Limits – Indeterminate Forms and L’Hospital’s Rule

0
I. Indeterminate Form of the Type
0

0
We have previously studied limits with the indeterminate form as shown in the
0
following examples:

x2 − 4 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
Example 1: lim = lim = lim ( x + 2 ) = 2 + 2 = 4
x →2 x −2 x →2 x −2 x →2

sin 3 x
Example 2: tan 3 x sin 3 x 1 1
lim = lim cos 3 x = lim ⋅ ⋅ =
x →0 sin 2 x x →0 sin 2 x x →0 1 cos 3 x sin 2 x

3 sin 3x  1  2x  3 3
 lim  lim  lim  = (1)(1)(1) =
2  3 x →0 3 x  x→0 cos 3x  2 x →0 sin 2 x  2 2

sin ∆
[Note: We use the given limit lim = 1 .]
∆→0 ∆

3
8 +h −2 1 1
Example 3: lim = f ′(8) = = . [Note: We use the
h →0 h 3 3 82 12
definition
f ( a + h) − f ( a )
of the derivative f ′( a ) = lim where
h →0 h
f ( x) = 3
x
and a = 8.]

cosx − 1
Example 4: lim
x→π x−π
( 3 ) = − sin(π 3 ) = −
2 = f′π 3
2 . [Note: We use
3 3
the
 f ( x) − f (a)
definition of the derivative f ′(a ) = lim where
x →a x−a
f ( x ) = cos x and a = π .]
3

1
However, there is a general, systematic method for determining limits with the
0
indeterminate form . Suppose that f and g are differentiable functions at x = a
0
f ( x) 0
and that lim is an indeterminate form of the type ; that is,
x→a g ( x) 0

lim f ( x) = 0
x→ a

and lim g ( x) = 0 . Since f and g are differentiable functions at x = a, then f and

x→ a
g

are continuous at x = a; that is, f (a) = lim f ( x) = 0 and g (a) = lim g ( x) =

x→ a x→ a
0.
Furthermore, since f and g are differentiable functions at x = a, then f ′(a ) =
f ( x) − f (a) g ( x) − g (a )
lim and g ′(a ) = lim . Thus, if g ′(a ) ≠ 0 , then
x →a x −a x →a x−a

f ( x) − f (a)
f ( x) f ( x) − f ( a ) x −a f ′( a ) f ′( x )
lim = lim = lim = = lim if
x →a g ( x ) x →a g ( x) − g ( a ) x →a g ( x) − g (a ) g ′(a ) x →a g ′( x )

x −a
f ′ and
g ′ are continuous at x = a. This illustrates a special case of the technique known as
L’Hospital’s Rule.

0
L’Hospital’s Rule for Form
0

Suppose that f and g are differentiable functions on an open interval

containing x = a, except possibly at x = a, and that lim f ( x) = 0 and

x→ a

lim g ( x) = 0 . If lim f ′( x)
g ′( x )
has a finite limit, or if this limit is + ∞ or
x→ a x →a
 f ( x) f ′( x)
− ∞ , then lim = lim . Moreover, this statement is also true
x →a g ( x ) x →a g ′( x )

in the case of a limit as x → a − , x → a + , x → −∞ , or as x → +∞.

In the following examples, we will use the following three-step process:

f ( x) 0
Step 1. Check that the limit of is an indeterminate form of type . If it
g ( x) 0
is not, then L’Hospital’s Rule cannot be used.

f ( x)
Step 2. Differentiate f and g separately. [Note: Do not differentiate
g ( x)
using the quotient rule!]
2
f ′( x )
Step 3. Find the limit of . If this limit is finite, + ∞ , or − ∞ , then it is
g ′( x )
f ( x)
equal to the limit of . If the limit is an indeterminate form of type
g ( x)
0 f ′( x)
, then simplify algebraically and apply L’Hospital’s Rule
0 g ′( x)
again.

x2 − 4 2x
Example 1: lim = lim = 2(2) = 4
x →2 x −2 x →2 1

tan 3 x 3 sec 2 3 x 3(1) 3

Example 2: lim = lim = =
x →0 sin 2 x x →0 2 cos 2 x 2(1) 2

Example 3:
1 −2
(8 + h) 3 (1)
3
8+h −2 1 1 1
lim = lim 3 = lim 2
= 2
=
h →0 h h →0 1 h →0
3(8 + h) 3 3(8) 3 12

cos x − 1
Example 4: lim
x→π x−π
2=
lim
x→ π
− sin x
1
= − sin π = −
3 2
3
( )
3
3 3
 e x − x −1 e x −1 ex 1
Example 5: lim 2
= lim = lim = [Use
x →0 x x →0 2x x →0 2 2
L’Hospital’s Rule
twice.]

Example 6:
1 −2 3 2
x2 = x x = 0 = 0 , or
lim 1
( )
x → + ∞ sin
x
lim
x → + ∞ cos 1( )(
x
= lim
)
− 1 2 x→ + ∞ cos 1
x x
1 ( )
1
x2 = y2 2y 2(0)
lim
x → + ∞ sin 1( )
x
lim
y → 0 + sin y
= lim
y → 0 + cos y
=
1
=0 where

y= 1 .
x

Example 7: lim
x →0
x
= lim x 1
ln x x →0 ln x
( )
= 0(0) = 0 [This limit is not an
indeterminate
0
form of the type , so L’Hospital’s Rule cannot be used.]
0

3
∞
II. Indeterminate Form of the Type
∞

∞
We have previously studied limits with the indeterminate form as shown in the
∞
following examples:

3x 2 5x 7
+ −
3x 2 + 5 x − 7 x 2
x2
x2 =
Example 1: lim = lim
2 2
x →+∞ 2 x − 3x + 1 x →+∞ 2 x 3x 1
− +
x2 x2 x2

5 7
3+ −
x x2 3+0 −0 3
lim = lim =
3
x →+∞ 2 − + 1 x →+∞ 2 − 0 + 0 2
x x2
 3x3 1 1
− −
3x − 1 x x = 2 2
x x2 0 − 0 0
Example 2: lim 2 = lim 2 lim = = =0
x → −∞ x + 1 x →−∞ x 1 x → −∞ 1 1+ 0 1
+ 1+
x2 x2 x2

3x 3 4 4
3 − 3−
3x − 4 x 3
x = 3
x3 3−0 3
Example 3: lim = lim lim 2 1 = = ⇒
x →∞ 2 x
2
+1 x →∞ 2 x
2
1 x →∞ + 0+0 0
+
x3 x3 x x3
limit does not exist.

4 x 2 +1 4 x 2 +1
4 x 2 +1 x − x2
Example 4: lim = lim = lim
x →−
∞ x +1 x →−∞ x +1 x +1
x →−
∞
x x
( x 2 = −x

4 x 2 +1
−
because x < 0 and thus x =− x2 )= x2
lim =
x →−∞ x +1
x

4
1
− 4+
x2 − 4
lim = = −2 .
x →−∞ 1 1
1+
x2

However, we could use another version of L’Hospital’s Rule.

∞
L’Hospital’s Rule for Form
∞

Suppose that f and g are differentiable functions on an open interval

containing x = a, except possibly at x = a, and that lim f ( x) = ∞ and

x→ a

lim g ( x) = ∞ . If lim f ′( x)
g ′( x )
has a finite limit, or if this limit is + ∞ or
x→ a x →a
 f ( x) f ′( x)
− ∞ , then lim = lim . Moreover, this statement is also true
x →a g ( x ) x →a g ′( x )

in the case of a limit as x → a − , x → a + , x → −∞ , or as x → +∞.

3x 2 + 5x − 7 6x + 5 6 3
Example 1: lim = lim = lim =
x →+∞ 2 x − 3 x + 1 x →+∞ 4 x − 3
2
x →+∞ 4 2

3x − 1 3 3 1 3
Example 2: lim = lim = lim = ( 0) = 0
x →−∞ x 2 + 1 x →−∞ 2 x 2 x→−∞ x 2

3x 3 − 4 9x 2 18 x
Example 3: lim = lim = lim =∞
x →∞ 2 x +1
2
x →∞ 4 x x →∞ 4

8x
Example 4: 4 x +1
2
2 4 x 2 +1 4x
lim∞ = lim = lim ⇒
x →− x +1 x →−
∞ 1 x →−
∞ 4 x 2 +1
L’Hospital’s
Rule does not help in this situation. We would find the limit as we
did previously.

Example 5:
2x
ln( x +1)
2
x 2
+ 1 2 x ( x 3 +1) 2x 4 + 2x
lim = lim = lim = lim
x →+∞ 3 x ( x + 1)
2 =
x →+∞ ln( x + 1) x →+∞ 3 x + 3 x
3
x →+∞ 3x 2 2 2 4

x 3 +1
8x 3 + 2 24 x 2 48 x 48 2
lim = lim = lim = =
x →+∞ 12 x + 6 x x →+∞ 36 x + 6
3 2
x →+∞ 72 x 72 3

1
ln x x x3 x2 02
Example 6: lim+ 1 = lim+ − 2 = lim+ − 2 x = lim+ − 2 = − 2 = 0
x→ 0 x→ 0 x→0 x→0
x2 x3
 arctan x  1 π 
Example 7: lim =  lim  lim arctan x  = (0)  = 0 [This
x → +∞ x  x →+∞ x  x→+∞  2
limit is
∞
not an indeterminate form of the type , so L’Hospital’s Rule
∞
cannot be used.]

III. Indeterminate Form of the Type 0 ⋅ ∞

Indeterminate forms of the type 0 ⋅ ∞ can sometimes be evaluated by rewriting the

product as a quotient, and then applying L’Hospital’s Rule for the indeterminate
0 ∞
forms of type or .
0 ∞

Example 1:
1
ln x x − x2
lim+ x ln x = lim+ 1 = lim+ − 1 = lim+ x = lim+ (− x) = 0
x →0 x →0 x →0 x →0 x →0
x x2
Example 2:
1
ln x x − sin x tan x
lim+ (sin x) ln x = lim+ csc x = lim+ − csc x cot x = lim+ x
=
x→0 x→0 x→0 x→0

 − sin x  
 lim+  lim+ tan x  = (−1)(0) = 0
 x→0 x  x →0 

( )
x sin 1 = lim
( x) =
sin 1 sin y
y= 1
Example 3: lim
x→ + ∞ x x→ + ∞ 1 lim y = 1 [Let
+ x
y→0
x
.]

6
IV. Indeterminate Form of the Type ∞−∞
A limit problem that leads to one of the expressions

(+
∞) −( +
∞) , ( −
∞ ) −( −
∞ ) , (+
∞) +( −
∞), (−
∞ ) +( +
∞)

is called an indeterminate form of type ∞−∞. Such limits are indeterminate

 because the two terms exert conflicting influences on the expression; one pushes
it in the positive direction and the other pushes it in the negative direction. However,
limits problems that lead to one the expressions

(+
∞) +( +
∞) , ( +
∞) −( −
∞ ) , (−
∞ ) +( −
∞ ) , (−
∞ ) −( +
∞)

are not indeterminate, since the two terms work together (the first two produce a
limit of + ∞ and the last two produce a limit of − ∞ ). Indeterminate forms of the
type ∞ − ∞ can sometimes be evaluated by combining the terms and manipulating
0 ∞
the result to produce an indeterminate form of type or .
0 ∞

 1  1   sin x − x cos x − 1
Example 1: lim  x − sin x  = lim  x sin x  = lim x cos x + sin x =
x →0  +
 x →0  +
 x →0 +

− sin x 0
lim = =0
x→ 0+ − x sin x + cos x + cos x 2

Example 2: lim [ ln(1 − cos x ) − ln ( x 2 )] = lim ln 

  1 − cos x 
2  =
x →0 x →0   x 
  1 − cos x    sin x  1
ln lim  2  = ln lim   = ln  
 x →0  x   x →0  2 x  2

V. Indeterminate Forms of the Types 0 0 , ∞0 , 1∞

Limits of the form lim [ f ( x )] g ( x) or g ( x) 

 lim [ f ( x)]  frequently give rise
x→a  x →∞ 
to
indeterminate forms of the types 0 0 , ∞0 , 1∞ . These indeterminate forms can
sometimes be evaluated as follows:

(1) y = [ f ( x)] g ( x )
(2) ln y = ln [ f ( x)] g ( x ) = g ( x) ln [ f ( x)]

(3) lim [ ln y ] = lim{ g ( x) ln[ f ( x)]}

x→ a x→ a
7
The limit on the righthand side of the equation will usually be an
indeterminate limit of the type 0 ⋅ ∞ . Evaluate this limit using the

technique previously described. Assume that lim { g ( x) ln[ f ( x)]}

x→ a
= L.
 (4) Finally, lim [ ln y ] = L ⇒ ln lim y  = L ⇒ lim y = e L .
x→ a  x→ a  x→ a

x
Example 1: Find lim x .
x →0 +

This is an indeterminate form of the type 0 0 . Let y = x x ⇒ ln y = ln x x =

x ln x .
1
ln x
lim+ ln y = lim+ x ln x = lim+ 1 = lim+ − 1 = lim+ ( − x ) = 0.
x
x →0 x →0 x →0 x →0 x →0
x x2
lim x = e = 1 .
x 0
Thus,
x→ 0+

−2
Example 2: Find lim (e x + 1) x
.
x →+∞

−2
This is an indeterminate form of the type ∞0 . Let y = (e x + 1) x
⇒
− 2 ln(e + 1) x
ln y = ln (e x + 1) x  =
−2
.
  x
− 2 ln( e x +1)
lim ln y = lim =
x →+∞ x →+∞ x
 ex 
− 2  e x +1 

 = − 2e x − 2e x . Thus,
lim lim = lim = −2
x →+∞ e + 1
x
x →+∞ 1 x →+∞ ex
−2
lim (e + 1)
x x
=
x →+∞

e −2 .

lim ( cos x )
1
x
Example 3: Find .
+
x→0

1
This is an indeterminate form of the type 1∞ . Let y = (cosx) ⇒ x

ln(cosx) ln(cos x )
ln y = ln  (cos x) x  =
1
. lim ln y = lim =
  x x →0 + x →0 + x
 lim( − tan x ) = 0 . Thus, lim ( cos x )
1
x
+
= e 0 = 1.
x→ 0 x→ 0 +

Practice Sheet for L’Hospital’s Rule

xe 3 x − x
(1) lim =
x →0 1 −cos( 2 x )

x
(2) lim =
x →+∞ (ln x) 3

2
(3) lim [ln(1 − cos x) − ln( x )] =
x →0

3x
 2
(4) lim 1 − x  =
x →+∞  

1 
cos   −1
x =
(5) lim
x →+∞ cos  2  −1
 
x

1−x − 1−x2
(6) lim =
x →0 x

1
2
(7) lim (cos x ) x =
x →0

5x 4 − 7 x 3 + x 2 − x + 2
(8) lim =
4
x →1 3 x − 8 x 3 + 6 x 2 −1

9 − 81 − 5 x
(9) lim =
x →0 x
 ( )=
ln x 3 + 2
x →+∞ ln (5 x −1)
(10) lim 3

(11) lim (e x + 1)−2 x =

x → +∞

9
sin( 4 x) − 2 sin( 2 x)
(12) lim =
x →0 x3

 1 1
(13) lim  − =
x →0 sin x x

 1x 
(14) lim  e − 1 =
x
x → +∞  

3
(15) lim+ x ln x =
x→ 0

 2 x +1 
ln  
(16)  5 x +1  =
lim
x →0 x

x
(17)  e 2
lim 1 + x  =
x →+∞  

arctan(sin 3 x)
(18) lim =
x →0 x

∫ sin (t )dt
x
2
(19)
lim
0
=
x →0 + x3

2x
(
(20) lim e + x x = )1
x →0

arctan x
(21) lim =
x → +∞ x
 arctan(sin (3 x))
(22) lim =
x →0 arcsin( 2 tan x )

ln(cos x )
(23) lim =
x →0 x2

10
x
 1
(24) lim 1 + 2 x  =
x →+∞  

1
x =
(25) lim (ln x)
x →+∞

(26) (
x
lim ln(e + 1) − x = )
x → +∞

Solution Key for L’Hospital’s Rule

xe 3 x − x 3 xe 3 x + e 3 x −1 9 xe 3 x + 3e 3 x + 3e 3 x 6 3
(1) lim = lim = lim = =
x →0 1 − cos( 2 x ) x →0 2 sin 2 x x →0 4 cos 2 x 4 2

(2)
x 1 x 1 x
lim
x→ + ∞ (ln x) 3
= lim
x → + ∞ 3(ln x ) 1
2
( x) = lim
x→ + ∞ 3(ln x) 2
= lim
( x)
x → + ∞ 6 ln x 1
= lim
x→ + ∞ 6 ln x
=

1 x
lim
x → +∞ 61( x) = lim
x → +∞ 6
= +∞

 1 − cos x    1 − cos x 
(3) lim [ln(1 − cos x) − ln( x 2 )] = lim ln  2  = ln lim  2  =
x →0 x →0  x   x →0  x 
  sin x  1
ln lim   = ln  = − ln 2
 x→0  2 x  2
 3x
1  2
= lim (1 − 2 y ) z = (1 − 2 y)
3 3
(4) Let y =
x
⇒ lim 1 −  y . Now, let y ⇒ ln z =
x →+∞  x y →0 +

−6
3 ln (1 − 2 y ) 3 ln(1 − 2 y ) 1−2y .
ln (1 − 2 y )
3
y = ⇒ lim ln z = lim = lim = −6
y y →0 + y →0 + y y →0 + 1
Thus,
 −6 
lim ln z = −6 ⇒ ln lim z  = −6 ⇒ lim z = e ⇒
y →0+  y →0+  y →0+
3x
 2
= lim (1 − 2 y )
3
lim 1 −  y =
x →+∞  x y →0 +

−6
lim z = e .
y → 0+

11
1 
cos   −1
1 x cos( y ) −1 − sin( y )
(5) Let y = ⇒ lim = lim = lim =
x x →+∞ 2  y →0 + cos( 2 y ) −1 y →0 + − 2 sin( 2 y )
cos   −1
x
sin y 1 1
lim 4 sin y cos y = lim 4 cos y = 4 .
+ +
y →0 y →0

1− x − 1− x2 1− x − 1− x2 1− x + 1− x2
(6) lim = lim ⋅ =
x →0 x x →0 x 1− x + 1− x2

(1 − x ) − (1 − x 2 ) x2 − x x −1 1
lim
x →0 (
x 1− x + 1− x 2
) = lim
x →0 (
x 1− x + 1− x 2
) = lim
x →0 1− x + 1− x 2
=−
2
.

(7) Let
1 1 ln(cosx) ln(cosx)
y = (cosx) x2
⇒ ln y = ln(cosx) x2
= ⇒ lim ( ln y ) = lim =
x2 x→ 0 x→ 0 x2
− sin x
cos x = − sin x  sin x  −1  1 . Thus,
lim lim = lim   =−
x →0 2x x →0 2 x cos x x →0  x  2 cos x  2
1
lim ( ln y ) = − ⇒
x →0 2
 1
ln lim y  = − ⇒ lim y = e 2 ⇒ lim (cos x) x = lim y = e 2 .
−1 1 −1
2

 x→ 0  2 x→ 0 x→0 x→0

(8)
5x 4 − 7 x 3 + x 2 − x + 2 20 x 3 − 21x 2 + 2 x − 1 60 x 2 − 42 x + 2
lim = lim = lim =
x →1 3x 4 − 8 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 1 x →1 12 x − 24 x + 12 x
3 2
x →1 36 x − 48 x + 12
2

20
⇒ limit does not exist.
0

9 − 81 − 5 x 9 − 81 − 5 x 9 + 81 − 5 x 81 − (81 − 5 x)
= lim ⋅ = lim =
(9) lim
x →0 x x →0 x 9 + 81 − 5 x x →0 x 9 + 81 − 5 x ( )
5x 5 5
= lim =
lim
x →0 (
x 9 + 81 − 5 x ) x →0 9 + 81 − 5 x 18
.

3x 2
(10) lim
(
ln x 3 + 2
=
)
x3 + 2 = 3(5 x 3 −1)
=
15 x 3 − 3
=1
lim lim lim
x →+∞ ln 5 x −1
3
( x →+∞ 15 x
2
)x →+∞ 15 ( x + 2)
3
x →+∞ 15 x + 30
3

5 x 3 −1

12
− 2 ln(e x + 1)
(11) Let y = e + 1 ( x
) −2
x
(
⇒ ln y = ln e + 1 x
) −2
x
=
x
⇒ lim ln y =
x→ + ∞

− 2e x
− 2 ln( e x + 1) e x +1 = − 2e x − 2e x . Thus,
lim = lim lim = lim = −2
x →+∞ e + 1
x
x →+∞ x x →+∞ 1 x →+∞ ex
lim ln y =
x→ + ∞

− 2 ⇒ ln lim y  = − 2 ⇒ lim y = e − 2 ⇒

 x→ + ∞  x→ + ∞
lim
x→ + ∞
( e x + 1)
−2
x
= lim y = e − 2 .
x→ + ∞

(12)
sin( 4 x) − 2 sin( 2 x) 4 cos( 4 x) − 4 cos( 2 x) − 16 sin( 4 x) + 8 sin( 2 x)
lim 3
= lim 2
= lim =
x →0 x x →0 3x x →0 6x

− 64 cos(4 x ) + 16 cos(2 x) − 48
lim = = −8 .
x→0 6 6
  1 1  x − sin x  1 − cos x
(13) lim  −  = lim   = lim =
x →0  sin x x  x →0  x sin x  x →0 x cos x + sin x

sin x 0
lim = = 0.
x→ 0 − x sin x + cos x + cos x 2

x  e x − 1 =
1 e x −1
= lim
1
e
1
x
(− 1 x ) = 2 1
= e 0 = 1.
(14) lim
x→ + ∞  
lim
x→ + ∞ 1 x→ + ∞ −1 lim e
x→ + ∞
x

x x2
(15)
1 4
ln x x − 3x 3
lim x ln x = lim = lim = lim = lim (− 3 3 x ) = 0.
3
−1 −4 x
x→ 0+ x→ 0+ x 3 x→ 0+ −1 x 3 x→ 0+ x→ 0+
3
(16)
 2 x +1   5 x +1  2(5 x +1) − 5( 2 x +1) 
ln    
 

 5 x +1  =  2 x +1  (5 x +1) 2 = −3
lim lim lim = −3
x →0 x x →0 1 x →0 ( 2 x + 1)( 5 x + 1)

x
1  e 2
= lim ( 1 + ey )
1
(17) Let y = ⇒ lim 1 +  2y . Next, let
x x →+∞  x y →0 +

z = ( 1+ ey)
1
2y ⇒ ln z =
e
ln(1 + ey ) ln(1 + ey ) 1 + ey e.
ln ( 1 + ey ) 12 y = ⇒ lim ln z = lim = lim =
2y y →0 + y →0 + 2y y →0 + 2 2
Thus,

13
e   e e
lim ln z = ⇒ ln lim z  = ⇒ lim z = e 2 ⇒
y →0+ 2  y →0  2 y →0 + +

x
 e 2
= lim ( 1 + ey )
1
lim 1 +  2y =
x →+∞  x y →0 +
 lim z = e
e
2
. y = e2x + x ( ) 1
x
⇒ ln y = ln e + x ( 2x
) 1
x
=
( )
ln e 2 x + x
⇒ limln y =
y →0 + x x→ 0

3 cos 3 x
arctan(sin 3 x )
= lim 1 + sin 3 x = 3
(18) 2 .
lim
x →0 x x →0 1

∫ sin (t ) dt
x
2
(19) sin( x 2 ) 2 x cos( x 2 ) cos( x 2 ) 1 .
lim
0
= lim = lim+ = lim+ 3 = 3
x →0 + x3 x →0 + 3x 2 x →0 6x x →0

(
(20) Let y = e 2 x + x ) 1
x
⇒ ln y = ln e 2 x + x ( ) 1
x
=
(
ln e 2 x + x
⇒ limln y =
)
x x→ 0

2e 2 x + 1
(
ln e 2 x + x
=
)
e 2 x + x = 3 . Thus
lim lim
x →0 x x →0 1

ln y = 3 ⇒ ln lim y  = 3 ⇒  
lim
x→ 0 x→ 0  

y = e 3 ⇒ lim ( e 2 x + x ) x = lim y = e 3 .
1
lim
x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0

π
arctanx
(21)
lim = 2 = 0.
x→ + ∞ x +∞
3 cos 3 x
3
arctan(sin (3x)) 1 + sin 2 3 x 3
(22) lim = lim = 1 = .
x →0 arcsin( 2 tan x ) x →0 2 sec 2 x 2 2
1
1 − 4 tan 2 x

− sin x
(23) ln(cos x )  sin x  −1  1.
lim 2
= lim cos x = lim   =−
x →0 x x →0 2x x →0  x  2 cos x  2

x 1 1
1  1   1  y
 1  y
(24) Let y = ⇒ lim 1 +  = lim+ 1 + y  . Let z = 1 + y  ⇒ ln z =
x x →+∞  2x  y →0  2   2 
 14

1
 1   1  2
1 ln 1 + y  ln 1 + y  1+ 1 y 1
 1  y
 2   2  2 = .
ln 1 + y  = ⇒ lim ln z = lim = lim
 2  y y → 0+ y → 0+ y y → 0+ 1 2

1   1 1 x

Thus, lim ln z = ⇒ ln lim z  = ⇒ lim z = e 2 ⇒ lim 1 + 1  =

y → 0+ 2  y → 0+  2 y → 0+ x →+∞  2x 

1
 1  y 1
lim+ 1 + y  = lim z = e 2
.
y →0  2  y →0 +

1 1 ln(ln x) ln(ln x)
(25) Let y = (ln x) x
⇒ ln y = ln(ln x) x
= ⇒ lim ln y = lim =
x x→ + ∞ x→ + ∞ x

1
x ln x = 1 . Thus,
lim lim =0
x →+∞ 1 x →+∞ x ln x

 
lim ln y = 0 ⇒ ln xlim y  = 0 ⇒ lim y =
x→ + ∞ →+ ∞  x→ + ∞ 
1
e0 = 1 ⇒ lim (ln x) x = lim y = 1 .
x → +∞ x → +∞

  e x +1 
lim (ln( e +1) − x ) = lim ( ln (e x +1) − ln e x ) = lim   
 ln  e x  =
x
(26)
x →+∞ x →+∞ x →+∞
  

  e x +1    ex 
ln  lim  x   = ln  lim  x   = ln 1 = 0 .

 x →+∞  e    x →+∞  e 
15