Rat Dissection

Biology 11
Purpose: to investigate the internal and external structure of a chordate!

Name:

Materials:
Rat specimen
Dissecting tray
Dissecting kit
Method:
1. Name your rat! Templeton
Part 1: External Anatomy
1. Obtained your rat and observe the general characteristics. Key terms are
highlighted in grey. The rat's body is divided into six anatomical
regions: cranial region - head cervical region - neck pectoral region area where front legs attach thoracic region - chest area abdomen - belly
pelvic region - area where the back legs attach.
2. Note the hairy coat that covers the rat and the sensory hairs (whiskers)
located on the rat's face, called vibrissae.
3. The mouth has a large cleft in the upper lip which exposes large front
incisors. Rats are gnawing mammals, and these incisors will continue to
grow for as long as the rat lives.
4. Note the eyes with the large pupil and the nictitating membrane found
at the inside corner of the eye. This membrane can be drawn across the
eye for protection. The eyelids are similar to those found in humans.
5. The ears are composed of the external part, called the pinna, and the
auditory meatus, the ear canal.
6. Locate the teats on the ventral surface of the rat. Check a rat of another
sex and determine whether both sexes have teats.
7. Examine the tail, the tails of rats do not have hair. Though some rodents,
like gerbils, have hair on their tails.
8. Locate the anus, which is ventral to the base of the tale.
9. Determine whether your rat is male or female by looking near the tail for
the male or female genital organs.
Part 2: Skinning the Rat
1. You will carefully remove the skin of the rat to expose the muscles below.
This task is best accomplished by making a small incision with your
scalpel and the using your probe to separate the connective tissues that
connects the skin to the first layer of muscles. Do not cut into the
muscles!
2. You can start at the incision point where the latex was injected and
continue toward the tail. Use the lines on the diagram to cut a similar
pattern, avoiding the genital area. Gently peel the skin from the muscles,
using scissors and a probe to tease away muscles that stick to the skin.
3. Identify the following muscles:
a. Biceps brachii - located on the anterior surface of the humerus
(arm). Action: flexes lower arm
Edited from: Rat Dissection John R. Sowash | May 2009 | Permission to redistribute granted

b. Biceps femoris - located on the side of the thigh, in two bundles.

Action: flexes the lower leg
c. External Oblique - located on the sides of the abdomen. Action:
flexes body wall.
d. Pectoralis Major/Minor - located in chest area. Action: adducts
arm (draws it forward)

Part 3: Skeletal System

1. Exposing the bones of the leg. Carefully tease away the biceps femoris
and gastrocnemius on one leg to expose the 3 leg bones: Tibia, Fibula,
and Femur and the small patella (kneecap).
2. You can also see the ligaments around the knee that attach the bones of
the lower leg to the femur and the achilles tendon which attaches the
gastrocnemius to the ankle. Remove the muscles from one arm to reveal
the ulna, radius, and humerus. Note the size of the radius.

Part 4: Digestive System

1. Use scissors to cut through the abdominal wall of the rat following the
incision marks in the diagram for Part 2. Be careful not to cut too deeply
and keep the tip of your scalpel pointed upwards. Do not damage the
underlying structures.
Edited from: Rat Dissection John R. Sowash | May 2009 | Permission to redistribute granted

2. Locate the diaphragm, which is a thin layer of muscle that separates the
thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm is a helpful
directional marker.
3. DO NOT REMOVE OR CUT THE HEART! The heart is centrally located
in the thoracic cavity. The two dark colored chambers at the top are the
atria (single: atrium), and the bottom chambers are the ventricles. The
heart is covered by a thin membrane called the pericardium. (We will
Liver
come back to the heart later.)
(many lobes)

Stomach
Sple
en

Inferior
Vena Cava

Small
Intestine

Large
Intestine

Secum

Small
Intestine
Mesentery

Part 5: Abdominal Organs

1. The coelom is the body cavity within which the viscera (internal organs)
are located. The cavity is coverd by a membrane called the peritoneum.
2. Locate the liver, which is a large, dark colored organ suspended just
under the diaphragm. The liver has many functions, one of which is to
produce bile which aids in digesting fat. The liver also stores glycogen and
transforms wastes into less harmful substances. Rats do not have a gall
bladder which is used for storing bile in other animals.
3. The esophagus runs through the diaphragm and moves food from the
mouth to the stomach. It is distinguished from the trachea by its lack of
cartilage rings.
4. Locate the stomach on the right side (usually) just under the liver. The
functions of the stomach include food storage, physical breakdown of
food, and the digestion of protein. The opening between the esophagus
and the stomach is called the cardiac sphincter. The outer margin of the
curved stomach is called the greater curvature, the inner margin is
called the lesser curvature.
Edited from: Rat Dissection John R. Sowash | May 2009 | Permission to redistribute granted

5. The spleen is about the same color as the liver and is attached to the
greater curvature of the stomach. It is shaped like a banana and is
associated with the circulatory system and functions in the destruction of
blood cells and blood storage. A person can live without a spleen, but
they're more likely to get sick as it helps the immune system function.
6. The pancreas is not a clearly identifiable organ but a thin membrane that
overlays the stomach and spleen. The pancreas produces digestive
enzymes that are sent to the intestine via small ducts (the pancreatic
duct). The pancreas also secretes insulin which is important in the
regulation of glucose metabolism. Find the pancreas by looking for a thin,
membrane looking structure that has the consistency of cottage cheese.
7. The small intestine is a slender coiled tube that receives partially
digested food from the stomach (via the pyloric sphincter). The term
small refers to its diameter, not its length. It consists of three sections:
duodenum, ileum, and jejunum. The small intestine leads to the cecum.
8. The cecum is a pouch that connects the large and small intestines. Food
is temporarily stored in the cecum while helpful bacteria digest the
cellulose found in plant cells. Most herbivores such as the rat have a large
cecum. Humans and other omnivores and carnivores have a much smaller
cecum which is referred to as the appendix.
9. Use your scissors to cut the mesentery (connective tissue and network of
blood vessels that connects the small intestine) of the small intestine, but
do not remove the small intestine from its attachment to the stomach and
rectum. If you are careful you will be able to stretch it out and untangle it
so that you can see the relative lengths of the large and the small
intestine.
10. Locate the large intestine, which is the large greenish tube that
extends from the small intestine and leads to the anus. The large intestine
is also known as the colon. This is where the finals stages of digestion
and water absorption occurs and it contains a variety of bacteria to aid in
digestion.
11. Locate the rectum - the short, terminal section of the colon between
the descending colon and the anus. The rectum temporarily stores feces
before they are expelled from the body.

Edited from: Rat Dissection John R. Sowash | May 2009 | Permission to redistribute granted

Part 6: Excretory Systems

1. Locate the Kidneys. Note the veins and
arteries that connect with the kidneys.
2. Remove one of the kidneys and cut it
lengthwise. Notice the very fine veins and
arteries within. Blood is filtered through
the kidneys approximately once every 45
minutes.
3. The small yellowish glands embedded in
the fat atop the kidneys are the adrenal
glands which secrete adrenaline into the
blood during times of crisis.
Part 7: Reproductive Systems
MALE:
1. The major reproductive organs of the
male rat are the testes (singular: testis)
which are located in the scrotal sac. Cut
through the sac carefully to reveal the
testis. On the surface of the testis is a coiled tube called the epididymus,
which collects and stores sperm cells. The tubular vas deferens moves
sperm from the epididymus to the urethra, which carries sperm though
the penis and out the body.
2. The lumpy brown glands located to the left and right of the urinary
bladder are the seminal vesicles. The gland below the bladder is the
prostate gland and it is partially wrapped around the penis. The seminal
vesicles and the prostate gland secrete materials that form the seminal
fluid (semen).
FEMALE:
1. The short gray tube lying dorsal to the urinary bladder is the vagina. The
vagina divides into two uterine horns that extend toward the kidneys.
This duplex uterus is common in some animals and will accommodate
multiple embryos (a litter). In contrast, a simple uterus, like the kind found
in humans has a single chamber for the development of a single embryo.
2. At the tips of the uterine horns are small lumpy glands called ovaries,
which are connected to the uterine horns via oviducts. Oviducts are
extremely tiny and may be difficult to find without a dissecting scope.

Edited from: Rat Dissection John R. Sowash | May 2009 | Permission to redistribute granted

Part 8: The Circulatory System

1. The general structure of the circulatory system of the rat is almost
identical to that of humans. Pulmonary circulation carries blood through
the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the heart. Systemic circulation
moves blood through the body after it has left the heart.
2. Your rat specimen has been double injected with latex to help you identify
veins and arteries. Veins carry used blood (blue) back to the heart
and lungs. The lungs re-oxygenate the blood and the heart pumps it
back to the rest of the body. In the human body, these veins are not the
same bright blue that you see in your rat. However, if you look at your
arm, you can see some bluish veins very close to the skin. Look in your rat
specimen for the veins listed on page 2
3. The arteries in your rat are stained red for easy identification. Find the
arteries listed on page 2
4. After completing the procedures above dealing with veins and arteries,
remove the heart from the pericardial sack. You will need to sever the
arteries and veins connecting the heart to the circulatory system. Do this
slowly and carefully so that you do not cut more than is
necessary. Leave as much of the veins and arteries attached to the heart
as possible.

Edited from: Rat Dissection John R. Sowash | May 2009 | Permission to redistribute granted

5. Identify the aorta, left and right atrium, and left and right ventricle.
Carefully insert your probe into these opening and work it into the center
of the heart.
6. Finally, make an incision between the left and right ventricles with your
scalpel. Try to locate the bicuspid and semilunar valves which open and
close the ventricles.

Analysis:
1. These are the structures that you are expected to identify. Check each
one off as you identify it.
Digestive System
Muscular System
Liver
Biceps brachii (arm)
Esophagus
Biceps femoris (leg)

Stomach

External Oblique (chest/stomach)

Small intestine

Pectoralis Major/Minor

Large intestine

Skeletal System
Tibia

Excretory/Reproductive System
Kidneys

Fibula

Ovaries (female only)

Femur

Testes (male only)

Ulna
Radius
Humerous

Thoracic Cavity
Heart
Lungs

Edited from: Rat Dissection John R. Sowash | May 2009 | Permission to redistribute granted

 Diaphragm

Right/Left external jugular

Trachea

Aortic arch

Circulatory System
Vena Cava

Right/Left subclavian
Right/Left femoral

Renal Artery

Edited from: Rat Dissection John R. Sowash | May 2009 | Permission to redistribute granted

2. The sphincter is a circular muscle. Why is it this shape and what does it
do?

Its shaped this way so fluids/ feces can easily pass. The job of the
sphincter is to close off a passage by contracting. Its found in the

digestives system and excretory system.

3. Why is there a difference in the diameter and length of the small and
large intestine?
The small intestine is thinner because its main function is to absorb the products of
digestion. Its longer so we can absorb the most nutrients. The large intestine is thicker
because it stores the waste as feces after it absorbs water.

4. The liver is the largest organ in the body (after the skin), what are its
functions?
5. The liver detoxifies various metabolites, does protein synthesis, assists in
the production of biochemicals necessary for digestion
6. In each of the cavities there is a membrane that covers both the wall of
the cavity and the organ it contains, what is the function of these
membranes?
To hold organs in place.
7. What is the function of the spleen?
It removes dead red blood cells
8. What is the function of the diaphragm?
To assist the lungs in expanding and compressing
9. What distinguishes the atria from the ventricles?
Its the largest and carries the most blood
10. Why is the wall of the left ventricle of the heart thicker than that of the
right?
It has to pump the blood around the entire body instead of just to
11.

the lungs
What similarities exist between the male and female reproductive

systems?
They are both connected to the excretory system
12. What do the kidneys do?
Removes nutrients from the excretory system.
Reabsorbs water
Creates and dilutes uric acid