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2 Operations On Polynomials

A polynomial is a mathematical expression of one or more algebraic terms. In applying mathematical operations, it is necessary to familiarize the properties of exponents first before executing such process. In addition and subtraction, we give emphasis on understanding like-terms. In multiplying polynomials, we simply multiply by distributing every multiplicand's term to every multiplier's terms and add the like terms.

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227 views5 pages

2 Operations On Polynomials

A polynomial is a mathematical expression of one or more algebraic terms. In applying mathematical operations, it is necessary to familiarize the properties of exponents first before executing such process. In addition and subtraction, we give emphasis on understanding like-terms. In multiplying polynomials, we simply multiply by distributing every multiplicand's term to every multiplier's terms and add the like terms.

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Operations on Polynomials

Polynomial is a mathematical expression of one or more algebraic terms. In


applying mathematical operations, it is necessary to familiarize the properties of
exponents first before executing such process.
Properties of Exponents:
1. am * an = am+n
2. (am)n = amn
3. a-m = 1/am
4. a0 = 1; a = 0
5. (a/b)m = am/bm
Operations on Polynomials
1. Addition and Subtraction
In adding and subtracting polynomials, we give emphasis on understanding
like-terms. Like-terms are pair or multiple terms that have the same variable and
power. If such case occur, addition and subtraction can be applied to terms
coefficients.
E.g.
1. Add 3x3+7x2-8; 5x-9+4x2; and 6+x3-2x.
3x3+7x2 -8
Step 1: Arrange like-terms
Step 2: Add coefficients
4x2+5x-9
3
+x
-2x+6
3
2
= 4x +11x +3x-11
Tip 1: Use vertical method
in arranging like-terms.

2. Subtract 2x2-6x+8 from 14x2+16x-2x3.

Tip 2: Change the subtraction


operation to addition,
simultaneously with the
signs of all the
subtrahends terms.

-2x3+14x2+16x
Step 1: Arrange like-terms
2x2-6x+8

Step 2: Change operations and


signs(Tip 2)

-2x3+14x2+16x
+
-2x2+6x-8
= -2x3+12x2+22x-8

Step 3: Add coefficients

2. Multiplication
In multiplying polynomials, we simply multiply by distributing every
multiplicands term to every multipliers terms and add the like terms. This process
is called the distribution method.
E.g.

Review: am * an = am+n

1. (4x3y2z)(2xy3z+4xy2-2z2)
(4x3y2z)(2xy3z+4xy2-2z2)

Step 1: Apply distribution method

= 8x4y5z2+16x4y4z-8x3y2z3

Note: Multiplication
of Signs
1. (+)(+) = +
2. (-)(+) = 3. (-)(-) = +

2. (x2m+2xmyn+y2n)(x2m-xmyn+2y2n)
(x2m+2xmyn+y2n)(x2m-xmyn+2y2n) Step 1: Apply distribution method
(x2m+2xmyn+y2n)(x2m-xmyn+2y2n)

to the multiplicands first


term(x2m); second term(2xmyn)
and last term(y2n)

(x2m+2xmyn+y2n)(x2m-xmyn+2y2n)

Step 2: Combine like-terms

x4m-x3myn+2x2my2n
+2x3myn-2x2my2n+4xmy3n
+
+x2my2n
+xmy3n+2y4n
= x4m+x3myn+3xmy3n+2y4n

Tip 3: Use vertical method


in combining like-terms.

Removal of Group Symbols


Group symbols are the brackets, parenthesis and braces. These symbols are
used for multiplication operation or an indication of a group of terms to be
considered as one term. Group symbols used as multiplication operation can be
removed by the use of distribution method, on the other hand, group symbols used
as an indication of a group of terms are removed by distribution of the group terms
operation. In addition, group symbols are also an indication in evaluating
operations to perform first according to PEMDAS rule.
E.g.
1. -{a+2[a-b+3a+3b]}
Note: PEMDAS rule:
Parenthesis - 1st
Exponent - 2nd
Multiply - 3rd
Divide - 4th
Add - 5th
Subtract - 6th

-{a+2[a-b+3a+3b]}
-{a+2a-2b+6a+6b}
-a-2a+2b-6a-6b

Step 1: Apply distribution method


to 2 and (-)

Step 2: Combine like-terms

= -9a-4b

2. 4a-[-{-(20a-30)}]-(a-2{-7a-[3(5a+3)]})-[-6a-(2a-9)]
4a-[-{-(20a-30)}]-(a-2{-7a-[3(5a+3)]})-[-6a-(2a-9)]
A
A. 4a-[-{-(20a-30)}]
= 4a-20a+30
= -16a+30
C. -[-6a-(2a-9)]
= 6a+2a-9
= 8a-9

B. -(a-2{-7a-[3(5a+3)]}) Step 1: Remove group symbols


= -(a-2{-7a-15a-9})
= -(a+14a+30a-18)
= -45a-18
Tip 4: Remove group symbols
by terms separately to avoid
confusion.

-16a+30
-45a-18
8a-9
-53a+3

Step 2: Combine like-terms

3. Division
In dividing polynomials, we perform the method of long division. In long
division, we first arrange the dividend and divisors term in descending order
according to their degree of exponent. Then, we divide each dividends term to the
divisors highest degree term. Having the quotient, multiply their quotient to the
divisor as illustrated below.
E.g.

Step 1: Use long division

1. Divide 2a3+3a2+4 by a+2

Step 2: Arrange terms in


descending order according to their
degree of exponent

divisor

a 2 2a3 3a2 0 4
dividend
2a2

a 2 2a 3a 0 4
3

Note: In arranging the dividends term,


write 0 to the value of the term that
has no value at all(In this case, we do
not have a1, therefore, we instead write
0.

Step 3: Divide the first term of the


dividend to the highest degree
term only of the divisor

Step 4: Multiply the quotient to the


divisor

2a2-a

a 2 2a 3a 0 4
3

- 2a3+4a2
0 -a2

+0

Step 5: Subtract the product of the


quotient and divisor to the dividend

Step 6: Bring down the next term(0)

Step 7: Divide the difference of the


dividend and product together with the
term brought down to the divisor.

Such process is repeated(from step 4 to step 7) respectively to all of the


dividends term until no term in the dividend can be brought down.
2a2-a+2

a 2 2a3 3a2 0 4
- 2a3+4a2
0 -a2
-a2
0

+0
-2a
+2a+4
- +2a+4
0
remainder

If the final remainder is irrational, we simply write the remainder over the
divisor with its respective sign to the final answer as illustrated below.
2. Divide a2b2+3a4-2ab3+8b4+2a3b by a+b
8b3-10b2a+11ba2-9a3+(12a4)/(b+a)

ba 8b3 2b3ab2a2 2ba3 3a4


+ -8b4-8b3a
-10b3a+b2a2
+ +10b3a+10b2a2
+11b2a2+2ba3
+ -11b2a2-11ba3
-9ba3+3a4
+ +9ba3+9a4
0 +12a4

Tip 5: change the operation


and sign in subtraction part
and just add the terms to avoid
confusion
Tip 6: terms can be arranged
with respect to any variable. In
this case, we use b, instead
of a which can be used as
well.
Irrational remainder

Copyright 2016 by Jayvee Tungol

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