HKCEE 2002 Paper I Answers

The exam papers nowadays stress on the following:

- understanding of biology concepts and principles;

- application of biological knowledge in unfamiliar situations;

- problem solving abilities;

- communication skills.

There is less emphasis on just memorization of facts, but rather to apply the facts to various situations.

Effective communication mark (傳意能力的評分標準):

1 答案有條不紊、清楚、流暢、句意相連。能準確、扼要表達出題目所要求的概念，不加上無關材料(或無關材料極少)。對於爭論性及推理
性的題目，其答案具有系統、合乎邏輯、有批判性。文句易於理解，詞語運用恰當。

½ 答案雖有條理，但欠清楚、流暢。尚能依題目要求以表達概念，用詞間有不當。處理爭論性及推理性題目的能力頗弱。文句可以理解，
但因意思重複、常混有無關材料，以致中心概念含糊不清。

0 答案凌亂，缺乏組織。閱卷員須費時找出要點。文句近於不可理解、難以閱讀，無關材料將概念蓋住。

Red colour indicates wrong concepts or wrong answers. Blue colour indicates explanations. Points to notice (points easily missing).

02,1(a) Ch23
(i) The initial plant tissue cannot carry out photosynthesis to produce its own food.
Therefore sugar is added as raw material for respiration of the plant to release energy
and as material for growth.
Effective communication mark = 1

(Should clearly indicate that the initial “plant tissue”, NOT “plant”, cannot carry out photosynthesis to produce its own food.)

(ii) They have exactly the same genetic make-up

because the daughter plants were formed by mitosis of the parent tissue.

(NOT only to state that the daughter plants are identical to the parent plant, you should state clearly that they are formed by

mitosis.)

(iii) For plant B, the sterilized soil had no microorganisms

to recycle the fallen leaves into mineral salts.
Exhaust of mineral salts, such as magnesium after several weeks, limited the formation of chlorophyll in the plant.

(If this plant is a legume (豆類), sterilization kills the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil so that the plant cannot have enough

nitrate supply. But there are still two problems:

(1) The question did NOT state that the plant is a legume;

P. 1 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 (2) The lacking of nitrate cannot explain why the plant becomes “yellow”.

Therefore destruction of nitrogen-fixing bacteria was NOT the correct explanation of the question.)

(NOT just to state that there were no microorganisms, you should state the importance of the microorganisms in

decomposition of the fallen leaves to provide minerals for the plant to produce chlorophyll. Only the lacking of chlorophyll can

explain the “yellowing” of the leaves.)

(The sterilization process itself will NOT destroy the inorganic minerals.)

(iv) This is a faster method to obtain daughter plants.

The daughter plants can retain desirable characters of the parent.
(accept other reasonable answers)

(This question applies the knowledge of comparison of asexual and sexual reproduction.)

(主角是 this method; 如果你不太清楚, 當然最好是比較它們兩者)

02,1(b) Ch13
(i)(1) Z
Vitamin D deficiency leads to poor growth of bones.
The whole body weight acts on bone Z so that it is easily bend if it is not strong enough.

(NOT only to state that bone Z easily bends if it is not strong enough, since ALL bones bend easily if sufficient stress [壓力] is

applied. You should state that bone Z supports the whole body weight.)

(NOT accept to select any other bones, because the amount of stress (weight) applied to specific bones is NOT the same, 因只有

Z 承受我們的體重。)

(2) Our skin can produce vitamin D under sunlight/UV light.

(NOT accept: our skin obtain vitamin D from sunlight / by sunlight, since vitamin D is produced by our skin but NOT by

sunlight.)

(ii) In producing movement, one muscle contracts whereas the other muscle relaxes / the contraction of M bends the arm
whereas the contraction of N extends it. effort

fulcrum
(iii) Title
load
Position of load, effort, fulcrum
Direction of arrows

The weight of the forearm forms the load.

The force produced by contraction of muscle M forms the effort. Lever system for lifting the right forearm

P. 2 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 The elbow joint forms the fulcrum.

(Remember to give a title to every drawing and graph.)

(Distinguish between: liver / lever / level.)

(The load is NOT the: hand / object it carried, since the question require to lift the right “forearm” only, without carrying any

other objects.)

(NOT accept: the effort is the muscle, you should state clearly that it is the biceps.)

(NOT accept: the fulcrum is the joint / hinge joint, you should state clearly the name of the joint, i.e. the elbow.

[ Also we does not accept “hinge joint” since it is only the “type of joint”, but NOT the “name” of the joint])

02,1(c) Ch.16
(i)(1) 40 mg per 100 cm3 blood
(2) 65 mg per 100 cm3 blood

(Remember to give the units.)

(NOT accept readings such as: 200 and 130, since the question ask for “increase” in blood glucose level.)

(ii) The increase in blood glucose level in the healthy person stimulates his pancreas
to secrete more insulin
than that of the diabetic person.
This stimulates the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen so that the blood glucose level is smaller.
Effective communication mark = 1

(NOT just to state the condition of the healthy person, you should compare the case of the healthy person with that of the

diabetic person.)

(accept: more insulin stimulates the faster uptake of glucose by body cells for respiration, so that the blood glucose level is smaller)

(NOTE the use of the words: “stimulates” , “more”.)

(也可以寫: muscles use up more glucose by oxidation (但這個 point 只是和 “convert to glycogen” 是同一分。))

(記得要寫: stimulates, 而不要寫成: “to cause / to make” 等等。)

(iii) At most of the time during the experiment, the blood glucose level of the diabetic person is higher than the upper limit
for complete reabsorption of glucose in kidney.
so glucose is present in the collecting duct of the nephron.
The water potential of the urine thus becomes lower due to the presence of glucose.
This lowers water reabsorption from the urine of the diabetic person than that of a healthy person.

(Note that ALL information given in diagrams or graphs would carry some meaning, eg. “upper limit for complete reabsorption of

P. 3 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 glucose in kidney”, DON’T overlook them.)

(In point 2 of the answer: NOT accept: glucose is present in the “kidney tubules”, since glucose is always found in the

glomerular filtrate in the first convolution [i.e. part of the kidney tubules].)

(NOT try to compare the water potential of the collecting duct with that of the blood, since this point gives no information to

explain the different in urine output “between the healthy and the diabetic person”. 記着這題是要比較健康的人和糖尿病患者,

而不是比較 collecting duct 內的液體和血液。)

(In point 3 of the answer: NOT only state that the water potential of the urine decreases, you should explain that it is caused by

the presence of glucose.)

(NOT accept: more urine produced to excrete the excess glucose, we do NOT want to excrete glucose actually, and glucose is

NOT toxic and NOT requiring much water for its “excretion”; 就算你說的是對的, 問題又回到了瞎子和 “要看東西” 的老問

題, 難道瞎子不希望看見東西嗎?)

02,2(a) Ch.21,19
(i) It forms a physical barrier
to prevent sperms to meet the egg.

(NOT accept: to prevent the ejaculation of sperms, ejaculation of sperms still occurs but the sperm cannot enter the female

reproductive system so that no “fertilization” occurs.)

(ii) AIDS / hepatitis B (乙型肝炎) / venereal diseases (性病) such as ………

(NOT accepts: “aids” / “AIDs”, since AIDS stands for “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”, 因此所有字都要大寫。)

(iii) Menstruation will still occur

because the operation does not affect the production of the female sex hormone by the ovary
and the transport of the hormone by blood.
With the presence
Effective of the
communication hormone,
mark =1 the uterine lining can still become thicker and shed off later to form the bleeding.

(“Lacking of fertilization of the egg” has no much benefit in answering this question, because the action of the blood-

transported sex hormone can still occur.)

(menstruation/thickening of uterus/ovulation 等等, all are due to the presence of female sex hormone.)

P. 4 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 (iv) Title
Drawing of chromosomes including the outline of the cell.
Haploid chromosome shown as single thread. (Length of the chromosomes shown should resemble to the question.)

The ovum formed

(Remember to give a title to every drawing.)

02,2(b) Ch.11
(i)(1) stoma (NOT accept: stomata)
(2) It allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf
for cell B to carry out photosynthesis.

(NOT accept: structure A carries out gaseous exchange, because only carbon dioxide is involved in photosynthesis. 但接受: it

carries out gaseous exchange to absorb carbon dioxide, 因分數是放在 absorb carbon dioxide 之上)

(ii)(1) The leaf of the moss has no cuticle to prevent water loss.
It is one-cell thick,
so that the surface area to volume ratio is large.
The two features lead to a high rate of water loss and the plant will dry up easily.

(NOT accept: the absence of stomata in moss, because without stomata cannot explain why it is not adapted to “dry

environment”, 事實上, 對於 dicotyledonous plant 來說, absence of stomata/smaller stomata aperture/smaller stomata number 是生活

在 dry area 的 adaptation.)

(第二句, 接受: the leaf is thin, 不過, only one layer of cell presence 是比較好一些, 因在圖片上真的看見只得一層。)

(2) Atmospheric oxygen dissolves into the water film on the surface
and then diffuses into the leaf
through the whole leaf surface.

(Every surface for gaseous exchange has a thin water film. This is to dissolve the gases into aqueous form so that diffusion can

occur [ into the cellular content of the leaf cell as in this question, or into the blood stream as that in a mammal. ]).

(題目顯示 “covered with a thin film of water”, 即顯示這 surface 是一個 respiratory surface.)

02,2(c) Ch.24

P. 5 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

(i) July – September
because the atmospheric temperature in these period were highest,
so the bacteria grow fast.
(食物中毒是由於細菌的數量達到了某一限度, 而不只是 entry of bacteria.)

(ii) The patient easily becomes dehydrated because of excessive water loss.

(Also accept: because of loss of mineral, because mineral is dissolved in water, they loss in the same time.)

(“fatal” means die.)

(NOT accept: diarrhoea (腹瀉) is fatal because failure to absorb water in the intestine, since no absorption of water will NOT

cause death. Death only occurs due to “excessive water loss”.)

(iii)(1) biotoxins

(NOT accept: agricultural chemicals, since the question stated that the substance is “produced” by the “algae”, so that it is not

agricultural chemicals that is “added” into the field by human. Examples of agricultural chemicals are fertilizers and

pesticides.)

(2) The harmful substance in algae is passed to shellfish through the feeding process.
A shellfish feeds on many algae
and the substance can neither be excreted nor broken down by metabolism of the shellfish, so that it accumulates to
high level.

Effective communication mark = 1

(NOT accept: the substance is “pollutant”, since pollutant is produced by human artificially, but the substance is naturally

produced by algae.)

(You should not miss out that the substance is non-biodegradable, since if it is biodegradable, it cannot accumulate to a high

level.)

(NOT accept: the substance cannot be “digested” by the shellfish. Harmful substances are usually broken down by other

metabolism such as respiration instead of digestion.)

(iv) Cooking the food thoroughly is to kill all the microorganisms in the food.
The shorter time for the food to be left at room temperature provides the less time for the microorganisms to grow to
a dangerously high level in the food.

P. 6 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 (Room temperature is a relatively high temperature for the growth of microorganisms in normal condition.)

02,3(a) Ch.11
(i)(1) x = 1.5 , y = 1.2

(2) x represents the amount of water absorbed by the plant.

y represents the amount of water lost by the plant.

(NOT accept: x is the process of water absorption; Also NOT accept: x is the rate of water absorption. It is the “amount” or

“volume” instead.)

(NOT just to state that: x is water absorption, y is water lost. They are too simple. You should specify them as the “amount” or

“volume” and “weight” of water absorbed and lost respectively.)

(3) Value x is larger than value y.

This indicates that there is a net gain of water in the plant.
Water gain is essential for various essential life processes such as new cells formation and photosynthesis.

Effective communication mark = 1

(NOT accept: It indicates the “amount of water absorbed”, 因這只等如 value x.)

Also NOT accept: It indicates the quality of food produced. Food production occupies only a part of x, maybe a minor part

only.)

(ii) Value x will decrease

because vaseline blocks the stomata and the leaf surfaces
so that the rate of transpiration drops.
As transpiration enhances the absorption of water in the plant, less water will be absorbed.

(NOT only to state that the rate of transpiration drops without explaining that it blocks the stomata and leaf surfaces.)

(Note that: Water absorption is needed to compensate for water loss by transpiration. The escape of water vapour at the leaves

develops a transpiration pull in the xylem vessel. This creates a pulling force to draw water into the root from the soil.

Therefore the rate of water absorption is proportional to the rate of transpiration.)

02,3(b) Ch.7,23
(i)(1) mammal
(2) Its body is covered with hairs.

(NOT accept: the presence of mammary glands, because this features cannot be observed from the given diagram.)

(ii) insects / invertebrates

P. 7 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 (Notes: the group name should have “s”.)

(iii) Bat B feeds on fruits.

The seed coat protects the seeds from being digested in the gut.

(iv) Bat B produces a larger amount of faeces per day than that of bat C,
because bat B feeds on plant materials which contains more indigestible material / bat C feeds on blood which
contains less indigestible material.

(NOT accept: only mention that bat B feeds on plant materials. You should explain that the faeces contains more indigestible

materials.)

(NOT accept: bat C feeds on blood that contain of only pre-digested food. Blood still has to be digested.)

(v) Different types of bats have different diets

so that there will be less competition for food among the bats so that more bats can survive.

(Note that: more bats can survive has NO relation to the evolutionary concept of “survival of the fittest within a species,

because the bats stated in the question belongs to “different species”.)

02,3(c) Ch22
(i)(1) Mutation is a sudden change in the genetic materials.
(2) A mutation may lead to the synthesis of a new protein OR failure to produce a special kind of protein.
A change in the kind of protein will result in changing the metabolic activities of the cells.

(ii) Individual 3 and 6 are normal, so that each of them must have received at least one allele for normal fingers from
either of their parents (individual 1 or 2).
Individuals 1 and 2 have short fingers, so each of them must have at least one allele for short fingers.
Thus at least one of individuals 1 and 2 is heterozygous.
In the heterozygous condition, only the dominant character can show its effect,
therefore short finger is the dominant character.
Effective communication mark = 1

(iii) Individual 6 x Female homozygous for normal fingers

Parent ff ff

Gametes f f

Offspring ff

P. 8 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 (phenotype) All offspring have normal fingers.

(Remember to give the labels: parent, gametes, offspring.)

02,4(a) Ch14
(i) The loudness of the sound heard will be smaller
because less sound waves are collected into the external ear canal.

(ii) C, E and F.

(iii)(1) cochlea
(2) They act as receptors to detect sound vibrations
and then produce nerve impulses to be transmitted to the brain for interpretation.
** * (學習這些答題的方法: “it acts as ___, to perform a specific function”.) ***

(iv) Some sensory hair cells are damaged

by over-stimulating of prolonged loud noises.

(Prolonged loud noise excites the cells in the form of forceful vibrations, so that the cells are easily damaged. You should place

emphasis on the “level” of vibration instead of “duration” of vibration, although the question says “long period of time”, 因只

有長時間的影響才會確保感受器受到破壞。)

(v) No hearing occurs,

because structure D, being damaged, cannot transmit nerve impulses to the cerebrum
where the impulses are interpreted into hearing sensation.
Effective communication mark = 1

(Note: it is important to explain that the cerebrum receives no impulses so that no interpretation of hearing sensation occurs.)

02,4(b) Ch12
(i) The blood pressure in the artery is much higher than that in the vein.
because: the blood in the artery is directly under the pumping action of the heart but that in the vein is not.
OR: because: the blood in the vein has overcome great resistance after traveling for a long distance.
OR: because: there is a loss of fluid from the blood during the formation of tissue fluid.

(NOT accept: the higher pressure in the artery was generated by the pumping action of the artery itself.)

(ii) This allows more time

for more complete exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.

(NOT accept: the low velocity of blood flow is to avoid the bursting of the delicate capillaries. The anterior portion of the

P. 9 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 capillary actually receives high blood pressure as indicated by the graph.)

(iii) The volume of blood flow through each section of the circulation per unit time is the same.
From the capillary to the vein, the total cross-sectional area decreases, so the velocity of blood flow increases.

OR: Contraction of adjacent skeletal muscles help to force the blood to flow
and the presence of valves prevents the backflow of the blood.

(iv) Title (Remember to give a title to your sketch)

Shape of the curve showing the drop in oxygen content at the capillary
Correct axis labels.

Change in oxygen content of the blood in its circulation between the heart and the leg

(A sketch does not require using a graph paper, but a graph requires.)

02,4(c) Ch7,4
(i) From 20oC to 60oC, the rate of coagulation of milk by ginger juice increases with increasing temperature.
From 80oC to 100oC, the rate of coagulation decreases as temperature increases.
The rate of coagulation is highest at 60oC – 80oC and is very low at 20oC and 100oC.
Effective communication mark = 1

(NOT accept answers using the “time” of coagulation instead of the “rate”, because the same amount over time is the “rate” of

the reaction.)

(ii) Fresh ginger juice contains an enzyme that converts soluble milk protein into the insoluble form
as the coagulating effect of fresh ginger juice is lost upon boiling.

(NOT accept: denaturation of the enzyme has occurred under high temperature, because the data cannot prove that.)

(denaturation of the enzyme 只是當我們看到 no coagulation 時, 我們要分析[interpretation]這個結果時所估曾經發生的事情。)

(iii) It occurs in the stomach.

Coagulated milk protein, being in semi-solid form, can be retained in the stomach for a longer period of time
for more digestion of protein by the protease.

P. 10 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 (NOT accept: semi-solid milk has a larger surface area for protease to digest, because the main results caused is to remain

longer for more digestion; 而且 semi-solid form 的 surface area 一定是比 liquid form 小一些的。)

Paper II 2002

1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60

1 C B D C C C
2 B D A B D D
3 A D D B D B
4 B C A A D A
5 B A D C C B
6 C D C A C A
7 C B D D A B
8 A C B C B D
9 A A C A B A
10 A C B B D C

Paper II Comments :

26. The diagram shows the cilia in the respiratory tract instead of hair found in the portion of the nasal cavity just behind the nostrils.

Cilia are microscopic structures found on the surface of cells but the hairs are macroscopic structures of the skin.

55. Pollen grain is just the carrier of the male gametes, which are two nuclei found within the grain.

Pollination is the transfer of genetic material from the male to the female, the resulting offspring will remain in the same position if

no dispersal occurs.

Dispersal is the spreading of the plant to other places, by means of fruits and seeds.

60. The question asks for change in “fresh mass” instead of “dry mass”.

Due to absorption of water, the fresh mass increases at the beginning of germination. Later as the absorption of water slows down

and the food reserves gradually consumed for growth, the fresh mass decreases.

Ch.23,19,21 (2002) 1.(a)

(i) 最初的植物組織不能進行光合作用以製造自己所需的糖
因而需要從外界獲取糖以進行呼吸作用，釋出能量

P. 11 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 並作為生長的原料。

(ii) 子株的遺傳成分和母株的相同
因為子株是由母株的組織細胞進行有絲分裂而形成的。

(iii) 就植物 B 而言，已經消毒的泥土內沒有微生物

將落葉循環為礦物質，
數星期後，泥土內的礦物質已被耗盡，所以不能製造足夠的葉綠素。

(iv) 這個製造子株的方法較快捷妥當，
母株優良的特徵可保留在子株內。

Ch.13 (2002) 1.(b)

(i)(1) Z
缺乏維生素 D 會導致削弱骨塊生長。
由於 Z 不夠堅硬，它所承受的體重會令它變得彎曲。
(2) 在 陽光/紫外光 下，皮膚能夠產生所需的維生素 D。

(ii) 因為當一塊肌肉收縮時, 另一塊肌肉則放鬆 / M 收縮使手臂屈曲而 N 收縮則使手臂伸展。

施力
(iii) 標題
負荷、施力、支點的位置要正確 支點
箭咀的方向要正確 負荷

前臂的重量形成負荷
肌肉 M 收縮時產生的力形成施力
提起前臂的槓桿系統
肘關節形成支點

Ch.16 (2002) 1.(c)

(i)(1) 每 100 cm3 血液 40 mg
(2) 每 100 cm3 血液 65 mg (記得寫單位)

(ii) 就那健康的人士而言, 血葡萄糖水平於早段的上升刺激胰臟

比糖尿病患者的胰臟分泌更多胰島素,
胰島素能夠刺激肝臟把更多葡萄糖變化為糖原 / 刺激體細胞攝取更多葡萄糖;
但由於糖尿病患者體內 沒有/較少 胰島素分泌; 因此那健康人士體內的血葡萄糖水平的升幅比糖尿病人為少。

傳意能力 = 1

(iii) 由第 36 分鐘開始, 那糖尿病患者的血葡萄糖水平超越了葡萄糖重吸收的上限;

所以在集尿管的 濾液/尿液 中有葡萄糖,
葡萄糖減低了 濾液/尿液 的水潛能,

P. 12 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 因而水分的重吸收亦減少, 而排出的尿液量便增加。

Ch.21,19 (2002) 2.(a)

(i) 它形成一道物理屏障
以防止精子與卵子相遇。

(ii) AIDS / 乙、丙或戊型肝炎 / 淋病 / 梅毒 (接受其他正確答案)

(iii) 仍然會有月經
因為該手術不影響卵巢產生雌激素,
亦不影響血液運送雌激素
在雌激素的影響下, 子宮內膜會加厚, 並於稍後脫落。

傳意能力 = 1

(iv) 標題
繪圖包括細胞輪廓
顯示兩條染色體: 即單倍體, 染色體應是單絲的。

Ch.11 (2002) 2(b) 卵子

(i)(1) 氣孔
(2) 它容許二氧化碳進入葉片,
讓細胞 B 進行光合作用。

(ii)(1) 蘚葉沒有 角質層/防水層 覆蓋以防止失水,

蘚葉亦只有一層細胞的厚度,
葉片的表面積對體積的比例較大,
因此蘚葉失水的速率相當高 / 因此蘚類植物在乾燥的環境中容易出現脫水的現象。

(2) 大氣中的氧溶入蘚葉表面的水膜中 / 夜間, 蘚葉細胞只進行呼吸作用, 導至細胞內氧濃度下降,

然後透過整塊葉片的表面
擴散入葉片中。

Ch.24 (2002) 2(c)

(i) 七至九月
因為這些月份內的氣溫最高,
細菌的 生長最快/活性 最高。 (接受其他答案)

(ii) 因為病人會嚴重失去 礦物質/水分。

(iii)(1) 生化毒素

P. 13 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 (2) 因攝食的關係, 微細藻類所含的有害物質傳至貝類海產,
由於貝類海產攝食大量藻類,
並且不會排出和分解這些有害物質, 所以這些物質會於貝類海產積累至高水平。

傳意能力 = 1

(iv) 徹底煮熟食物是要殺死食物內的所有微生物,
食物置於室溫的時間愈短, 愈少微生物可以於食物內生長。

Ch.11 (2002) 3.(a)

(i)(1) x = 1.5 y = 1.2
(2) x 代表該植珠的吸水量
y 代表該植珠 (由蒸騰作用導至) 的失水量。
(3) x 的數值比 y 大,
這表示植珠淨得到水分,
而這些淨得的水分會於該植珠體內的不同生命過程, 如形成新細胞、光合作用、支持作用、細胞代謝等等。

傳意能力 = 1

(ii) x 的數值會減少,
因為凡士林封蔽了氣孔及葉的表面,
所以蒸騰作用的速度減低,
由於葉的蒸騰作用幫助植物吸收水, 植物的吸水量因而減少。

Ch.7,23 (2002) 3.(b)

(i)(1) 哺乳類
(2) 身體蓋有毛髮

(ii) 昆蟲 / 無脊椎動物

(iii) 蝙蝠 B 以果實為食糧
有些種子 未被牙齒嚼碎/有種皮保護種子, 使它在消化道內未有被消化掉, 因此完整的種子混在糞便中排遺而出。

(iv) 蝙蝠 B 每天的排糞量比蝙蝠 C 較多,

因為蝙蝠 B 以植物為食糧, 而植物含較多不能消化的物質 / 蝙蝠 C 以血液為食糧, 而血液含較少不能消化的物質。

(v) 不同種類的蝙蝠有不同的膳食,
牠們之間相爭食物的程度因而降低 / 可以享用的資源因而較多 / 因某種食物消失而導致蝙蝠絕種的機會因而下降。

Ch.22 (2002) 3.(c)

(i)(1) 突變是遺傳物質突然改變。
(2) 突變會導致產生新的蛋白質 / 身體不能產生某種蛋白質
由於蛋白質可能是酶或在細胞有其他功能, 缺乏原有蛋白質會導致細胞代謝活動出現變化。

P. 14 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 (ii) 個體 3 或 6 是正常的, 她/他 一定由父或母 (個體 1 或 2) 得到最少一個正常手指的等位基因,
但個體 1 及 2 具短手指, 他們每人最少擁有一個短手指的等位基因,
所以, 個體 1 及 2 最少其中一人是雜合的,
在雜合的情況中, 只有顯性的性狀會顯現出來,
因此, 短手指是顯性的性狀。

傳意能力 = 1

(iii) 個體 6 x 純合正常手指的女性
親代: ff ff

配子: f f

子代: ff
表現型: 所有子代均具正常的手指

缺少或錯寫父母、配子或子代, 扣一分

Ch.14 (2002) 4.(a)

(i) 聽到的聲音會較少
因為 收集到的聲波較少

(ii) C、E 和 F (三個答案正確, 得兩分; 兩個答案正確, 得一分)

(iii)(1) 耳蝸
(2) 它們作為感受器感應聲音振動 / 它們受到聲音振動刺激,
並因接收到振動而產生神經脈衝。

(iv) 由於經常性的高噪音, 感覺毛細胞受過度刺激,

所以它們 受損/數量減少。

(v) 大腦負責分析神經脈衝成為聽覺,
由於 D 受損, 神經脈衝不能傳遞到大腦,
所以喪失聽覺。

傳意能力 = 1

Ch.12 (2002) 4.(b)

(i) 靜脈的血壓比動脈的血壓為低。
原因: 動脈內的血液直接受心臟泵壓, 靜脈內的則否;
流經一段長的路程後, 靜脈內的血液已抵受過很大的 摩擦力/阻力;
形成組織液時, 血液會流失一些液體。

P. 15 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

 (ii) 讓血液和組織細胞之間物質交換,
有較多時間進行。

(iii) 每單位時間內, 流經循環系統每一段的血流量是相等的,

從微血管至靜脈, 血管總橫切面面積減少, 血流速率因而增加。

或: 靜脈旁的骨骼肌收縮有助推動靜脈內的血液 / 吸氣有助把血液吸向胸部,
同時, 靜脈中的瓣膜防止血液倒流。

(iv) 標題
曲線的形狀 (顯示血液氧含量於微血管下降)
兩軸正確標註: 血液氧含量, 心臟至心臟 / 動脈至靜脈 / 大動脈至大靜脈 / 小動脈至小靜脈。

氧氣
目錄

動脈 微血管 靜脈
心臟與腿部之間的血液循環內血液氧含量的變化

Ch.7,4 (2002) 4.(c)

(i) 由 20oC 至 60 oC 薑汁使牛奶凝固的速率隨着溫度上升而上升,
由 80oC 至 100 oC 凝固速率則隨溫度上升而下降,
在 60oC 至 80 oC 之間, 凝固速率最高 / 在 20oC 和 100 oC, 凝固速率很低。

如果只提及凝固時間, 而非凝固率, 則扣一分

傳意能力 = 1

(ii) 新鮮薑汁含有一種, 能夠把可溶狀態的牛奶蛋白質變化成不溶的狀態,

經煮沸後, 薑汁的凝固作用會消失 / 當溫度超過 80oC 後, 薑汁的凝固作用隨溫度上升而下降。

(iii) 胃部
由於凝固了的牛奶蛋白質屬半固體, 它能在胃部逗留較長時間,
讓蛋白將其更好地消化。

P. 16 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment

P. 17 of 17 HKCEE 2000 Answers & Comment