Engineering Data for ASTRALLOY-V® Abrasion Resistant Wear Steel - Air Hardened ‘AUNIQUE DEEP [AIR WARDENING ALLOY STEEL HIGH HARDNESS AND HIGH TOUGHNESS..UNBEATABLE WEAR CHARACTERISTICS = ArcelorMittal www.astralloy.com AstralloyASTRALLOY-V® CONTENTS T.M, REG. NO, 1097780 ASTRALLOY-V"" IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK WHICH IDENTIFIES THE STEEL PRODUCTS DE- ‘SCRIBED HEREIN, AND IS MARKETED SOLELY BY ASTRALLOY WEAR TECHNOLOGY AND ITS AU- THORIZED AGENTS AND DISTRIBUTORS. “The information in thiscatalogisbasecon experience, research, andommon industrial practice. Itisaccurate {othe best of our znowiedge, but snot a performance uarantoe. Users of this product, or any other wear Bate or shatting materials, should conduct their own fests to determine utlity for their own needs, NO WARRANTY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PUR POSE IS MADE, Warranty Is made that lesser grades ‘will never be substituted. ‘TABLE of CONTENTS “Page ‘warranty & Trademark .....1/and inside font cover Composition ee sf ASTRALLOY.V® PLATE Deseristion 42 Slideaoity 4 Properties, Eng. Dat 4345 Stock Sizes. inside back cover abriation Procadures. 8 a7 Cutting, Dring, Tapping 8, Inside back cover ASTRALLOY-V" BAR FORGINGS Descrition « 410 Comparisons wis Properties, Eng, Data 44192, 14, 15 Stock Sizes: inside back cover Forged Bars. 213,15, 16, Machining Data 217 Fatigue Data ne ASTRALLOY-V" MANUFACTURING PRACTICES. “Tolerances, Allowances 15,17, 20 Heat Treating 16, 18,20ASTRALLOY-V* is the registred trademark for totally unique high stvengin alloy steel. Since 'ASTRALLOY-V* is produced only with our auihoriza- tion and exclusively distributed, it's not eligible for Ast or SAE numoers ASTRALLOY- ve INTRODUCTION NO OTHER COMPANY CANMARKET ASTRALLOY-V* 'BY NAME, NO OTHER COMPANY CAN MARKET 'A STEEL WITH THE SAME CHEMICAL COMPOSITION... THERE IS NO “OR EQUAL’ * Tee Me 20/28 80/120 20/40 9:25/4.00 In actual production, chemistry Is narrowiy controled and adjusted for the end use of a particular heat. In Addition, we have consistontly upgraded the product ‘whenever improvements in melting and raling tech- 125/200 251.50 tx, (Plus Adaitional 210 Max. Redvators) ology have bean made available. For example, ASTRALLOY-V" is naw produced fo .010 sulphur {maximam), whieh vastly enhances ductiity and notch toughness. 5 Max ‘TYPICAL 1" AIR HARDENED ASTRALLOY-V" PLATE. g = ae ce es rade sai iat seer oat Te a ae ee a eR {TYPICAL AIR HARDENED AND TEPERED ASTRALLOY-V" BARS Was “racion se ae ne dia 365) 55.0% 5 dia, surlace 986 58.0% 5° dia core 356 56.0% dia, surlace 983 45.0%. BF dia. coro 2653 42.0% Properties acquired by ai-hardening are thot ‘and “as rolled” ‘ent In the. combination of the alloying element VE. They are ‘whereas properties of other high strength or waar ‘toes, artciallyintilesby lquidquenchandtemper, 419 not “through properties,” and are destroyed by ‘rtcal neat, machining or wear. Because Astralioy-V" ‘ir ardons during the redictions from ingot through barorplateitrequires more effortin rolling than other steels. This extra effon, combined with mil extras for alloy content and quality conto, result in the longer life and production economics your valuable equip~ ment deserves. ‘The finer grain and lower carbon level of Astralloy-V° precludes the massive carbides inherent in 40 and ‘0% carbon liquid quenched highstrenath steels. This provides greater cross-sectional uniformity, improved ‘machineblity, toughness and wear resistance Stools are difficult oaistinguish on sight. Many brand- name alloy stee! wear plates are “rebranded’ ‘uenched (reducing toughness to increase hardness, which is then lost during welding or flame cutting. Promoters ot such steels may csim that these materials "equal to” Astraloy-V°. Sometimes hardness isthe same; butts elthor destroyed by neat trom welding oF forming or too brill to fabricate. Sometimes tough- ness the same; butts too sotto provide te desired ‘wear resistance. Many brand name alloy stel bars are quenched and tempered to provide high surface hardness/strength levels. Below the surace; homever, strength diminishes. ‘Thebes part the bar becomes chips onthe floor ofa machine shop. Astralloy-¥" is engineered to provide longer service ‘through greator resistance to stress and wear, 10 stretch maintenance dollars, and reduce downtime,ASTRALLOY-V° WEAR PLATE AND BU coLon con: ADVANTAGES: Hardness with toughness * Weldabie Cold tormabie + Good elevated temperature properties * Excellent cold weather propertios ‘Work hardens Flame euta readily 1 Hot formabie without property loss ‘Resistant to atmospheric corrosion * Electric furnace quality'vacuum processed Inthe airchardened condition, Astralloy-V” provides ‘maximum work-hardonabilty and has achieved hard ‘ness in excess of SSD BHN by impsct or rubbing action. Quenching or tempering, while increasing yield CONVENTIONAL STEELS RNED FLATS 3 ORANGE: strength, reduces its potential for work hardening, and ‘thus ts maximum wear resistance. Forthe most severe wear and impact applications, Astralloy-V" should be alr-hardened without subsequent temper. Conversely, because tempering increases yield strength, plates should be tempered aftr air hardening when used for Structural or design svvess purposes. Wear resistance of steel isa complexscience involving 1 great many factors. Reduced to is simplest term however, stel is a granular substance, and abrasive \weer consists of the spaling of grains osteo. Hardness to resist gouging, combined with toughness to resist ‘waring of grains rom the wear surface, andfineness of ‘Fain to provide slower attrition, are the major con- Inibutors to extended wear lif ASTRALLOY-V* ~ ASTRALLOY-V" SOME STEELS ACQUIRE OTHERS OFFER HIGH COMBINES HIGH TOUGHNESS AT THE HARDNESS; BUT LOSE HARONESS WITH. EXPENSE OF HARDNESS TOUGHNESS, GREATER TOUGHNESS VALUE OF ALLOY! ach of the following elements is critical to the pe formance of Astralioy-V®. To balance them ideally, requires total alloy content far in excess of other ‘commercially avaiable wear pate CARBON: The principal nardening element in stools, {etermines the maximum achievable hardness, and helps promote irensformation to desirable microstrve- tures. ‘Carbon content in excess of 30% adversely atfocis weldabiliy, ductility, and notch toughnoss MANGANESE: Promotes deep hardening and con- {nutes to strengthening. Excessive manganese con- tent adversely afects steels by reducing low-temper- ature toughness and by increasing susceptibility to temper embritiement ‘AT ANY GIVEN HARDNESS LEVEL. (ING ELEMENTS NICKEL: Promotes through-hardening without dele terious embritiementetfect Allows Astralloy-V* to alr- harden in heavy sections, and thus develop maximum strength in combination with is natural suctlty. Con- tributes to low-temperature toughness and corrosion resistence, CHROMIUM: Promotes hardenability Improves abra- sion resistance, high temperature strengin, and corro- fon resistance MOLYBDENUM: Promoteshardenabilty andincreas- fs elevated temperature tensile and creep strength, Reduces susceptibility to temper embritiement.____ASTRALLOY-V° AIR HARDENED AND TEMPERED* OL QUENCHED AND TEMPERED* 1” = aS a I: = } = i 7 a | ae ; zs le i is {| es i is q| i i is aj | AS P is ail of ° a is | ay “Seem. |” EEE AIR HARDENED AND TEMPERED* OIL QUENCHED AND TEMPERED* &n 2° Ho Ze fe P, i ] a= 3° “sae” eo a “Thin gauge plates stocked as air hardened only. | “Data developed from custom heat treat by an inde- bandent labratory-Scck mtr (so harenedASTRALLOY- ve SLIDEABILITY ‘Avery important aspect of selecting a stee! for slicing application such as coal or ore chutes isis surtace slickness. The heavy miled-scaled surface of quenched alloys often causes sliding material to hang up and ‘woar resistance, dus to the lower hardness of stainless Stevi. Air-cooled Astraloy-V leaves only a small ‘amount of surtace oxide which quickly disappears, exposing is slick, hard, tough, eorrosion-resistant stop or retard low. To vercomethis, many usershave wear sutlace, and provides maximum we tummed tostanioss stool for itssurface finish, sacrificing ‘Comparative Coefficients of Friction on Astralloy-V° and Type 804 Stainless Q 1 Ma (COEFFICIENT OF WALL FRICTION. TYPICAL TOUGHNESS DATA AIR-HARDENED PLATE—CHARPY V-NOTCH DATA AT INDICATED TEMPERATURE Pie Tcl BH “osorbed pack Erg in Rio 450-495 442 215. 235 = 4a 397 253 208. — 20) 347, 183 167 [RESULTS OBTAINED FROM INDEPENDENT LABORATORY TESTING. = iat rd ate ans: Hare ty ot bo so sae eres einen____ _ASTRALLOY-v® MECHANICAL PROPERTIES [TVBICAL TENGWE DATA: ASTAALLOY. VE PUATE Mi HARDENED THEN: TEMPERED WS DICRTED. tempore 'e Toa Situ Sete” aren’ Achaea ao ein REE 500 229.500 181.000 147 28 2608 Sot 000 R000 ABB: 100 210.000 172,000 125, 32 oe 208,000. 408,000. 128: ae 200 191000 161000 140. 45 sn $707 001 fa) 6 aa soo 44.000 125.000 180k 7 4208. 5+ 136.000. 119.000. 3905 cy Ey All esis 19 he long tudinal direction conduct {Normal stock furnished es “alt herdenea! ica ‘a room temperature ner ata covers heal ireat developed by others) PATE Ow GU Te ‘lL Ten Suength, Yil6Sirmgin—Elongaionin— Reduction ‘mp. ‘ert °F ea aromecon “SEs” waren aoa a0 733,000 ‘Alltess inthe longitudinal direction conducted at room temperst The data presented in these tables was determi Information ony. Producing {tom these properties, e(Spocial heattreatsby customer source.) sd by an independent laboratory and is presented for though closely controlled, may eause some variation “Thin test specimens were used because they ware beter {ule tor the festng equipment Tne stengty properties Gbtaned are esertay te same me those obtained th larger pate ana bar specimens eae eee eee ASTRALLOY canbe sr hacen oan ai {st ang tee seen and aed eet Fae Teapot — lrsinocat nn yl eresis nonscre wos pst e500 sono Send a acpi aoASTRALLOY-V? WELD PROCEDURES ‘Several factors can affect the weidabil set: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. SEVERITY OF APPLICATION STRESS ON WELDMENT WELDER'S QUALIFICATIONS MATERIAL THICKNESS ‘SHOP WELDING EXPERIENCE ‘of any alloy {Asa result of ongoing laboraton Intotsewadingerpecence wahavgpevenimegnd again that any shop can weld Asialay-V5, provided the folowing procedures are employed ting and years of 1, USE FRESH, DRY, LOW HYDROGEN RODS, (08° MAXIMUM), OR WIRE EQUIVALENTS, ‘8. AWS E701Bis an excellent all purpose rodchoice {or joining Astralloy-V® to itself or to other low ley oF carbon steels, providing adequate sirength with good ductility. Because weldsares, ‘malt of electrode and parent mata, an Aste loy-V* weldment wil exhibit greater strength than the rod rating. . AWS E8018C2, with similar niekel content, is both highly compatible with Astralloy-V®, and affords maximum impact resistance for low temperature service, ©. Added wear resistance of weldments may be Provided by capping joints with harder weld metal, AWS E11018 or E12018, or with non= ‘checking hard-facing electrode 1d, AWS £909 or £912 rods are recommended for Joining Astealioy-V* to stainless or 11-14% ‘manganese steels, or for super ductility in strained weldmenis, or where preheat is: not ‘east 2. MINIMIZE HYDROGEN PROBLEM POTENTIALS. Inusion of hydrogen during welding can cause ‘racking, Hydrogenisa constituent of moisture. ol srease, pant, etc. Surlece must be clean, cry and free of scale. Proheating above 212° F's recom- mended to eliminate hydrogen sources. Proneat ‘should bo applied to area to be welded and alowed {o.80ak through the plate. Proper preheat practice also reduces the need for post-weld stross reli. However, fresh welds should be protected trom atmosphericmoisture, Ineolsarmovingair.nsulate ta prevent rapid chiling. Electrodes should be either from sealed cans, minimum 250° F storage ‘oven, or rebaked aecording to manuiacturers in strucion USE GOOD JOINT DESIGN, Joint preparation, weld penetration and close aten- tion to fli-up sequences to avoid restraint are of ‘utmost importance. Remember that the greater strength of Astallay-V® precludes ts atretehing to ‘accommodatebad itor restraint. Irestraintcannot be avoided, post-weld heating of broad arese near the weld, before release of clamps, is a good practice TECHNIQUE «Thermal contraction of wide beads can resuit in tacked welds andhigh stresses, Stringer beads, Ideally no wider than "3 times electrode diam ‘ter, is recommonded. Weaving should be mini- mal. Avoid “pudding” to fil plug welds. ', Wold toward the ow eds whenever possibie, to minimize residual stress. Use 2 beckstepping sequence for circular or other elosed end welds. ‘Algo backstep and then proceed from cold start, to avoid porosity, Fill all raters to full cross sections. Stagger starts and stops in multipass weld, ©. Remove allslag between passes. Sesides clean- liness and interpass fusion, peening relieves ‘stress and permitstimeforcoolingandhydrogen ditfusion, 4. On full penetration wolds, root pass should be are-gouged from the reverse side and rewelded within preheat and interpass temperature limits, HEAT INPUT AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL, 4. Power settings and travel speeds sufficient to achieve penetration ard avoid undercutting, wth ‘minimal heat input, are recommended, », Interpass tomperature should not exceed 500°F, nor Be less 250*F (preheat temperature). Use of ‘thermal crayons is recommended. ©. Accelerated cooling methods ehould never be employed. 1. Heavy section weldments (above 21” thick) ‘and/or certain design considerations may require higher preheavinterpass temperatures. Contact AWT for assistance,6. INSPECTION, ‘Allwelds should be visually inspoctedafter complete Cooling, in aecordance withthe applicable design Chapter of AWS 01.1 Structural Welding Code. 7. GENERAL. |. Ris trongly recommended that a writen proce- ‘dure be developed and reviewed with shop por- ‘sonnel prior 10 each jb. ». Should questions aris, consult our Technical ‘Sait in Birmingham: From outside Alabama, 1-800-633-6635, Inside the State, 1-205-859-0300 8, ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS, For purposes of engineering or bidaing specifica tions, American Welding Society's Structural Wold- ing Code D1.1 should be followed as the welding authonty. schedulect recommendedadsltions to ‘Specie tables to accommodate Aatalloy-V®, not DStherwise addressed in the Coue, will be furnished fon request PRECAUTIONS “There are generally three causes of delayed wold cracking, which ean be avoided, as follows: 1. The first of these, hydrogen, can be controll by praneat above the boing point of wator, by cl liness of the surface, and by use of fresh, clean and diy electrodes either trom sealed cans, minimum 250" F storage ovens, or rebaked after exposure ‘according to manufacturers instructions. All high Strengin stesls ace more. senaltve to hydrogen ‘mbritlament than mildstee! and warrantadaitional Attention to elimination of hydrogen sources. In ‘addition to removal slag, peening between passes assists in stress relieving previous passes. 2, Rapid cooling of joint or heat atected zone by ‘adjacent cold metal or aher source of rapidchiling Thorough protesting also serves to retard rapid ‘cooling of weld areasby adjacent cold metal, which ‘can result in a hard, eile mioro-structure in the weld or heat affected zone, causing cracks. The ‘ASTRALLOY-V® _WELD PROCEDURES samo is true of external rapid chiling factors anc nile postheating is not normally required, care should be exercised to retard accelerated cooling of hot welds by covering with asbestos blanket or reheating. 3, Finally, all steels expand on heating and contract ‘upon cooling. Any restraint which preciudes troo- ‘dom to expand and contract ean induce locked in Stresses which may relieve themsoives through ‘racking. The higher the strength level of he steel, tha les it can stretch, so under restrained con tions, the weaker weldment may fal andor propa {gate to the parent metal. Restraint can also result from poor ti-up practices. When practicable, these ‘should be eliminated, and when unavoidable, heat- ingotentirearea can be helpful in relieving stresses ‘caused by such things as jacking in place, etc RECOMMENDED PREHEAT AND INTERPASS TEMPERATURES SUTHIGRHESS "PREHEAT: // INTERPASS | ‘STUD WELDING [ASTRALLOY-V" can be successiullystud welded with teommaniy used Type | mild steel studs (83,000 psi {ensle} a8 wel as Type high strength studs (145,000 si tensile providing a 400° to 500° F preheat is used. Stud failures without wold failures occurred in all torsion, tension and impact tests of end welded studs, Available trom 4" to 1+", Special application eng ‘neering support for stud welding is avaliable from Astralloy or KSM Fastaning Systems Division of Omark Industries, Moorestown, New JerseyASTRALLOY-V® FABRICATION PRACTICE GENERAL PRECAUTIONS. + Grind all plate edges to round off sharp comers. * Preheat chilled piates to at least 80°F before forming is attempted Grind smooth all Blow outs caused by torch cutting COLD FORMING PROCEDURE Press braking is an excellent procedure whenever equipment ‘ypieal 180,000 Pi Yield strength is available. Astralioy-V" plate, because of is ible with les at levels low as 320 BHN. Extra allowance should be made for “spring bak” Cross grain forming is strong enough to overcome Astral: high toughness, can be formed to shapes not pos medium hard pl Preferred, but not essential + Forming should be done in slow gradual steps as ‘opposed to one severe movement, + Usiize ai-cie methods with broad female dias. Oo Rolling / Grain Direction and Bend Directions Neier ue 0.7 D \ = ROLLING GRAN DIRECTION —eN Note: To determine whether your pressbrake can form Astralioy-V* allow 4 times the power required toform the same thickness andsize piece of mild ste! Minimum Bend Radii Guidelines The following values represent some actual cold bend Fadil we ave personelly experienced. More epecitic dotals for your particular needs are avalable from our engineering office HOT FORMING PROCEDURE One of the big advantages, as opposed to liquid ‘quenched and tempered alloys, is that it ean be hot formed and allowed toarcoal. twill retain ts orginal high hardness, high toughness ang high strength Ether press brake orrollsmay beused. Heat to 1000" F ‘minimum Before forming to insure air cooling back to FULL hardness. Hot forming completed at temper tures below 1450°F will sult in lower hardness, ‘reater stress levels and reduced abrasion resistance, Cross grain forming Is preferred, but not absolutely ‘necessary. When hot forming die ae designed for use with ASTRALLOY-V" an allowance for spring back should be greater than that required for regular alloy grades, STRUCTURAL APPLIGATION-ASTRALLOY-V° wear plates and flats are air hardened only forthe most ‘severe wear and impact applications. Plates for struc- turelapplications shouldbe tempered atte lrharden- ing the Same as ASTRALLOY-V* bars,ASTRALLOY-V" pte is commonly driledat full hard- ness with standard high speed cri bits modified as follows: 4. The dill should be ground so thatthe included pont angle is 140-150 degrees, taking care to insure that the point angle has exact centering. The Mute ip shoule be ground io a 5 degree postive rake wih an ‘approxima land wicth of 1/82-nen. The web shoud be thined to appreximataly /32inch to reduce i pressure and to mnimize work-hardening atthe Gl enter. ». Using cobalt dil, cutting speed should be 8-10 ‘surface Test per minute with feed rate of.004-inch volution. IPM shouldbe varied, depending on to stay within the cutting speed ‘ange. Feedrate shouldbe held essentially constant. Using standard high speed drills, the cutting speed should be reduced to 4-8 surface feot por minute. ‘The above numbers are valid for Astralloy V™ at high hardness (477 Minimum Brinell Hardness, £21000 Kg Losd), Material which has been tempered ‘ris of suicient thickness o alcool othe 418-444 1 Hardness range, can be dried at approx imately 12 surtace feet per minute ©, Due to Astralloy-V"s high capacity for work: hardening, itis essential that the workpiece be Figidly supported with @ wood or metal backing _ ASTRALLOY-V® DRILLING AND TAPPING “This willinsure that positive feed pressure is applied canstantly, Interrupted food pressure caused by flexure of thin pate workpieces will result in work- hardening and will make driling very dificult, Positive power feed is essential to produce a contin- Lous chip and avoid work hardening positive feed is Interrupted or tool becames excessively dul allowing srlto "rub", work hardening wil result, making further progress ctficultor impossible. Shouls this occur, the holebotiom may beannealed by heating to 1,001,200 egrees F (this may be checked with s temperature ‘gauge or stiex, But Is below any red color). After Cooling, the nots bottom hardnesswill 32 300-3308HN, 50 that drilling may be resumed, using a sharp bit. To Fostore hardness of annealed hole are after eiling, heat to 1,600 degrees F and air cool Use a fll flow of heavy duty coolant to dissipate heat fan lubricate cutting edges. COUNTERSINKING Use. four-or tiv-fluted countersink atthasam pend ‘and feedas or sling, using maximum diameter of the Countersunk hole asa reterence for calculating the ‘ctting speed. COUNTERBORING \inen using counterboring cutting tots, pilot should be usec: however, on norms capeerew counterbored holes, a bolt size il followed by alt bottom counter- bore size dil wil work very wel. For large counter- bores in relation to bolt size, the aril must be ground Inguch away thatthe counterbore willremain centered land not chatter. Centering may be maintained by use (f 8 Tead pilot or orl pilot tool contiguraion. TAPPING Hole o be tapped should be driee to approximatoly 60% of thread cept. = Tap Dri ameter ‘T= Major Thread Diameter (d= Depih of Tread Use two-stage process, grind starter taptoremavennalt ‘ofthe remaining thread depth witha3® relotangleand era rake, and tap to fl ongth. Finish tapping with an ‘Unaltered zero rake tap, using @ heavy sulphurzed oil 28 lubricant. ‘Alternative — Use a 60% thread size tap cil followed bya heavy duty gun tap.ASTRALLOY-V? BARS HOT ROLLED SHAFTING Higher strengths, uniform rom surface to core, regard- lessor bar diameter, than conventionaliquid quenched “high strength” bars, throughout cross sections up to 16° diameter. Higher traneveree toughness and strenath to resist the torsional stresses of most Bar applications, Endurancelimitat east S0% higher than conventional high strength” bare to resist fatigue and extend service ie Readily machinable. Free of quenching stress, fine rained tnd with fewor large carbides, tastar metal removal rates possible without distortion Easily forged and welded. {ir hardening minimizes thermal stresses inherent in ‘quenched and tempered steels, Run-out during ma- chining is great reduced, (A) Small diameter liquid quenched bers can be ‘through hardened. But they will not be as tough as ASTRALLLOY-V° in spite of tompering, (B) Large diameter liquid quenched and tempered bars are not ‘capable of through hardening, Surface machining will Low carbon (25) martensitic microstructure is made up of very fine grains that do not contain massive ‘carbides to hinder machining ASTRALLOY-V" can be trostod to specitic properties without sacriicing overall quality. Ths alloy can be ‘arburized ta high case hareness, ytit retains a hard, tough, high strength core, Readily weldable, with ow hydrogen high tensile rods. {An ideal base where motalizing processes are used to repair worn journal surfaces. Hest affected zones felain high toughness. Simple tempering restores full machinabilty in weld are. ‘Anexcellentnon-tempering tool steel. ASTRALLOY-V®* ‘can be neated o a bright cherry red color, forged to 8 fool shape and quenched in oll to produce a cutting too that will hold an edge equal to non-tempering tool steal. The big plus with ASTRALLOY-V° is that itis tough and wil not break in service lke conventional on-tempering too! steels further reduce strength by posting otf the benefits of ‘neat treatment. (C) Airhardened ASTRALLOY-V° bars always offer higher combined strength and toughness irom surface to core, providing higher endurance limits and greater fatigue resistance,ASTRALLOY-V® FATIGUE PROPERTIES Jn most metal applications the force exerted on the nickel and chromium, its surface finish can be made loea bearing of work wansmiting member fluctuates. ery smooth, When the loacing on a part fluctuates or Becomes 2. igh hardness to resist the start of @ orack. cyclic, its advantageous to use a steel, with proper STRALLOY-V" ismare machinable a high hardness design considerations, which resists fatigue failure: thay most quenched and tempered stele, again be- jgue failures are caused by alternating stresses in cause ofits very fine grain structure and the absence of the presence ofa defect suchas a notch feeatea for Swot ewer The gta example, by saw cuts, tool marks, deep scratches, fread roots, square cornered key ways'and spines, & Hightensilestrengthtoresistordeley he growth of Welding undercuts craters, and unfiled root passes)” ack that develops. ASTRALLOY-V* ie the only Sines itis not possibe to complotly eliminate those Commercially available alloy that has @unifonmy high btross riser, it vtl to use asea hat can resi! he tensile stenglh across fullsectons above eemeter. Growth of fatigue cracksifthey form in aworking par. To illustrate the excellent fatigue resistance of ASTRALLOY-V" Tose lengths of 6° diameter stock Researen has shown that thee conditions are of vere airerdened and tempered at S80°F “rien importance in determining f¥0¥®Fesis2N°®. From nese heat wealed bars mid-radius longituinal 4. High surface tnishtreetromdetectstoetiminetethe —tenale ana cyclic (F. R. Moore) fatigue specimens starting point for @ crack. Because ASTRALLOY-V* were prepared. The results tabulated Below are aver= has a very fine grain structure and high contents of ages of Wiliate specimens ROTATING BEAM FATIGUE TEST DATA smoreaes een aso *. °. ‘59 cuave, woRUAEDL ano SEBPUnED Ar 6 TYPICAL CHARPY V-NOTCH IMPACT STRENGTH 6" DIAMETER BAR AIR HARDENED FROM 1750" F, AND TEMPERED AT 950° F Hardness (BN) ES ea, ED 368, Test Temperature °F) 0 =o) 65, 80) Longitudinal Cherpy V-Notch (Tbs) 2 9 8 7ASTRALLOY-V® SHAFTING ee Shafting Has The Same Chemistry And rm Toughness And Hardness...From Surface To Core. From surface through mid-radius to center, Askalloy has uniform horeiness o 340 HN 175,000 PSI Tensile 140,000 PSI Yield 340 BHN Go better performance with ess Gowriime. Replace worn fequipmont, shatisand pinion (gears, bucket pins. nooks ond Shackles, heavy duly shatting, hamme shes il rive shots, heavy steering rack pins, and crawler le shots with Astral V2 ator processing to 400.00 BHN. Astralloy V"shigher fatigue limits ou! perform 4340, 14180, orany other high strength steel many times. Typlcal Propertios 175.000 PSI Tensile ‘At Surface 140,00 PSl Vile 340 BAN. 175,000 Pt Tero ‘AiCore 140,000 PS Viels 540 BN Traneverse Toughness Wile that of 4340, TYPICAL CROSS SECTION HARDNESS tong. Reaucton ine “wares 00 190% aoASTRALLOY-V® SHAFTING ‘Comparison Of Mechanical Properties, Tensile And Yield Sirengihs, On Most Frequently Used Alloy Shatting ‘75000 “0 480 4340 Astatloy:V a0. 450 an Assy. Asraloy VP shating: s 8 z » Astratloy V# Hol Rolle AsraloyV" forgings wre wie the ieASTRALLOY- -ve © BARS _ ENGINEERING | DATA OIL QUENCHED AND TEMPERED 1 I Y Bh i i i ASTRALLOY.v* Properties Chart of 6:n-0.0. Bar | _ASTRALLOY-V* Properties Chart for :n-0.0. Bor Stock. Lonatudinal specimens Taken rom i-Radi | Sock Longitudinal Specimens Taken rom Mi Rass inclong Sections Air Hardened then Tempered at | of -In.-long Sections Austoniized al 1750°F, Furnace the Lied fompertorn: Cecieato 1600, CtQuenchedthen Temperedalthe_ ASTRALLOY-V® “TYPICAL TENSIE DATA DIANETER ASTHALLOV* GARE, AIR HARDENED AND TEMPERED Ten Groh, ad Sangh, Gonsion “THPIGAL TENSILE DATA” DANETER ASTRALLOY-V" BARS AUSTENITIZED AT TV, TO TF O1 QUENCHED AND TEMPERED eran, Ut To, Sra a a sect hr St FORGED BARS 4 Elootric Fumace * Ultra Sonic Tested jacuum Degassed + Rough turned {+ Through hardening tot least 16° diameter + Special shapes avalable ASTRALLOY-V* Forgingsare madeto the same chem- Isty and rigid quality contol standards as plates and bers, The most advanced production techniques and laboratory checks are used fa inaure high quality bars with sound center. ‘The following data was taken from mill test reports on typical heats of air hardened and tempered ASTRALLOY-V® Forgings. eae inh Se ee Ted tee 764.800 734.500 39 re 131 “66,400. 731,300 aura 18 TH wr. ik a 1a 1A. a00, 133,000 TOSS BET Fa RET Pa TT [ASTRALLOY-V® can easly be forged In your shop or local forge shops to any desired shape, Initial forging temperature of Astalioy-V* should approach 2250°F and can be continued until materia! ‘cools to 1450°F .. If further forging le necessary, reheat to original temperature. Upon completion of forging, simply allow toaircoo!. For qraater uniformity, normalize at 1650°F and sir cool. if machining is Fequired, temper to machinable hardness level Follow machining if necessary, with re-heal treatment osired ASTRALLOY-V® was “hot-worked" to at least 50% ‘eductionatvarious finishing temperatures after initial heating 10.8 minimum of 1950°F_ After working, the ASTRALLOY-V materais were slr cooled, and the hardness of each was measured. The following results were obtained: ‘These iguresindicatethat ASTRALLOY-V° wil harden fully on air cooling folowing “not-working” at temper- atures of 1450°F and above. Tempering will increase. ‘machinability by lowering hardness, At the same time Yale strength canbe increased by selected temperingASTRALLOY-V° FORGED BAR ‘Comparing Astralioy-V® torged bars with 4340 forged bear strength = hot too spectacular. But this, is a measure of tensile stress fesistance, and few failures result from purely tensile stress, How much of these strengths ‘oan be used? Note comparative transverse =. Se ductility and toughness. Its these | ‘roperties which resist the cyclic “orsional strass inherent inal shatting applications, and which ‘Provide greater shock and fatigue resistance. ‘The endurance limit of Astralloy-V therefore, is hominally 50% of tensile strength vs. 33-1738 for 4240, permiting, 55% greater stress toads and triple the shock load, or impact resistance ssloy-Vsultratinegralnstructute, tree ofmassive carbide particles due to its lower carbon content, provides better machinabilty at Its higher strength’ hardness evel (nominally 50 BHN}tnanquenchedand tempered alloys normally furnished at 268-221 BHN. ‘The alr-hardering snd tempering of Astralloy-V" pre cludes the strsses present in other alloys heat treated by liquid quench and temper which causes dstortion fang “run out” as they are exposed by machining. Machinists have consistently found that faster stock emaval is practical wth Astvalioy-V®, than with neat treated SAE/AISI alloy steels of lower hardness. TURNING, BORING AND FACING Asralloy-V"'s higher strength/herdness levels require Ccratul attention to chucking and tooling. Turning, boring and facing (continuous machining) is best accomplished. with negative rake, mechani lamped,trow-away, coated tungsten-carbide nse with ‘moulded chip-breaker. These provide the free Cutting capability of postive rake, wth the durability land eeonomy of the negative rake. Coated carbides Yd three times thie of uncoated inserts at approx- mately 25% higher unit cost, and permit ether 50% greater surface speeds or foed rates as pormittes by the job at hand. Obviously, this permits greater metal Femoval rates, limited only by the horsepower and rigidity avaiable ‘Speeds of 180 to 270 tm will yield reasonable too! lite and produce a shearing ation. and theretore, a bright finish. Inadequate speed will produce a tearing action, and therefore, a dll finish, which results in excessive ASTRALLOY-V® ~ MACHINING DATA tool pressure, aisipstion of power, detection and runout For optimum metal removal, depth of cut should ‘exceed feed rte by a factor often. Nose radius ofthe Inger shouldbe asiarge a rigcty of tremachine and workpiece wil permit without chatter. Surface finish prodiiced is function of noseradivsand food rate, For finishing, feed rate shoula nat exceed one-third the rage radius of the insert Continuous and generous coolant flow will extend tool Iie, aid etvp breakage, and minimize heat bulldup in the work pieces. Conversely, inadequate or intermittent coolant How wil reduce too ie MILLING For optimum metal removal in interrupted machining {e.,miling), best results are also accomplished using negativerake, mechanically clamped, tungsten carbide ese. Bpanial cae apariica, a ava cape {ound chamfer, atleast three times the width of the Intended feed per tooth, onal cuting edges, followed by aheavy hore, proves compression loading of ne 2dge rather than shear loading. Recommended feed rate is .008" per tooth. Total Cutting rato therefore, equal .008 times number of Inserts n cutter times pm. Unitorm distribution of feed rate por insert, requires use of precision inserts to assure thateach edge is working beyond thezone work hardened by the preceding insert ‘At360 BHI, 160 stm is reasonable, with slower speeds for higher hardness and higher speeds for lower hardness, sae eam ae ‘vee 0 sinc 045 ‘Over 2t0 ‘3g — 0 Min.) Over i te inch so Over to Over 30 18 ina so Over Sto 60 Over hte We incl bie Ger as to ‘220 Over 43 to 1s incl eo Over Ss to (028 — ("Min Over $i to 1s incl ec Over Sta, 310 Bier 1 to 2 inch cy ler Bi to 9 incl. 06 CUTTING KEYWAYS: Use a three or four tated high- speed end mil; with widths up oi, Use upto 80 RPM: ‘ver wide, reduce APMtothe26/A0 range, Take the {ull depth of keyways up to %" deep in one pass. Use two passes for depths greater than 5%". Use @ good coolant to keep the cutter and stee! cool. The great ‘majonty of fatigue failures in shatting made trom any steel can be traced back to sharp comers and notches like those foun at the base of a square cornered keyway. To greatly inerease your shating life put 3 small radlug atthe corners of the keyway and put a Corresponding radius on the matching corners of the key. Suggested minimum radius is 1/16",ASTRALLOY-V° HEAT TREATING HEAT TREATING ASTRALLOY-V° can be processed by all known methods of heat treatment. Because of is uniquely balanced composition ASTRALLOY-V® develops an unexpected extremely fine grain sizeof MeGuaid-EHN 7-8 upon cooling ASTRALLOY-V? is an alt hardening alloy. Therofore, the use ofa liquid quenching media, such as oll or water, Is generally not necessary or desirable ‘Transtormation Temperatures latometor studies ofa typical heat of ASTRALLOY- was 7°F perminute, resulted n the following transtormation temperatures “425°F Ac) The temperature at which transforma: tion offerte to austenite is completed during heating “The temperature at which austenite be- gins to form during heating ‘The tomperatureat which transformation ‘of austenite to martensite starts on coo} ing. Transformation is complotedat ter pporatureaautficiontyhightoparmitaolt fempering, “Thetomperatureat which transformation fof austenite to martensite is completed during cooling HEAT TREATING OF ASTRALLOY-V* INTRODUCTION ‘Asiralloy-V" fs capable otawide range of properties by Variations in heat treatment. Optimum hardness and \wear resistance, for example, are obtained in the ‘normalized condition. Whereas tempering and annes ing safton the alloy, they 60 provide improved tough ‘ness, machinabilty, and formabllty. Case hardening ‘can be used to increase the hardness and wear rei ance of the surface. The chemistry of Astralloy-V* ‘ares within the spacifiad range from heat #0 heat, ‘which ean result inomevariation in hardnessatter the various heat treatments. For example, hardness and Strength tend to increase somewhat with Incroasing carbon content within the specified range. Therefore, these factors should be considered when the hard ‘noss/stength level of Astraloy-V" products serial NORMALIZING Normalizing, which provides the highest hardnes strength and optimum wear resistance in Astralloy-V°. Isaccompiisned by heating tne ally to 1880"F. holding {for approximately t hour per inch of maximum thick- ‘ness, andthen air cooling to room tomperature. When prevention of sealingand preservation of surtacetinish {s desired, normalizing can be carried out in an endo thermic or inert atmosphere or in vaccum, Normalized 1305'F Ac, 50°F Me sor Mt Astralloy-V° is also referred to as “alr-hardened. Because o it excelent alloy balance and hardenabil- ity, Astalloy-V" achieves uniform air-hardened proper- jes nections upto 16 inches thick For optimum neat lwansfer and resulting hardness, loose spacing of material rather than tight stacking or bundling is recommended for normalizing treatment. For large batohes, forced ai circulation can facilitate air cooling. ‘Adequate support, especialy Tor large parts, during ormalzing 8 necessary to minimize distortion. TEMPERING OR DRAWING Tempering cansits of heating Asralloy-V" to temper- atures inthe range 800° to 1200°F, to improve tough- fess, machinabilty, and cold formabilty. Some de- treates occur in hardness and strength becoming ‘more pronouncedas tempering temperatures increase {fo 1200"F. Tempering time shoul be about 1 hour por inch of greatest thickness. Air coaling oF furnace cooling is acceptable although air cooling usually results in slightly higher hardness ‘An exceplion to tne none decreas strength wit increase in tempering temperature, isthe increase in yletdatrengtn that occurs nalr-hardenec Astalioy-V" At the lower tempering temperatures. The maximum Yield strength being a result of tempering at about 500" To reduce hardness for machinabilty, temper at 1100°F and furnace coo! Tompering time needed to reduce the hardness of torch-cut edges of an already tempored plate is only ‘ishour beeause the depth of the hest-affected zone is Joss than Yenc Material thathas already been tempered can boturther softened and toughened by retempering at a higher temperature. However, previously tempered material is retempered at a lower tempering temperature, Its properties will not be affected. Previously tempered material can not be hardened and strengthened by Simply retempering atalower temperature, Thehigher strength and hardness corresponding to the lower tempering temperature can be obtained only by re- ormalzing(re-ai-hardening) andtempering. In other words, if several tempering treatments are applied without intermediate normalizing, the final propertios will correspond to thoes induced by the highest ten- Pering temperature, ‘STRESS RELIEF Stress relies simply a tempering reatmenteppliegfor the purpose of relieving internal stresses induced byDIMENSIONAL CHANGE AND DISTORTION Allhardenable stelsare subject to acertain amountot ‘imensional change and distortion during heat teat- tment especially in the higher temperature operations Such ae normalizing and carburizing, The actual ‘changes that occur are highly dependent upon the configuration of individual parts and upon the care ‘employed in uniformly heating. supporting, and cooling them during heat-tret operations. Theseproblems are ‘minimized in Astralloy-V° because ofits relatively [ow Carbon content, high herdenability. and uniformity of Imicroswucture. Nevertheless, sight allowances are ASTR ALLOY- ve HEAT TREATING (conte) advisable for tinal grinding to fine tolerances of parts {hat are neat treated after machining. OIL AND HOT SALT QUENCHING. ‘The use of an oll quench is generally not required with ASTRALLOY-V". Iran it quench I Used, the austen- izing temperature range should be 1550° 10 1600"F. Hot salt quenching may be used as a substitute fr oi ‘quenching, Quenching media temperatures of 700° to 80°F andeircooled may be used withnoetecton the resulting hardness. This type of quench is recom mended when the geometry ofthe part indicates care Should be exercised 10 prevent distortion and the fealing common to air cooling isnot permite. PRODUCTION TOLERANCES PLATES - Because ASTRALLOY-* plate develops Its unique properties by a mechanism totaly cifferent from any other abrasion-mpactresistant plate, none ot the published standards fully appy to the production 0! ASTRALLOY-V' plates, Therefore, our production onto! isbased on a combination of various standards Selected to insure top internal quality. Applications which require flatness tolerances should be referred to our nearest ‘ales otice Delivery condition isgoveredby AS.T-M. [6 latest revision, t0 tho extent that mill equipment Is ‘capable of coaforming ASTRALLOY-V® to this stan- ‘ara. BAR FLATS - Fiats taken trom plate may exceed A.S.T-M. AS tolorances because of limitations in commercially lable flame euting equipment, however, ulmost care is taken to hold straightness, flatness and width {olerance. When critical, these tolerances should be established in each instance, BARS - HoT ROLLED UND HEAT THEATE: ies Yolen eet ‘Oul-ol Square Tolora ROAD AND BAARE HAR Sowa’ Sa ‘oor ah Seams Spe in ToS/i6 incl. __—_—~.005 0.005 0.008 Over 4 102 ine, ‘vor 56 fo 7/78 ine. 006: HOB Outer Big 2 eine Over 7/16 t0 5 inc tenet ja 007 8 (Over 23 to Over 10 1 inet 0.008 0.008 Over 4% to Si inet ‘Gat 3.10 th na oid oto" Byer Bute OE nas ‘Over 13 to 1% ine Over 61 10 84 ine ott ‘Giet Fw na iwindl i ‘Over 13 to 1% inc oor ‘004 0.021 ‘Outot-reundis the the same cross section {erence batween the maximum and minimum diameters ofthe bar, measured at Out-ot-square is the difference in the two dimensions at the same section of a square bar, each dimension boing the distance between opposite sides 3 === inehos of runout permissible, ial Straightness Tolerance: Round Bars % inch in any § fet, or 's X number of fest of lengthASTRALLOY-V® - FLAME CUTTING PREHEAT REQUIREMENTS PLATE THICKNESS 3" - 10° Preheat to 650° F as long as necessary for temperature to “soak” evenly throughout the plate During cutting plate temperature must notfallbelow 400" FAllpats including usable drops must be postheated 10860" Ffor3hoursand low-eooled under blankets STOCK SIZES PLATE / BAR ‘DIAMETERS: 101" rrr LENGTHS: 109 FEET Por 202 FEET 6" x 240" — 9/18", WW iy a Te" x 44" — 916",‘ASTM A-514 PLATE + Strsctual ste! pate; 100,000 min yield strength * Wilding ane stenath charactrstcs, Use in constuction ang stctral abicaton ROC 400 PLATE 4 Awater quenched and lemparod ARAOOF + Produced for enhanced formabity and ease of welding 1 Hardness: 364-444 BHN ROC 450 PLATE + Avaler quenched and tempered ARASOF + Produced for enhanced formablly and ease of welding ‘Hardness: 402.512 BHN ROC 500 PLATE * Ava quonchod and tempered ARSOOF + Produced for enhiancas formabily and ease of welding ‘Hardness: 442-558 HN EB-450 PLATE * Wisi quenched and tempered pate with rickelenremeimaly composton which I ttrurhardened up 2 + Eaniy formes end weed * Hiareness #769499 BHN, average 450 BN ASTRALLOY 8000 PLATE + Oil quenched and tampered ARASOF + Improved elevated temperature properties to 9009 + Yio hardening grade + Ensly formad and welded “ Roraness' 416-512 BHN ASTRALLOY-V® PLATE + Air quenchedihardened ‘tra high svength alloy stow! + legal fo esteme Impact and abrasion applications ‘with tiuchardness and toughness Hot ormabie Improved elevated lomperature properties to 1100°F Hardness. 418:512 BHR = ArcelorMittal Astralloy Steet Products, Inc. www.astralloy.com imngien AL 8215 Pron” aenseranro Tempe: hosuo ssi ASTRALLOY-V® ROUND BAR AND FORGINGS + Ai-quonchedhardenes ula high strength alloy bar and forgings formulated to provide extra siength an Toughnass with unifom tho-tadness. + Wear resistance in severe apaications * High toughness a on temperatures + 300% greater vansverso loughnioss with groato yiols Strength than heat treated 4340, + Diameters 318” rough 20 14" stocked + Tense: 148,000" 238,000, + ied 127,000 - $91,000 + Brine 321 378 ‘TRIP-L-TUFF® PLATE, PIPE AND ELBOWS + Chromium-carbise overay plate, pos, and elbows * Combines har, tough surace wah ducted rckng + Farness: 985.652 BHN ASTRALLOY HARDENED PIPE® + Hardened pipe to 600 BHN * ideal or su transportation or pipe transport of abrasive quis, sols, and gases. ROL-MAN® PLATE + Austen 11-14% original "Hadfield specication manganese plate + Exoolent for exveme impact appteatons *780:220 BRIN work hardens i 05-052 BHN LINEBACKER PLATE + Glass-bead fied and chemical crosslinked UHM potyethyene + Used in extreme siding and corrosive applications * Lom coefclnt of ictan reduees sticking 4330 ROUND BAR + A normalized, quenched and lempered, svess rioved siloy bar + Thvough-hardened fer high strength and duet, 45ttibs longtine) + Used i of and mining industry tools 4340 ROUND BAR + Neke,chvome, moly aly steel with good wear resistance + Deeper hardanabaly than 4100 graces * Increased oughness and faigue strength 4145 ROUND BAR + Chroms, moly, ally sta! possessing good hardness * Excelent duty, shock resistance ad ifort in sengh + One ofthe most versatile machinery steels