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    Sino-Soviet Relations

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    The relationship between China and the Soviet Union broke down in the 1960s due to several ideological, political, economic, and military differences that emerged between Mao Zedong's Communist China and the Soviet Union under Stalin and later Khrushchev. These included disagreements over the interpretation of Marxism-Leninism, China's desire for independence from Soviet domination, border disputes, and competition for influence over other communist states. The breakdown in relations ultimately led to a brief armed conflict along the Sino-Soviet border in 1969.

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    Sino-Soviet Relations

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    119 views5 pages
    The relationship between China and the Soviet Union broke down in the 1960s due to several ideological, political, economic, and military differences that emerged between Mao Zedong's Communist China and the Soviet Union under Stalin and later Khrushchev. These included disagreements over the interpretation of Marxism-Leninism, China's desire for independence from Soviet domination, border disputes, and competition for influence over other communist states. The breakdown in relations ultimately led to a brief armed conflict along the Sino-Soviet border in 1969.

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    The relationship between China and the Soviet Union broke down in the 1960s due to several ideological, political, economic, and military differences that emerged between Mao Zedong's Communist China and the Soviet Union under Stalin and later Khrushchev. These included disagreements over the interpretation of Marxism-Leninism, China's desire for independence from Soviet domination, border disputes, and competition for influence over other communist states. The breakdown in relations ultimately led to a brief armed conflict along the Sino-Soviet border in 1969.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    119 views5 pages

    Sino-Soviet Relations

    Uploaded by

    api-293361169
    The relationship between China and the Soviet Union broke down in the 1960s due to several ideological, political, economic, and military differences that emerged between Mao Zedong's Communist China and the Soviet Union under Stalin and later Khrushchev. These included disagreements over the interpretation of Marxism-Leninism, China's desire for independence from Soviet domination, border disputes, and competition for influence over other communist states. The breakdown in relations ultimately led to a brief armed conflict along the Sino-Soviet border in 1969.

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    of 5

    Sino-Soviet Relations

    China becomes a Communist nation

    - Chinese Communist Party (CCP) proclaimed the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) on Beijing
    on 1 October 1949
    - Troubled history between China and Russia due to border; tension due to lost territories from
    China to Russia, while struggling against Western domination.
    - Failure of Manchu dynasty in China to resist Western domination ultimately led to its downfall
    - New regime was in difficulty attempting to consolidate control throughout the whole country
    - Unable to get the unequal treaties back form the West
    - New Bolshevik regime: the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - would give up all claims to the
    former Tsarist empire outside Russia
    - Seized Outer Mongolia; end of WWII: Soviets stripped $2 billion of equipment and machinery
    from Manchuria
    1950s: alliance pledging mutual support against American imperialism
    - Relationship declined - border war in 1969; Mongolia China even sought closer relations with
    the USA
    - Only until the 1980s when the relationship began to improve again.

    Causes of the Breakdown in Relations


    Historical differences

    - Russia seized Chinese territory in 19th century


    - Bolsheviks seized Outher Mongolia in 1920s
    - Manchuria stropped of $2 billion in equipment
    Ideological differences

    - Mao: Maoism
    - Stalin: Stalinism
    - Argued over continuing revolution
    Political differences

    - Khrushchev and Mao wanted domination over Asia


    - Mao opposed the policy of peaceful co-existence
    - Mao sought independence from Moscow only conditional help from the USSR in the
    Korean War
    Economic differences
    - Argued over how to develop the Chinese economy - Great Leap Forward failure
    - China had to pay for military aid
    Military differences
    - USSR reluctant to give China military aid and nuclear technology Chinese suspicions
    Maos foreign policy priorities in 1949 - source of disagreements can be traced back to Maos aims:
    national survival, rather than helping the USSR
    1. Economic development
    China reluctantly relied on Soviet aid and expertise to rebuild itself; internationally isolated at
    UN, Western trade embargo since 1949
    2. Territorial integrity
    China needed to secure control over outlying provinces, e.g. Taiwan, Tibet; feared hostile
    forces on its borders needed Soviet protection initially
    3. National identity
    Maoism not only about world revolution but also about restoring the Chinese nation and
    redressing past humiliations, e.g. Soviet domination Mao wanted independence of action
    4. International revolution
    Mao believed that war with Capitalism was inevitable; Communist relations should be
    encouraged worldwide, but the USSR didnt want this after 1956

    Ideological and Personal Differences (Stalin and Mao)

    - history of disagreements even before 1949


    - Stalin believed that the KMT were better placed to re-unify China; supported them in the
    1940s

    - Mao believed that Stalin wanted a weaker China so that there could be Soviet dominance

    - Different interpretations of Communism; Mao - peasants as the revolutionary class; Stalin


    disagreed, with urban workers as the revolutionary basis

    - Potential rivals - Stalin mistrustful; did not want to spread Soviet commitments into Asia as war
    in Europe post-WWII seemed likely

    Sino-Soviet Treaty of Alliance

    - February 1950: Mao invited to Msocow


    - promised economic assistance to China, in case of war against Japan again
    - Mao offended by treatment: $300 million in loan (repayable), China had to recognise Soviet
    control over Outer Mongolia and influence in Manchuria
    - Khrushchev later called it an insult to the Chinese people; although the USSR sent over 20,000
    advisors to the PRC, helped construct over 200 industrial projects

    Korean War

    - November 1950: the Red Army of the PRC invaded North Korea in an attempt to push back
    American-led UN forces, which threatened to wipe out the North Koreans

    - Over 1 million Chinese fought, over 700,000 casualties, including the son of Mao who was killed
    - Had to pay for all weapons used ($1.35 billion) that the Soviets supplied to China
    - Mao thought that Stalin wanted China to be weak so the USSR could dominate
    - Stalin deliberately preventing an early armistice in order to exhaust the Chinese

    Khrushchev
    After Stalins death, the USSR was ruled by Malenkov, Khrushchev and Bulganin

    - Tensions eased as the USSR began to supply China with loans and technology 1953-56:
    honeymoon period

    - By 1956, Khrushchev became the de facto leader of the USSR


    - 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party - attacked Stalin - personality cult and his
    crimes - Stalin had put himself above the party
    - Mao - attack on himself as he ruled in a similar way to Stalin; only helped the West by criticising
    a Communist increased tensions

    Peaceful co-existence

    - 1956: Khrushchev began calling for peaceful coexistence with the West - better relations with
    the USA to avoid nuclear war

    - Indirectly caused protests across Eastern Europe, as many believed that Khrushchev was
    promising greater freedoms - Hungary Uprising (1956) violently crushed
    - Mao angered by the failure of the USSR to control reactionary forces and allow protests
    - Mao viewed peaceful-coexistence with the West as heresy, betrayal of the Marxist-Leninist
    notion of the inevitability of war with Capitalism
    - War with the capitalist world is inevitable - Marx
    - continuing revolution with the West only way to keep communist alive and the only way to
    ensure the victory of Communism
    - By negotiating with the West on arms reductions in 1950s, Mao believed that the USSR was
    becoming a revisionist - betrayer of Communism

    1957 Moscow Conference

    - November 1957: special Meeting of World Communist Parties in Moscow: to celebrate the 40th
    anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution to try and resolve differences between parties
    - Despite approving a declaration that promised future co-operation, Mao made a series of
    speeches that accused Khrushchev of being revisionist - straying away from the MarxistLeninist path
    - Deng Xiaoping demolished USSR speaker Mikhail Suslov - world revolution only possible
    through armed struggle
    - War of words angered and humiliated Moscow

    Khrushchevs Visit to Beijing (1958)

    - Clear from the conference in 1957 that Mao was trying to challenge the Soviet Union for the
    leadership of the international Communist movement

    - Threat to the USSR - used the international movement to spread Soviet influence around the
    world

    - Khrushchev tried to repair damage


    - Mao wanted to humiliate Khrushchev; passive aggressive even organised meetings in
    Maos swimming pool

    - Talks failed dramatically


    - USSR proposed a joint fleet of submarines and radio stations - bring China under Soviet military
    control

    - Deng again attacked the Soviet Union, saying that they were arrogant for only viewing
    themselves as the only true Marxist-Leninists even accused Soviet technical advisors as
    being spies

    Taiwan Crisis

    island of Quemoy - China mobilised its army for war


    USA sent 7th fleet
    Mao prove independence from Khrushchev; test whether Khrushchev would help
    Shows Russia Mao is too risky and crazy - testing the stability of the capitalist system- stopped
    trusting Mao; Trotskyism
    - End of economic and scientific relations

    The Great Leap Forward (1958-61)

    - faulty in design and erroneous in practice


    - Peng Dehuai

    Soviet-Albanian Split 1961

    - USSR withdrew financial aid to Albania; China immediately sent technical and financial
    assistance

    - Mao attempting to prove that he is the leader of the Communist world; attacked their sphere
    experience

    End of diplomatic relations (1961)


    Albania led to the end of diplomatic relations
    22nd Congress of the CPSU
    Mao - Asian Hitler, Khrushchev - redundant old boot
    Zhou Enlai dramatically staged a walk-out of the Congress

    Sino-Indian War 1962

    - Rivalry became hostile


    - Despite over Tibetan border
    - officially neutral
    Cuban Missile Crisis

    - attacked USSR for its adventurism in placing missiles on Cuba and its capitulationism
    - What right have you to decide for us questions ivnvolign our very existence and our class
    struggle?

    Nuclear issue (1963-4)

    - Mao frustrated by attitude of USSR in sharing its nuclear weapons - only if USSR was in ctonrol
    of its use
    - Chinese developed their own nuclear weapons
    - 59/6

    Cultural Revolution

    - Brezhnev continued to isolate China

    Sino-Soviet Border War 1969

    - Manchuria
    - Hydrogen bomb
    - 50 divisions along Chinese border

    Vietnam war

    - both sides tried to win support and influence over the Vietminh
    - main champion against US imperialism

    Cambodia - Pol Pot

    - Chinese influence
    - Vietnam invaded Cambodia

    Chinese Invasion of Vietnam 1979

    - 17th February
    - Chinese forced to withdraw

    Invasion of Afghanistan

    - Mujahideen fighters

    Sino-Soviet Detente -1985

    - Gorbachev: reform USSR end to Afghan occupation


    - new negotiations with China

    Conclusion

    - historians had little access to documentary evidence


    - forced to rely unofficial statements

    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    As the inevitable result of Sino-Soviet silvery in East Asia


    as an ideological clash over the correct interpretation of Marxism-Leninism
    As part of a different tradition of Chinese opposition to imperialism
    As the result of different politics
    As a realist of the rivalry between Mao and Stalin

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