Concepts of Motion

1.1 Motion Diagrams

1.2 The Particle Model
Exercises

l-5:

Draw a motion diagram for each motion described below.

. Use the particle model to represent the object as a particle.

. Six to eight dots are appropriate for most motion diagrams.
. Number the positions in order, as shown in Figure 1.4 in the text.
. Be neat and accurate!

1. A car accelerates forward from

Slorts

olI
o

a
a

a stop sign.

lt eventually reaches

elevator starts from rest at the 1O0th'floor cif the

Empire State Building and descends, with no stops,
until coming to rest on the ground floor. (Draw this
one vertically since the motion is vertical.)

"

s*cr,.l

of45 mph.

5/

\
3 \\---a'--'-

elyltpoii^S +

2. An

a steady speed

rpd

o.

Stcrts

lr

!c

J.
tl .

5.
3. A skier startsJiom rest atthetop of a 30o snow-covered
o

E=
t!
o

slope and steadily speeds

bottom. (Orient your diagram as seen from the side.Label the 30' angle.)

foartffsOtes

to the

5taets

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C)

1-1

1-2
4.

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I .

Concepts of Motion

The space shuttle orbits the earth in a circular orbit,

completing one revolution in 90 minutes.

l.

l.

.3
.{

Qr

'l'

r$

'b

Bob throws a ball at an upward 45o angle from a

third-story balcony. The ball lands on the ground
below.

dd
'1

el\rql

ho'i.o",1

ol spocing

tD.
Exercises 6-9: For each motion diagram, write a short description of the motion of an object that will
match the diagram, Your descriptions should name specific objects and be phrased similarly to the
descriptions of Exercises I to 5. Note the axis labels on Exercises 8 and 9.
6.

o
I

I
2

Stops
O al
-l .t5

8.

\"ert icel

jrt'a

!o
i\

iI \..

'\'l{rtl{tn
Stans

ir
Horizontill

: A cqr b"qle5 |o o stoo froa specJ of { o rt/x. .'

5all1 ln r^r.ches q rlciec

b.lloo". fro- hcr Sccornd - floor
winAow ln or. ot+ql;; |o hi+

(An" linoa,r -o{ior. of on

slo,^,in5 lo,^.n 1o e slop.)

Cr, - bot frieind

" '
(pro5ccti\c- wrotion)

hqc

"bitt

7.

oo

1t

9.

Srans

2f
3a

t!
a

4O

;fr dr
i
t'ii!i}1"ps '"ik
(Anv downwqrd qccclcrc\tion

frl-

rcs+.)

E{sl

wolks ste.o,dil., alonq

o -qn
pq+! +hd *rar.s t.o- ,if"tt^

*o'^raeds |ha. ,^rrsl o,rn4 conhnueS

wes+.. tAvrv *r.rrvri,.a fro*
nort\ to wrs* q,t Lonstoni, spea,d.)

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cHAPTER

I 1-3

1.3 Position and Time

10. The figure below shows the location of an object at three successive instants of time.

Blqtk

" '

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$1.^c or

lr..' : .'

Gcce,n

J\

fr

a. Use a red pencil to draw and label on the figure the three position vectors V6,V1, and

0,

l,

and2.

at times

b. Use a blue or green pencil to draw a possible trajectory from 0 to I to 2.

c. Use a black pencil to draw the displacement vector A/ from the initial to the final position.
I I . In Exercise I 0, is the object's displacement equal to the distance the object travels? Explain.

No,the Aisplo.e*er,,+ is fhe

bl"tk o'rrow ' a? ' The

dis*o''ce trqv..led

is

the.

, su,rn. of +hg lcr.,gths of

lhc b\.^c or 5r"E", q,rro\^t!.
12. Redraw your motion diagrams from Exercises I
displacement vectors Ar- on each diagram.

ot a
ai

a? a;

to4in

the space be low. Then add and label the

a

a;

a;

Ar

O.ill
.rI
6..1,

-'i
Arl
Ys

ail
*,r
.'l
Arl

c
!

c
a

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N

,1, _

5? )

o:*u
a;*

-r

1-4

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I .

Concepts of

Motion

1.4 Velocity
13. The figure below shows the positions of a moving object in three successive frames of film. Draw and
label the velocity vector ile for the motion from 0 to 1 and the vector i1 for the motion from I to 2.

Exercises 14-20: Draw a motion diagram for each motion described below.
. Use the particle model.
. Show and label thevelocity vectors.
1

4. A rocket-powered car on a test track accelerates from rest to

a high speed, then coasts at constant speed

after running out of fuel. Draw a dashed line across your diagram to indicate the point at which the car
runs out offuel.

iO t

tlr

ib=/-=-)l...-+l--+'--t'
vi q
ivor,

i e

tt"i*'Jit

15. Galileo drops a ball from the Leaning Tower of

Pisa. Consider the ball's motion from the moment it
leaves his hand until a microsecond before it hits
the ground. Your diagram should be vertical.

Vj

-+

j'*:?
vt
..r

vrl

..I
Y3

I. I
I

J.3
l

I'

-.
v{l

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ConceptsofMotion

t6. An elevalor starts from rest at the ground floor. It

accelerates upward for a short time, then tou., *irh
constant speed, and finally brakes to a halt at tie
tenth floor. Draw dashed lines across your diagram
to indicate where the acceleration stops and where
the braking begins. You'll need l0 or 12 poinrs
indicate the motion

clearly.

to

cHAPTER

I 1-5

t, t f
;l I''
q
}
{ tt
tI
L T;
ji
- - -ltT - - ItoTt"g
Dtsrvrs
lys
"

6lA

sllc

trI r*

- - ii'

accrlc"ation
slops

lvs
3',i-lva
?t r,
17. A bowling ball being retumed from the pin area to the bowle, ,ru*rloii rolling at a constant speed. It
then goes up a ramp and exits onto a level section at very low speed. You'll need 10 or 12 points to
indicate the motion clearly.

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18.
c

vl

Y3

A track star runs once around a running track at constant speed. The track has straight sides and semicircular ends. Use a bird's-eye view looking down on the track. Use about 20 points for your motion
diagram.

,te'

O
d

v{

Jr4
is t" v? vt "l

A f,,
/ Y,,
t.rvrr.

Yc

Yl

J
vl

vt

v3

vb

,t'\L&

v?

ls rT

i')
J

\r

Yl

f3

rA,

vro

Vr,

l-6

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ConceptsofMotion

19. A car is parked on a hill. The brakes fail, and the car rolls down the hill with an ever-increasing speed.
At the bottom of the hill it runs into a thick hedge and gently comes to a halt.
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20. Andy is standing on the street. Bob is standing on the second-floor balcony of their apartment, about
30 feet back from the street. Andy throws a baseball to Bob. Consider the ball's motion from the moment it leaves Andy's hand until a microsecond before Bob catches it.

B"b

Adv
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Concepts of Motion

'

cHAPTER

1 'l'7

1.5 Linear Acceleration

you will "color code" the vectors' Draw
Note: Beginning with this section, and for future motion diagrams,
velocity vectors black and acceleration vectors red'
in three successive frames of film' The obExercises 2l-24:The figures below show an object's position

j":';'fr""T5il#if:':"",';,Tffi'';.;iilili::,:1.i'il"T,'.vl

Usebrack

srqck

- - - R EJ
. Use the steps of Tactics Box 1.3 to find the change in velocity Ai.
. Draw and label d next to dot 1 on the motion diagram' Use red'
. Determine whether the object is speeding up, slowing down' or moving at a constant speed' write your

answer beside the diagram.

,voo

21.

22.

-= -)
ahY. aV
r)
(-i-

C5--

av'
.+-:.-V.

2.,1

L).

'.t

Sl
a
o

trl
C

up r

AY

')

,{2

,lK

"

Slowin3
Dow n

-#-\o

Sp".dirrq

o*r."3 D own

Yo

.t

vl

Af

t-rl
', i

'r,

'Vo
I

Slo.,it'5

D o,,.rn

1-8

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I .

ConceptsofMotion

2*29: Draw a complete motion diagram for each of the followi4g.

IIlotk
Draw and label the velocity vectors il. Use black
Draw and label the acceleration vectors d. Use red.
RcJ

Exercises

'
.

25. Galileo drops a ball from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.

Consider its motion from the moment it leaves his
hand until a microsecond before it hits the ground.

vo

-r
vl
A

lJ
lq

l.r
IA
I

v-cl.
IJ

ta

26. Trish is driving her car at a steady 30 mph when a small furry creature runs into the road in front of
her. She hits the brakes and skids to a stop. Show her motion from 2 seconds before she starts braking

until

she comes to a complete stop.

.t

v&

a=o

v.|

t=o

o aQ

+o

vg

vb

v"

+;.
qaa 4; c;

27. Aball rolls up a smooth board tilted at a 30o angle. Then it rolls back to its starting position.

2.l

gz on*\t wcy up

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Concepts of Motion

'

cHAPTER

I 1-9

rolls at a constant speed' then up a ramp'

28. A bowling ball being retumed from the pin area to the bowler
and frnally exits onto a level section at very low speed'

Vg
.l

a--o

i=o

t la

only 80 m when Cynthia crosses

29. Twosprinters; Cynthia and Diane, start side by side' Diane has run
the finish line of the 100 m dash.
*

"*..)-

v3

v{ \^

...--*

(ynthi

Dione

et -f

at

it

qi, i. i" i

.5
vs

?.o

?=O

i,

iu

aaql

t
l

F]

o
6
O

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1-1

cHAPTER

I '

ConcePts of Motion

Concepts of

Motion

cHAPTER

I 1-11

1.6 Motion in One Dimension

1.7 Solving Problems in Physics
30. The four motion diagrams below show an initial point 0 and a final point l. A pictorial representation
would define the five symbols i xs, x1,ysa>v1r, uld a, for horizontal motion and equivalent symbols
with y for vertical motion. Determine whether each of these quantities is positive, negative, or zero.
Give your answer by writing +, -, or 0 in the table below.

r{)
n a-+--<+g

^i)

Stafls

Stans

xo or yo

or

X1

Vg, Of

X1

vgn

yljr or ylx

;
!
q
c
o
O
N

l.

The three symbols

.tr,

combination is (x,

v'

".

v'

o
+

and a*have eight possible combinations of sl'gns. For example, one

a, ) = (+,

-,

+).

List all eight combinations of signs for x, vx, ex.

r.
2.
3.
4

*++
+++-+
-++

qx or ay

llas initial velocitv

5. t-6. - +7. --+

1-12

crepren

I . ConceptsofMotion

b. For each of the eight combinations of signs you identified in part a:

.
.
.

Draw a four-dot motion diagram of an object that has these signs for x,v*and ar.
Draw the diagram above the axis whose number corresponds to part a.
Use black and red for your i and a. vectors. Be sure to label the vectors.

ai

rf

-,

tn#

t.

8lc"k
Rr.d

vx or
+

,)

6q
<;r

(-

2.

da
-,
-t

3.

,ffi

oVtVrYc

_.+

JI

4'

oq
-t

-t

??---=+
VoV,

"-

aC (u
+-

--

'ts-H-!f,
oYeVrVo

-- ' i

AJ

qq

6-

6.

.r- +A.a

7.

oq
-t
-i
I!

AJ

gq

8.

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Concepts of Motion

cHAPTER

1-1 3

32. Sketch position-versus-time graphs for the following motions. Include a numerical scale on both axes
with units that are reasonable for this motion. Some numerical information is given in the problem, but
for other quantities make reasonable estimates.
Note: A sketched graph simply means hand-drawn, rather than carefully measured and laid out with a
ruler. But a sketch should still be neat and as accurate as is feasible by hand. It also should include
labeled axes and, if appropriate, tick-marks and numerical scales along the axes.
a. A student walks to the bus stop, waits for the bus, then rides to campus. Assume that all the motion
is along a straight street.

xlln)

t(-i")
b. A student walks slowly to the bus stop, realizes he forgot his paper that is due, and quickly walks
home to get it.
x I Y^n)

3oo

400
roo

t (u^in)
c. The quarterback drops back 10 yards from the line of scrimmage, then throws a pass 20 yards to the
tight end, who catches it and sprints 20 yards to the goal. Draw your graph for thefootball.Think
carefully about what the slopes of the lines should be.

x (1d)

30
E

to
ro

A
O

o
-ro

t(s)

-l 4

cHe.pren

Concepts of Motion

a very short "story" of what is

happening. Be creative! Have characters and situations! Simply saying that'oa car moves 100 meters to
the right" doesn't qualify as a story. Your stories should make specific reference to information you
obtain from the graphs, such as distances moved or time elapsed.

33. Interpret the following position-versus-time graphs by writing

Aftcc drivina o" ihc i^Lrslo'{c f"r

lO -,ir. o.t tdm"h. T sl"pxJ * a

a. Moving car
r

lnii

rr.st qnor.

uh"n'I

qol L"Llc o',.{dt

lo
l,.i"i ft-*.., slo*J for
3i -oh L., ; ;^;ti+,"" zonc off
r sot
r;;,:-. F,l""ttr, ;i' to;;u,
;t ;;- crit Zd'-i f.o- i"o.c. -Rftr.r
i.""tt"i^" f"i to -,^ f nJized it"o.t
T lq.+l *-" wcllc* ql hon'. so .I d,ro're.

roqJ lo',r,",

b^ck. wi*lrout it"ps er consic.^c*ro"'

Jr,lo1S, o*
r",phl

"S

Vt r'.rdr. a slo* di"r |o IOO- os \^lt

;:: i3 ^'i"Tt-.*':'":l r; i ll""i "+1 "s

loo ,^^ lo li slcv, for io*-Js Sro*t

nany shlps . Oh $o lUc'w b""^

htard. T,,.'q', o{osiva, *ov. }o ascgpe
d.oth c\rr,rq{S. wt Ji.r.- }5 5OO- otd
trt,lkc- o,.^.: * Ly o.rl l,o ses . S^fc
o5ain, vs.- risc lo lhr surfq,cc,
c. Two football players

Al {hc t<ickoff, FrJ nrcuvt5 lhc bntJ . .

;-*ji'1.:1,:*\*j-i#
Li-,
in on'al[rnpt

b"t hissLJ
lo |cc[lq
q5 Frcd c 'sset +LL Sotd'lint. Brul"^s
va,inlv *rits lo cctch *p. b.^t Frcd
Sco cr,i. Foolisl^lv Br*}.ls .ottli"'uts
qsrf F;LJ \'o.s alr*d'1
lo r.

scored.
G

34. Can you give an interpretation to this position-versus-time graph?

If

so, then do so.

If not, why not?

is no scrnsi ble i'.tqr grefoli on

t".o*s. th. Sraph ".q,4t."s thq
oblcct to be 1'. !g 9\occs
o*

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on(c.

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Concepts of

Motion

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cHAPTER

1.8 Units and Significant Figures

and show all steps in the conversion'
35. Convert the following to SI ug$$g!4IOf9-1he-!ine

a. e.r2 ps

x lo-t; : 1
I

rts

j..{a r l03

b.3.42kmx lO3rn
I kwr

c. 44 cmlms

a*

t{,'l x lO"

lO3 -s
, -T;-

lOI cvn

lvri n
" J9! x F-,,^ * +=I,Os
l.5tlcv"r .- lo-lm ,-- Y"
mph
*
ryt
.'#
" I cr'n lboos =
lin
" I t"i

d. 80 km/h

e. 6o

f. 8 in

1".
x lrS{cv'r * tOlcm
lin

g.14

in2,

a,S{cm

\?*"-

h.25ocm3"t?rk

I in

' *3^tu,i)
A

1.5x lO-{rr,3

picture may help'

use Table 1.5 to assess whether or not the following statements

a, Joe is 180 cm talf

l90cvn = 18* lOcv'a t

Rea sor.

5o *l

?:

"b[e
50*

Z-p;

= lOonnplt

No* Re.qsonob\e,

L
O
N

c, A skier reaches the bgttgm_of the hill goilg 25 m/s

iS ,. tg

?.5

Reo so",

'

are

reasonable'

ltx I in = Jl i"' = bf*

b. I rode my bike to campus at a speed of 50 m/s,

F.l

t?-^* 1.0*lo-3*,e
{
* ,O-t..
=
I
I cwr
Cvr^

Note: Think carefully about g and h'

11

\-e\.

' 50 *Ph

ot\ e

(Dow^hill rqcers rqqc\" * 95 -ph)

1-1 5

{-1 6

cHAPTER

I .

Concepts of Motion

d. I can throw a ball a distance of 2 km.

).km,., l. l

n.riles

Not Reqson ob\e

e. I can throw a ball at a speed of50 km/h.

sOP. t\' 3o^ph

[,$nro" Leo51e

Reosonqt\e.

' |hcorJ

pi

t.hcr5

qT r..l0Onph)

37. Justifytheassertionthatl m/s =2mph by exactly converting I m/sto English units. Bywhat
percentage is this rough conversion in error?

r/l 3bOOS I i",

lTrrr2F.*^..-TFx

lx lo\cr''

crror: [a.fI .Trh- e*Ph]

a.

.'. llo/"

)\

ef f

*-r*

= l.

t\ -p[,

= o.ll

'P\n

of

38. How many significant figures does each of the following numbers have?
a.

6.21

o.J., 3

3
".Jro
a.Jro.o 5

e. 0.0621

f.

3-

0.620

e.0.62
h.

.62

i.

1.0621 5

r..

e--zr

r.

ilxro3 3

: J,rc' 3

]
)

ro-3 3

39. Compute the following numbers, applying the significant figure standards adopted for this text.
a,

33.3 x 25.4 =

b. 33.3
U.

- 25.4 =

33.3 + 45.1 =

d. 33.3

x 45.1 =

8.t'l b

'

lO-n

1,1
7, 38 " lO-'
t,5o_a 103
(leodi'.3 one)

e. 2.345x3.321=

f.

G.32x1.23) -5.1 =

- ..^2

E. JJ.J

.h. VJJ.J
tr;; =

t.l g g

l. x l0-'
t,

t01'

(':*e"*

5,r1
103

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