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    The Scientific Revolution - Paradigm Shift

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    One of the biggest debates during the Scientific Revolution was between the geocentric model of Ptolemy, which held that Earth was the center of the universe, and the heliocentric model of Copernicus, which stated that Earth and planets revolved around the sun. Copernicus' theory challenged the existing paradigm, as did Galileo's discoveries with his telescope. Galileo's promotion of heliocentrism led the Church to try him for heresy. The new scientific method emerged in the 1600s, relying on observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and mathematics rather than authority. Sir Isaac Newton built on prior work, using math to prove gravity and formulating the laws of motion, advancing the paradigm shift begun by Copernicus

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    The Scientific Revolution - Paradigm Shift

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    One of the biggest debates during the Scientific Revolution was between the geocentric model of Ptolemy, which held that Earth was the center of the universe, and the heliocentric model of Copernicus, which stated that Earth and planets revolved around the sun. Copernicus' theory challenged the existing paradigm, as did Galileo's discoveries with his telescope. Galileo's promotion of heliocentrism led the Church to try him for heresy. The new scientific method emerged in the 1600s, relying on observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and mathematics rather than authority. Sir Isaac Newton built on prior work, using math to prove gravity and formulating the laws of motion, advancing the paradigm shift begun by Copernicus

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    One of the biggest debates during the Scientific Revolution was between the geocentric model of Ptolemy, which held that Earth was the center of the universe, and the heliocentric model of Copernicus, which stated that Earth and planets revolved around the sun. Copernicus' theory challenged the existing paradigm, as did Galileo's discoveries with his telescope. Galileo's promotion of heliocentrism led the Church to try him for heresy. The new scientific method emerged in the 1600s, relying on observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and mathematics rather than authority. Sir Isaac Newton built on prior work, using math to prove gravity and formulating the laws of motion, advancing the paradigm shift begun by Copernicus

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    275 views37 pages

    The Scientific Revolution - Paradigm Shift

    Uploaded by

    api-269480354
    One of the biggest debates during the Scientific Revolution was between the geocentric model of Ptolemy, which held that Earth was the center of the universe, and the heliocentric model of Copernicus, which stated that Earth and planets revolved around the sun. Copernicus' theory challenged the existing paradigm, as did Galileo's discoveries with his telescope. Galileo's promotion of heliocentrism led the Church to try him for heresy. The new scientific method emerged in the 1600s, relying on observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and mathematics rather than authority. Sir Isaac Newton built on prior work, using math to prove gravity and formulating the laws of motion, advancing the paradigm shift begun by Copernicus

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    of 37

    The Scientific

    Revolution

    What do you see?

    What ELSE do you see?

    What had to happen to


    shift your perspective?

    Duck

    Rabbit

    Paradigm Shift

    Paradigm - Greek word for pattern


    Normal Science - the standard paradigm
    Anomalies = things that cannot be explained by normal science
    Paradigm Shift = a new paradigm is created to account for anomalies

    The Story of the Three Monks

    Why are people sometimes threatened by paradigm shifts?

    One of the biggest debates that defined


    the Scientific Revolution was the debate
    over whether the universe was
    geocentric (with the earth at the center
    of the universe), as was traditionally
    believed, or heliocentric (with the earth
    revolving around the sun).

    A Paradigm Shift

    Ptolemy

    For centuries, most people


    had believed in the Ptolemaic
    view of the universe.

    Ptolemaic Model
    Ptolemy taught that the Earth
    was the center of the universe.
    People felt this was common
    sense, and the Geocentric
    Theory was supported by the
    Church.
    It was not until some startling
    discoveries caused Europeans to
    change the way they viewed the
    physical world.

    Copernicus

    But then, Copernicus


    persuaded many scientists of
    a heliocentric model.

    Copernican Model
    Copernicus made two
    conclusions:
    The universe is heliocentric, or
    sun-centered.
    The Earth is merely one of several
    planets revolving around the sun.
    The Copernican conception of the
    universe marked the start of modern
    science and astronomy.

    Whats the big deal?


    Theologians had long taught that the
    Garden of Eden was the center of all
    creation, making the whole Universe
    a stage for the story of the human
    drama to unfold.

    Looks like Ptolemys model!

    Obvious to
    the Eye
    Note: that the only thing we
    can all easily *see* orbiting,
    without a telescope, is our own
    Moon and it clearly goes
    around the Earth!

    Obvious
    from
    Scripture

    Consider this verse: "He


    sits upon the circle of the
    earth" Isaiah 30
    If Earth is Gods seat, then
    it must be the center of
    the Universe for how
    could the center be
    elsewhere than where
    God sits?!

    Obvious
    Reaction

    Most scholars rejected his


    theory because it went against
    Ptolemy, the Church, and
    because it called for the Earth
    to rotate on its axis.
    Many scientists of the time
    also felt that if Ptolemys
    reasoning about the planets
    was wrong, then the whole
    system of human knowledge
    could be wrong.

    Obvious
    Conclusion
    Copernicus had to be
    out of his mind!

    Until

    Galileo
    Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed him to
    see mountains on the moon and fiery spots on the sun.
    He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter
    exactly the way Copernicus said the Earth rotated around
    the sun.

    Galileo

    Galileos discoveries caused an uproar. Other scholars came against him because like
    Copernicus, Galileo was contradicting Ptolemy.
    The Church came against Galileo because it claimed that the Earth was fixed and
    unmoving.
    When threatened with death before the Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his
    beliefs, even though he knew the Earth moved.
    Galileo was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas.

    Galileo

    Galileos discoveries caused an uproar. Other scholars came against him because like
    Copernicus, Galileo was contradicting Ptolemy.
    The Church came against Galileo because it claimed that the Earth was fixed and
    unmoving.
    When threatened with death before the Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his
    beliefs, even though he knew the Earth moved.
    Galileo was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas.

    Galileo
    Galileo also discovered that objects fall at the
    same speed regardless of weight.

    The Scientific Method


    By the early 1600s, a new approach to science had
    emerged, known as the Scientific Method.

    Scientific Method painstaking method used to confirm findings


    and to prove or disprove a hypothesis.
    Scientists observed nature, made hypotheses, or
    educated guesses, and then tested these hypotheses
    through experiments.
    Unlike earlier approaches, the scientific method did not rely
    on the classical thinkers or the Church, but depended upon a
    step-by-step process of observation and experimentation.

    The Scientific Method


    1. State the problem
    2. Collect information
    3. Form a hypothesis
    4. Test the hypothesis
    5. Record & analyze data
    6. State a conclusion
    7. Repeat steps 1 6
    Scientists soon discovered that the movements of bodies in
    nature closely followed what could be predicted by
    mathematics.
    The scientific method set Europe on the road to rapid
    technological progress.

    The Scientific Method


    Newton

    Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar


    who built upon the work of Copernicus
    and Galileo.
    Newton was the most influential scientist
    of the Scientific Revolution.

    He used math to prove the existence


    of gravity - a force that kept planets in
    their orbits around the sun, and also
    caused objects to fall towards the earth.

    The Scientific Method


    Newton

    Newton published his scientific ideas in


    his book Mathematical Principles of
    Natural Philosophy.
    He discovered laws of light and color,
    and formulated the laws of motion:
    1.
    2.
    3.

    A body at rest stays at rest


    Acceleration is caused by force
    For every action there is an equal
    opposite reaction
    He invented calculus: a method of
    mathematical analysis.

    The Scientific Method


    According to a popular story, Newton
    saw an apple fall from a tree, and
    wondered if the force that pulled the
    apple to the Earth also controlled the
    movement of the planets. Newton
    argued that nature followed laws.

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