‘CHAPTER 1 DETERMINANTS AND MATRIX ALGEBRA ‘Many complleatd expresions, whieh ecco in eects! and mechtnical stem, exn be most convensily Bande By ‘aprening. them do.a"Jewceiant oa “mairx form, They fan be sévantapeouly employed in ming slacbale equations Th the chapter ble introdacton to sme of the important prope nl Thorens of detseninata gives felled by feted sey of Mat Algetes 11. Tattoduction 1—If we clininate between the ues, arth, = Oand ob, =0 by=0. The opresion a1 — ah a oe tender soe dented by g [2 S]eeia ey | Next if we eliminate, 9 between the equations Phy bamdiee the hae er thy tao Ub. — 854.) Ce — 600) be bate bh) Onl) |The expresion on the Le #8. i known a ed okra dete By | ha “The frm of he exprenion onthe LAH. of (1) conta of erm obtained. by wailing the les 8 © in thle natal fonder and. arranging’ the uffxs 1,2, 8. all pomible way ie 3 ways The sgn ofthe porelat tem igen by the Iwvnber of reveals of the erder 1, 2, 8. For old umber of ieeest orl ha) mm7 eat Book of Appling Moths ever sige negate (61) % 2 and By 1,8) and for renreveo (eg. 31,2) the ag poitive 1-2 Definitions — Deteriot of the alk order is ssotated by oe a | oe ned Balto thao tra ‘ee tal lead on lot ofthe determinant "A hoizntl pte auch a ny in ye called ‘Avera tern ich ax yf ieee 2 am ‘The diagonal dough the lft hand tap commer which oom the lements tiga calle the fea oF repriijl Gage! and eh eon tnden called the lending tr. “The expanded form of he deeinant es tr cf thm have Fe anda the veo “The cements maybe cpstant of variables and element acigned bya Soule rberigt wt Inctes the row and Sere ia whi he pater element exis. ThA oy i ft elemest in cow and cole, 13. Minors and Cofactors ‘Mio’ ofan cement of a dewsmiount na efron! beaned by omitting fom the JEN ne Vow and the calaaneoetaing the cement Tet w comider the determinant of 4th ere ‘ en) tannins en ee outa ee te | ‘Thus from the definition, the minor ofthe cement iy noted by Ms ven by att Driemins and Matin Agere . snl he iit eames he ie wih en pried yore so woman re mean cere ropes Iio "wich be clonent whe ‘co-factor is required, is present. = wa Th the chr ofthe dems eu, de ‘Aa is given by ase Aaa (—1" My oy 14 Laplace’s Expansion ‘tapes expansion ie onvenent method for Eeding the expan of determine. Tica! Ge Lape aparaon af deterinnt oh (i) Take the element oy fom any ont row or cola nt nd eee eoetrt Ay (where For} heed) (The the tnt of products ey Ay ¢ whe er Ou ae ere nS ‘Thus comer 4 donde determinant ;, sah nas oe : an eee SS (ul Mae |e te) AC aa) hw i fa] oan bunt My te tn) Couto) ese ein ef oer demit in 1) oaj Ten Bak of ppd Matnatic-1 ich’s the Laplacian expansion f she determinant O- fy by taking. cents of any fow or come we can Sow tbat » © Sine identies ld good or determinants of any onder. Note ~The ling deductions wil be found walter ” inoling simultaneous egetions (8) Ath mare sue, then tata tA = ata” salu tthe deer bined by ‘ig the nce any oe, seta et erin (by ims Try tActmhusith ogee sake af cient cbaled by pling lament " the cod aren by 6 (Avy mame sym + ohn + ean conning of ‘he wom of the products of he demerits of ne Tom a pecan oy the cotetis athe cement ot {rower ow (or colin) be: Fx, em (A) above, he expeden cnt +s 420K, aya whe Seeriant baled by sein the Clu #4 ania 7 An mS a pasta ain | fet to calmns ein dene Prarinns and Mais Algebra ‘Theorems on determinante ‘The flowing wteful theorems on determinants ar given without prout: ‘They ean easly be proved with the help of = Aetcrmisnn of rd nde. (A) Tre valu «determinant unchanged, i the rome and columns ar inerchanged. 1 any two rows oF colimns ofa deteminant are Inverchanged the sgn ofthe dtetminsot changed. any wo rom or clumns be idence the value the deceit ee, 1 the clerents of any sow or column of determi 'smulited by sear (aumber) the determinant ‘mulled by the sane al ‘The value of the determinant b unchanged i cach ‘lement of row or column be added the ame male Ble of coreponding elements ef anyother row oF Hf the elements of 4 detemiaant. ee fanctions of “4nd the wo rows er columns bene ential when then (4) loa aera the determina Ht oe bectme dental when 4 i ested for then (20) i facto of the deters ‘Thi theorem help oid the facorof te determinant AG Product of two determinants of the same order tea, Pee ther as abt heute himeeat Bio of Ape Mateo Rte to fd the element of the product deterant D ehich io the some oder a he otent determinant = (1) “The sum of the produce of cements in atm of jh the eoreponng clement In fit aot Soa ted res in A, it fet, second and ced ‘Bemeiy serps ofthe Ist ew of D (i) ial aking end vo of 0 wih fst sd and Third rows of 6°, ues the second row ofD ad faking hed you wih sy send drow of 2s sve get te hed row of . ‘ ne Hie 17 wo important determinants The dterainant heh we een come seo tn ater branche Mathematics fe an he | smd = | ahh ase “They have following important celaons = SAK G7 GH we cofcon ahake Le ha thea () An fRe me Cn bo Pap eGo yi —fe— (G) Teean be shown that RG —Ph=0 A,CA-G =f coHF eG (ii) = abe Bye = af? — et — ot liv) With he sboventition the expanion of Di given by Dm =( Al Bat + Ge} 28m + 26a! 28m). é seer hen igo att eeot) sscacboonnay edi | maint nein snd Mai Algae (i) Hea veareme no er (eat se | | | “eae iat ee ee Bactirke , SRE Bagels. ieee see Bf me aren eee sacerieete | ote 6) ponte atujetetot tekst ee Soy eee eae i) | Severs Leandra ae neh ep) Prove dhe esa rae tien ne sxteySeek rae aaa) | eet See ; “ Hee area asm se poacenay iis aan tees om melee» Toot Bok of pied Motenati- Dutemisants ond Maric Alga Toa = 28 (=a) Cent ‘aampe (3) Blase deineTost Bock of Api Matenates-t Dotnet nd Mati Age Hie, These Ta We ae |G om prebeabeas stay setad6 Toot Bonk of Ailied Mahenatin Let denote the determina ‘Thus in oving linea equations, asfr the constant terms lone side of ach equation, nd then apply theres (1), Tormed. by cooficients of the usknowss, set down in he ‘order in which they occu inthe equations. ‘Malipying the eqaation by the cofsttrs Ayy Ay Ay respectively an nding, we get, (uh eubert Bad #-+ Cubans sed 7 ‘This rule can be extended the car any number of inet egustion provided we have these number of equations unkown Moore 1. Sey meso erin hr gains ' Hh tater tea) eda der bea Betyrent ‘The coofcent of ere sequal to the coeffcents of ceeses ‘yand sate bth sro (eb att 14) Peemteione Hence AsradAivtdehn deh “The exprenions on the right a determinant cbiined by san feria (Bich are enefiet ofthe #3) Tee mi, Pecere i ene marten 1) ee sear {erat heey sy 98 mre ib Axe (12) ‘Thus Asand Ayate determinants obtained by replacing he vecond ed third columns (lhe coeticent af a) i 4 bythe column, Tait 40s Fm (0), (1). (12)1 Toa Buk of Apied Maden Diving by the equations (16) Deore wo (E)en(z)ea(=) 4-0) mn (e)eaG)on(E)eace | on (2)+e(2); )re =o 4 ‘Appin rel (15), the alton of (16) mos conveniently weiten wih constant terms on the Tee ie itarace ccamtetioe ta BERTRGCE ] ~ 0 Let D,D, DaDa denote deerminants obtained by omiing, 1H, Tan 1 columorrepesvly from the aay Dyand 4 =D, “The serene ve and —ve sig mun be etl noted 00) a a)» 1.1L, Elimination. Tent Bak of AYP Mathai 1 ‘Conder the thee lnerequton into variables: aut + aay faa = 0 oetapie carta ‘Any to equations oe Maliny he euaen (10 exeelyby Ayhe: rtd sdaing, we get #(Oady a + en) +3 (lie day + un) “+ (Sa + Sn + thn) 0. Cy moet are 1-4) ‘han the ame of variables, i. determinant whose column ate the cations ofthe vara, and which sequted fo eo, T= NomhlQytsen ~2.24— yan 2} solved ors; 7 andthe rel of betting ie values in the id sa elation between the ‘oecent tase, whieh the condton for cerita of Sphere acer aie! fn te 105 the reqied elininant, Fa at cmmon aon regal aoe aston brine mete SVE Bxaomples 1A 0) Sohby mes of Stn lene eins ath eee Toten seh ir i= 25 Darin and Merit Alga a SUE SOR hee para P a ted (4) Roloc in ein dete eel etre Geto Qn werh i —G)e—(a46)1—0 @optartarcia=e Weta a ra fn th o8 STF Aevssad , bite insets Be a's See. aera Tama(et) (he) —o12 Test Bos of Apled Meta (3) Wet dein are simone gain Taya vite tame p= 4 (0) choot erie Ugh ities Sean orn Ren apse =e) (02) aeons rere fees heer rhea) iene) =o Dateminants ond Mei Asa (09) Pad he stat ewe equine (nad Gaeijraen asaya, eae s ac ijes o i ta SOY quan By Ho 15) What alata toy chola Eathe ee Riiaantaianal satya lia Shine deta geet kaa (17), tat wows Me Whe se” Tat Book of Applied Mathmatit so eqn ete teste gy EAE Find itor athe ano By RyRy Re Be [om Tae Rieke MATRIX ALGEBRA IR, Matix theory ic 2 relatively recent mathematica evelapmeat and sot =. poweefl tol in varios branches ot eicering problem. Teciqueat abtract algebra { modern geir) ilies! approeh to study smtaneoly the algebra (timtrces andthe gomety of Mes transformations Asha Spprch i out of the sonpe in the parent boot, simple ined ‘on to clementary operation sal applcations of matrices {renin rect wa, ja toform the ba fr understanding an ‘vanced coure inate theory. Notaton and Definison of Mateis + Anordered set of so mumiers (elenmis) arranged in a ectanglatarey afm roves ness and ele By + pale ‘Sbrackew i ciled« tatrie of odirm 3 8 (eadarim by), Sebi is expreed Inthe form [ste 15 indicating a matte, parents is ed which masts difer from determinent where veral paral! bart Ti arewsed] Demin ot Marie Ags Pa ‘The elements ay ofa mats may he either constant or fne= tions Thetitsteae of an clement indents therow and cond Indicates the lum in sbich the element Inocated, Thos 2g iam element of? row and felon Moti: ara whee ate denoted by capt alhebets, while corespondngitali eters repent the element ofthe mati These above mnt in (20) ea lo Be expremed im the form (20) “Theater notation wed fo deiguave (4) ) elemnt ist where super-indet shows he row and Jwerinder Sndeats the ohne Flt notton i semeties whe in Tensor-avalyss Some tne the fllewingparehein Vertow ht ve weed to denote matrices 1-18, Types of Mateices + 1) Column or row mantrees Wa matrinie of order m © Lis conte of ingle column vi ment akg rows the trie know a eli Grsometines Known sc er. T¢ can be exproned a2 edo a For convesinge a column mates ie wally expresed by writing elements Roisontlly wis euy brake hts aa] | afew em mem) Simiasy, matic Forder 1 riLe withone ow snd ements aiongneolams, i Saown 28 row mle ofr war ohh ean beexpresediae Re Den6 Test Bo of Applied thai (MD) Zero oral matrix Amavis, every element of wich it 20, lt Known at 20 xml mai sud ie denoted by Ze The fae ((m)Teanspose ofa mateie Matric obtained by interchange of ows and columns it awn attra a0d ie indicated By "or bya dash er By Thai ic) Em = fo). bear-potation red In his book) sot GY) Square matrix und lee determlaaat ‘A matix ofothern Xe. rows and coluons are equal, In know a8 spare mtr of oem [nen Soar ‘A determinant ofa square matri,isuc tht its elem resumes the demenisin the cofreiponding pce of = square ‘matrix Ayandis denote by | Al. (rad a determinant ofA) Detain ond Metis Ags ” But deternnant || ies eam ts mates Ay i that thas a meric! wale, (HEYA) = oyaten Abeaied s sigstar main TELAT goOy chen Ae called sm lr matrc en (W) Syrimetsie and skew symmetric matsices (i), The ce nae A iesynmetre mates es trans pees ltsme oA wa yh met hen pasa] re oe hele) Loliean “The interchange af cows and columns doesnot change the fox mate The any ene wal ay wairol f ase ate Sinoe A =A, the mie A Ht aymmcte (Gi) Thematrie Ain shew symmetrig f fe (ij)! dement of Aissnme asthe clement (3,4) with sen change “Th Ai sew omer i from cca te, From the deiiton, i falls thst for diagonal clement) tau = Doe a ives igo clans of sk gre mai are rn{ Thisstep is bused onthe product of a ‘eal with a mates, explained inthe operations of matrices} (VE) Diagonal and sealer matric (3) ina square mates, all de cements except thre song the diagonal, are ner, the matris is known ‘Thus the matric A [ay] le diagonal mati ay = 0 fori fe the matte may be walten as ‘Segre Demin and Mate Abr: ~ (i) Tina diagonal marx, the elsent along the diagonal ali © oy = = = gy = A the mate ° own at talar mari (VT) Une anes Avealar matric with J = 1 aed awit mai fonder and is danoted by Tye. Unit matix isa diagonal mates all the agonal sient at unity, Thus 6 ° we 1 [te Diagonal mates salar mae ap uit matin are Ataquate matrices] ‘The property unt mars ie that fore matte A ( Proot i givenia te matipiation of matsces)Tat Bok of Appi Mateati-B (IM Adjotae of Mate: TCA = [aj] es sys etre, hth die attested by replacing te meat ay bythe calor of auf TALL yb Kno ‘adjiat amaticandt denoted ag" aif A". Thus Mj. A= (Aye) where Ay = coteir of agin LAY [By notation of eterna | "Thos to Gnd the a A, it id the trarapse of As AE so replce he tment of'A* hy the colton of the core Doading ements ofthe determinant of A® Ya Oban it frre [443] 40 a a A a Hence seo A mae cect |A¢| [274] LIA Operations of Matrices + [Aer dining various types of matrices, we sow conser the fundamental operation viz ndeltionselscacton and mplie= on oa ce Equally of te matrins + Tyo mntiees A= (4) } abd B = [hy Jere equal « A= Mita only (A, Bareofthe mae oder =X Way = br locerty elas ctl where f= Hye aires Desens ou Mabie Altre fe Feiner neetl ee ‘ay te oi oe eee Nn Lay, B= (ip) scot ainda to adele ke et 4 fal xn then FO (agi te MTG A+ yen Bo erat “thus (i,/}% clement af © feobtined by adding corer ponding leet of and or mteiction cnan welue yay hy "Thedfiiton of nin canbe extended to 2 ite numer frien, «6 A+B +O (AFB]4C Sten bal + Cer = Ley by) bead Faget becheue eS Seae tons) Geis se extn fea ere [s . a4 i” Tost Bok of Apliod Stone (QU) A seater multiple of » maisix By definition of addon, at A is clfcoufarmable for aon, weave Weenprt 4+ Aas 2A 24= (tay) Simity, = Sd EA A = Cny +200) Dace Lech Nplate) 2) aL vays Ine mimi ye terial (ree ‘isto benoted thats property doe not bold fora dete: ‘mina where mubipying» determinant by salar hy elie in Inulpying element in ar ofthe ow (or clit )by For onformable matice A 8 and Z (all ate) allowing Forde at of orinaty sige ened () Commutsive Law f= A+ (b=B 2A (i) Aosiatve Tae A+ (BC) = (A+B) +6 (iW) Distbutve Law Arbiter, then BUA PB) At mad IAS HA EAA Drawn ank Mais Alb (6) Seni Lae af aon ATER AR Z HA Where % (nal mate) ie the Hany matric wmder the penton f ston "The prt the above awa left oyer tothe students at TV, Malepticatin of mateies ; he pnt A oro ae Cl 8B ha hike mesap." Thus te masies hy B age confaraable wih ape to le praduct Ab onl i Wo eer pand Bi ot Ep Sad te product AB lam x atx Go eh where [w= thy taal taal | “abn @ 2m ped every): 8m Thun ta com ‘ruet the clemency of the maitix_ product AB, muldply the Ematof heme AA wh the contending ert = ‘Site of Band the su of tee products giver te (9 tito of 4B The technique for ait the (ny) mee ‘Enema show fete Is rer oi he adie vi sume by Panby ho + abe TRA M3Py Tent Buk of Api Maat ‘The above esque wefan computing aly the product ‘by wring let inde Sager to ron aero the row of def ‘ed mers) and simaltneouly using the ight index ger to ran down the jth colatn of the mate (ight hand ‘atix), multiplying clement inthe convrponding potions and ‘ildingsucontey the product obtained. The following expe Wr cary the procedure ~= [TH] Gat ee OW OMeVO+OM Qe+Ows e040 o em DAO +O x0.) <8 aon fees Se ae APA A ws les (1 pose integer 4 [ Womebess, aamsegst) 45H SM +OCa+Marano M+ OH9+ nso Ene +o Crem ore hae Als tel onforable or the rede I—H=t40) (6b-784945) PeSEhSeo) (ats) msconf Lfoe fei]Dinas ond tars Algae er i} ies flowing fondamentl law of = Uy} Come = Ley a i) where ys) element {BC} EES‘eat Book of ABied Mata nil ap et Tata wnt! en 0-3 bles i ge b a4 ~ EE ees Hence Grom (204 @) ‘A (BC) ~ (AB) C. @) Disribie ian ABO) = AB AC. Ticrbie'= Acene “The relative polton ofrmatice in Spliaion) Upen Bye 0 Ge) Ate 6) f= Dents ele & ’ Lanvin tn a * * ~Lewt Daw ‘AB + AG ry ded (aye Tam = Gay) = Aa) Daten fom tls Gi) "Pron alate awe [ASK (AA) A= AAA) = A¥ (denoted) Daeminte ond Metric gba thus AAA ee = AS (a te teger) AGETE ATT} em eerie gee (Fem inital + eterna) canna at SA (eth a BAA (et) (A) citansna sie Basaan me 1-16, Inverss ofa maria + rom the dcanion of Lape expansion of detent in arc °4, weve (The sum of the products ofelement i one cow (or ‘slumn ) with the corresponding cofactors ofthe elements cf the ‘ame ow [or eau) he yale the deter (The sun of the products of cements in one row (oF ola) withthe corpondiag cofactors ofthe elements rom rather row or su re ‘Thani quar snr be A = Lay] and Ay dane the cofactor ofelement ey ta the deterainaat | we have showing ‘ements fom how ofA (sa Anta Aart nt aha = | Gea Apctan Ants tah = 0( 4) ‘The above seul can be exprezed at bee ak atta Been yigss an a ee nth eleoat Bak of Applied Metta ‘he ult (29) canbe compacty writen at Now consider the product of syaremartin A and aA. where Am Loy) and ad A = Cay] Mirae r sche ekach nial Al= A TaD =A ted A)= (4a) fy = Daw: 8 Ay = Donat Cause = cofaetor of gy in] AL) = Ay Eby remte30 Since My = 0H 4 j and By = 156i jythe daginal ‘lesenis of mati D are each [and alles are zero, Hence Asga-p-[1A] 0 0» 0 of DIAL 0 0 OTATm 0 Ae Davina nd Meni sla 10 mart for a given square marx A be such that ‘aB=1—BA Vn knows a inverter eipreal mati oA nod indented Ip A~* read A-nverse ‘Thus A~ tats the ration Now there (3) ean Be writen “Camas: pacing with (2), we fi atm nai 5) (itore ded 1A OL, mnie fo tu max Aeris oly if 1 Oise the mai ranger ‘Thos tofad inverse of non-singular square mati find the ‘Ab VII in at. 1-18and divide by |A bemeonnf J The (081A Lina sala) sn even anne : : ‘J ip Bs rani én 28# Tas Bok of Applicd Mathai be) 1At= a) EEO BIH=D CH) 2 -a[tet] HayEty a fiat or sonsogue srs 4 sigh AM en = Tipowie ete tod Bb teaver 2, then DAS AAT ~o dBA AD = qo From (), premulpyng by B bath he ie, we wrt BAK) = BT he @A A =D (by amecitve ) TA" =B [tom 1 116, “laportant propertie of atrient (a) Trango oi i th mas Ac [ah the (aenn “Tiss clear fom the defidon of tanspae. (6) ony of rd i pdf ne of matics (tt plc nto or 5 (ane = beat 1 Ae = fe) Bg = El “Tea tne product G = AB's cnt me, where am Daw hs Deine nd Mes Algis a Now the mation At a8 Boxy at onformable fli led inorder 38" whichis oforder# em "Tastes yi) th element of (4B)* ’ 2 Loven 71 * Dew wn a orca Gor. (ADO..E)* = LK .ceBtAT Gee. 2. (A+ Aba tLe — At FANE. LY Gor. 3. (Arie = (AY).(p +e integer) Ue) Bey qr mic br pred a mel meric and yu ai Ioquare matrix itcan be xprewed at (Aan +404) TATA® irae symmevitor Re AtAt sm = (AAs)“Lag wine ne tl ale Eee fees Radels | (@) eof probe tpt feof acs (is Ihe pred) aes te eee 0) ‘Presmaltpying I" AX By AB, we get (AD) (BAY) = 4,00) AC octave law) =n an nA! a (90) (o> Ay = ene: by definition (9°! AM) inverse of AB ea Generating, we have ANG. L =. Ko, on (6) The peat wnspaiy und isemg oe eoeaie errs oy Daaminats and Marie Aesbra Wenave Ant at (amy ote = (any ater By definition (AY is inverse of A* he (et (a (A). Taecrminn ofthe pres of 9 mais i epost mia of tb mate yan vr] 3) A= (aah B = [ig] Be. mateces of order fig) and (B= by | - Ben] = JAB More generally PABC.RL = AL |B) [CLIK 1 Li We have, from ren (31)eat Book f Apt Meath By the property ( f) above “pase VAT lage at = be lal oo aaa ‘Toa etopean atic suas 117, Blementary trantformations Colder the wt of equation 1 rayte et yen) Be = Byte By wing defisiton of product these can be exprened in patie form [gee Pi: allel the cooBcent mantra of of equation equation 6) Let ws comider the variow fematlons of equation () by og lowing eranaormationt [n) Interchange of postions Inierchanging Ie with the Sed, we have equations (3) the form ee Sle S1- SleTea Bok of Applied Mathai 0 ie Pe Sees eed | with cet mate eee (11) stbipying oe or more equtins by salar and sing he other Malpy ts eqn 0 b72& 9 and ad capac to td and ed eqns of) he Waosoemed equations ee seoe ede wtet eno : oi bt Te = ith coo, natin i” Se ] oa | oi Baa ot Ieean be dhown, he xian (que () andi eine by tonomaton Et ete La ie on iy ha ae aos Houitalat The coveponting a) mc epae corresponding equation, ate called equivalent maerione. ” Nite thatthe equivalent mace iv (0) aed (vt) “Uda iaa Diaries end Metin Age [ wy ft ] 1d ooo ate nt quad “The column matric of eomstans onthe R. He 8. of eguae Alone, when amociated! with cot may the ents ned Ieee ugrmed matrix ans denote by tale} Sphere Cis cohen mali fH. Hf conan ofthe nton "Thor angel mat of eqeatioes (Bi), and ae Pa EE ‘he operant 1,1, which transform a tre A nto Awother mate By where algetraic equations represeted by A havesame slater, are kuown as ella erat Elementary transformation of matrix: ‘The ansvmatons I, 11, ew ave canbe dietly ied tocoet ats of augmented mate ved othe eof stony. “This simple the computational bout ta great | The coentery re (08 eon) operations ae; I) Ierchenge of thm with $8 rae of mars nd ded By tn inuhange af elma raed 3 Cy H)Aalipieinof mats of ih rw by mow hI it dtd (0) ont for clan ie rprmtd y C, 8) Aig ete ln fh ry, he lr mai of cooing in Joh rend is ripened by Ry 8) and fran Tombs cy (he BA MotTest Book of Apid Matenaics ay ate May Ita ad coef by ad (3) TS Maiptyjzow fy fond and etl eda ot EE] These eanfrmedmaties ae ae a given in (ie), The ‘ree elementary operant ca ba be performed ot hm otemainse “Thete elementary operations reduce the computations) ‘above clavate al near equator by weeatersiny nto the mas ere int allowing steps aze sued to reduce the mate by sow tranformatio, tothe farmstsed mh (1) Using operation 1 rede the clement tot ‘These perso re epented for mate, 0 he al form ‘Here the augmented wats } ; “tl The wget) ene Ra cone Ae t@ Tent Book of Appt Mates 11 The maka ates Amin fonder oft matic Ags [where r= min (ma) ] Isa determinant of ns order fomsed by elements situated atthe Intersections of rows and caumas ofthe mate A, dn le “The matrix tld be ek (At Teast one minor of order rie sot-eoiing snd (6) Beery minor order (r) nabs Since fra tina of higher cok shin (r-+1) wil ingeve vasshing minor of order (74-1) [by canon), we be ‘We condition dat every oor ofA of rier’ gear than or fqestto (r+) 4 tro Tho the alretive dition fe that (heraskofmatrx Ais the, mace order of 1 ong snr ands denoted ns Pia =e Noe 1) TE there eit 9 nowvaithing noe of onder bofAvthen af AlBE (8) Mllminns ofA of order +1) ae ser, thes etarsh TG iE! A Se Jaa }enaee tire (8) = 2 lemeatary tandormators which edge matrix & to mai doesn ute the on of mai Tec and han tt rank Dern nd Matis Aire s “Thus mauicet A,B which have mame rank we called on Prof: Letvand be the ranks ofA aod B which scbained lyr one of the row operations ad consider a square shmatx Me ot otderr ty whote rove unigusly oarempond t0 sove of bhai Ave of A depending upan the naure of elementary tow operon (0) For the persion Ray — The rows of Brn wl lifer from Arm relative pono, a eer seal } ante (at For Ry (= "Therow of rq renponding toa AY oF may RO nh rove which ie aced by the tetera. Forte affected ith row clement of Bi (9) th ponon Hence ears ie |= he a ; aie Iuhere | Gry | iar of 41) th erder of A AAs Ais otank re Bave hess | = Band [Cre | =O Then forall thee elementary tramfoumaiens, we ANE (iy Bees 120, 1 To aoe Theater tin all pris sktone. ‘Theater (3) can Be writen In compet foe by sng or moe compactly a ax=p ILD = 2 (aul maton), the tem of equations axeZ, Is known a. gsm f komen ain. x (or (8H) has a oun, eld to be feof equstons may ‘oli ‘The aystem of equations is consstent if the cou smutris A'tnd the sogmented matrix (| D] have the ame maak, "Homogeneous Equations axa Drives Maris Agra o ‘Tis sem i alge omsisint a8 he rank: of matic A and ‘he augmented mati [A,2Z] are the suse Thue Xm Zise y= ty «= Hy = Ob abeayn ole Vion aie known a itl tin, ‘Tae other forms of ttiont depend on the rank F of matin (1) Tera, then there ie unique ton which rat ‘atin (i) The ote elton bee til olen exif r¢ ere exe raltins, where una are near combinant of 7 remalnog kw TW) mec orm Coa Bel. Jeet aldTost Bis of Appt Mathnatis (enol homogerccnsequstions in a vasables fpsces salon other than ia shddon, Hf coef sate Regetsanpuor ire TA = fhe therank rof mate A idee than Non-Homogensous Equations + ‘Consider aystem of m equations in w-unknowns given by ax=D (1)_mate + ‘The ote pone luo ot consent iL he een tia a aegmened at (AB) have 17 Ihe eonk of thee matrien then rks can be cexpreued inter af semaine” kn en to which whater ‘nls an’ beanie tn tots ta uslgue sloped tank afta Sime (aries now-sustar mate, IAl#0 (One meth by wing deteneinants In cuted nat. 1-8 ‘The omer red by ung mata form ns ons ‘The equations are ax=D i o Sie Ales mucin fonder s wand i Al #0, AMY ia, Premipy buh sides of by A we have ‘AM (4X) = AD le (A#A)X = AAD (by amocative law) be IX =A4D fwAK =I) X=A%D Which wives the required solton Daina nd Movin Agra sie a Eyed i ‘rat often (81D) Sealeat Bok of Apel Mathai Ss fv a ly pn fae 0) mG my aan Mm (6-9) a, = 8% m= on 1) 46%, +6. —0 ees Te gle LS) este ute deri Cy Cae Gras are le 2.< 0 orl), Mes ue ea “atm X= 0 © m+ OR 6 re aaa nih ata eatin C= Cy OTe fd wher ro a on ‘mc at i and Mec Algbra Cre et the hamogeneoas equations of Hnene traaemation (ss) variables to (4) avlbles be gen by Aeon oan nriatena} oo 0 eae tie ahs waht Lem Bnet of ker tks nth ell nvr (ae) oe at a ad Entiat Ly OD ncidas ee tah a Bis epee Sarat by zany 3 = 308) Sanx - ) (oy eociatve we) ‘The equation (45) represen he rentant of teaafrmations fd (8), where A, Dare kaown transformation matics Ivanforatios (43) snd (44, Be += The linea ansfermation fom X @Y be Yoax 430)” Tent Bok of pit Meteo at iii a Coz eae tags PAAR 11, Pete loin mite teeta a hentad en vee 34 Sige og cod 0 nsteegtnet 0 Race annt sEenghemo (0) Vacs = ease tiara 1) a Am) ah ah a) 6) dale a) IAPWS, HATO a asi egian yo 1a DE taupe a ie) Cone rer tares) See taiat aes mise Gagce Por vin va of he feng ml syesiont me con tie ita Sa tat nein bat tae ies tog nar armas scacben ) annie manta) ante me in) ea he ote sstrenson eo-[ ti] he cra a sy) eeatng (2, $56 ¥ (Pes syne nth tns Qe ke some ma How% Tent Book of Applied Sethemaio- aera Se A netic ct nd ht Ae ee 22. Td ae fig etn ans Eee ne 6) G22 297 6 257% ya ye Cotak Rape hE ye uertene bed, me Hag aten chal? ma teonenhe etl ae Estoete athel™ Bo ~] w 2 22 fo maest {ty mance Dosrmients ond Metrix Agra an (eae de 2) 1) adept 6) deve, +X — (i) Degen (te ye eB Rs ay 2 Characteriate roots and charsetritle vectors Consider the Hea rasormation Y=AX, ‘Ths tranaforms btemn veer Into colama vector ¥ =| 28 me the anfermavon uae rsa ie a-Pe tes tan on toe ing to comlder the transformation fora geen rie A which give = 2% -e, yestr Kiser ton lor V which has the same dretion an X but har dierent mtade Po his tsfermaton we have K-AK or [AM] =O w spree sth falling pie cemigencous uations in knowns sey (te elu vector) = (60-0) 8 ene Feat tn Outi +a =O anys aansa tot (eA O” eat Book of Applied Maen ‘rhssysem of equations baa tia raton X = Ofer aby scalar). Hh sytem of bomoeseus egos hare nom ‘eve & vO) alton, then content mates A= ofthe sem (Gi at haves ene ta [oreo] 8) ‘when the equatlon (46) expanded, we get an equation of 02 ‘Tegeeein hand hott cont, hyn whic ae calle chee res ign nu (ete eof atic A). Comers ponding to charnierinc root we get value of clu veer obsined by sling equations (18) oF [ise= se] = ay “Thee clu vcirs are Fwn 3 ureter oF lam. nea stes oe matrix A, the plynomiat Jana] 20 le known a hrc: aoa fmt A. Note = The implication of the deverminant | AW22 tue characterise pio obtained lec by the method Alseatel for matic A of ode 33 a “ 2] then the characte polynomial | AWA) eee ee | ° oy feta which canbe wten on simpleton 9 — [um of ora of ode ne long dlagonl of Aa “+ {aum af ino order along diagonal of ATA ATA Cand dg (HTN Eas ot] = The i : Aba A pate () (or-— 16 is nonaingle ati he pomlying (1) by an) wet Apa et al gM AEA teat] en Lsath Dorin and Mavic Agha a Cana TESTE Nevin Lah we eb A, web ES IEITE seeceeai Ea SCE te + mastercase ch [1 A Tatn tot* Tent Bus of Aypid Mthenati-1 be eaaine a2 fy hie se polnial 45it— OP ¢ —F crpdig sy Seat ey by 8B et eS Mio LON pa ott Gt G8) (tras saga Fegan mate A we yet We cat oa ph 4a TSCA 5 APIA 5A OTL) 7A 4 HL a sac in (8), paid ibe] Litre) 27 tty of Matin er dete macs 43, we () 1Ar= 1 (B) The arse pom ad Be lige A Ba inten rss Ptr) (8) Thing dian ohh est vet jae etarl = 1P| ray Pr SUP IPL IAT (hag tenn we coms) Di iaveiar (enn Daurvet nd Mavis Algls (Cone deena of main B— 30 Vesa Cam ()) [ara iesaone! teateacat pei) bees Clea deem he ya Sing [Bonk] teat ihe ie mas A, 6 Sa me sto hat AA | 41-28, Reduction of matrix to % dialogonal matrix which thaw clemente ne characteristic valoen 1a. — pm R= a) Ea on LOSE catchy trond te oc ‘Sita “ay ey M3 = ritl isl ae ‘STONES “Eel ovmat vy edema cca a ef tae A een mal Be] suste ihe nga marTea Bok of Aili Matto} om [44 ow [anal way at f Tn cuarreR 2 COMPLEX NUMBERS sion deals wrth fundamental defritions and ope ‘ops numbers Since the graphic! operate abtraton a onplex nusbersareanologu Cconding operation’ af vectors complex mumbert are FRequeuly applied te vstr problems in applied mathemati wt ‘intibaion alerting erent In electiea iit the ay {i oved brtinos odours em. 2.1, Complex Number :— fm solving quadratic equation, we often. get sq. coat of eget number ot part of ihe valet for F008 ef Ear} 6, the root are tev yt ‘he extention af ag 00s ot posible as wo real number txios which when squared il yea ngage number (eR. =4]. ence a ew typeof number known a Imaginary. number Inerodaed to extract a. root of # real number eg VTU ~ VE aT = 2yaT “Thos chess et of any negative puma en slays be xpreved interns of Y=. kaon ay imaginary wait nd te ally denoted by 11" oF jhe fadamaial pry ofthe bbl Fie “ ‘nrodusing imaginary aumbet the system of numbers cam Ive dngramasaly repented a fellows