Spiceland SM 7ech06
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Chapter 6
Question 6-2
Compound interest includes interest not only on the original invested amount but also on the
accumulated interest from previous periods.
Question 6-3
If interest is compounded more frequently than once a year, the effective rate or yield will be
higher than the annual stated rate.
Question 6-4
The three items of information necessary to compute the future value of a single amount are
the original invested amount, the interest rate (i) and the number of compounding periods (n).
Question 6-5
The present value of a single amount is the amount of money today that is equivalent to a given
amount to be received or paid in the future.
Question 6-6
Monetary assets and monetary liabilities represent cash or fixed claims/commitments to
receive/pay cash in the future and are valued at the present value of these fixed cash flows. All other
assets and liabilities are nonmonetary.
Question 6-7
An annuity is a series of equal-sized cash flows occurring over equal intervals of time.
Question 6-8
An ordinary annuity exists when the cash flows occur at the end of each period. In an annuity
due the cash flows occur at the beginning of each period.
Question 6-9
Table 2 lists the present value of $1 factors for various time periods and interest rates. The
factors in Table 4 are simply the summation of the individual PV of $1 factors from Table 2.
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
___________________________________________
$200
$200
$200
n = 4, i = 10%
$200
Question 6-11
Present
Value
?
0
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
___________________________________________
$200
$200
$200
$200
n = 4, i = 10%
Question 6-12
A deferred annuity exists when the first cash flow occurs more than one period after the date
the agreement begins.
Question 6-13
The formula for computing present value of an ordinary annuity incorporating the ordinary
annuity factors from Table 4 is:
PVA = Annuity amount x Ordinary annuity factor
Solving for the annuity amount,
PVA
Annuity amount =
Ordinary annuity factor
The annuity factor can be obtained from Table 4 at the intersection of the 8% column and 5
period row.
Question 6-14
Annuity amount =
Annuity amount =
$500
3.99271
$125.23
BRIEF EXERCISES
Brief Exercise 6-1
Fran should choose the second investment opportunity. More rapid compounding
has the effect of increasing the actual rate, which is called the effective rate, at which
money grows per year. For the second opportunity, there are four, three-month
periods paying interest at 2% (one-quarter of the annual rate). $10,000 invested will
grow to $10,824 ($10,000 x 1.0824*). The effective annual interest rate, often referred
to as the annual yield, is 8.24% ($824 $10,000), compared to just 8% for the first
opportunity.
* Future value of $1: n=4, i=2% (from Table 1)
$26,600 = 1.33*
$20,000
= $13,200 = .825*
$16,000
= $500 (12.6825* )
= $6,341
= $500 (12.8093* )
= $6,405
= $10,000 (4.10020* )
= $41,000 approximately
= $10,000 (4.38721*)
= $43,872
4.10020*
$41,002
PV
= $41,002
.87344*
$35,813
Or alternatively:
From Table 4,
PVA factor, n=7, i=7%
PVA factor, n=2, i=7%
= PV factor for deferred annuity
PV
=
=
=
5.38929
1.80802
3.58127
$100,000
6.71008*
= $14,903 = Payment
$100,000,000 x 6% = $6,000,000
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=30, i=7% (from Table 4)
** Present value of $1: n=30, i=7% (from Table 2)
EXERCISES
Exercise 6-1
1. FV = $15,000 (2.01220* ) = $30,183
* Future value of $1: n=12, i=6% (from Table 1)
Exercise 6-2
1. PV = $20,000 (.50835* ) = $10,167
* Present value of $1: n=10, i=7% (from Table 2)
Exercise 6-3
First payment:
Second payment
Third payment
Fourth payment
Payment
$5,000
6,000
8,000
9,000
Total
x
x
x
x
PV of $1
i=8%
.92593
.85734
.73503
.63017
=
=
=
=
PV
$ 4,630
5,144
5,880
5,672
$21,326
n
1
2
4
6
Exercise 6-4
1. FV = $10,000 (2.65330* ) = $26,533
* Future value of $1: n=20, i=5% (from Table 1)
Exercise 6-5
1.
FVA
2.
3.
First deposit:
Second deposit
Third deposit
Fourth deposit
4.
Deposit
$2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
Total
x
x
x
x
FV of $1
i=3%
1.60471
1.42576
1.26677
1.12551
=
=
=
=
FV
$ 3,209
2,852
2,534
2,251
$10,846
n
16
12
8
4
$2,000 x 4 = $8,000
Exercise 6-6
1.
PVA
= $5,000 (3.60478* )
= $18,024
2.
= $20,187
3.
Payment
$5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
Total
First payment:
Second payment
Third payment
Fourth payment
Fifth payment
x
x
x
x
x
PV of $1
i = 3%
.88849
.78941
.70138
.62317
.55368
=
=
=
=
=
PV
$ 4,442
3,947
3,507
3,116
2,768
$17,780
n
4
8
12
16
20
Exercise 6-7
1.
2.
$36,289
$65,000
.55829*
3.
$15,884
$40,000
.3971*
4.
$46,651 =
$100,000
.46651*
5.
Exercise 6-8
1.
2.
$242,980 =
$75,000
3.2397*
3.
$161,214 =
$20,000
8.0607*
4.
$500,000 =
$80,518
6.20979*
5.
$250,000 =
3.16987*
$78,868
Exercise 6-9
Requirement 1
Requirement 2
Annuity amount = $100,000
5.8666*
* Future value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=5, i=8% (from Table 3)
Annuity amount
= $17,046
Requirement 3
Annuity amount = $100,000
6.3359*
* Future value of an annuity due of $1: n=5, i=8% (from Table 5)
Exercise 6-10
1. Choose the option with the highest present value.
(1) PV = $64,000
(2) PV = $20,000 + $8,000 (4.91732* )
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=6, i=6% (from Table 4)
Exercise 6-11
PV = $85,000 (.82645* ) = $70,248 = Note/revenue
* Present value of $1: n=2, i=10% (from Table 2)
Exercise 6-12
Annuity = $20,000 5,000 = $670 = Payment
22.39646*
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=30, i=2% (from Table 4)
Exercise 6-13
PVA factor = $100,000 = 7.46938*
$13,388
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=20, i=? (from Table 4, i =
approximately 12%)
Exercise 6-14
Annuity =
16.35143*
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=20, i=2% (from Table 4)
5 years x 4 quarters = 20 periods
8% 4 quarters = 2%
Exercise 6-15
PV = $12,000,0001 (17.15909* ) + 300,000,000 (.14205** )
PV = $205,909,080 + 42,615,000 = $248,524,080 = price of the bonds
1
$300,000,000 x 4 % = $12,000,000
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=40, i=5% (from Table 4)
** Present value of $1: n=40, i=5% (from Table 2)
Exercise 6-16
PVA = $5,000
4.35526*
$21,776
PV
= $21,776
.82645*
$17,997
Or alternatively:
From Table 4,
PVA factor, n=8, i=10%
PVA factor, n=2, i=10%
= PV factor for deferred annuity
PV
=
=
=
5.33493
1.73554
3.59939
Exercise 6-17
PV
PV
$1,200 =
.90573*
.90573*
1,200
$1,325
PVA =
14.99203*
$1,325
annuity amount
PVA =
$1,325
=
*
14.99203
$88
Payment
Exercise 6-18
Requirement 1
PVA = $400,000 (10.59401* ) = $4,237,604 = Liability
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=20, i=7% (from Table 4)
Requirement 2
PVAD = $400,000 (11.33560* ) = $4,534,240 = Liability
* Present value of an annuity due of $1: n=20, i=7% (from Table 6)
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007
6-14
Exercise 6-19
List A
e
1. Interest
2. Monetary asset
3. Compound interest
i
k
4. Simple interest
5. Annuity
c
d
a
h
g
List B
a. First cash flow occurs one period after agreement
begins.
b. The rate at which money will actually grow during a
year.
c. First cash flow occurs on the first day of the
agreement.
d. The amount of money that a dollar will grow to.
e. Amount of money paid/received in excess of amount
borrowed/lent.
f. Obligation to pay a sum of cash, the amount of
which is fixed.
g. Money can be invested today and grow to a larger
amount.
h. No fixed dollar amount attached.
i. Computed by multiplying an invested amount by the
interest rate.
j. Interest calculated on invested amount plus
accumulated interest.
k. A series of equal-sized cash flows.
l. Amount of money required today that is equivalent to
a given future amount.
m. Claim to receive a fixed amount of money.
Exercise 6-20
1. a. An annuity is a series of cash flows or other economic benefits occurring at
fixed intervals, ordinarily as a result of an investment. Present value is the
value at a specified time of an amount or amounts to be paid or received later,
discounted at some interest rate. In an annuity due, the payments occur at the
beginning, rather than at the end, of the periods. Thus, the present value of an
annuity due includes the initial payment at its undiscounted amount. This lease
should be evaluated using the present value of an annuity due.
2. d. Both future value tables will be used because the $75,000 already in the account
will be multiplied times the future value factor of 1.26 to determine the amount
3 years hence, or $94,500. The three payments of $4,000 represent an ordinary
annuity. Multiplying the three-period annuity factor (3.25) by the payment
amount ($4,000) results in a future value of the annuity of $13,000. Adding the
two elements together produces a total account balance of $107,500.
PROBLEMS
Problem 6-1
Choose the option with the lowest present value of cash outflows, net of the
present value of any cash inflows (Cash outflows are shown as negative amounts; cash
inflows as positive amounts).
Machine A:
PV = $48,000 1,000 (6.71008* ) + 5,000 (.46319** )
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=10, i=8% (from Table 4)
** Present value of $1: n=10, i=8% (from Table 2)
n=3
n=6
n=8
Problem 6-2
1. PV = $10,000 + 8,000 (3.79079* ) = $40,326 = Equipment
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=5, i=10% (from Table 4)
Problem 6-3
Choose the option with the lowest present value of cash payments.
1. PV = $1,000,000
2. PV = $420,000 + 80,000 (6.71008* ) = $956,806
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=10, i=8% (from Table 4)
Problem 6-4
The restaurant should be purchased if the present value of the future cash
flows discounted at 10% rate is greater than $800,000.
PV = $80,000 (4.35526* ) + 70,000 (.51316** ) + 60,000 (.46651**)
n=8
n=7
n=10
n=10
Since the PV is less than $800,000, the restaurant should not be purchased.
Problem 6-5
The maximum amount that should be paid for the store is the present value of the
estimated cash flows.
Years 1-5:
PVA = $70,000
3.99271* =
$279,490
Years 6-10:
PVA = $70,000
3.79079* =
$265,355
PV
= $265,355
.68058*
$180,595
$395,515
Years 11-20:
PVA = $70,000
5.65022*
PV
= $395,515
.62092*
$245,583
$167,139
PV
= $245,583
.68058*
= $400,000
$54,424
$681,648
Problem 6-6
1.
PV of $1 factor = $30,000 = .5000*
$60,000
* Present value of $1: n=? , i=8% (from Table 2, n = approximately 9 years)
2.
Annuity factor =
PVA
Annuity amount
3.
PVA
Annuity amount = Annuity factor
Annuity amount = $10,000 =
6.41766*
$1,558
Payment
Problem 6-7
Requirement 1
PVA
Annuity amount = Annuity factor
Annuity amount = $250,000 = $78,868 = Payment
3.16987*
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=4, i=10% (from Table 4)
Requirement 2
PVA
Annuity amount = Annuity factor
Annuity amount = $250,000 = $62,614 = Payment
3.99271*
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=5, i=8% (from Table 4)
Requirement 3
PVA
Annuity factor = Annuity amount
Annuity factor = $250,000 = 4.86845*
$51,351
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=? , i= 10% (from Table 4, n = approximately 7
payments)
Requirement 4
PVA
Annuity factor = Annuity amount
Annuity factor = $250,000 = 2.40184*
$104,087
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n= 3, i= ? (from Table 4, i = approximately
12%)
Problem 6-8
Requirement 1
Present value of payments 4-6:
PVA = $40,000
2.48685*
$99,474
PV
= $99,474
.75131*
$74,736
2.48685* )
From Table 4,
PVA factor, n=6, i=10%
PVA factor, n=3 i=10%
= PV factor for deferred annuity
= 4.35526
= 2.48685
= 1.86841**
Requirement 2
$136,907 x 10% = $13,691 = Interest in the year 2006
Problem 6-9
Choose the alternative with the highest present value.
Alternative 1:
PV = $180,000
Alternative 2:
PV = PVAD = $16,000 (11.33560* ) = $181,370
* Present value of an annuity due of $1: n=20, i=7% (from Table 6)
Alternative 3:
PVA = $50,000
7.02358*
$351,179
PV
= $351,179
.54393*
$191,017
$191,019
(difference due to rounding)
From Table 4,
PVA factor, n=19, i=7%
PVA factor, n=9, i=7%
= PV factor for deferred annuity
= 10.33560
= 6.51523
= 3.82037*
= 11.33560
= 7.51523
= 3.82037*
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007
6-23
Problem 6-10
PV = $20,000 (3.79079* ) + 100,000 (.62092** ) = $137,908
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=5, i=10% (from Table 4)
** Present value of $1: n=5, i=10% (from Table 2)
Problem 6-11
Requirement 1
PVAD = Annuity amount x Annuity factor
Annuity amount =
PVAD
Annuity factor
PVAD PV of residual
Annuity factor
PV of residual = $50,000
.46319*
$23,160
Problem 6-12
Requirement 1
PVA = Annuity amount x Annuity factor
Annuity amount =
PVA
Annuity factor
Problem 6-13
Choose the option with the lowest present value of cash outflows, net of the
present value of any cash inflows. (Cash outflows are shown as negative amounts;
cash inflows as positive amounts)
1. Buy option:
PV = - $160,000 - 5,000 (5.65022* ) + 10,000 (.32197** )
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=10, i=12% (from Table 4)
** Present value of $1: n=10, i=12% (from Table 2)
Problem 6-14
Requirement 1
Tinkers:
PVA = $20,000
7.19087*
$143,817
PV
= $143,817
.81162*
$116,725
$179,772
Evers:
PVA = $25,000
7.19087*
PV
= $179,772
.73119*
$131,447
$215,726
Chance:
PVA = $30,000
7.19087*
PV
= $215,726
.65873*
$142,105
Or, alternatively:
Deferred annuity factors:
Employee
Tinkers
Evers
Chance
=
=
=
=
Deferred annuity
factor
5.83627
5.25791
4.73684
PV as of 12/31/06
Tinkers
Evers
Chance
$116,725
131,448
142,105
FV of $1 factor,
n=3, i=11%
x
1.36763
x
1.36763
x
1.36763
Total present value
PV as of 12/31/09
=
=
=
$159,637
179,772
194,347
$533,756
FVAD
Annuity factor
$143,881
CASES
Analysis Case 6-1
The settlement was determined by calculating the present value of lost future
income ($200,000 per year)1 discounted at a rate which is expected to approximate the
time value of money. In this case, the discount rate, i, apparently is 7% and the
number of periods, n, is 25 (the number of years to Johns retirement). Johns
settlement was calculated as follows:
$200,000
annuity
amount
11.65358*
$2,330,716
1In the actual case, Johns present salary was increased by 3% per year to reflect future salary increases.
Alternative 3:
PVA
= $22,000
2.67301*
$58,806
PV
$58,806
.89000*
$52,337
= $52,337
From Table 4,
PVA factor, n=5, i=6%
PVA factor, n=2, i=6%
= PV factor for deferred annuity
=
=
=
4.21236
1.83339
2.37897*
=
=
=
5.21236
2.83339
2.37897*
______
10 Correct conclusion.
____
______ 65 points
Writing (35%)
______ 5 Proper letter format.
______
______
______
12 English
_____ Sentences grammatically clear and well organized,
concise.
_____ Word selection.
_____ Spelling.
_____ Grammar and punctuation.
____
______ 35 points
$150,000
(100,000)
$ 50,000
The new machine should be purchased if the present value of the savings in
operating costs of $8,000 ($18,000 - 10,000) plus the present value of the salvage
value of the new machine exceeds $50,000.
PV = ($8,000 x 3.99271* ) + ($25,000 x .68058** )
PV = $31,942 + 17,015
PV = $48,957
* Present value of an ordinary annuity of $1: n=5, i=8% (from Table 4)
** Present value of $1: n=5, i=8% (from Table 2)
$608,092
(584,473)
$23, 619
The issue price of one, $1,000 maturity value bond was $452.89.