Foundation on Rock S Duncan C. Wyllie Principal, Golder Associates, Consulting Engincers, Vancouver, Canada With a Foreword by Richard E. Goodman Professor of Geological Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA . E & FN SPON London « New York - Tokyo » Melboume » MadrasPubilshed by Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Rov, London, SRI BUN Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Rew, London SEI SHN, UK h Avene, New York NY10003, USA 12 & Hall Japan, Thomson Publishing Japan, Hirskaweeho Nemoto ing, 7, 1-7-11 Hirakawa-co, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australis, Thomas Nelson Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Mebonme, Victoria 3205, Australia ‘Chapman & Hall dia, R,Sestai,32 Second Main Road, CIT East, ‘Macrae 60035, India First edition 192 ©1972 Dercan C. Walle "Typeset in 10/12 pt Times by Excel Typeseters Company Printed in Fala by Clays Lid, St ves Ple ISBNO419151508 (HB) 0482313373 (USA) Apatirom any fair dealing for the purposes of rsearch or private study, ‘oreritisum or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs an Patents Ac, 1988, this publication may aot be reprohiced, stored, or trnnsmite, in any form or by any means, withot the prior permission ia ‘sting of the publishers, or im the ease of repropraphic reproduction only in accordance withthe terms ofthe ienecs lsd by the Copyright Licensing Agency inthe UK, ori accordance with the term of ences j ‘issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries conceraing reprohition outside the term stated here sould be set to the publishers atthe Londen adres printed on tis pak. ‘The publisher makes ao representation, expres or implied, with regard to the accuracy ofthe information contained in this book an cannot sccept any legal responsibility or Habit for any oreo or missions dat may be med! ‘A.eatalogue record or tis book is avilable from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in-Publication Date Wylie, Duncan C Foundations on rock/Duncan C. Wylie.—Ist Pah. lncldesbibiogeaphial references and index. ISBNO-#10-15130-8, — ISBN 0-442~31337-3 (48; USA) 1 Foundations. 2. Rock mechanics, 3, Engineering geology Lite TANS W9S_ 1991 oLtigi 624,15 8e20 cwContents Introduction Foreword Notation Note 1. Characteristics of rock foundations 4 13 17 ‘Types of rock foundation LILI Spread footings 1.1.2 Socketed piers 1.1.3. Tension foundations Performance of foundations on rock 1.2.1 Settlement and bearing capacity failures 12.2 Creep 1.2.3 Block failure 1.2.4 Failure of socketed piers and tension anchors 1.2.5 Influcnce of geological structure 1.2.6. Excavation methods 1.2.7 Reinforcement ructural loads 13.1 Buildings 1.3.2 Bridges 13.3. Dams 1.3.4 ‘Tension foundations Allowable settlement L4.b Buildings 14.2 Br 1.4.3, Dam Influence of ground water on foundation performance 13.1 Dams 1.5.2 Tensioned anchors Factor of safety and reliability analysis 1.6.1 Factor of safety analysis, 41.6.2 Limit states design 1.6.3. Sensitivity analysis 1.6.4 Coefficient of reliability References xi xiii xiv xviii 10 IsContents 2 Structural geology 2.1 Fracture characteristies 2.1.1 ‘Types of fracture 2.1.2 Fracture orientation and dimensions 2.2. Orientation of fractures 2.3. Stereographic projection 2.3.1 Pole plots 2.3.2. Pole density 2.3.3 Great circles 2.4 ‘Types of foundation failure 2.5 Kinematic analysis 2.5.1 Planar failure 2.5.2, Wedge failures 2.5.3 Toppling failures 2.5.4 Friction cone alysis of 2.6.1 Fracture orientation 2.6.2 Fracture length and spacing. 2.7 References 26 ictural geology 3 Rock strength and deformability 3.1 Range of rock strength conditions 3.2 Deformation modulus 3.2.1 Intact rock modulus 3.2.2 Stressstrain behaviour of fructured rock 3.2.3 Size effects on deformation modulus 3.24 Fracture spacing and modalus 3.2.5 Modulus of anisotropic rock 3.2.6 Modulus/rock inass quality relationships 3.3 Compressive strength 3.3.4 Compressive strength of intact rock 3.3.2 Compressive strength of fractured rock 3.4 Shear strength 3.4.1 MohrCoulom® materials 3.4.2 Shear strength of fractures 3.43. Shear strength testing 3.4.4 Shear strength of fractured rock ‘Tensile strength ‘Time-dependent propertics 3.6.1 Weathering 3.6.2. Swelling 3.6.3 Creep 3.7 References 4 Investigation and in situ testing methods 4.1. Site selection 4.1.1 Aerial and terrestial photography 33 39Contents vii 4.1.2 Geophysics 80 42, Geological mapping 81 4.2.1 Standard geology descriptions 83 4.2.2 Fracture mapping 87 43. Drilling 0 4.3.1 Diamond drilling 90 43.2. Percussion diilling 93 4.3.3 Calyx driling 94 4.4 Ground water measurements ba 4,1 Water pressure measurements 95 4.4.2 Permeability measurements 98 45° Insitu modulus and shear strength testing 101 45.1 Modulus testing 10 45.2. Ditect shear tests ho 46. References um 5 Bearing capacity, settlement and stress distribution 14 5.1 Introduetion 4 5.2 Bearing eapacity tie Building codes 16 Bearing capacity of fractured rock U7 Recessed footings’ 120 Beating capacity factors 120 Foundations on sloping ground 120 Bearing capacity of shallow dipping bedded formations 122 5.2.7 Bearing capacity of layered formations 124 5.2.8 Bearing capacity of karstic formations 126 5.3. Settlement 128 5.3.1 Elastic rock 9 5.3.2 Transversely isotropic rock Ba 5.3.3 Inelastic rock 136 5.4. Stress distributions in foundations 137 5.4.1. Isotropic rock 138 5.4.2 Layered formations 142 5.4.3 Transversely isotcopie rock 142 5.4.4 Eccentrically loaded footings 43 5.5" References, 145 6 Stability of foundations 7 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2. Stability of stiding blocks 147 6.3 Stability of wedge blocks 153, 64 Thre 155 65. Stability of toppli 136 6.6 Stability of fractured rock masses 160 6.7 Seismic design 162 6.8 ReferencesES Contents 7 Foundations of gravity and embankment dams 7.4 Introduction 7.1.1 Dam performance statisties 7.1.2 Foundation design for gravity and embankment dams 7.1.3 Loads on dams 7.1.4 Loading combinations 7.2. Sliding stability 7.2.1 Geological conditions causing sliding 7.2.2. Sheat strength 7.23 Water pressure distributions 7.24 Stability analysis 7.25 Factor of safety 7.2.6 Examples of stabilization 7.3. Overturning and stress distributions in foundations 73.1 Overturning 7.3.2 Stress distributions in foundations 7.4 Barthquake response of dan 7.4.1 Introduction 7.4.2 Sliding stability and overturning under seismic loads 7.4.3. Finite element analysis 7.44 Displacement analysis 7.5 Preparation of rock surfaces 7.5.1 Shaping 7.5.2 Cleaning and sealing 7.5.3 Rebound 7.5.4 Solution cavities 7.6 Grouting and drainage 7.6.1 — Grouting functions 7.6.2 Grout types 7.6.3 Mechanism of grouting 7.6.4 Drilling method 7.65 Hole patterns 7.6.6 Grout mixes 7.6.7 Grout strength 7.6.8 Grout pressures 7.6.9 Grouting procedures 7.6.10 Permeability criteria for grouted rock 7.6.11 Monitoring grouting operations 7.6.12 Leaching 7.6.13 Drainage 7.7 References 8 Rock-socketed piers 8.1 Introduetion 8.1.1 Types of deep foundations 8.1.2. Investigations for socketed piers 8.2. Load capacity of socketed piers in compression 165 16 167 168 169 169 170 170 170 m2 i75 175 a7 178 178 181 181 182 186 185 187 187 188 189 189 190 190 191 191 193 193 195 195 196 196 17 199 199 200 201 205 205 205 205 2078.2.1 Mechanism of load transfer 8.2.2 Shear behaviour of rock sockets 8.2.3. Factors affecting the load capacity of socketed piers 8.2.4 Socketed piers in karstic formations 8.3 Design values: Side-wall resistance and end bearing 8.3.1 Side-wall shear resistance 8.3.2 End-bearing capacity 8.4 Axial deformation 84.1 Settlement mechanism of socketed piers 8.4.2 Settlement of side-wall resistance sockets 8.4.3. Settlement of end-loaded piers 8.4.4 Settlement of socketed, end-bearing piers 8.4.5 Socketed piets with pre-load applied at base 8.5 Uplift 8.5.1 Uplift resistance in side-wall shear 8.5.2 Uplift resistance of belled piers 8.6 Laterally loaded socketed piers 8.6.1 Computing lateral deflection with py curves 8.6.2 Socket stability under lateral load 8.7 References 9 Tension foundations 9.1 Introduction 9.2. Anchor materials and anchorage methods 9.2.1 Allowable working loads and safety factors 9.2.2 Stecl rélaxation 9.2.3. Strength properties of steel bar and strand 9.2.4 Applications of rigid bar anchors 9.2.5 Applications of strand anchors 9.2.6 Cement grout anchorage 9.2.7. Resin grout anchorage 9.2.8 Mechanical anchorage 9.3. Design procedure for tensioned anchors 9.3.1 Mechanics of load tyansfer between anchor, grout and rock 9.32 Allowable bond stresses and anchor design 9.3.3 Prestressed and passive anchors 9.3.4 Uplift capacity of rock anchors 935 Group ation 9.3.6 Cyclic loading of anchors .7 Time-dependent behaviour and cteep 9.3.8 Effect of blasting on anchorage 9.3.9 Anchors in permafrost 9.4 Cotrosion protection 9.4.1 Mechanism of corrosion 9.4.2 Types of corrosion 9.4.3 Corrosive conditions 9.4.4 Cotrosion-protection methods Contents 207 209 210 27 27 218 218 219 219 2 222 223 26 207 208, 228 28 229 234 236 238 238, 240 241 aL 243, 243, 247 247 251 253, 254 254 256 260 261 268, 268 268, 269 270 2m 2m 273 24 2m,4 | | / x Contents 9.5 Installation and testing 9.5.1 Water testing 9.5.2 Load testing 9.5.3 Acceptance eriteria 9.6 References 10 Construction methods 10.1 Introduction 10.2. Drilling 10.2.1 Diamond drilling 10.2.2 Percussion drilling 10.2.3 Rotary drills 10.2.4 Overburden drilling 10.2.5 Large-diameter drilling 10.2.6 Directional drilling 10.3 Blasting and non-explosive rock excavation 10.3.1 Rock fracture by explosives 10.3.2 Controlled blasting 10.3.3 Blasting horizontal surfaces 10.3.4 Ground vibration control 10.3.5 Vibration in uncured concrete 10.3.6 Nomexplosive excavation 10.4 Bearing surface improvement and rock reinforcement 10.4.1 Trim blasting 10.4.2. Surface preparation 10.4.3 Dental conerete ' 10.4.4 Shoterete 10.4.5 Pins 10.4.6 Rock bolts, 10.4.7 Tensioned rock anchors 10.4.8 Conerete buttress 10.4.9 Drain holes 10.5 Contracts and specifications 10.5.1 Components of contract documents 10.5.2 Types of contract 10.5.3 Rock excavation and reinforcement specifications 10.6 References Appenciix 1 Stéreonets for hand plotting of structural peology data Appendix Il Field mapping data sheets Appendix III Conversion factors Index 319 323 326 329