Unit - I

Introduction:- Internet iwjs foo esa QSyk gqvk gSaA ;g Computer Network
dk ,d tky gS ftlesa fofHkUu Computers ,d nwljs ls ,d Common Protocol dk
mi;ksx dj Communicate djrs gSa ;fn gekjs ikl Internet Account gSa rks ge fdlh
Hkh fo"k; ij nqfu;k Hkj esa QSys Computers ls Information dk vknku&iznku
dj ldrs gSaA
Evolution or History :- Internet dh 'kq:vkr 1960 esa vesfjdk esa gqbZ Fkh A
bldh vko;drk American Government dks rc gqbZ tc og ljdkjh Computers dk ,d
Network cukuk pkgrs FksA 2 January 1960 esa United States of America ds
Computer Scientist us 'kq:vkr dh A Research ds le; Internet dk First Name Advance
Research Project Agency (ARPA) Fkk ARPANET dk Use Packet Switch Internet
ds :i esa gksus yxkA
1970 esa DARPA (The Defence Advance Research Project Administration) us
ek/;e (medium) dh vko;drk dks eglwl fd;kA ;gh ls Internet dk fodkl izkjEHk
gqvkA T;ks&T;ks Internet dh vko;drk c<+rh x;khA R;ks&R;ks Internet ds
fodkl esa Hkh ifjorZu gkus yxsA
1980 ds nkd vfUre o"kksZ esa Internet ds }kjk lwpuk,a vke yksxksa rd
igqapus yxhA Internet Service Provider (ISP) us Monthly Rent ysdj Dialup Access
nsuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA blls User dks
E-mail Discussion Group rFkk File Tracker dh lqfo/kk feyus yxhA 1989 esa Word
Wide Web (WWW) dk Development gqvk rFkk 1990 ds nkd esa E-mail rFkk
Online chat us Internet dh yksdfiz;rk rFkk mi;ksfxrk esa lq/kkj fd;kA
Owners of the Internet:- dksbZ Hkh ,d O;fDr ;k nsk Internet dk Owner ugha
gSaA okLro esa dbZ Government, Corporation, Universities, Business Company
rFkk Persons feydj Internet dk LokfeRo xzg.k djrs gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g gSa fd
dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;k nsk bls iw.kZ :i ls fu;af=r ugha dj ldrkA vesfjdk esa
NSE (National Science Foundation) uked ,d Organization gSa tks Internet dh
Performance c<+kus ds rjhdks ij viuk /;ku dsfUnzr j[krk gSaA NSE dks ,d
vU; Organization Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) dk lg;ksx feyrk gSaA
NSE dks Internet Architecture Board (IAB) }kjk fu/kkZfjr fnkk funsZkksa dh
ikyuk djuh gksrh gSaaaA okLro esa Internet ds izR;sd igyw dks Manage
djus ds fy, dbZ lewg gksrs gSaA
ISP :
PC

ISP

Internet

Internet Applications:- Internet foo Hkj esa lcls cM+k Learning Tool gSaA
Internet ds }kjk ge mu lHkh fo"k;ks ij tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSa ftudh gesa
vko;drk gSaA blds vykok ge mu yksxks ls rqjUr ckrphr dj ldrs gSa tks
mu fo"k;ks esa :fp j[krs gSaA Teachers, Student rFkk vU; yksx vius fopkjksa
dk vknku&iznku yEch nwfj;ksa ds chp dj ldrs gSaA Companies Internet dk
iz;ksx vius Business ds fy, djrh gSa rFkk vius Product dk Advertisement, mldh
Selling, Purchase, Products rFkk Services dk fooj.k rFkk After Sale Services dh
1

detail 'kkfey gSaA blds vfrfjDr fofHkUu laLFkk,Wa Internet dk mik;sx Voice
rFkk Video Conference rFkk vU; izdkj dh lapkj lqfo/kk ds fy, Hkh dj ldrh gSa
rkfd os nwfj;ksa ij jgrs gq, Hkh feydj dk;Z dj ldsA Internet }kjk fofHkUu
oxksZ ds fy, fofHkUu lsok,a miyC/k djokbZ tkrh gSa buesa ls eq[; lsok,a
fuEu gSaA
(1)WWW (World Wide Web): - Internet ij Multimedia dh Facility miyC/k
djokrk gSaA WWW mu Pages dk Collection gSa ftuesa ge mu lHkh
fo"k;ksa dks [kkst ldrs gSa, ftuesa gekjh :ph gSa vFkkZr~ World
Wide Web, Hyper Text Pages dk Collection gSaA
(2)E-mail: - ;s Internet ij lokZf/kd mi;ksx esa yh tkus okyh lqfo/kk gSaA
blds }kjk ,d O;fDr foo ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa viuk lansk nwljs
O;fDr rd igqapk ldrk gSaA ;g lkekU; Mkd dh vis{kk vR;f/kd lLrh o
Fast gksrh gSa bl ij nwfj;ksa dk dkbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA
(3)FTP (File Transfer Protocol): -;g ,d Protocol gS tks Internet }kjk nks
Computers ds e/; Files dks Transfer djokrk gSaA File Transmission dk
dk;Z nks fLFkfr;ksa esa gks ldrk gSaA
(a) Downloading
(b) Uploading ds le;
Downloading ds vUrxZr fdlh vU; Computer esa Files dks gekjs Computer ij
Transfer djok;k tkrk gSa rFkk UpLoading esa Files dks gekjs Computer ls fdlh
vU; Computer ij Transfer djok;k tkrk gSaA Files Transfer nks izdkj ds gks ldrs
gSaA
(a) ASCII
(b) Binary
ASCII dk mi;ksx dsoy Text dks Transfer djokus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA Binary
dj iz;ksx Text ds vfrfjDr dqN Hkh tSls Images vkfn dks Transfer djokus ds fy,
gksrk gSaA
(4) IRC (Internet Relay Chat): - Internet dh bl Facility ds vUrxZr ge nqfu;k
Hkj esa fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ls Online ckr dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr~ bl lqfo/kk ds
fy, O;fDr;ksa dk Online gksuk vko;d gSaA blls gesa foo ds dbZ O;fDr;ksa
ls vyx&2 fo"k;ksa ij ubZ&2 tkudkjh;ka izkIr gks ldrh gSaA Chating nks
izdkj dh gks ldrh gSaA
(1) Text Chatting
(2) Voice Chatting
Text Chatting ds vUrZxr Keyboard ls Vkbi djrs gq, ckrphr dh tkrh gSaA
Voice Chatting ds vUrZxr Head Phone rFkk Micro Phone dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSaA
(5) News-Group: - News Group vUrjZk"Vh; Bulletin Board dh rjg gksrs gSa
blesa dbZ Groups gksrs gSaA ;s vyx - vyx fo"k; dks Cover djrs gSaA tgka ij
ge vius Question rFkk Answer Post dj ldrs gSaA fdlh Hkh ,d Server ij Post fd,
x, Question dks lHkh miyC/k News Server ij Hkst fn;k tkrk gSaA vr% gesa
foo Hkj ds yksxks ls vius Question ds Answer fey tkrs gSaA New-Group
Server ij geskk vko;d rFkk egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh Post dh tk ldrh gSaA
(6) Telnet: - Telnet dks Remote Login Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA ;s Internet }kjk
iznku dh tkus okyh ,d ,slh lqfo/kk gSa tks gesa ,sls Computer dks Access
djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSa tks gekjs {ks= ls nwj gks vFkkZr~ Remote
Computer rFkk bls Remote Login Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA Remote Computer ls
Connect gksdj ogka dh lwpukvksa dks gekjs Computer ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSaA
2

vFkkZr~ gekjs Computer ls Commands fn, tk;sxsa, mudh Processing Remote

Computer ij gksxh rFkk Output gekjs Computer ij Display gksxkA Telnet Session
ds le; gekjk Computer ,d Dump Terminal dh rjg dke djsxkA
(7) Fax :- Fax fdlh Hard Copy (Printed Material) pkgsa og Text gks ;k Picture,
dh Scanned image dk Telephone ds }kjk Transmission djrk gSA vktdy fufeZr fd,
tkus okys Modem esa Fax Data dks Hkstus rFkk izkIr djus dh {kerk gksrh
gSaA Fax/Modem gekjh Hard disk esa Stored File ;k Screen ij fn[kkbZ nsus
okyh File ls lh/ks Fax Signal cuk nsrk gSaA ;fn Document esa flQZ Text gks
rks Hkh mls ,d Scanned Image ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSa rFkk Receiver ds fy,
Bit Map ds :i esa send fd;k tkrk gSaA
(8) Internet Telephony: - Telephony ,d rduhd gSa tks Voice lwpukvksa dks
nks cgqr nwfj;ksa ij cSBs O;fDr;ksa esa electronic ek/;e ds }kjk
vknku&iznku djokrh gSaA ;g Data Telephone ds }kjk Hkstk tkrk gSaA
Internet Telephony cksys x, vFkok vU; Telephone lanskksa dks Telephone
Company ds Structure rFkk dherksa ds LFkku ij Internet ds }kjk Hksts tkus dh
lqfo/kk gSaA pwafd Internet Access Local Call dh nj ls gksrk gSaA vr% blds }
kjk vUrZjk"Vh; Lrj ij Telephone ds }kjk ckr djuk ijEijkxr Telephone ls cgqr
vf/kd lLrk iM+rk gSaA
(9) Video Conferencing: - ;g Internet }kjk iznku dh tkus okyh lsokvksa esa
lokZf/kd :fpdj gSa ;g lokZf/kd mi;ksx esa vkus okyh lqfo/kkvksa esa ls ,d
gSaA Video Conferencing esa Voice Signals ds lkFk Video Signals Hkh Hksts tk
ldrs gSaA blesa nksuks User ds ikl Web Camera gksuk vko;d gSaA
(10) Net Meeting: - MicroSoft netmeeting ds }kjk O;fDr;ksa dks Internet ds }
kjk ckrphr djus rFkk lwpukvksa dks vknku&iznku djus dk ,d u;k rjhdk
miyC/k gqvk gSaA NetMeeting MultiUser Application rFkk MkVk dks Intranet ;k
Intranet ij Share djokus ds fy, Internet Telephony rFkk Video Conferencing ds
Standard dks mi;ksx esa ykrk gSa blesa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd User ,d lkFk
dk;Z rFkk leUo; LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA
Interface Concepts
Internet:- ;g Inter network dk laf{kIr :i gksrk gSa tks fd fofHkUu rjhdsa ds
Computer Networks dks Connect djrk gSaAMkVk Transfer ,d Computer ls nwljs
Computer esa Protocol dh enn ls fd, tkrs gSaA ;g Networks TCP/IP Protocol dks
Use djrs gSa ;g Protocol ewy :i ls DARPA ds Part FksA ;g Network of Network
gSaA
Internet Service: - Internet Service HTTP dks NksM+dj fdlh Hkh lwpuk Transfer
djus okys Protocol }kjk nh tkrh gSaA Information dk vknku&iznku rFkk
Information ckaVus okyh Internet Service esa Telnet vkSj Gopher Protocol gSaA
Internet Name Resolution (INR): - Internet ;k Intranet }kjk fdlh Hkh Site ij
igqapus ds fy, ;g vko;drk gksrh gSa fd ml Computer dk ,d Unique IP Address
gks ftlls Network ij System dks igpkuk tk ldsA ;g Address Number ;k String ds :i
esa gksrk gSaA tks vkil esa Dot }kjk foHkkftr gksrk gSaA Number okyk
Address ;kn j[kuk Difficult gksrk gSaA blfy, String ds :i esa IP Address fn, tkrs
gSaA tSls www.microsoft.com

Different Types of Name Resolution System:(1) Internet Name Resolution System

(2) Intranet Name Resolution System
(3) Hosting Multiple Sites by Address, Ports & Host
IP Address dks nks izdkj ls fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSaA
(1) Static: - System Administrator izR;sd Computer dk IP Address fu/kkZfjr djrk
gSaA
(2) Dynamic: - blesa Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) ds }kjk IP
Address fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSaA
What can I do from Internet
1. Visit Website
2. Send & Receive E-mail
3. Read and Post Articles In News Group.
4. Download files to your Personal Computers
5. Chat with Other User on line.
6. Play games with others on-line
7. Access on-line multimedia including Radio and Videos Broad-Cast.
8. Search the Internet for Information.
9. Join Contest do on-line shopping
10. Create your own website
11. Find & Person details.
12. Send flowers of gifts to other.
Internet And Intranet: - Internet Network of Network gSa tks fd iwjs World dks
vkil esa tksM+rk gSaA blh izdkj Intranet fdlh Organization ;k
Company dh vkUrfjd Network gSa tks Internet Standard dk iz;ksx djrh
gSaA Intranet , Internet Software o Protocol dk mi;ksx djrk gSaA
ijUrq ;g geskk Internet ls Permanent Connection ugha j[krk gSaA oSls
rks Intranet Internet dh Technology ij vk/kkjhr gSaA fQj Hkh buesa
dqN vUrj gSa tks bl izdkj gSaA
Internet
1. ;g Wide Area network gskrk gSa
vFkkZr~ bldk {ks= foLr`r gksrk
gSaA
2. bldh Speed Slow gksrh gSa
D;ksafd Information dkQh nwjh ls
izkIr gksrh gSaA

Intranet
1. ;g Local Area Network gksrk gSa
bldk {ks= lhfer gksrk gSaA

2. bldh Data Transmission Speed Fast

gksrh gSaA D;ksafd lwpuk,a Local
{ks= ds Computers ls gh izkIr gksrh
gSaA
3. Internet ,d Costly Facility gSa 3. ;g ,d Internet ls lLrk Network gSaA
D;ksafd blds bD;wiesUV dkQh
eagxs gksrs gSaA
4. blesa fdlh lkoZtfud lqfo/kk dk 4. blds vUrZxr lHkh bD;wiesUV~l
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa A
laLFkku ds gh gksrs gSaA
5. ;ga Public Network gSaA
5. ;g ,d izkbosV Network gSaA
4

6. blds User Unlimited gksrs gSaA

6. blesa User dh la[;k lhfer gksrh

gSaA

ISP: -(Internet Service Provider): - Internet dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, Internet Account
gksuk vko;d gSaA Internet Account ,Internet dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus okyh
dEiuh ISP }kjk provide djok, tkrs gSaA Internet Account ds cnys ISP ds }kjk
Monthly or yearly Charges fy, tkrs gSaA Internet Account dh lqfo/kk ysus ij ISP
ds }kjk User dks User name, Password miyC/k djok;k tkrk gSaA bl Username
rFkk Password dk iz;ksx User ds }kjk vius PC ij Internet ls tqM+us ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSaA ;g dk;Z Dialup Networking ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSaqA tc Hkh ge
Internet ls Connect gksuk pkgrs gSa rks ISP }kjk fn, x, Numbers dks Dial
djsxsa rFkk gesa ISP ls Connection izkIr gks tk,xkA blds ckn ISP gesa vkxs
Internet ls Connect djsxk ,d ckj ISP ls Connection establish gks tkus ds i'pkr~ ge
fdlh Hkh Information ds fy, Request, ISP dks Hkst ldrs gSaA blds fy, PC ij
Browser Software dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA ISP, User dh Request dks Receive
djds mls Server rd igqapkrk gSa ,tgka Information Stored gSa mlds ckn oks
Server Information dks User rd igqapus dh izf;k izkjEHk dj nsrk gSaA
Internet Connectivity
;fn gesa Internet ls Connect gksuk gSa rks loZizFke gesa ISP (Internet Service
Provider) ls User name o Password ysus gksrs gSa rHkh ge Internet ls tqM+
tkrs gSaA
Internet ls tqM+us ds fy;s gekjh Phone line dks Modem ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk
gSa blds ckn Windows Desktop ij miyC/k Internet Explorer Icon dks Double Click
djrs gSa ftlls Screen ij ;g Dialog Box vkrk gSaA

PHOTO
Connect gksus ds fy;s Connect Button ij Click djrs gSa ,slk djrs gh Internet ls
Connect gksus dk Process Start gks tkrk gSa vkSj Connecting to my Connection
Program Computer dks ISP Server ls tksM+us dk iz;kl djrk gSaA dHkh&dHkh
Connection tqM+us esa dkQh Time yx tkrk gSaA ysfdu ,slk rHkh gksrk gSa
tc Line O;Lr gksrh gSaA ;fn Conneciton gks tkrk gSa rks gesa User name o
Password nsuk gksrk gSaA blds ckn F9 Key Press djrs gSa rks Internet Explorer
Program Start gks tkrk gSa vkSj Internet Explorer ls tqMh Host Site ;k Default
Web Site Open gks tkrh gSa Internet Explorer Store gksrs gh lcls igys ftl Site
dks [kksyk tkrk gSa o Host Site dgykrh gSaA
Internet Connectivity Speed vkSj Technology bl izdkj gSaA
Connection Speed
14.4/28.8 kbps
56 kbps
64 kbps
128 kbps
upto 1.5 mbps
1.5 mbps

Connection Technology
High Speed Modem
56 k lease line
Single B-Channel ISDN
Basic Rate ISDN
Primary Rate ISDN
T-1 dedicated line

4.5 mbps

T-3 dedicated line

Dial-up-Networking: - Dial-up-Networking Program Window 95-98 rFkk Windows NT

ds lkFk vk;kA Dial ,d ,slh Service gSa ftls Telephone dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus
okyh Company iznku djrh gSa bl Service ds ek/;e ls ge Local Area Exchange ls
Connect gks tkrs gSa blds fy;s gesa ml Exchange dk Number Dial djuk iM+rk
gSa tks fd fHkUu&2 Area ds fy;s vyx&2 gksrs gSaA
Dial-up-Networking dk Use SLIP (Serial line Internet Protocol) rFkk PPP (Point to
Point Protocol) ds lkFk dj ldrs gSaA Dial-up-Networking esa Dial Communication
Protocol dk mi;ksx djds Internet dks mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSaA Dial-upconneciton chip lLrk rFkk mldh Performance vPNh gksrh gSaA
There are two type of dial-up-connection:(i)
On-line Accounts.
(ii)
Dial-up-IP link.
Dial-up-IP links lkekU;r;k Particular Protocols gksrs gSa tks fd Serial line Protocol
rFkk More Advance Point to Point Protocol Run gksrs gSaA
Dial-up-on-line accounts: - On-line Account, Host Account Computer dk gksrk gSa
tks Internet ls Connected gksrs gSaA Host Computer Character base terminal gksrs
gSa tks fd Communication ds le; Terminal Emulation Software dke esa fy;k
tkrk gSa tc dHkh ge Host Computer dks Dial djrs gSa rc gesa Logic and
Password nsuk iM+rk gSa On-line Account Full Internet Connectivity gksrh gSaA
ijUrq bldh dqN Limitation gksrh gSa ;fn ge on-line Account j[krs gSa rc gekjk
Computer Telephone line rFkk Modem ls Connected gqvk gksrk gSa cgqr ls ISP
Access Provider gksrs gSa ftudks pykus ds fy;s UNIX, Gopher, FTP, Telnet,
WWW etc. Host ij Available gksrs gSaA On-line dk Limitation ;g gSa fd ;g Data
dks Two type Step ls ykrk gSa igys Data dks Host Machine ij Download djrk gSa
fQj Local Machine ds ikl MkVk vkrk gSaA
Steps to Install Dial-up-Networking: - Start > Setting > Control Panel ij Click fQj
Add/Remove Program ij Click Double blds ckn Windows Setup ij Click djds
Communication ij Click djrs gSa fQj Details ij Click djrs gSa vkSj vc Dial-upNetworking ds lkeus okys Check box ij Click djds Add/Remove Program Properties
ds Dialog Box esa Ok ij Click djrs gSa vkSj ge Dial-up-Networking ij Connect
gks tkrs gSaA
Leased line: - [Dedicated line]: -;g Permanent Internet Connection line gksrh gSa ;g
Direct rFkk High Speed dk (56 kbps ls 4.5 mbps rd) Permanent Connection gksrk
gSaA ;g ,d ,slh Service gSa tks fd Computer dks gj le; Internet ls Connect j[krh
gSa ;g Connection Telephone Network ls Switches ds }kjk LFkkfir gksrk gSaA
Computer Internet ls Unlimited Information gks ldrs gSa ;s Multiuser Hkh gks ldrs
gSaA Leased line generally LAN ls attach gksrh gSa rFkk Telophone line ls link
gksrh gSa tks User bl Service dks Subscribe djrk gSa mls ,slk eglwl gksrk
gSa fd mlds fy;s ,d Conneciton line mlh ds dk;Z ds fy;s dedicated gSa
D;ksafd Switch geskk cUn jgrs gSaA vr% Connection djus ds fy;s Dialog dh
vko;drk ugha jgrh gSaA Telephone Link dh Speed 9.6 kbps ls 45 Mbps rd gksrh
gSaA
VSAT (Very Small Apperture Terminal)

Satellite dh nqfu;k esa ;g ,d u;k fodkl gSaA ;g de dher ds Micro Station

gksrs gSa tks VSAT dgykrs gSaAbu Small Terminal esa ,d ehVj dk Antenna
gksrk gSa vkSj ,d Watt dh Power ns ldrs gSa UpLink lk/kkj.k 19.2 kbps ds fy;s
vPNk gksrk gSaA ysfdu DownLink yxHkx 512 kbps gksrk gSaA T;knkrj VSAT
System ds Micro Station esa i;kZIr Power ugha gksrh gSa fd os lh/ks
,d&nwljs ls (Sattlelite) }kjk ckr dj ldsA blds ctk; ,d Special Ground Station ftls
Hub dgrs gSa fd ,d High Gain Antenna ds lkFk VSAT ds chp Traffic Hkstus esa
vko;drk gksrh gSa bl Method esa ;k rks Send djus okys ds ikl ;k Reciever ds
ikl Powerful Amplifier dk Big Antenna gksrk gSaA
VSAT izk;% fuEu rhu fof/k;ks }kjk cuk;k tkrk gSaA

(1)

Point-to-point: -;g nks VSAT dks tksM+us okyh ,d Two Way

Communication nkuks vkSj ls lqpuk Hkstuk Network Process gSaA

(2)

Star Network: - Master Earth Station (MES) Hub vkSj VSAT dks tks
fd fofHkUu Remote Sites ij fLFkr ds chp Multipoint Communication iznku
djrk gSaA

(3)

Mesh Network: - blds }kjk cgqr lkjs NSAT tks fd Network ij

fofHkUu

fn[kkbZ ugha ns jgk gSaA

URL (Uniform Resource Locater)

Website dks Identify igpku djus ls enn djrk gSa ftl rjg ls lalkj esa izR;sd
O;fDr dk viuk ,d Address gksrk gSa mlh rjg ls fdlh Website ij Hkh

fn[kkbZ ugha ns jgk gSaA

URL dh lgk;rk ls ge Resource dks Call dj ldrs gSaA URL Letters, Numbers,
functions Markets dk cuk gksrk gSaA bldh lgk;rk ls ge Address Bar esa 25
Address Store dj ldrs gSa URL Read Like Sentences gksrs gSa ;g E-mail Address
ds Similar gksrs gSa URL pkj Hkkxksa dks O;Dr djrk gSaA
Method
Host Computer
Port
Path
Protocol }kjk fdlh Document dks okfil izkIr djus ds fy;s ;g rjhdk Use fd;k tkrk
gSa fd HTTP lwpuk Host Computer ij fLFkr gksrh gSaA Web Page izk;%
Computer esa fLFkr gksrs gSa vkSj Computer bl izdkj ds uke nsrs gSa tks fd
izk;% www ls 'kq: gksrs gSa URL Server dk Port Number j[krk gSa vkSj ;g
Host ls Colon (:) }kjk vyx jgrk gSa Path File dk og Path Name gSa tgk File
Store gskrh gSaA bl izdkj URL fdlh Website ;k Document dks Visit djus dk
dk;Z djrk gSaA
Domain Name: -Domain Name ,d rjg dk Way gSa ftlls Computer dks Internet ls
Connect djus ds fy;s mldh igpku cukrk gSaA Internet ls tqM+s izR;sd
Computer dk ,d Domain Name gksrk gSaA okLro esa ;g Computer dk Address
gksrk gSa ftls Domain Name System (DNS) dgk tkrk gSaA fdlh Hkh nks
Organization dk Domain Name Same ugha gksrk gSaA Domain Name Key
Components ls feydj cuk gksrk gSa rFkk chp esa Period (Dot.) ls Seperated

gksrk gSaA Domain Name System ,slk System gSa tks IP Address dh tkudkjh
j[krk gSaA Domain Name dks Mainly rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSa%&
(1) Generic Domain: - ;s Domain Three Characters dk Domain Label j[krs gSa
Example for
.Com Commercial.
.edu Educational Institute.
.Net Internet Operation.
.org Organization such as non Profit group.
.gov Unitated State federal government.
.mil united state military
.Int for International organizations.
(2) Country Domain: -;s Domain two Characters Domain Label j[krs gSa ;s
fofHkUu nskksa dks O;Dr djrs gSa &
AV Australia
CA Canada
DE Germany
GR grece
JP Japan
IN India
FR French
US America
(3) Inverse Domain: -;g Domain IP Address dks Domain Name esa Map djrk gSaA
tSls %& ARPA
izR;sd Domain Name Numeric IP Address ls Correspond i=kpkj djrk gSa IP
Numbers Four No. dk gksrk gSa tks fd 0 to 255 rd gks ldrk gSa rFkk IP Name
vkil esa Dot ls Seperated gksrs gSaA Internet, IP Address dks mi;ksx djds Data
dks Send djrk gSa tSls fd ge World Wide Web ls Connect gksrs gSa og Domain
Name Type djrs gSa rc ge Web Server rFkk IP Address ds Through Networks ls
Connected gks tkrs gSaA
Domain Name System izR;sd IP Address dks Matching djrk gSa rFkk IP Address
geskk Unique gksrk gSaA DNS Database dk Collection gksrk gSa tks fd
Information ds ckjs esa IP Address ls Coresponding djrk jgrk gSaA Domain Name
System, Server Domain Name dks IP Address Transfer djrs gSaA
Domain Name Portals
Name Resolution System: -Window dh Networking Netbios dh ukedj.k jhfr ij
Hkjkslk djrh gSa TCP/IP Domain Name System jhfr ukedj.k ij Hkjkslk djrh
gSaA Windows Domain Name Hosts Name gksrk gSaA Computers dh IP Address ij
Mapping nks izdkj ls gksrh gSaA
- Static
- Dynamic
Static: - System Administrator Hosts File ;k Host Name dh Text File cukrk gSa rFkk
mlesa izR;sd dk Name vkSj IP Address fy[kk gksrk gS %&
Computer ls fdlh Computer dks Connect fd;k gSa rc bl File dk mi;ksx djds
mlds Name ds lkFk dk lgh IP Address fufpr djrk gSaA
Dynamic: - tc fdlh Client dk Computer Network ij Login fd;k tkrk gSa rks DHCP
(Dynamic Host Control Protocol) Server Computer dks ,d Address Hkstrk gSaA bl
IP Address dks Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) Server dks nsrk gSa vkSj
tc Net Bios Computer Name dh dksbZ Request vkrh gSa rks WINS bl name dks
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gVkdj bldk lgh Address crk nsrk gSaA;s Lor% igpkuus okys rFkk Computer
Name vkSj Address dh Maping dk System tYnh&2 cnyus okys Network ij
Administrative dk cks> ljy djrk gSaA
Internet Name Resolution: -Internet ij Domain Name System (DNS) dk Use Site ds
Text Name dks gVk dj mlds LFkku ij IP Address nsrk gSa DNS Name Inter NIC
(Network Interface Card) }kjk Record fd;s tkrs gSa Inter NIC name Distrubuted Data
gksrk gSa ftlls lHkh Domain Names gksrs gSaA tc dksbZ Client Computer fdlh
Site ls Connect gksuk pkgrk gSa rks mlds Domain Name dh Request dks
Computer dh ,d J`a[kyk tks Domain Name server dgykrh gSa mldks Hkst nsrh
gSaA
Domain Name Server lkjs foo esa gtkjks Organization esa fLFkr gSaA Domain
Name Server pkgs x;s Domain Name dk IP Address nsrk gSa vkSj Client dh
Request dks mfpr Site rd Hkst fn;k tkrk gSaA Receiver Internet Name o Address
esa gekjh Sites dks iathd`r Domain Name dh Information jgrh gSaA
Portal: - ,d ,slh Web Site gS tks vius Home Page fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/kr Hyperlinks
;k Path ls miyC/k djrh gSaA mls Web Site u dg dj Portal dgk tkrk gSaA Portal
General Purpose Use ds fy, cukbZ xbZ Web Site gksrh gSa tks lHkh Field ls
lacaf/kr tkudkjh Maintain djrh gSaA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr bu Portals ij viuh :ph
ds vuqlkj Hyper Link dks Select dj ldrk gSaA tcfd Normal Web Sides dsoy mlh
izdkj dh Information miyC/k djkrh gSaA ftl Company ds fy, mUgsa cuk;k x;k
gSaA
Yahoo, Web Duniya, Red Hyper, Hot Mail bR;kfn
E-mail (Electronic Mail)
IzkkjfEHkd Networks ij dke djus okys Researchers us eglwl fd;k fd Network ds
ek/;e ls nks O;fDr;ksa ds chp ,slk Communication djok;k tk ldrk gSaA ftlesa
Telephone lapkj dh xfr o Mkd lsok tSlh fooluh;rk gksA bl dkj.k ,d u, izdkj
dh Communication Server dk Development gqvk ftlls foo ds fdlh vU; txg ij Hkh
cSBs O;fDr }kjk foo ds fdlh vU; txg ij lwpuk,a Transmit dh tk ldrh FkhA bl
izdkj dh ubZ Communication Source dks Electronic Mail dgk x;kA Electronic Mail
dks mlds NksVs :i E-mail ls vf/kd tkuk tkrk gSaA
E-mail orZeku le; esa Computer {ks= esa mi;ksx ykbZ tkus okyh lqfo/kk
gSaA E-mail ,d fdlh Hkh O;fDr }kjk foo ds fdlh vU; LFkku ij cSBs ,d ;k
vusd O;fDr;ksa dks Hkstk tkus okyk lansk gSaA ;g izkjfEHkd Mkd lsok
tSlk gh de djrk gSa ijUrq bldk izHkkoh ykHk ;g gSa fd izkjfEHkd Mkd
lsok dh vis{kk E-mail Source vf/kd Fast rFkk lLrh gksrh gSaA E-mail esa
nwfj;ksa dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSaA
Advantage/Merits of E-mail :(1) Fast: - E-mail ds }kjk nqfu;k ds fdlh dkSus esa gekjk Message dqN gh
lSd.M~l esa igqap tkrk gSaA E-mail Sender Receipt ds e/; dh nwjh le;
dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSaA
(2) Easy: - E-mail dh lqfo/kk mi;ksx esa ysus esa vklku gSa tc ge E-mail
Facility dks Start djrs gSa rks gesa mu eSlst dh fyLV fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSa tks gesa Receive gqbZ gSa ge ,d&,d ml Mail dk Reply djuk
Delete, Save ;k Print fudkyuk gSaA

(3) vf/kd lqfo/kk tud (More Convience):- ;fn gesa dksbZ Mail ,d ls vf/kd
yksxks rd igqapkuh gSa rks gesa ml Mail dh Pontocopy djokus dh
vko;drk ugha gSa ge fdlh Hkh Mail dks ,d gh ckj esa dbZ Reciepts
rd igqapk ldrs gSaA
(4) Cheaper: -;fn ge ikjEifjd Post Service ls dksbZ i= Hkstrs gSa rks ges
mlds fy, fVdV [kjhnus dh vko;drk gksrh gSaA ;g O;; nwjh ds fglkc
ls c<+rk tkrk gSaA E-Mail esa O;; ds fglkc ls nwjh ls dksbZ laca/k
ugha gksrk gSaA blds fy, ge mruk gh O;; djuk gksrk gSa ftruk
Internet ij gesa le; yxrk gSaA
(5) Saving your Mails: - User ds }kjk fdlh dks Hksth gqbZ Mails dks vius
Mail Box esa Save djds j[kk tk ldrk gSa blls ge Hkfo"; tku ldrs gSa fd
ml O;fDr foks"k dks Mail fd;k ;k Hkstk x;kA
(6) Available Anyware: - ikjEifjd Mkd dh vis{kk E-mail dks dgh ij Hkh i<+
ldus dh lqfo/kk miyC/k gksrh gSaA vFkkZr~ gj le; User dk Mail Box
mlds lkFk jgrk gSaA
(7) On-line gksuk vko;d ugha:- Telephone lsok ds foijhr E-mail djrs le;
nks O;fDr;ksa dks vkil esa OnLine jgus dh vko;drk ugha gksrh
gSaA
IP- Internet Protocol
How E-mail Works
E-mail
TCP: -Transmission Control Protocol
LkekU; :i ls tkus okys Electronic lansk gSa blds lkFk Attachments ds :i esa
ge fofHkUu izdkj dh vU; cM+h lwpukvksa tSls Picture ;k Formatted Document
Hkh Send ;k Receiver dj ldrs gSaA E-Mail Send djus ds ckn ,d Computer ls
nwljs computer ij Pass gksrh gSaA vkSj bl izdkj iwjs Internet ij igqap tkrh
gSaA ;g lEiw.kZ dk;Z ek= dqN Seconds esa iwjk gks tkrk gSa vkSj gesa
fdlh Hkh le; foo ds fdlh Hkh O;fDr ls rhoz Communication dh vuqefr iznku
djrk gSaA
E-mail dks mlh izdkj ls vkxs Hkstk tkrk gSa tSls Internet ij vU; Data Transfer
gksrk gSaA TCP Protocol, Message dks Packet esa rksM+ nsrk gSaA fQj IP
Protocol mu Packets dks muds Destination rd igqapkrk gSaA mlds ckn ,d ckj
fQj TCP Protocol mu Packets dks Receiving End ij ,df=r dj nsrk gSa rkfd ml
Message dks i<+k tk ldsA
E-mail lqfo/kk esa izR;sd User dks ,d Mail Box feyrk gSa ftlesa mlds ikl
Receving Computer
vkbZ gqbZSending
Mails Computer
,df=r gksrh gSaA

E-mail Client
(Software) or Program

E-mail Client
Receiver

Mail Server of
Sender

Mail Server of
Sender

Internet
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Use TCP/IP for
Sending Mail

E-mail Address: -;fn ge fdlh O;fDr dks E-mail Hkstuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa
mldk E-mail Address Kkr gksuk pkfg,A ijEijkxr Mkd lsok ds foijhr ftlesa
vLi"V irs okys Letters dks Hkh izsf"kr dj fn;k tkrk gSaA Inter user esa iw.kZ
'kq) rFkk Li"V E-mail Address gksuk vfr vko;d gSaA ,d iwjk E-mail Address
nks Hkkxsa ls feydj curk gSaA
(1) User Name
(2) Host Name or Domain Name
igyk Hkkx User ds uke dks crkrk gSa ftls ge Mail Hkstuk pkgrs gSaA nwljk
Hkkx Server ds Domain Name ;k ml Host dks crkrk gSa ftl ij User dk Account
cuk gSaA ;s nksuks Hkkx @ symbol ls foHkkftr fd, tkrs gSaA E-mail Address
dk Format fuEu izdkj dk gksrk gSaA
[email protected]
Mailing List: - Mail Servers lapkj lsok,a yksxks dks Message Hkstus dh vuqefr
nsrh gSa ;g lapkj O;olkf;d Hkh gks ldrk gSa ;g lapkj ,d Topic foks"k ij
dbZ yksxksa ds lkFk Hkh gks ldrk gSaA vyx&2 izdkj ds lapkj ds fy,
fHkUu&2 Server dks mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSaA lk/kkj.kr% E-mail Servers dk
gh mi;ksx vf/kd gksrk gSa ijUrq Particular fo"k; ij dbZ yksxks dks E-mail
Hkstus ds fy, Mailing List ;k List Server dk mi;ksx mfpr gksrk gSaA
List Server Interrupt ij miyC/k ,d Automatic mailing System gSaA ;fn gesa dksbZ
E-mail cgqr lkjs yksxks rd igqapkuk gSa rks Lo;a cgqr lkjs E-mail Address
Use esa ysus dh txg ge viuk ,d foks"k E-mail Address }kjk Mailing List Server
rd igqapk nsrs gSaA ckn esa ml Mailing List Server ij miyC/k ,d foks"k
izksxzke ftls Mail Reflector ;k Mailing List Manager ;k Mail Exploder Hkh dgk
tkrk gSaA ml E-mail dks mu lHkh yksxks rd igqapk nsrk gSa tks ml
Mailing List ds lnL; gSaA bl izdkj ,d Mailing List ds }kjk ge lanskksa dks ,d
lkFk dbZ yksxks esa ckaV ldrs gSaA buds }kjk yksx ds ml lewg dks
Connect fd;k tkrk gSa tks ,d gh fo"k; esa :ph j[krs gSaA
;fn fdlh User dks vius Address ls fdlh Mailing List dks Access djuk gSa ftldk
oLrq dk ; fo; djus Message Hkstrs gSa ;fn x, y bl ij dksbZ Message Hkstrk
gSa rks bl Mailing List ds izR;sd lnL; dks Message dh Copy Hksth tkrh gSaA
bldk Member cuus ds fy, Request djus ds fy, List ds uke ds lkFk tksM+uk
gksxkA rFkk x,y,z dks Sells Mailing List dh Member cuus ds fy, fuEu E-mail
Address ij ,d Mail djuk gksxkA
[email protected]

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Sending & Receiving Mails

E-mail dh lqfo/kk dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, E-mail ID cuk ysuk vko;d gSa Email ID cukus dh Facility fofHkUu Portals ds }kjk miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSaA Email ID cuk nsus ds ckn E-mail Send dj nsus ds fy, ml Portal ij okil tk;sxsa ftl
ij geus E-mail ID cuk;k gSaA ogka ls ge Mail Box esa tkus ds fy, User Name
o Password dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSaA MailBox esa vk tkus ds ipkr~ Mail
Send Hkh dj ldrs gSa rFkk Receive gksus okyh Mail dks Read Hkh fd;k tk
ldrk gSaA Mail dks Send djus ds fy, igys mls Type fd;k tkrk gSa ftls Mail
Compose djuk dgrs gSa blds fy, Compose Screen gekjs lkeus Display gksrh
gSaA Compose Screen esa mifLFkr Text Editor esa Mail Type dh tkrh gSaA Text
Editor ds Header Part esa dqN vU; Information Hkh Fill dh tkrh gSaA
(1) To: - izkIrdkkZ dk AddressA
(2) Subject: - blesa Hksts tkus okyh Mail dk fo"k; Short esa fy[kk tkrk
gSaA
(3) CC (Carbon Copy): -;g lqfo/kk mu E-mail Address ds fy, gksrh gSaA
ftUgsa eq[;k lansk dh dkWih Hkstuk pkgrs gSaA ;gka ij ,d ls vf/kd
E-mail Address dks (,) }kjk foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSa bls dkcZu dkWih
Hkh dgrs gSaA
(4) BCC (Blind Carbon Copy):-;g CC ds leku gh gSa ijUrq bl List esa fy[ks
x, Address dk dksbZ nwljk User ugha ns[k ldrk gSa bls Blind dkcZu
dkWih Hkh dgrs gSaA
Attachment:- ;fn gesa Message ds lkFk dksbZ File Attachment ds :i esa Hkstuh
gSa rks blds fy, Attach Button ij Click djds ml File dks Select fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
Mail Type dj nsus rFkk lHkh Entries dj nsus ds i'pkr~ Send Button ij fDyd dj
fn;k tkrk gSa ftlls Mail izkIrdkkZ ds Mail Box esa igqapk nh tkrh gSaA
Receiving of Mails: - Mails dks pSd djus ds fy, gesa Username rFkk Password
dk iz;ksx djrs gq, vius Mail Box rd igqapuk gksxkA Mail Box dh Screen ij
gesa ,d Inbox uke ls ,d Option feyrk gSa ftl ij Click djds ge Mail Box dks Open
dj ldrs gSa blls gesa Screen ij izkIr gqbZ lHkh Mails dh List izkIr gks tkrh
gSa rFkk ml List esa izR;sd Mail dks Select djds mls Open fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
E-mail Protocols:- fdlh Hkh E-mail dks Hkstus rFkk izkIr djus dh izf;k ds
nkSjku fofHkUu Protocol dk;Zkhy gksrs gSa dqN egRo iw.kZ Protocol fuEu
gSA
(1) SMTP: - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol:- ;g TCP/IP Protocol lewg dk Member
gSaA SMTP ,d Protocol gS tks ;g crkrk gSa fd Computer E-mail dk
vknku&iznku dSls djrs gSaA SMTP ,d Simple Ascii Protocol gS tks E-mail
Message fy[kus ds fy, ascii character Set dk mi;ksx djrk gSaA SMTP esa Mail
dks Source ekhu ls Destination ekhu rd TCP Connect ls Establish djds Hkstk
tkrk gSaA Recipient dk Mail Server vkus okys Connection dks Receive ;k izkIr
djrk gSa vkSj mlls Message ysdj Mail Box esa Mky nsrk gSaA ;fn fdlh
dkj.kok Mail ugha igqap ikrk gSa rks ;s Error Report Message ugha igqapus
ds dkj.k ds lkFk Sender ds ikl Hkst nsrk gSaA
(2) POP: - Post Office Protocol dk mi;ksx Mail Server ds }kjk E-mail Message dks
Mail Box esa Store j[kus rFkk ckn esa mUgsa izkIr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSaA
Mail Server dks dHkh&2 Pop Server Hkh dgk tkrk gSa ;g fuEu dk;Z esa
mi;ksxh gSaA
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(a) Remote Mail esa Login djus ds fy,A

(b) Remote Mail ls Logout djus ds fy,A
(c) Remote Mail Box ls Delete djus ds fy,A
(d) Remote Mail Box ls Mail izkIr djus ds fy,A
Post Office Protocol ds rhu Vrsions gksrs gSaA
(1) Pop
(2) Pop2
(3) Pop3
buesa ls vktdy Pop3 dk iz;ksx vf/kd fd;k tk jgk gSaA
(3) IMAP: - Interactive Message Access Protocol: -;g Protocol mu User dh enn ds
fy, cuk;k x;k gSa ftUgsa fofHkUu izdkj ds Computers ds mi;ksx dh vko;drk
gksrh gSaA tSls%&
jkLrs esa Laptop dhA Office ;k Home esa Workstation ;k Desktop dhA okLro esa
;s Protocol E-mail Server ds fy;s gSa tks vkus okyh lkjh Mail dks ,df=r djds
j[ks ftUgsa fdlh Hkh Computer ls Access fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
(4) MIME: - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension bldk mi;ksx E-mail
Applications }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh File dks Encode ds :i esa Hkstus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSaA ;s Files Text ds vfrfjDr fdlh Hkh izdkj dh gks ldrh gSaA
Message Hkstus okys Computer ij bu Files dks Code djus dh rFkk Receiving
Computer ij decode djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSaA Mail Hkstus dk dk;Z SMTP ds
iz;ksx ls Hkh laHko gSaAysfdu og dsoy Text File Hkstus dk gh dk;Z djrk
gSaA tcfd MIME ds }kjk Photos, Sound File, Video File dks Hkh Hkstk tk ldrk
gSaA
Pop and Web Based E-Mail: - fofHkUu Websites }kjk miyC/k E-mail Web and Pop
(Post Office Protocol) ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA POP ds ek/;e ls Server ds }kjk btktr
nsus ij ge viuk E-mail Server ls Destination Address rd igqapk ldrs gSa ;k vius
Computer System ij Mail izkIr dj ldrs gSaA POP og Protocol gSa tks fd E-mail
dks Download, Upload djus ds mi;ksx esa vkrk gSaA
E-mail lsok lcls igys Hot-mail us 'kq: dh Fkh vkt Hotmail foo dh lcls cM+h
E-mail Sites bl izdkj gSaA (1) www.yahoo.com (2) www.redif.com (3)
www.sify.com
(4) www.indiatimes.com
Free E-Mail Services: -

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