha.m|day a Y= BO mall. 3 F=1 (ih wok given) 1 ham = 104 wi. te = 1 has tof Ym AI agg = 120 50 1+ 0.0044 => Ye = 23.3 mgit (Bem3 Q=6 mp Yi = 15D myll. @), Ong anic boasting. noke = AS I/F foley. = 1850 kg/ha. m folay, Vee BSunhace loadery note = 2500 Yrtidoct = 2.5 nifnt/day atts kg/A[day = de unity V = 86 we Volume of Her uni V = 5142-86 Bunjpee area = 6x10%_ = 2400 we as Jepth iter unit si42.6 a Se = 248 - 2 L 2400 = » T= 100 _ roc 1+ 0.004 J Reece ac) = Ww e4.45% 2 HYe 99 = Bas vi mg Il ou, Yi= 120 mg » Yo = 20 melt Q= 2200 ri /day N= Yar= el 2200 Fs 1+ Rt bee ie jy = 2.02 (org) Gomme S I O83 = Vx 202 Or 7 a single stage stomdard TR @ single stage high rate TF > G>—_@)—#)>-@)>— @ two stage Std. rata TF | @ two stage high vate TE YS (v2) ) @—> Operational Problems associated with TE 1. Psychoda Problems — fly nuisance 2 Pon ding Problems — odour Yruressance. These problerns ane mot present in ASP (relotivay modern)“eon (Oe \ conesony SECONDARY CLARIFIER - Secomdonsy vetting tank - Secondany clanitions afollowo TYPE iy telbling ‘ - Type iv telling is kmoumn as Gorgnesi on settling on Zone setting? mat of microbes — Besign of Recondary danifion % eT Ey Tern based on ‘Solid’s Flux Rote’ Leen \ 4 Na i Ss is ged Sreens|_f Gat | oF | Keon ~ Primary] Aeration tank| JSeamdary]| 5 get foray a Claritin.) guset 2 Sludge Sludge. 3 Sludge treatment sludge to disposal19th nov, wer" ot SLUDGE TREATMENT — Sludge +tneatwrent w aimed to achiow, 1. Volume — reclu ction 2. Strength reduction = Nolwme amd strength rsductton of sludges ane adhiwed bas 1. Bludge thickening 2. fludge digeatton. 3 Bludge corelitioning, 4, Blidge desoakening- and, drying. = Buudge Hrckening: We achieved ly concentrating. the shdgu ly expuletion of water. = Pudge digestion % achieved by omasrobic decomposition 4o naduce seneragth - — Sludge conditioning te done to improve, drain ability of sludges. = Pudge dew ak ening anc drying novmoved Memaining morstune oor dludga. > Composition of Sludge a Fludge Bw a mixtune Oh waken and guide. — Fb contains 0.26% to [2% solids and 88% 10 495% watonr Sludge Sovids Woter Gmorwbane content) Non Volatile Volatile solids Solids~ Mass Volume Pelation of Sludge @ 7 Foudge = Tass of Sludge Volume of Sludge . Ssuage = Potuage. Pusater A + B +c ~sy 5b ToR eB Ae 100% D. GN) (Sa) (Se) S=2 Hoo Sp oo Ye Volatiles ‘h won- volatiles Sonas Svol Sron-vol ' foo solids gH water ) Scludge Solids, Suscctor ; Woo % solids 5% wacten Poladge Polis Pasoton 3 Bludge wontaine F8% woken and remaining is dVds 30% dolids @ ig "o Ore volatile whote Sp.gr. & 1.4 and nemaining ant On volatrte 7 with apegn. 2d nd 3p-gR of tladge amd Peludge oo 0, yg 80 - = iat sa => Saude = 1.41 = @ 4 2 Swoon Stotids, = Woy 2 =P Ssuudge = 1.0096Pouage = 10045 x 1000 = 1009.6 kg/wi? ~» Volume Reduction of Sludge porcent: Lor Py be the initial motetune coment of adudge ond \y be the imikal volume of alady SL te morstune content of sludge ts necluced to p 2. and volume decreased to Ve. Sludge Qo ky) ° oN Solids t00-) ky water. (Py kg) Qoo- Pry, Pr % Sr cone. of solids in sludge = come, oF Solids removed = Cin ¥Y Comcerination of tolids (dry) tr sludges conc. of solids applied . efficiency of removal Cstudge = Cin (mg ity Total maw ob ary Folide tr sludge ‘Mm’ = Q x anes, Cholday) Coun) (sit), oo Pi) ky of dry dolids produce = 100 ky of wet Plage, 1 kg dy solids Produce = 100 x —— vet glu: es ] wet sludge. 80 kgiday of dry aobd produce = 102 y to kalday of wet 100-P, a sludge. Mans of sludge produced at mc Pr = 100 yy bg jag, (100-7) 7@ a Volume ¢. sludge produced @ mo PR =e } 0 > * 100~P, Pstudge: Nolume of + Age protecd) vy, = 100, (00-F) * aye), a me PP v2 = _!00 to Volume of —rolge Protect (oo-P.) : (Blas) ak me. Pp 1 - Nr G00~P)) Peidge), = Ne (to0~ Pa) (Patudse) 100 {00 Patudge), & (Patudge)y = (100-8) = Ve (100-P2) Ve = (100-*,) vy, (oo- Pe) ) P96 04, V2 = 100-6 x loo~¢ = tu = 4 Reductior, °n volume = 459, ne Po = lo0~4g BES 100 ~4¢ 2