Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 10 views

    Ch7SumMARY Alkene

    Uploaded by

    danielmahsa
    Alkenes have the following general features: 1. They are unsaturated compounds with a π bond between their carbon atoms that is more diffuse than a single bond. 2. The double bond cannot rotate, giving rise to geometrical isomers. 3. Resonance occurs if there is alternation of double and single bonds, increasing stability. Important reactions of alkenes include Markovnikov addition, where electrophiles add to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents. Ozonolysis cleaves the double bond, yielding aldehydes or ketones, and can determine double bond position. Alkenes also undergo addition polymerization through chain initiation, propagation, and termination reactions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ch7SumMARY Alkene

    Uploaded by

    danielmahsa
    10 views2 pages
    Alkenes have the following general features: 1. They are unsaturated compounds with a π bond between their carbon atoms that is more diffuse than a single bond. 2. The double bond cannot rotate, giving rise to geometrical isomers. 3. Resonance occurs if there is alternation of double and single bonds, increasing stability. Important reactions of alkenes include Markovnikov addition, where electrophiles add to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents. Ozonolysis cleaves the double bond, yielding aldehydes or ketones, and can determine double bond position. Alkenes also undergo addition polymerization through chain initiation, propagation, and termination reactions.

    Original Description:

    summary reaction alkene

    Original Title

    Ch7SumMARY alkene

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Alkenes have the following general features: 1. They are unsaturated compounds with a π bond between their carbon atoms that is more diffuse than a single bond. 2. The double bond cannot rotate, giving rise to geometrical isomers. 3. Resonance occurs if there is alternation of double and single bonds, increasing stability. Important reactions of alkenes include Markovnikov addition, where electrophiles add to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents. Ozonolysis cleaves the double bond, yielding aldehydes or ketones, and can determine double bond position. Alkenes also undergo addition polymerization through chain initiation, propagation, and termination reactions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    10 views2 pages

    Ch7SumMARY Alkene

    Uploaded by

    danielmahsa
    Alkenes have the following general features: 1. They are unsaturated compounds with a π bond between their carbon atoms that is more diffuse than a single bond. 2. The double bond cannot rotate, giving rise to geometrical isomers. 3. Resonance occurs if there is alternation of double and single bonds, increasing stability. Important reactions of alkenes include Markovnikov addition, where electrophiles add to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents. Ozonolysis cleaves the double bond, yielding aldehydes or ketones, and can determine double bond position. Alkenes also undergo addition polymerization through chain initiation, propagation, and termination reactions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Alkenes

    General Features
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.

    Unsaturated
    The pair of electrons in thebond are more diffuse
    Cannot rotate about the double bond
    If double bond and single bond occurs alternately, resonance will
    occur.( e.g. CH2=CH-CH=CH2), stability increases.

    Important Points (Exam.)


    Geometrical isomers
    Rotation of the C-C double bond will destroy thebond. The restriction
    to rotation of C-C double bond give rise to geometrical isomers.
    Markownikoffs Rule
    When a non-symmetrical electrophile is added onto the double bond of a
    non-symmetrical alkene, the problem of orientation of addition arises.
    Markovnikovs Rule : addition will take place so as to give the most
    stable intermediate carbocation.
    Addition will take place so as to give the most stable intermediate
    carbocation.

    CH2=CHCH3 + HBr

    CCl4

    CH3CHBrCH3

    Mechanism
    CH2=CHCH3 + H-Br

    CH 3CHCH3 + Br
    CH3CHBrCH3

    Decolourization of permanganate solution


    - cold
    CH2=CH2 + KMnO4/OH
    CH2OHCH2OH
    Decolourization of bromine water
    CH2=CHCH3 + Br2/H2O
    CH2CHCH3
    Br OH
    Catalytic hydrogenation
    The addition of hydrogen to the C=C double bond always involves catalysis by such metals as
    Ni, Pt at room temperature and pressure.

    Ozonolysis of alkenes
    Ozone, O3, is highly reactive electrophile. When it is bubbled through a solution of an alkene ,
    it reacts with the C=C double bond to yield a five-membered ring . since the O-O-O- is quite
    unstable, this intermediate immediately rearranges to give the more stable ozonide. This
    ozonide then cleaved with zinc in aqueous acid to form aldehydes or ketones.

    Used in the determination of positions of C=C bonds in alkenes


    Ozonolysis provides a useful method for determining the position of C=C bonds.
    The parent aldene can be reconstructed by recombining the aldehyde or ketone with a double
    bond at the carbonyl carbons. For example,

    Elimination
    alcoholic KOH
    (CH3)3C-Br

    (CH3)2C=CH2

    Polymerization(Free Radical Mechanism)


    Alkenes undergo addition polymerization, in which individual monomers are joined together
    without the elimination of molecules.
    Chain initiation
    R+ CH2=CH2
    R-CH2 CH2
    Chain propagation
    R-CH2 CH2 + CH2=CH2
    R- (CH2 CH2)n-CH2 CH2 (two eqn. needed for
    exam.)
    Chain termination
    2 R- (CH2 CH2)n-CH2 CH2
    R- (CH2 CH2)n-CH2 CH2-CH2 CH2- (CH2 CH2)n- R
    Use of Polymer
    Low density poly(ethane) is made by the ICI high pressure process. This polymerization takes
    place at a high pressure of over 1500atm and a temperature of about 200

    You might also like