Module 1: Personal

Entrepreneurial
Competencies

Have you ever thought

running your own business?

Do you think you can

handle the stress and hard
work that go with running a
small business enterprise?

The key to succeed in a

small business enterprise is
your entrepreneurial ability
to produce the desired
results.

Before embarking on your

first business, what should
be done first?

Try to examine your own

personality and compare it
with the Personal
Entrepreneurial Competencies
(PECs) of a successful
entrepreneur.

Column A
1. Hardworking
2. Self-confident
3. Profit-Oriented
4. Goal-Oriented
5. Persistent
6. Responds to
feedback
7. Willing to listen
8. Committed
9. Reliable and has
integrity
10. Risk-taker

Column B
a. Ability to set realistic targets.
b. Interest in money generation.
c. To succeed, one must believe in
ones self.
d. Working diligently and
industriously.
e. Being able to listen to the
advice of others.
f. Obtaining useful feedback and
advice from others.
g. Being patient and strives to
achieve the goal.
h. Ability to take measured or
calculated risks.
i. Being honest, fair and
trustworthy.
j. A major priority in the

MODULE 3

INSTALL COMPUTER
SYSTEMS AND
NETWORKS

Different Types of Computers

1. operational principle
2. sizes and functionalities

According to Operational
Principle
1.Analog Computers
acomputerthatrepresentsdatabyme
asurablequantities,asvoltages
or,formerly,therotationofgears,inord
ertosolveaproblem,rather
thanbyexpressingthedataasnumbers
.

2. Digital Computers
They use digital circuits and are designed to
operate on two states, namely bits 0 and 1 .

3. Hybrid Computers
These computers are a
combination of both digital
and analog computers.
perform process control by
conversion of analog signals
to digital ones.

 When referring to a portable

or home user computer, a
hybrid computerdescribes
a computer that is more than
just a traditionallaptopor
desktop.

 Ahybrid computeris a
description of a
Thin client computerthat
uses a hard drive but also
relies off programs ran from
a server.

 Hybrid
computer
sare used
in process
control and
robotics.

According to Sizes and

Functionalities

1.Mainframe Computers
2.Minicomputers
3.Servers
4.Supercomputers

1. Mainframe computers
Large organizations use mainframes for
highly critical applications such as bulk
data processing
used by large institutions, such as
government agencies and large
corporations
Mainframes are socalledbecause the
earliest ones were housed in largemetal
frames.

2. Minicomputers
lie in between mainframes
and microcomputers
also called mid-range 39
systems or workstations

3. Servers
computers designed to provide
services to client machines in a
computer network.
larger storage capacities and
powerful processors
Running on them are programs
that serve client requests and
allocate resources like memory and
time to client machines

4. Supercomputers
The highly calculation-intensive
tasks can be effectively performed
by means of supercomputers
Asupercomputeris typically
used for scientific and engineering
applications that must handle very
large databases or do a great
amount of computation (or both).

5. Microcomputers
A computer with a microprocessor
and its central processing unit it is
known as a microcomputer
When supplemented with a
keyboard and a mouse,
microcomputers can be called
personal computers

Personal computers forms

A.Desktops
intended to
be used on a
single location

B. Laptops
Similar in operation to
desktops, laptop computers
are miniaturized and
optimized for mobile use.
Laptops run on a single
battery or an external
adapter that charges the

4. Netbooks
They fall in the category of laptops, but are
inexpensive and relatively smaller in size.
They had a smaller feature set and lesser
capacities in comparison to regular laptops,
at the time they came into the market.

5. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

handheld computer and popularly known as a
palmtop.
It has a touch screen and a memory card for
storage of data.
PDAs can also be used as portable audio
players, web browsers and smart phones. Most
of them can access the Internet by means of
Bluetooth or Wi-Fi communication.

6. Tablet Computers
Tablets are mobile computers that are very
handy to use.
They use the touch screen technology.
Tablets come with an onscreen keyboard or
use a stylus or a digital pen. Apple's iPod
redefined the class of tablet computers.

Wearable Computers:
can be worn on the body and are often used in
the study of behavior modeling and human
health.
Military and health professionals have
incorporated wearable computers into their daily
routine, as a part of such studies.
When the users' hands and sensory organs are
engaged in other activities, wearable computers
are of great help in tracking human actions.
Wearable computers do not have to be turned on
and off and remain in operation without user

COMPUTER SYSTEM, DEVICES

AND PERIPHERALS

What is an
Operating
System?

 the most important program that runs on a

computer.
manages the
computer'smemory,processes, and all of
its softwareandhardware
allows you tocommunicatewith the
computer without knowing how to speak the
computer's language.

Types of operating systems

The three most common
operating systems for
personal computers are
1.Microsoft Windows
2.Apple Mac OS X
3.Linux

1. Microsoft Windows

Founded by
Bill Gates

Windows Version
Windows 8(released in
2012)
Windows 7(2009)
Windows Vista(2007)
Windows XP (2001)
Windows ME (2000)
Windows 98 (1998)

Windows Edition
Home Premium
Professional
Ultimate

2. Mac OS X
a line of operating systems
created by Apple

Mac OS X Version
OS X(pronounced O-S Ten)
Yosemite(released in 2014)
Mavericks(2013)
Mountain Lion(2012)
Lion(2011)
SnowLeopard(2009)

Yosemite(released in 2014)

Mavericks(2013)

Mountain Lion(2012)

Lion(2011)

SnowLeopard(2009)

3. Linux
Linux(pronouncedLINN-ux)named
afterLinus Torvalds, who created
theLinux kernelin 1991.
kernelis the computer code that is
the central part of an operating
system

Linux
a family ofopensourceoperating systems,
which means they can be
modified and distributed by
anyone around the world.

 The advantages of Linux are

that it isfree, and there are
many differentdistributions
or versionsyou can
choose from

LINUX DISTRIBUTION/
VERSION

Ubuntu

LINUX DISTRIBUTION/
VERSION

Mint

LINUX DISTRIBUTION/
VERSION

Fedora

Operating systems for mobile

devices

Windows Phone
Apple iOS
Google Android

Apple iOS running on an iPad

Assignment
What is system requirement?
What are two types of system requirement?
What are the hardware system requirements
of XP?
What are the software requirements of XP

Operating systems can be

classified as follows:
Multi-user: Allows two or more users to run programs
at the same time. Some operating systems permit
hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users.
Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on
more than one CPU.
Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run
concurrently.
Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single
program to run concurrently.
Real time: Responds to input instantly. Generalpurpose operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX,
are not real-time.

What is hyper-threading?

What Are Cores?

 A processor core is a
processing unit which
reads in instructions to
perform specific actions.

What is hyper-threading?

What is a thread?

thread or task

Laymans term

Hyper-threading enables
a single core to serve
multiple threads (tasks).

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Known as pre-requisite
Necessary specifications
computer must have in order
to use the software and
hardware efficiently

TWO KINDS OF
REQUIREMENTS

1.Hardware
Requirements
2.Software
Requirements

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

Minimum hardware
requirements for Windows
XP Professional include

 Professional include:Pentium 233-megahertz (MHz)

processor or faster (300 MHz is recommended)
At least 64 megabytes (MB) of RAM (128 MB is
recommended)
At least 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the
hard disk
CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive
Keyboard and a Microsoft Mouse or some other
compatible pointing device
Video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 x
600) or higher resolution
Sound card

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

1.Internet Explorer 6.0 or

later
2..NET Framework 4.0
3.Microsoft Direct 9.0 or
later

A. Major Hardware Components of a Computer

System

1. System Unit
The main part of a microcomputer,
sometimes
called
with
the
following names:
Chassis
Tower
Base unit
Case

 CPUs, memory, motherboards all

of these have to fit somewhere. That
housed somewhere is in a computer
case or system unit.
It houses all of the components and
devices that make up a computer

It includes the following

parts: Motherboard,
processor (CPU), Memory
Chips, Buses, Ports,
Expansion Slots and Cards.

External Size of System Unit

One of the first issues to consider when

selecting a case is the external dimensions.
The case you choose depends on several
interrelated factors:
Do you plan to upgrade the system at a later
date?
Who will be using the system?
What will be the final location of the system
(for example, on top of or beneath a desk)?

Full Tower Cases

Full Tower Cases

The largest PC case
2 feet tall
Provides maximum amount of interior space for a
variety of drives and expansion cards
Advantage: Expandability
Four external drive bays for CD-ROM, CD-RW, and
DVD-ROM
2 external floppy disk
3-5 hard drives

Mid-tower case

Mid-tower case
20 inches high
3 external drive bays
1 external floppy drive bay

Mid-Tower Case

Mini-tower case

Mini-Tower Case
Smaller and a little wider than a mid-tower
case
2 external bays
One internal bay for hard disk
Not a good choice for upgrading

Mini-Tower Case

Desktop Case
Unlike tower cases, which stand up on their
thinner side, a desktop case lies flat on its
larger side
Desktop cases are designed to sit on desk
with a monitor resting on top of them
Commonly use for prebuilt computers that
are not meant to be upgraded

Desktop Case

HOW TO TAKE CARE OF THE

SYSTEM UNIT

Free from dust

Use correct screw driver
for opening the computer
case
Slide the cover gently

2. Motherboard known in the

following names:
Mainboard
System Board
- The main circuit board of a
computer. It contains all the circuits
and components that run the
computer.

 The
"mother"
of
all
components attached to it .
The main circuit board of a
computer. It contains all the
circuits and components that
run the computer.

Computer Motherboard
Types
The motherboard is the soul of your
computer. It controls the entire
functioning of the computer. All the
components that make up your computer
are connected to the motherboard.
Computer processors are motherboard
specific and so are the computer
cabinets.

Types of Computer
Motherboards
1. Classification Based on
Assembly
2. Classification Based on
Processor
3. Classification Based on
Dimension or Form Factor

Classification Based on
Assembly
1. Integrated Processors
All components are provided for by the
motherboard, i.e. they are built into the
motherboard, the motherboard is called
integrated.

Integrated motherboards cost less to

make but their downside is that, if even one
component on the motherboard fails, the
entire board might have to be replaced.

2. Non-integrated Processors

With non-integrated motherboards, electronic

components and parts are fitted individually and as
needed. Input output ports, connectors, RAM etc.
are fixed to the motherboard using expansion slots.

This allows for greater customization and

freedom in designing a PC. Gamers, for example,
could fix a high-end graphics card of their choice,
using the expansion slot, instead of settling for an
average video card on an integrated motherboard.

Classification Based on
Processor
differentiating computer motherboards is
based on motherboard socket types.
1. Socket A Motherboards
- AMD and Durons processors.
- Socket 464 motherboard.
- 462 pins

Socket A

2. Socket 370 Motherboards

- Intel Pentium III and
Celeron processor,
- 370 pins

Shuttle Spacewalker HOT-681

Socket-370 Motherboard

3. Socket 378 Motherboards

- Pentium 4 processors.
- 478 pins
- known as Socket N
motherboard.

Socket 378 Motherboards

4. Socket T Motherboards
Also known as LGA 775
- Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2
Quad and Intel Xeon processor. Of
course, this motherboard can
also support other Intel
processors such as Celeron,
Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D
and Pentium XE processor
- 775 pins

5. Socket H Motherboards
- LGA 1156 is meant for
Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5
and Intel Core i7processors.
- 1156 pins

6. Socket AM3 Motherboards

- Introduced in 2009, for the AMD Phenom II
and AMD Athlon II processors.
- 941 pins

7. Socket 939 Motherboards

mainly for the AMD family.
It can support AMD processors like the
Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2 and
Opetron.
939 pins

Classification Based on
Dimension
The dimensions of a
motherboard, also known as
the form factor, is another
way of distinguishing between
the different motherboard
types.

Classification Based on
Dimension
1.ATX Motherboards
The ATX (Advanced Technology Extended)
motherboard has a length of 12 inches and
a width of 7.5 inches. The I/O ports and
USB ports meant for the motherboard are
integrated directly in it. The bus speed in
ATX motherboard is 100 MHz. This board is
mainly meant for Intel processors.

ATX Motherboards

2. Full AT Motherboards Advanced

Technology
This was the first type of motherboard in
1980 developed by IBM which was 12
inches wide and 11 inches long. This
motherboard suffered from a lot of problems,
like cumbersome access to components and
most importantly, the heating problem.

Full AT Motherboards

3. Baby AT Motherboards
With a dimension of 10 by 8.5 inches, this
motherboard is meant for classic Pentium
processors.

4. Micro ATX
-microATX is to ATX what Baby AT was to AT
-smaller physical size called footprint than a full
ATX motherboard
- Maximum size of a microATX motherboard is
9.69.6in (244244mm), but some microATX
boards can be as small as 6.756.75in
(171.45171.45mm).[5]The standardATXsize is
25% longer, at 129.6in (305244mm).
- Three or four expansion slots

5. Flex ATX
Created by Intel in 1999 as a variant of
microATX
-9 by 7.5 inches which makes it the
smallest mobo in the ATX standard

PROPRIETY
MOTHERBOARDS
HEWLETT-PACKARD
SONY
These companies make mobo that work only
with their cases.
These propriety mobo enable these
companies to create systems that stand out
from the generic ones and push clients to
get service and upgrades from authorized
dealers

 Gigabyte, ASUS, or ABIT are major

motherboard makers

HOW TO HANDLE
MOTHEBOARD
Do not touch components
within the CPU socket area
Hold it from the
corners/sides

4. Primary storage

(internal storage, main memory or

memory) is the computer's working
storage space that holds data,
instructions for processing and processed
data (information) waiting to be sent to
secondary storage. Physically, primary
storage is a collection of RAM chips.

Two (2) Types of Memory

ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM is
non-volatile, meaning it holds data
even when the power is ON or OFF.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data
only when the power is on. When the
power is off, RAM's contents are lost.

BIOS- Basic Input Output System

consists of low-level software that

controls the system hardware and
acts as an interface between the
operating system and the hardware
check the hardware
stored in a Flash ROM memory
chip

Common BIOS
Manufacturers
AMI (American Megatrends Incorporated)
Award
Dell
IBM
Macintosh
Phoenix

The four main functions of a PC

BIOS
POST -Power On Self Test. Test the computerhardwareand make sure
no errors exist before loading the operating system. Additional information
on the POST can be found on ourPOST and Beep Codes page .
Bootstrap Loader -Locate theoperating system. If a capable operating
system is located, the BIOS will pass control to it.
BIOS drivers -Low level drivers that give the computer basic operational
control over your computer's hardware. Providing a set of low-level
routines that the operating system uses to interface to different hardware
devices - It is these routines that give the BIOS its name. They manage
things like thekeyboard, thescreen, and theserialandparallel ports,
especially when the computer is booting.
BIOS or CMOS Setup -Configuration program that allows you to
configure hardware settings including system settings such as computer
passwords, time, and date.

WHAT DOES RAM DO?

CPU uses RAM as active
workspace
Programs stored on the hard
drive need to be loaded into
RAM to for CPU to swap data
in and out quickly.

Why it is called Random Access

Memory?
RAM is considered "random
access" because you can
access any memory cell
directly if you know the row
and column that intersect at
that cell.

 The opposite of RAM isserial

access memory(SAM). SAM
stores data as a series of
memory cells that can only be
accessed sequentially (like a
cassette tape).

How to access data in RAM?

A device (capacitor,
transistor, wires) either
holds a charge or not
1 charge
0 no charge

Memory
Slot
specialslotfor
amemorycard

is
a
inserting

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Motherboard is filled with

tiny wires called traces.
Traces connects different
motherboard components.

TYPES OF RAM
TECHNOLOGIES

1.Static RAM (SRAM)

2.Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
3.Fast Page Mode (FPM)
4.Extended Data Output (EDO)
5.Synchronous Dynamic
Random Access Memory
(SDRAM)

6. Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)

7. Rambus Dynamic Random Acess
Memory (RDRAM)
8. Credit Card Memory
9. PCMCIA Memory Card
10. CMOS RAM
11. VRAM:VideoRAM

1. Static random access memory

(SRAM)
uses multiple transistors, typically four to six, for
each memory cell but doesn't have a capacitor
in each cell.
This makes static RAM significantly faster than
dynamic RAM.
Problem: it has more parts, a static memory cell
takes up a lot more space on a chip than a dynamic
memory cell.
Therefore, you get less memory per chip, and that
makes static RAM a lot more expensive.

 Static RAM is used to

create theCPU's speedsensitivecache, while
dynamic RAM forms the
larger system RAM space.

CPU CACHE

2. Dynamic random access

memory (DRAM)

widely used memory device used in the

current market.

first invented and patented byRobert Dennard

in1968and first released commercially by Intel
in October1970.

has memory cells with a paired transistor

andcapacitor requiring constant refreshing.
possesses less space in the chip than a
Static RAM.
consumes less power than Static RAM

 DRAM works by sending a charge through the appropriate

column, Column Array Strobe(CAS) to activate the
transistor at each bit in the column.
When writing, the row lines contain the state the
capacitor should take on.
If it is more than 50 percent, it reads it as a 1; otherwise
it reads it as a 0.
The length of time necessary to do all this is so short that
it is expressed in nanoseconds(billionths of a second).
Amemory chiprating of 70ns means that it takes 70
nanoseconds to completely read and recharge each cell.

3. Fast page mode dynamic random

access memory (FPM DRAM)

 the original form of DRAM

It waits through the entire
process of locating a bit of data by
column and row and then reading
the bit before it starts on the next
bit. Maximum transfer rate to L2
cache is approximately 176 MBps.

1 byte = 8 bits
Quantities used are based on multiples of 2
210 = 1, 024 or 1 kilo or 1k
220 = 1, 048,576 or 1 megabytes or 1 meg
230 = 1, 073, 741,824 or 1 gigabytes or 1 gig

4. Extended Data Output (EDO)

RAM

 does not wait for all of the

processing of the first bit before
continuing to the next one. As soon as
the address of the first bit is located,
EDO DRAM begins looking for the next
bit. It is about five percent faster than
FPM. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache
is approximately 264 MBps.

5. Synchronous Dynamic RAM

(SDRAM)
In mid-1990s, RAM incorporated a clock
Northbridge could accurately predict the number of
clock cycles needed for RAM to produce requested data.
SDRAM speed/frequency is measured in hertz (Hz)
SDRAM speed generally match the speed of mobo
Mobo ran at 66MHz needs 66MHz SDRAM
five percent faster than EDO RAM
most common form in desktops today
Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 528
MBps.

6. Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)

DDR SDRAM is SDRAM but it can make two

RAM access in each clock cycle, hence the
double.
Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is
approximately 1,064 MBps (for DDR SDRAM
133 MHZ).
Comes in four common speeds/frequency:
200, 266, 333, 400 MHz

DDR 2
Come out in 2003
twice as fast as the original DDR (200533MHz, with transfer rates up to
1,066MTps),
used less power (1.8 volts).

DDR3
Short for double data rate, type three
DDR3is the successor of DDR and DDR2 memory and
is a type of memory (RAM) for a computer.
bus clock speed of 400 MHz up to 1066 MHz, and
memory chips range in size from 1 GB to 24 GB.
1.5V supply voltage (DDR2 - 1.8V)
The firstmotherboardsto support DDR3 memory began
showing up on the market in June2007
DDR3 SDRAM is the most current type of memory used
in the majority of computers systems around the world.

DDR4
double data rate fourth generation
synchronous dynamic randomaccess memory, is a type of
synchronous dynamic random-access m
emory
(SDRAM) with a highbandwidth("
double data rate") interface, expected to
be released to the market sometime in
2014.

TYPES OF MEMORY
MODULES
1. single in-line memory module (SIMM)
2. dual in-line memory module (DIMM)
3. Rambus in-line memory module
(RIMM)
4. small outline dual in-line memory
module
(SODIMM)

1. Single In-Line Memory

Module (SIMM)
a type ofmemory modulecontaining
random accessmemoryused in computers
from the early 1980s to the late 1990s.
developed by Wang laboratories in1983

 The SIMMcircuitboard that holds

six to nine memory chips per board,
the ninth chip usually an error
checking chip (parity or non parity).
The SIMM was used with computers
using a 486, earlyIntelPentium,
and compatible processors.

2. Dual In-Line Memory

Module (DIMM)
a small circuit board that
holds memory chips.
It uses a 64-bit bus to the
memory, whereas a single inline memory module (SIMM)
only has a 32-bit path.
This allows DIMMs to transfer

 DIMMs with 184 pins are

used for DDR SDRAM
240-pin DIMMs are used for
DDR2 and DDR3 SDRAM
DR, DDR2 and DDR3 DIMM
modules are each keyed
differently (notches in

3. Rambus In-Line Memory Module (RIMM)

a trademark ofRambusincorporated for

the Direct Rambus or DRAM (RDRAM)
modules.
developed by Kingston Technology Corp.
that takes up less space inside the
computer than the olderDIMMmodule
has a 184-pin connector

4.small outline dual in-line memory module

(SODIMM)

a small version of aDIMMused commonly in

notebook computers.
a SO DIMM has only 72 pins, which supports
only 32-bit transfers, or 144 pins, which
supports a full 64-bit transfer.

Common Memory
Modules
DIMMs are used in desktop computers and
servers, and SODIMMs are used in laptops.
SIMMs are no longer used.

 To repair bent pins, use

empty mechanical pencil
If you break off one of the
CPU pins, CPU is rendered
useless.

5. Expansion Bus

A bus is a data pathway between

several
hardware
components
inside or outside a computer. It does
not only connect the parts of the
CPU to each other, but also links the
CPU with other important hardware.

External bus or Expansion

busallows the CPU to talk to
the other devices in the
computer and vice versa. It is
called that because it's
external to the CPU.

TWO TYPES OF EXPANSION

BUS
1.PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect) Slot
- the most popular expansion
bus use in today's
computers

2. AGP (Accelerated Graphic

Port) Slot
- designed for the high
demands of 3-D graphics

6. Adapters- Printed-circuit boards

(also called interface cards) that enable
the computer to use a peripheral
device for which it does not have the
necessary connections or circuit
boards. They are often used to permit
upgrading to a new different hardware.

Examples of Adapter
a. Sound Card

b.
Video
card

c. Network Interface
Card (NIC)

Chipset

A chipset is a group of
small circuits that
coordinate the flow of data
to and from key
components of a PC.

1. NorthBridge (also called thememory

controller)
in charge of controlling transfers
between the processor and the RAM
and the AGP
is sometimes called theGMCH,
forGraphic and Memory Controller Hub.

2. SouthBridge (also called

theinput/output controlleror
expansion controller)
Handles communication of
hard drive and expansion bus

Hard Disk Drive

Also known as hard drive, is a

magnetic storage device that is
installed inside the computer. The
hard drive is used as permanent
storage for data. In a Windows
computer, the hard drive is
usually configured as the C: drive
and contains the operating
system and applications.

Optical Drive
An optical drive is a
storage device that uses
lasers to read data on
the optical media. There
are three types of
optical drives: Compact

Compact Disk (CD)

A compact disc [sometimes

spelleddisk] (CD) is a
small, portable, round
medium made of molded
polymer (close in size to
thefloppy disk) for

How to take care of CD

DO NOT touch the data side of the disk
(the side of the disk with no label).
DO NOT apply paper labels or write on
any part of the disk, data side or label
side.
If dust or fingerprints get on to the
disk, wipe with a dry cloth from the
center of the disk to the edge.
DO NOT place the disk in any place
where it will be subjected to direct

HARD DRIVE CABLES

Three main types of hard

drive data cables:
1. IDE/PATA
2. SATA
3. SCSI

1. IDE (Integrated Drive

Electronics)
known as PATA (Parallel Advance
Technology Attachment) drives, are
commonly found in personal
computers. These drives usually are
found only in older computers.
An IDE/PATA hard drive cable is a
ribbon cable containing 40 pins.
Either one or two devices may be

2. SATA Cable (Serial Advance

Technology Attachment)
A SATA hard drive cable has seven
conductors and is smaller than an
IDE/PATA cable. A SATA cable connects a
single hard drive to a single connector on
the SATA controller, which is usually
found on the computer's motherboard.

3. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

SCSI cables look similar to IDE/PATA cables in that
both drives use ribbon cables. However, SCSI
cables have more pins than IDE cables. Depending
on the SCSI interface, a SCSI cable may have 50 or
68 pins (IDE/PATA drives have 40). Like IDE,
multiple SCSI devices can be connected to a single
channel through "daisy chaining." Depending on
the SCSI interface, as many as 7 or 15 devices
may be connected to a single SCSI channel.

Power Connector

an electrical connector
for supplying direct current
(DC) power

P4 Power Connector

A 12V power supply cable

used withmotherboardsthat
have anIntelPentium 4
processor
Supply additional power to
the motherboard

Power Supply
Installed in the back
corner of the PC case, next
to the motherboard. It
converts 120vac (standard
house power) into DC
voltages that are used by
other components in the

 Converts AC to DC
CPU FAN
HEAT SINK

How to take care of power

supply

1.)ALWAYS use a surge protector.

Lighting, power outages, power spikes etc,
can cause your power supply to fail
prematurely, if a surge protector is not used
at all times.
2. ) Use Automatic Voltage Regulator
(AVR)
3.)Keep your power supply clean.