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11.1 Flow and Error Control

This document discusses various error control protocols used in data link layers: - Flow control restricts how much data the sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment. - Error control uses automatic repeat request (ARQ) which retransmits lost data frames. - Stop-and-Wait ARQ only allows one outstanding frame before waiting for acknowledgment, resulting in low bandwidth utilization. - Go-Back-N ARQ allows multiple outstanding frames through a sender window, improving utilization but requiring resending of multiple frames if one is lost. - Selective-Repeat ARQ uses windows to selectively resend only lost frames, providing the highest efficiency but also highest complexity.

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40 views

11.1 Flow and Error Control

This document discusses various error control protocols used in data link layers: - Flow control restricts how much data the sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment. - Error control uses automatic repeat request (ARQ) which retransmits lost data frames. - Stop-and-Wait ARQ only allows one outstanding frame before waiting for acknowledgment, resulting in low bandwidth utilization. - Go-Back-N ARQ allows multiple outstanding frames through a sender window, improving utilization but requiring resending of multiple frames if one is lost. - Selective-Repeat ARQ uses windows to selectively resend only lost frames, providing the highest efficiency but also highest complexity.

Uploaded by

Selvest Hiddent
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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11.

1 Flow and Error Control


Flow Control
Error Control

Note:
Flow control refers to a set of
procedures used to restrict the amount
of data that the sender can send before
waiting for acknowledgment.

Note:
Error control in the data link layer is
based on automatic repeat request,
which is the retransmission of data.

11.2 Stop-and-Wait ARQ

Operation
Bidirectional Transmission

11.1

Normal operation

11.2

Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost frame

11.3

Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost ACK frame

Note:
In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, numbering
frames prevents the retaining of
duplicate frames.

11.4

Stop-and-Wait ARQ, delayed ACK

Note:
Numbered acknowledgments are
needed if an acknowledgment is
delayed and the next frame is lost.

11.5

Piggybacking

11.3 Go-Back-N ARQ


Sequence Number
Sender and Receiver Sliding Window
Control Variables and Timers
Acknowledgment
Resending Frames
Operation

11.6 Sender sliding window

11.7

Receiver sliding window

11.8

Control variables

11.9

Go-Back-N ARQ, normal operation

11.10

Go-Back-N ARQ, lost frame

11.11 Go-Back-N ARQ: sender window size

Note:
In Go-Back-N ARQ, the size of the
sender window must be less than 2m;
the size of the receiver window is
always 1.

11.4 Selective-Repeat ARQ


Sender and Receiver Windows
Operation
Sender Window Size
Bidirectional Transmission
Pipelining

11.12

Selective Repeat ARQ, sender and receiver windows

11.13

Selective Repeat ARQ, lost frame

Note:
In Selective Repeat ARQ, the size of
the sender and receiver window must
be at most one-half of 2m.

11.14

Selective Repeat ARQ, sender window size

Example 1
In a Stop-and-Wait ARQ system, the bandwidth of the line is 1 Mbps, and 1 bit
takes 20 ms to make a round trip. What is the bandwidth-delay product? If the
system data frames are 1000 bits in length, what is the utilization percentage of
the link?

Solution
The bandwidth-delay product is
1 106 20 10-3 = 20,000 bits
The system can send 20,000 bits during the time it takes for the data to go
from the sender to the receiver and then back again. However, the system
sends only 1000 bits. We can say that the link utilization is only
1000/20,000, or 5%. For this reason, for a link with high bandwidth or long
delay, use of Stop-and-Wait ARQ wastes the capacity of the link.

Example 2
What is the utilization percentage of the link in Example 1 if the link uses GoBack-N ARQ with a 15-frame sequence?

Solution
The bandwidth-delay product is still 20,000. The system can send up to 15
frames or 15,000 bits during a round trip. This means the utilization is
15,000/20,000, or 75 percent. Of course, if there are damaged frames, the
utilization percentage is much less because frames have to be resent.

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