CHAPTER 5

INTRODUCTION TO REACTIONS
IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
PRACTICE EXAMPLES
1A

(E) In determining total Cl , we recall the definition of molarity: moles of solute per liter of

solution.
0.438 mol NaCl 1 mol Cl

= 0.438 M Cl
1 L soln
1 mol NaCl
0.0512 mol MgCl2
2 mol Cl
from MgCl2 , Cl =
= 0.102 M Cl

1 L soln
1 mol MgCl2

from NaCl, Cl =

Cl total = Cl from NaCl + Cl from MgCl2 = 0.438 M + 0.102 M = 0.540 M Cl

1B

2A

(E)
(a)

1.5 mg F1 g F
1 mol F

= 7.9 10-5 M F

L
1000 mg F
18.998 g F

(b)

1.00 106 L

7.9 105 mol F1 mol CaF2

78.075 g CaF2
1 kg

= 3.1 kg CaF2
1 mol CaF2
1000 g
1L
2 mol F

(E) In each case, we use the solubility rules to determine whether either product is insoluble.
The ions in each product compound are determined by simply switching the partners of the
reactant compounds. The designation (aq) on each reactant indicates that it is soluble.
(a)

Possible products are potassium chloride, KCl, which is soluble, and aluminum hydroxide,
Al OH 3 , which is not. Net ionic equation: Al3+ aq + 3 OH aq Al OH 3 s

(b) Possible products are iron(III) sulfate, Fe 2 SO 4 3 , and potassium bromide, KBr, both
of which are soluble. No reaction occurs.
(c)

2B

(E)
(a)

Possible products are calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, which is soluble, and lead(II) iodide,
PbI 2 , which is insoluble. The net ionic equation is: Pb 2+ aq + 2 I aq PbI 2 s

Possible products are sodium chloride, NaCl, which is soluble, and aluminum phosphate,
3
AlPO 4 , which is insoluble. Net ionic equation: Al3+ aq + PO 4 aq AlPO 4 s

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(b)

Possible products are aluminum chloride, AlCl 3 , which is soluble, and barium sulfate,
BaSO 4 , which is insoluble. Net ionic equation: Ba 2+ aq + SO 4

(c)

aq

BaSO 4 s

Possible products are ammonium nitrate, NH 4 NO 3 , which is soluble, and lead (II) carbonate,
PbCO 3 , which is insoluble. Net ionic equation: Pb 2+ aq + CO3

aq

PbCO3 s

3A

(E) Propionic acid is a weak acid, not dissociated completely in aqueous solution. Ammonia
similarly is a weak base. The acid and base react to form a salt solution of ammonium propionate.

NH 3 aq + HC3 H 5 O 2 aq NH 4 aq + C3 H 5 O 2 aq

3B

(E) Since acetic acid is a weak acid, it is not dissociated completely in aqueous solution
(except at infinite dilution); it is misleading to write it in ionic form. The products of this
reaction are the gas carbon dioxide, the covalent compound water, and the ionic solute
calcium acetate. Only the latter exists as ions in aqueous solution.

CaCO3 s + 2 HC 2 H 3 O 2 aq CO 2 g + H 2 O l + Ca 2+ aq + 2 C 2 H 3 O 2 aq

4A

(M)
(a) This is a metathesis or double displacement reaction. Elements do not change oxidation
states during this reaction. It is not an oxidationreduction reaction.
(b) The presence of O2(g) as a product indicates that this is an oxidationreduction reaction.
Oxygen is oxidized from O.S. = -2 in NO3- to O.S. = 0 in O2(g). Nitrogen is reduced
from O.S. = +5 in NO3- to O.S. = +4 in NO2.

4B

(M) Vanadium is oxidized from O.S. = +4 in VO2+ to an O.S. = +5 in VO2+ while

manganese is reduced from O.S. = +7 in MnO4- to O.S. = +2 in Mn2+.

5A

(M) Aluminum is oxidized (from an O.S. of 0 to an O.S. of +3 ), while hydrogen is reduced

(from an O.S. of +1 to an O.S. of 0).
Oxidation : Al s Al3+ aq + 3 e 2
Reduction:

2 H aq + 2 e
+

H 2 g 3

Net equation : 2 Al s + 6 H + aq 2 Al3+ aq + 3 H 2 g

5B

(M) Bromide is oxidized (from 1 to 0), while chlorine is reduced (from 0 to 1 ).

Oxidation : 2 Br aq Br2 l + 2 e
Reduction: Cl 2 g + 2 e 2 Cl aq

Net equation : 2 Br aq + Cl2 g Br2 l + 2 Cl aq

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

6A

(D)
Step 1: Write the two skeleton half reactions.

MnO 4 aq Mn 2+ aq and Fe 2+ aq Fe3+ aq

Step 2: Balance each skeleton half reaction for O (with H 2 O ) and for H atoms (with H + ).
MnO 4 aq 8 H + aq Mn 2+ aq 4 H 2 O(l)

Fe 2+ aq Fe3+ aq

and

Step 3: Balance electric charge by adding electrons.

MnO 4

aq 8 H + aq 5 e Mn 2+ aq 4 H 2 O(l)

and

Fe 2+ aq Fe3+ aq e

Step 4: Combine the two half reactions

Fe2+ aq Fe3+ aq + e 5
MnO 4 aq + 8 H + aq + 5 e Mn 2+ aq + 4 H 2O(l)

MnO 4 aq + 8 H + aq + 5 Fe 2+ aq Mn 2+ aq + 4 H 2 O(l) + 5 Fe3+ aq

6B

(D)
Step 1: Uranium is oxidized and chromium is reduced in this reaction. The skeleton
2+
2
UO 2+ aq UO 2 aq and Cr2 O7 (aq) Cr 3 (aq)
half-equations are:

Step 2: First, balance the chromium skeleton half-equation for chromium atoms:
2
Cr2 O7 aq 2 Cr 3+ aq
Next, balance oxygen atoms with water molecules in each half-equation:
2
2
UO 2+ aq + H 2O(l) UO 2 aq and Cr2 O7 (aq) 2Cr 3 (aq) 7H 2 O(l)
Then, balance hydrogen atoms with hydrogen ions in each half-equation:
2
UO 2+ aq + H 2 O(l) UO 2 aq + 2 H + aq
2

Cr2 O7 (aq) 14H (aq) 2Cr 3 (aq) 7H 2 O(l)

Step 3: Balance the charge of each half-equation with electrons.
2
UO 2+ aq + H 2 O(l) UO 2 aq + 2 H + aq + 2 e
Cr2 O7

aq +14 H + aq + 6 e 2 Cr 3+ aq + 7 H 2O(l)

Step 4: Multiply the uranium half-equation by 3 and add the chromium half-equation to it.
2
UO 2+ aq + H 2 O(l) UO 2 aq + 2 H + aq + 2 e 3

Cr2 O7

aq +14 H + aq + 6 e 2 Cr 3+ aq + 7 H 2O(l)

3 UO 2+ (aq)+Cr2 O 7 2- (aq)+14 H + (aq)+3 H 2 O(l) 3 UO 2 2+ (aq)+2 Cr 3+ (aq)+7 H 2 O(l)+6 H + (aq)

Step 5:

Simplify. Subtract 3 H 2 O (l) and 6 H+ (aq) from each side of the equation.

3 UO 2+ aq + Cr2 O7

aq + 8 H + aq 3 UO2 2 aq + 2 Cr 3+ aq + 4 H 2O(l)

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

7A

(D)
Step 1: Write the two skeleton half-equations.
2
S(s) SO 3 (aq ) and OCl (aq ) Cl (aq )
Step 2: Balance each skeleton half-equation for O (with H 2 O ) and for H atoms (with H + ).

3 H 2O(l) + S s SO3

aq + 6 H +

OCl (aq) 2H Cl (aq) H 2 O(l)

Step 3: Balance electric charge by adding electrons.
3 H 2 O(l) + S s SO3

aq + 6 H + (aq) + 4 e

OCl (aq) 2H (aq) 2e Cl (aq) H 2 O(l)

Step 4: Change from an acidic medium to a basic one by adding OH to eliminate H + .

2
3H 2 O(l) + S s + 6 OH (aq) SO3 aq + 6 H + (aq) + 6 OH (aq) + 4 e
OCl aq + 2 H + (aq) + 2 OH (aq) + 2 e Cl aq + H 2 O(l) + 2 OH (aq)

Step 5: Simplify by removing the items present on both sides of each half-equation, and
combine the half-equations to obtain the net redox equation.
2
{S s + 6 OH (aq) SO3 aq + 3 H 2O(l) + 4 e } 1
{OCl aq + H 2 O(l) + 2 e Cl aq + 2 OH (aq)} 2
S s + 6 OH (aq) + 2 OCl aq 2H 2 O(l) SO 3

aq + 3 H 2O(l) + 2 Cl aq + 4OH -

Simplify by removing the species present on both sides.

2
Net ionic equation: S s + 2 OH aq + 2 OCl aq SO3 aq + H 2 O(l) + 2 Cl aq
7B

(D)
Step 1: Write the two skeleton half-equations.
MnO 4 aq MnO 2 s and SO32 (aq) SO 4 2 (aq)

Step 2: Balance each skeleton half-equation for O (with H 2 O ) and for H atoms (with H + ).
MnO 4 aq + 4 H + aq MnO 2 s + 2 H 2 O(l)

SO3 (aq) H 2 O(l) SO 4 (aq) 2H (aq)

Step 3: Balance electric charge by adding electrons.

MnO 4 aq + 4 H + aq + 3 e MnO 2 s + 2 H 2 O(l)

SO3

aq +

H 2 O(l) SO 4

aq + 2 H + aq + 2 e

Step 4: Change from an acidic medium to a basic one by adding OH to eliminate H + .

MnO 4

SO3

aq + 4

H + aq + 4 OH aq + 3 e MnO 2 s + H 2 O(l) + 4 OH aq

aq + H 2 O(l) + 2 OH aq SO4 2 aq + 2 H + aq +

166

2 OH aq + 2 e

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Step 5:

Simplify by removing species present on both sides of each half-equation, and

combine the half-equations to obtain the net redox equation.

{MnO 4 aq + 2 H 2 O(l) + 3 e MnO 2 s + 4 OH aq } 2

aq + 2 OH aq SO4 2 aq + H 2O(l) + 2 e } 3

2
2 MnO 4 aq + 3SO3 aq + 6 OH - (aq) + 4 H 2 O(l)
2
2 MnO 2 s + 3SO 4 aq + 3H 2 O(l) + 8 OH aq

{SO3

Simplify by removing species present on both sides.

Net ionic equation:

2 MnO 4 aq + 3SO3

8A

8B

aq +

H 2 O(l) 2 MnO 2 s + 3SO 4

aq + 2 OH aq

(M) Since the oxidation state of H is 0 in H2 (g) and is +1 in both NH3(g) and H2O(g),
hydrogen is oxidized. A substance that is oxidized is called a reducing agent. In addition,
the oxidation state of N in NO2 (g) is +4 , while it is 3 in NH 3 ; the oxidation state of the
element N decreases during this reaction, meaning that NO2 (g) is reduced. The substance
that is reduced is called the oxidizing agent.
(M) In Au CN 2

aq , gold has an oxidation state of +1; Au has been oxidized and,

thus, Au(s) (oxidization state = 0), is the reducing agent. In OH- (aq), oxygen has an
oxidation state of -2; O has been reduced and thus, O2(g) (oxidation state = 0) is the
oxidizing agent.
9A

(M) We first determine the amount of NaOH that reacts with 0.500 g KHP.
1 mol KHP
1 mol OH 1 mol NaOH

n NaOH = 0.5000 g KHP

= 0.002448 mol NaOH
204.22 g KHP 1 mol KHP 1 mol OH
0.002448 mol NaOH 1000 mL
[NaOH] =

= 0.1019 M
24.03 mL soln
1 L

9B

(M) The net ionic equation when solid hydroxides react with a strong acid is OH- + H+
H2O. There are two sources of OH-: NaOH and Ca(OH)2. We compute the amount of OHfrom each source and add the results.
moles of OH from NaOH:

= 0.235 g sample

92.5 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH
1 mol OH

= 0.00543 mol OH
100.0 g sample 39.997 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH

moles of OH from Ca OH 2 :
= 0.235 g sample

7.5 g Ca OH 2
100.0 g sample

1 mol Ca OH 2

74.093 g Ba OH 2

2 mol OH
1 mol Ca OH 2

= 0.00048 mol OH

total amount OH = 0.00543 mol from NaOH + 0.00048 mol from Ca OH 2 = 0.00591 mol OH
-

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

[HCl] =

0.00591 mol OH 1 mol H + 1 mol HCl 1000 mL soln

= 0.130 M

45.6 mL HCl soln 1 mol OH 1 mol H +

1 L soln

10A (M) First, determine the mass of iron that has reacted as Fe 2+ with the titrant. The balanced
chemical equation provides the essential conversion factor to answer this question.
Namely: 5 Fe 2+ aq MnO 4 aq 8 H aq
5 Fe 3+ aq Mn 2+ aq 4 H 2 Ol
mass Fe = 0.04125 L titrant

0.02140 mol MnO 4

1 L titrant

Then determine the % Fe in the ore.

% Fe =

5 mol Fe 2+
1 mol MnO 4

55.847 g Fe
1 mol Fe 2+

= 0.246 g Fe

0.246 g Fe
100% = 65.4% Fe
0.376 g ore

10B (M) The balanced equation provides us with the stoichiometric coefficients needed for the
solution.
Namely: 5 C2 O 4 2- aq 2 MnO 4 aq 16 H aq
10 CO 2 g 2 Mn 2+ aq 8 H 2 O l
1 mol Na 2 C 2 O 4

amount MnO 4 = 0.2482 g Na 2 C 2 O 4

134.00 g Na 2 C 2 O 4

= 0.0007409 mol MnO 4

1 mol C 2 O 4

1 mol Na 2 C 2 O 4

2 mol MnO 4
5 mol C 2 O 4

[KMnO 4 ] =

0.0007409 mol MnO 4 1000 mL 1 mol KMnO 4

= 0.03129 M KMnO4

23.68 mL soln
1 L
1 mol MnO 4

INTEGRATIVE EXAMPLE
A.

(M) First, balance the equation. Break down the reaction of chlorate and ferrous ion as
follows:

ClO3 +6H +6e Cl +3H 2 O

6 Fe 2 Fe3 e

Net reaction: ClO 3 6Fe 2 6H Cl 6Fe3 3H 2 O

The reaction between Fe2+ and Ce4+ is already balanced. To calculate the moles of Fe2+ that
remains after the reaction with ClO3-, determine the moles of Ce4+ that react with Fe2+:
mol Ce4+ = 0.01259 L 0.08362 M = 1.052710-3 mol = mol of excess Fe2+
total mol of Fe2+ = 0.0500 L 0.09101 = 4.55110-3 mol
Therefore, the moles of Fe2+ reacted = 4.55110-3 - 1.052710-3 = 3.49810-3 mol. To
determine the mass of KClO3, use the mole ratios in the balanced equation in conjunction
with the molar mass of KClO3.

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

3.498 10

mol Fe

1 mol ClO3
1 mol KClO3
122.54 g KClO3

2
6 mol Fe
1 mol ClO3
1 mol KClO3

= 0.07144 g KClO3
%KClO3 =
B.

0.07144 g
100% = 49.89%
0.1432 g

(M) First, balance the equation. Break down the reaction of arsenous acid and
permanganate as follows:

5 H 3 AsO3 + H 2 O H3 AsO 4 + 2e- + 2H +

2 MnO 4 + 8H + 5e- Mn 2+ + 4H 2 O
Net reaction: 5H 3AsO3 + 2MnO 4 6H + 5H 3AsO 4 + 2Mn 2+ + 3H 2O
moles of MnO4- = 0.02377 L 0.02144 M = 5.096310-4 mol
To calculate the mass of As, use the mole ratios in the balanced equation in conjunction with
the molar mass of As:
5 mol H 3 AsO3
1 mol As
74.922 g As

5.0963 104 mol MnO 4

2 mol MnO 4
1 mol H 3AsO3
1 mol As
= 0.095456 g As
0.095456 g
mass% As =
100% = 1.32%
7.25 g

EXERCISES
Strong Electrolytes, Weak Electrolytes, and Nonelectrolytes
1.

(E)
(a)

Because its formula begins with hydrogen, HC6 H 5O is an acid. It is not listed in
Table 5-1, so it is a weak acid. A weak acid is a weak electrolyte.

(b)

Li 2SO 4 is an ionic compound, that is, a salt. A salt is a strong electrolyte.

(c)

MgI 2 also is a salt, a strong electrolyte.

(d)

CH3 CH 2 2 O is a covalent compound whose formula does not begin with H.

Thus, it is neither an acid nor a salt. It also is not built around nitrogen,
and thus it does not behave as a weak base. This is a nonelectrolyte.

(e)

Sr OH 2 is a strong electrolyte, one of the strong bases listed in Table 5-2.

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

2.

(E)
(a)

The best electrical conductor is the solution of the strong electrolyte: 0.10 M NaCl. In
each liter of this solution, there are 0.10 mol Na + ions and 0.10 mol Cl ions.

(b) The poorest electrical conductor is the solution of the nonelectrolyte: 0.10 M
CH 3CH 2OH . In this solution, the concentration of ions is negligible.
3.

(E) HCl is practically 100% dissociated into ions. The apparatus should light up brightly.
A solution of both HCl and HC2H3O2 will yield similar results. In strongly acidic solutions,
the weak acid HC2H3O2 is molecular and does not contribute to the conductivity of the
solution. However, the strong acid HCl is practically dissociated into ions and is unaffected
by the presence of the weak acid HC2H3O2. The apparatus should light up brightly.

4.

(E) NH3 (aq) is a weak base; HC2H3O2 (aq) is a weak acid. The reaction produces a
solution of ammonium acetate, NH 4 C2 H 3 O 2 aq , a salt and a strong electrolyte.

NH 3 aq + HC2 H 3 O 2 aq NH 4
5.

6.

(E)
(a)
(c)

aq +

Barium bromide: strong electrolyte

Ammonia: weak electrolyte

(E)
sodium chloride(strong electrolyte)
Na+
Cl-

Cl-

Na+

Na+

Cl-

(b)

aq

Propionic acid: weak electrolyte

hypochlorous acid (weak electrolyte)

Cl-

H O Cl

Na+

H O Cl

ammonium chloride (strong electrolyte)

+

C2 H3 O2

O Cl

H O Cl
H3O+ H O Cl

methanol (non electrolyte)

H O CH3

H O CH3
H O CH3
H O CH3
H O CH3

H
H
H
H N H Cl H N H Cl- H N H ClH
H
H

Ion Concentrations
7.

(E)

0.238 mol KNO 3

1 mol K +

= 0.238 M K +
1 L soln
1 mol KNO 3

(a)

K+ =

(b)

NO3 =

0.167 mol Ca NO3 2

1 L soln

2 mol NO3

= 0.334 M NO3

1 mol Ca NO3 2

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Al3+ =

(c)

Na

(d)
8.

0.083 mol Al2 SO 4 3

1 L soln

2 mol Al3+
= 0.166 M Al3+
1 mol Al2 SO 4 3

0.209 mol Na 3 PO 4
3 mol Na +
=

= 0.627 M Na +
1 L soln
1 mol Na 3 PO 4

(E) Choice (d) is the solution with the greatest concentration of sulfate ions.
1 mol SO 4 2(a) 0.075 M H 2SO 4
0.075 M SO4 21 mol H 2SO 4
(b) 0.22 M MgSO 4

1 mol SO 4 2 0.22 M SO 4 21 mol MgSO 4

(c) 0.15 M Na 2SO 4

1 mol SO 4 2 0.15 M SO 4 21 mol Na 2SO 4

(d) 0.080 M Al2 (SO 4 )3

(e) 0.20 M CuSO 4

9.

3 mol SO 4 2 0.24 M SO 4 21 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3

1 mol SO 4 2 0.20 M SO 4 21 mol CuSO 4

(E)
Conversion pathway approach:

OH =

0.132 g Ba OH 2 8H 2 O 1000 mL 1 mol Ba OH 2 8H 2 O

2 mol OH

275 mL soln
1 L
315.5 g Ba OH 2 8H 2 O 1 mol Ba OH 2 8 H 2 O

= 3.04 103 M OH
Stepwise approach:

0.132 g Ba OH 2 8H 2 O 1000 mL
= 0.480 g/L

275 mL soln
1 L

0.00152 mol Ba OH 2 8H 2O
0.480 g 1 mol Ba OH 2 8H 2 O

=
315.5 g Ba OH 2 8H 2 O
L
L
0.00152 mol Ba OH 2 8H 2 O
L
10.

2 mol OH
1 mol Ba OH 2 8 H 2 O

= 3.04 10-3 M OH -

(E)

0.126 mol KCl 1 mol K +

= 0.126 M K+
K =
1 L soln
1 mol KCl
0.148 mol MgCl 2 1 mol Mg 2+

= 0.148 M Mg2+
Mg 2+ =
1 L soln
1 mol MgCl 2
+

Now determine the amount of Cl in 1.00 L of the solution.

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

0.126 mol KCl 1 mol Cl 0.148 mol MgCl2

2 mol Cl

mol Cl =
+

1 L soln
1 mol KCl
1 L soln
1 mol MgCl2

= 0.126 mol Cl + 0.296 mol Cl = 0.422 mol Cl

0.422 mol Cl
= 0.422 M Cl
Cl =
1 L soln

11.

(E)
(a)

[Ca 2+ ] =

(c)
12.

100 mL solution

[Zn 2+ ] =

225 g Zn

2+

1 mL solution

1 g Ca 2+
1000 mg Ca
1gK

2+

1000 mg K

1 g Zn

2+

1 mol Ca 2+
40.078 g Ca

2+

3.54 104 M Ca 2+

1000 mL solution
1 L solution

2+

1 10 g Zn
6

1000 mL solution
1 L solution

1 mol K +
39.0983 g K

8.39 10 3 M K +

1 mol Zn 2+
65.39 g Zn

2+

3.44 103 M Zn 2+

(E)
[NaF] =

13

1 L solution
32.8 mg K

(b) [K ] =

14.2 mg Ca 2+

0.9 mg F
1 g
1 mol F 1 mol NaF
= 4.7 105 M = 5 105 M NaF

1 L
1000 mg 19.00 g F 1 mol F

(E) In order to determine the solution with the largest concentration of K+, we begin by
converting each concentration to a common concentration unit, namely, molarity of K+.
0.0850 M K 2 SO 4
2 mol K +

0.17 M K +
1 L solution
1 mol K 2 SO 4

1000 mL solution
1.25 g KBr
1 mol KBr
1 mol K +

0.105 M K +
100 mL solution
1 L solution
119.0023 g KBr 1 mol KBr
1000 mL solution
8.1 mg K +
1 g K+
1 mol K +

0.207 M K +
+
+
1 mL solution
1 L solution
1000 mg K
39.0983 g K
+
Clearly, the solution containing 8.1 mg K per mL gives the largest K+ of the three solutions.
14.

(E)
(c) NH 3 is a weak base and would have an exceedingly low H + ; the answer is not

1.00 M NH 3 . HC 2 H 3O 2 is a very weak acid; 0.011 M HC 2 H 3O 2 would have a low H + .

H 2SO 4 has two ionizable protons per mole while HCl has but one. Thus, H 2SO 4 would
have the highest H + in a 0.010 M aqueous solution.

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

15.

(M) Determine the amount of I in the solution as it now exists, and the amount of I in
the solution of the desired concentration. The difference in these two amounts is the amount
of I that must be added. Convert this amount to a mass of MgI 2 in grams.
moles of I in final solution = 250.0 mL

1 L

0.1000 mol I

= 0.02500 mol I
1000 mL
1 L soln
1 L
0.0876 mol KI 1 mol I

moles of I in KI solution = 250.0 mL

= 0.0219 mol I
1000 mL
1 L soln
1 mol KI
1
mol
MgI
278.11
g MgI 2 1000 mg
2

mass MgI 2 required = 0.02500 0.0219 mol I

2 mol I
1 mol MgI 2
1 g

= 4.3 102 mg MgI 2

16.

(M) The final volume is 975 mL. We can use dimensional analysis to obtain the [K+].
12.0 mg K 2 SO 4
+

[K ] =

17.

18.

1000 mL
1 g K 2 SO 4
1 mol K 2 SO 4
2 mol K +
1 mL

= 0.141 M K +
0.975 L solution
1000 mg K 2 SO 4 174.26 g K 2 SO 4 1 mol K 2 SO 4

(M) moles of chloride ion

0.625 mol KCl 1 mol Cl

0.385 mol MgCl 2
2 mol Cl

= 0.225 L

+ 0.615 L
1 L soln
1 mol KCl
1 L soln
1 mol MgCl 2

0.615 mol Cl

= 0.732 M
= 0.141 mol Cl + 0.474 mol Cl = 0.615 mol Cl Cl =
0.225 L + 0.615 L

(M) amount of NO3 ion =

0.421 mol Mg NO 3 2

0.283 mol KNO 3 1 mol NO 3

2 mol NO 3

0.275 L
+ 0.328 L

1 L soln
1 mol KNO 3
1 L soln
1 mol Mg NO 3 2

= 0.0778 mol NO 3 + 0.276 mol NO 3

= 0.354 mol NO3-

0.354 mol NO3

NO3 =

0.275 L + 0.328 L + 0.784 L = 0.255 M

Predicting Precipitation Reactions

19.

(E) In each case, each available cation is paired with the available anions, one at a time, to
determine if a compound is produced that is insoluble, based on the solubility rules of
Chapter 5. Then a net ionic equation is written to summarize this information.
(a) Pb 2+ aq + 2 Br aq PbBr2 s
(b) No reaction occurs (all are spectator ions).
(c) Fe3+ aq + 3 OH aq Fe OH 3 s
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

20.

21.

(E)
(a)

Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) CaCO3(s)

(b)

Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s)

(c)

No precipitate forms. All ions stay in solution.

(E)

(a)

22.

23.

Mixture

Result (Net Ionic Equation)

HI a + Zn NO3 2 (aq):

No reaction occurs.

(b)

CuSO 4 aq + Na 2 CO3 aq :

(c)

Cu NO3 2 aq +

Cu 2+ aq + CO3

aq CuCO3 s
3
Na 3 PO 4 aq : 3Cu 2+ aq + 2 PO 4 aq Cu 3 PO 4 2 s
2

(E)

Mixture

Result (Net Ionic Equation)

(a)

AgNO3 aq + CuCl 2 aq :

Ag + aq + Cl aq AgCl s

(b)

Na 2S aq + FeCl2 aq :

S2 aq + Fe 2+ aq FeS s

(c)

Na 2 CO3 aq + AgNO3 aq :

CO3

(E)
(a)

Add K 2 SO 4 aq ; BaSO 4 s will form and MgSO4 will not precipitate.

aq + 2

Ag + aq Ag 2 CO3 s

BaCl2 s + K 2 SO 4 aq BaSO 4 s + 2 KCl aq

(b)

Add H 2 O l ; Na 2 CO3 s dissolves, but MgCO3 (s) will not dissolve (appreciably).
water
Na 2 CO3 s
2 Na + aq + CO3

(c)

24.

(M)
(a)

aq

Add KCl(aq); AgCl(s) will form, while Cu(NO3)2 (s) will dissolve.
AgNO3 s + KCl aq AgCl s + KNO3 aq
Add H 2O. Cu NO3 2 s will dissolve, while PbSO4(s) will not dissolve (appreciably).
water
Cu NO3 2 s
Cu 2+ aq + 2NO3

(b)

aq

Add HCl(aq). Mg(OH)2 (s) will dissolve, but BaSO4 (s) will not dissolve (appreciably).
Mg OH 2 s + 2 HCl aq MgCl2 aq + 2 H 2 O(l)
174

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(c)

b g

Add HCl(aq). Both carbonates dissolve, but PbCl2(s) will precipitate while CaCl 2 aq
remains dissolved.
PbCO3 s + 2 HCl aq PbCl 2 s + H 2O(l) + CO 2 g
CaCO3 s + 2 HCl aq CaCl 2 aq + H 2O(l) + CO 2 g

25.

(M)
(a)

Mixture
Sr NO3 2 aq + K 2SO 4 aq :

Net Ionic Equation

2
Sr 2+ aq + SO 4 aq SrSO 4 s

(b)

Mg NO3 2 aq + NaOH aq : Mg 2+ aq + 2 OH aq Mg OH 2 s

(c)

BaCl2 aq + K 2SO 4 aq :

Ba 2+ (aq) SO 4 (aq) BaSO4 (s)

(upon filtering, KCl (aq) is obtained)

26. (M)
(a)

Mixture
BaCl2 aq + K 2SO 4 aq :

(b)

NaCl aq + AgNO3 aq :

AgCl s + Na + aq NO3 aq

alternatively
BaCl2 aq + AgNO3 aq :

AgCl s + Ba 2+ (aq) + SO 4 2 aq

(c)

Net Ionic Equation

2
Ba 2+ aq + SO 4 aq BaSO 4 s

Sr NO3 2 aq + K 2SO 4 aq : Sr 2+ aq + SO 4

aq

SrSO 4 s

(upon filtering, KNO3 (aq) is obtained)

AcidBase Reactions
27.

(E) The type of reaction is given first, followed by the net ionic equation.
(a) Neutralization: OH aq + HC2 H3 O2 aq H 2 O l + C2 H3 O 2

aq

(b) No reaction occurs. This is the physical mixing of two acids.

(c) Gas evolution: FeS s + 2 H + aq H 2 S g + Fe 2+ aq

aq + H + aq "H 2 CO3 aq "

H + aq Mg 2+ aq + H 2 g

(d) Gas evolution: HCO3

(e) Redox: Mg s + 2
28.

(E)
(a)

NaHCO3 s + H + aq

H 2 O l + CO 2 g

Na + aq + H 2 O l + CO 2 g

175

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(b)

CaCO3 s + 2 H + aq

Ca 2+ aq + H 2 O l + CO 2 g

(c)

Mg OH 2 s + 2 H + aq

Mg 2+ aq + 2 H 2 O l

(d)

Mg OH 2 s + 2 H + aq

Mg 2+ aq + 2 H 2 O l

Al OH 3 s + 3 H + aq

(e)
29.

30.

31.

Al3+ aq + 3 H 2 O l

NaAl OH 2 CO3 s + 4 H + aq Al3+ aq + Na + aq +3 H 2 O l + CO 2 g

(M)
As a salt:

NaHSO4 aq Na + aq + HSO 4

As an acid:

HSO 4

aq +

OH aq

aq
2
H 2 O l + SO 4 aq

(M) Because all three compounds contain an ammonium cation, all are formed by the
reaction of an acid with aqueous ammonia. The identity of the anion determines which acid
present.
(a) 2 NH 3 aq + H 3PO 4 aq
NH 4 2 HPO 4 aq

(b) NH3 aq + HNO3 aq

NH 4 NO3 aq

(c) 2 NH 3 aq + H 2SO 4 aq

NH 4 2 SO4 aq

(M) Use (b) NH3(aq): NH3 affords the OH- ions necessary to form Mg(OH)2(s).
Applicable reactions: {NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)} 2

MgCl2(aq) Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)

Mg2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) Mg(OH)2(s)
32.

(E) HCl(aq) reacts with KHSO3(aq) to give SO2(g) via the thermodynamically unstable
intermediate sulfurous acid (H2SO3).

(b) KHSO3 reacts with HCl(aq) to form a gas according the net ionic equation below.
Net ionic equation: H+(aq) + HSO3-(aq) H2SO3(aq) H2O(l) + SO2(g)
(a), (c), and (d) do not form gaseous products.
(a) H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) HSO4- (aq)
(c) OH-(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l)
(d) CaCl2(aq) + HCl(aq) no reaction

176

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

OxidationReduction (Redox) Equations

33.

34.

(E)
(a)

The O.S. of H is +1, that of O is 2 , that of C is +4 , and that of Mg is +2 on each

side of this equation. This is not a redox equation.

(b)

The O.S. of Cl is 0 on the left and 1 on the right side of this equation. The O.S. of
Br is 1 on the left and 0 on the right side of this equation. This is a redox reaction.

(c)

The O.S. of Ag is 0 on the left and +1 on the right side of this equation. The O.S. of
N is +5 on the left and +4 on the right side of this equation. This is a redox reaction.

(d)

On both sides of the equation the O.S. of O is 2 , that of Ag is +1 , and that of Cr is

+6 . Thus, this is not a redox equation.

(E)
(a)

In this reaction, iron is reduced from Fe3+ (aq) to Fe2+ (aq) and manganese is reduced

from a +7 O.S. in MnO 4 aq to a +2 O.S. in Mn2+ (aq). Thus, there are two
reductions and no oxidation, which is impossible.

(b)

In this reaction, chlorine is oxidized from an O.S. of 0 in Cl2 (aq) to an O.S. of +1 in

ClO aq and oxygen is oxidized from an O.S. of 1 in H 2 O 2 aq to an O.S. of 0
in O 2 g . Consequently there are two oxidation reactions and no reduction reactions,
which is impossible.

35.

(E)
(a)

aq + 6 H + aq + 4 e S2O32 aq + 3 H 2O(l)

2 NO3 aq +10 H + aq + 8 e N 2 O g + 5 H 2 O l

Al s + 4 OH aq Al OH 4 aq + 3 e

Reduction:

2SO3

(b) Reduction:
(c)
36.

(E)
(a)
(b)
(c)

37.

Oxidation:

acidic
H 2 C2 O 4
2 CO 2 + 2 H + + 2e-

Oxidation

2 Cr

MnO 2 + 4 OH

6 e + 14 H + Cr2 O7

2 H 2 O + 3 e + MnO4

acidic

basic

3+

+ 7 H2 O
-

Reduction
Re duction

(M)
(a) Oxidation: { 2 I aq I 2 s + 2 e

Reduction: { MnO 4

aq + 8

H + aq + 5 e Mn 2+ aq + 4 H 2 O l

}5
}2

Net: 10 I aq + 2 MnO 4 aq +16 H + aq 5 I 2 s + 2 Mn 2+ aq + 8 H 2 O l

177

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(b) Oxidation: { N 2 H 4 l N 2 g + 4 H + aq + 4 e

} 3

+
Reduction: { BrO3 aq + 6 H aq + 6 e Br aq + 3 H 2 O l

Net:
(c)

3 N 2 H 4 l + 2 BrO3 aq 3 N 2 g + 2 Br aq + 6 H 2 O l

Oxidation: Fe 2+ aq Fe3+ aq + e
Reduction: VO4
Net:

aq + 6

Fe2+ aq + VO 4

H + aq + e VO 2+ aq + 3 H 2 O l

aq + 6

H + aq Fe3+ aq + VO2+ aq + 3 H 2 O l

(d) Oxidation: { UO 2+ aq + H 2 O l UO2

Reduction: { NO3 aq + 4 H + aq + 3 e

Net:
38.

} 2

3 UO 2+ aq + 2 NO3

aq + 2

aq + 2 H+ aq + 2 e
NO g + 2 H 2 O l

H + aq 3 UO 2

aq + 2

}3
}2

NO g + H 2 O l

(M)

(a) Oxidation: { P4 s +16 H 2 O(l) 4 H 2 PO 4 aq + 24 H + aq + 20 e } 3

Reduction: { NO3 aq + 4 H + aq + 3 e NO g + 2 H 2 O(l) } 20

____________________
______

+
3 P4 s + 20 NO3 aq + 8 H 2 O + 8 H aq 12 H 2 PO 4 aq + 20 NO g
Net:

aq + 5 H 2 O l 2 SO4 2 aq +10 H + aq + 8 e

Reduction: { MnO 4 aq + 8 H + aq + 5 e Mn 2+ aq + 4 H 2 O(l)

(b) Oxidation: { S2 O3

Net:
(c)

}8

5 S2 O3 aq + 8 MnO 4 aq +14 H + aq 10 SO 4 aq + 8 Mn 2+ aq + 7 H 2 O l

Oxidation: 2 HS aq + 3 H 2 O l S2 O3

aq + 8

H + aq + 8 e

Reduction: { 2 HSO3 aq + 4 H + aq + 4 e S2 O3

b g

Net:

b g

2 HS aq + 4 HSO 3 aq 3 S2 O 3

(d) Oxidation:

aq + 3

baqg + 3 H Oblg

H 2 O(l) } 2

2 NH 3 OH + aq N 2 O g + H 2 O l + 6 H + aq + 4 e

Reduction: { Fe3+ aq + e Fe 2+ aq
Net:

}5

}4

4 Fe3+ aq + 2 NH 3OH + aq 4 Fe 2+ aq + N 2 O g + H 2 O l + 6 H + aq

178

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

39.

(M)

(a) Oxidation: { MnO 2 s + 4 OH aq MnO 4 aq + 2 H 2 O(l) + 3 e } 2

Reduction: ClO3 aq + 3 H 2 O(l) + 6 e Cl aq + 6 OH aq

Net:

2 MnO 2 s + ClO3 aq + 2 OH aq 2MnO 4 aq + Cl aq + H 2 O(l)

(b) Oxidation: { Fe OH 3 s + 5 OH aq FeO 4

aq + 4

H 2 O(l) + 3 e

Reduction: { OCl aq + H 2 O(l) + 2 e Cl aq + 2OH - aq

Net: 2 Fe OH 3 s + 3 OCl aq + 4 OH aq 2FeO 4

(c)

}2
}3

aq + 3

Cl aq + 5 H 2 O(l)

Oxidation: { ClO 2 (aq) + 2 OH aq ClO3 aq + H 2 O l + e } 5

Reduction: ClO 2 (aq) + 2 H 2 O l + 5 e Cl (aq) + 4 OH aq

Net:
(d)

40.

6 ClO2 (aq) + 6 OH aq 5ClO3 aq + Cl aq + 3 H 2 O (l)

Oxidation: (Ag (s) Ag+ (aq) + 1 e ) 3

Reduction: 4 H2O(l) + CrO42- + 3 e Cr(OH)3(s) + 5 OH Net: 3 Ag(s) + CrO42- + 4 H2O(l) 3 Ag+(aq) + Cr(OH)3(s) + 5 OH-

(M)
(a) Oxidation: 8OH- + S2O42- 2SO42- + 6e- + 4H2O
Reduction: {3 e- + 4H2O + CrO42- Cr(OH)3 + 5OH-} 2
Net: 2CrO42- + 4H2O + S2O42- 2Cr(OH)3 + 2SO42- + 2OH(b)

Oxidation: N 2 H 4 l + 4 OH aq N 2 g + 4 H 2 O(l) + 4 e
Reduction: { Fe CN 6
Net: 4 Fe CN 6

(c)

aq +

e Fe CN 6

aq

}4

aq + N 2 H 4 l + 4OH aq 4 Fe CN 6 aq + N 2 g + 4H 2 O l
4

Oxidation: { Fe OH 2 s + OH aq Fe OH 3 s + e

}4

Reduction: O 2 g + 2 H 2 O l + 4 e 4 OH aq

Net:
(d)

4 Fe OH 2 s + O 2 g + 2 H 2 O l 4 Fe OH 3 s

Oxidation: { C 2 H 5 OH aq + 5 OH aq C 2 H 3O 2 aq + 4 H 2 O l + 4 e

}3

Reduction: { MnO 4 aq + 2 H 2 O l + 3 e MnO 2 s + 4 OH aq

}4

Net: 3 C 2 H 5 OH aq + 4 MnO 4 aq 3 C 2 H 3 O 2 aq + 4 MnO 2 s + OH aq + 4 H 2 O l

179

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

41.

(M)

(a) Oxidation: Cl2 g +12 OH aq 2 ClO3 aq + 6 H 2 O(l) +10 e

Reduction: { Cl 2 g + 2 e 2 Cl aq

(b)

42.

}5

Net:

6 Cl2 g +12 OH aq 10 Cl aq + 2 ClO3 aq + 6 H 2 O(l)

Or:

3 Cl2 g + 6 OH aq 5 Cl aq + ClO3 aq + 3 H 2 O(l)

aq + 2 H 2 O(l) 2 HSO3 aq + 2 H + aq + 2 e
2
2
Reduction: S2 O 4 aq + 2 H + aq + 2 e S2 O3 aq + H 2 O (l)
2

2
Net:
2 S2 O 4 aq + H 2 O(l) 2 HSO3 aq + S2 O3 aq
Oxidation: S2 O 4

(M)
2

(a) Oxidation: { MnO 4 aq MnO4 aq + e

aq + 2 H 2 O(l) + 2 e MnO2 s + 4 OH aq
2

MnO 4 aq + 2 H 2 O(l) 2 MnO4 aq + MnO 2 s + 4 OH aq

Reduction: MnO 4
Net:
(b)

(c)

}2

Oxidation: { P4 s + 8 OH aq 4 H 2 PO 2

aq + 4 e
Reduction: P4 s +12 H 2 O(l) +12 e 4 PH 3 g +12 OH aq

Net:
4 P4 s +12 OH aq +12 H 2 O(l) 12 H 2 PO 2 aq + 4
Oxidation: S8 s + 24 OH aq 4 S2 O3

aq +12

}3
PH 3 g

H 2 O l + 16 e

S8 s +16 e 8 S2 aq

Reduction:
2
2 S8 s + 24 OH aq 8 S2 aq + 4 S2 O3 aq +12 H 2 O l
Net:
(d) Oxidation: As 2S3 s + 40 OH aq 2 AsO 4

aq + 3 SO4 2 aq + 20 H 2O + 28 e

Reduction: { H 2 O 2 aq +2 e- 2 OH - aq
Net: As 2S3 s +12 OH aq +14 H 2 O 2 aq 2 AsO 4
43.

} 14
3

aq + 3 SO4 2 aq + 20 H 2O(l)

(M)

(a) Oxidation: { NO 2 aq + H 2 O l NO3 aq + 2 H + aq + 2 e

+
2+
Reduction: { MnO 4 aq + 8 H aq + 5 e Mn aq + 4 H 2 O l

}5
}2

Net: 5 NO2 aq + 2 MnO 4 aq + 6 H + aq 5 NO3 aq + 2 Mn 2+ aq + 3 H 2 O l

180

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(b)

(c)

Oxidation: { Mn2+ (aq) + 4 OH- (aq) MnO2 (s) + 2 H2O (l) + 2 e- } 3

Reduction: { MnO4- (aq) + 2 H2O (l) + 3 e- MnO2 (s) + 4 OH- (aq) } 2
Net: 3 Mn2+ (aq) + 2 MnO4- (aq) + 4 OH- (aq) 5 MnO2 (s) + 2 H2O (l)
Oxidation: { C2 H 5 OH CH 3 CHO + 2 H + aq + 2 e

} 3

Reduction: Cr2 O 7 2 aq +14 H + aq + 6 e 2 Cr 3+ aq + 7 H 2 O l

Net: Cr2 O 7 2 aq + 8 H + aq + 3 C2 H 5 OH 2 Cr 3+ aq + 7 H 2 O l + 3 CH 3 CHO
44.

(M)
(a) Oxidation: [ Al s Al3+ aq + 3e

} 2

Reduction: { 2 HI aq + 2 e 2 I aq + H 2 g }3

2 Al(s) + 6 HI(aq) 2 AlI3(aq) + 3 H2(g)

(b)

Oxidation: Zn s Zn 2+ aq + 2 e
Reduction: { VO 2+ aq + 2 H + aq + e V3+ aq + H 2 O l } 2
Net:

(c)

Zn(s) + 2 VO 2+ aq + 4 H + aq Zn 2+ (aq) 2 V 3+ (aq) + 2 H 2 O(l)

Oxidation: H 2 O + CH 3 OH CO 2 + 6 H + + 6 e

Reduction:{ ClO3 aq + 2 H + aq + e ClO 2 aq + H 2 O l } 6

Net:
45.

CH 3 OH + 6 ClO3 aq + 6 H + 6 ClO 2 aq + 5 H 2 O l CO 2

(D) For the purpose of balancing its redox equation, each of the reactions is treated as if it
takes place in acidic aqueous solution.
(a)

2 H2O(g) + CH4(g) CO2(g) + 8 H+(g) + 8 e{2 e- + 2 H+(g) + NO(g) N2(g) + H2O(g) }4

CH4(g) + 4 NO(g) 2 N2(g) + CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

(b)

{H2S(g) 1/8 S8(s)+ 2 H+(g) + 2 e}2

+
4 e + 4 H (g) + SO2(g) 1/8 S8(s) + 2 H2O(g)
2 H2S(g) + SO2(g) 3/8 S8(s) + 2 H2O(g) or
16 H2S(g) + 8 SO2(g) 3 S8(s) + 16 H2O(g)

(c)

{Cl2O(g) + 2 NH4+(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 4 e- 2 NH4Cl(s) + H2O(l)

{2 NH3(g) N2(g) + 6 e- + 6 H+(aq)
6 NH3(g) + 6 H+(aq) 6 NH4+(aq)
10 NH3(g) +3 Cl2O(g) 6 NH4Cl(s) + 2 N2(g) + 3 H2O(l)

181

}3
} 2

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

46.

(D) For the purpose of balancing its redox equation, each of the reactions is treated as if it
takes place in acidic aqueous solution.
(a) CH4(g) + NH3(g) HCN(g) + 6 e- + 6 H+
} 3
{ 2 e- + 2 H+(g) + O2(g) H2O(g)
CH4(g) + NH3(g) + 3/2 O2(g) HCN(g) + 3 H2O(g)
(b) { H 2 g 2 H + aq + 2 e
}5
2 NO g +10 H + aq +10 e 2 NH 3 g + 2 H 2 O(l)
5 H 2 g + 2 NO g 2 NH 3 g + 2 H 2 O g

(c)

{Fe(s) Fe3+(aq) + 3 e} 4
} 3
{4 e- + 2 H2O(l) + O2(g) 4 OH-(aq)
4 Fe(s) + 6 H2O(l) + 3 O2(g) 4 Fe(OH)3(s)

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

47.

(E) The oxidizing agents experience a decrease in the oxidation state of one of their elements,
while the reducing agents experience an increase in the oxidation state of one of their elements.

aq is the reducing agent; the O.S. of S = +4 in SO32 and = +6 in SO 4 2 .

MnO 4 aq is the oxidizing agent; the O.S. of Mn = +7 in MnO 4 and + 2 in Mn 2+ .

2

(a)

SO3

(b)

H 2 g is the reducing agent; the O.S. of H = 0 in H 2 g and = +1 in H 2 O g .

NO 2 g is the oxidizing agent; the O.S. of N = +4 in NO 2 g and 3 in NH 3 (g).

(c) Fe CN 6

aq is the reducing agent; the O.S. of

Fe = +2 in Fe CN 6

and = +3 in Fe CN 6 . H 2O 2 aq is the oxidizing agent; the O.S. of O = 1

in H 2 O 2 and = 2 in H 2 O .

48.

(E)
2
2
(a) 2 S2 O3 aq + I 2 s S4 O6 aq + 2 I aq

aq + 4
2
S2 O3 aq + 4

(b) S2 O3
(c)

Cl2 g + 5 H 2 O 1 2 HSO4
OCl aq + 2 OH aq 2

182

aq + 8 Cl aq + 8 H + aq
2
SO4 aq + 4 Cl aq + H 2 O 1

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Neutralization and AcidBase Titrations

49.

(E) The problem is most easily solved with amounts in millimoles.

VNaOH

0.128 mmol HCl 1 mmol H + 1 mmol OH

= 10.00 mL HCl aq
1 mL HCl aq 1 mmol HCl 1 mmol H +

50.

1 mL NaOH aq
1 mmol NaOH
= 13.3 mL NaOH aq soln

0.0962 mmol NaOH

1 mmol OH

(M)

10.00 mL acid
[NaOH] =
51.

0.1012 mmol H 2SO 4 2 mmol NaOH

1 mL acid
1 mmol H 2SO 4
= 0.08683 M
23.31 mL base

(E) The net reaction is OH aq + HC3 H5 O2 aq H 2 O(l) + C3 H5 O2 aq .

Conversion pathway approach:

Vbase = 25.00 mL acid

0.3057 mmol HC3 H 5 O 2

1 mL acid

1 mmol KOH
1 mmol HC3 H 5 O 2

1 mL base
2.155 mmol KOH

= 3.546 mL KOH solution

Stepwise approach:
25.00 mL acid

0.3057 mmol HC3 H 5 O 2

= 7.643 mmol HC3 H 5 O 2

1 mL acid
1 mmol KOH
7.643 mmol HC3H 5O 2
= 7.643 mmol KOH
1 mmol HC3 H 5 O 2

7.643 mmol KOH

52.

1 mL base
2.155 mmol KOH

= 3.546 mL KOH solution

(E) Titration reaction: Ba OH 2 aq + 2 HNO3 aq Ba NO3 2 aq + 2 H 2 O 1

Vbase = 50.00 mL acid

0.0526 mol HNO3 1 mmol Ba OH 2

1 mL base

1 mL acid
2 mmol HNO3
0.0844 mmol Ba OH 2

= 15.6 mL Ba OH 2 solution
53.

(E) NaOH aq + HCl aq NaCl aq + H 2 O(l) is the titration reaction.

0.02834 L
[NaOH] =

0.1085 mol HCl 1mol NaOH

1L soln
1 mol HCl
= 0.1230 M NaOH
0.02500 L sample

183

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

54.

(E)

28.72 mL acid
NH 3 =
55.

1.021mmol HCl 1mmol H + 1mmol NH 3

1 mL acid
1mmol HCl 1mmol H +
= 5.86 M NH 3
5.00 mL sample

(M) The mass of acetylsalicylic acid is converted to the amount of NaOH, in millimoles,
that will react with it.
0.32 g HC9 H 7 O 4
1 mol HC9 H 7 O 4
1 mol NaOH
1000 mmol NaOH

NaOH =
23 mL NaOH aq 180.2 g HC9 H 7 O 4 1 mol HC9 H 7 O 4
1 mol NaOH
= 0.077 M NaOH

56.

(M)
(a)

(b)

0.10 mol HCl 36.5 g HCl 100 g conc soln'

1 mL

1 L soln
1 mol HCl
38 g HCl
1.19 g conc soln'
2
= 1.6 10 mL conc. acid

vol conc. acid = 20.0 L

The titration reaction is HCl aq + NaOH aq NaCl aq + H 2 O 1

20.93mL base
HCl =

(c)

57.

0.1186 mmol NaOH

1 mmol HCl

1 mL base
1mmol NaOH
= 0.09929 M HCl
25.00 mL acid

First of all, the volume of the dilute solution (20 L) is known at best to a precision of two
significant figures. Secondly, HCl is somewhat volatile (we can smell its odor above the
solution) and some will likely be lost during the process of preparing the solution.

(M) The equation for the reaction is HNO3 aq + KOH aq KNO3 aq + H 2 O 1 .

This equation shows that equal numbers of moles are needed for a complete reaction.
We compute the amount of each reactant.
mmol HNO 3 = 25.00 mL acid

0.132 mmol HNO 3

= 3.30 mmol HNO 3
1 mL acid

0.318 mmol KOH

= 3.18 mmol KOH
1 mL base
There is more acid present than base. Thus, the resulting solution is acidic.
mmol KOH = 10.00 mL acid

58.

(M) Here we compute the amount of acetic acid in the vinegar and the amount of acetic acid
needed to react with the sodium carbonate. If there is more than enough acid to react with
the solid, the solution will remain acidic.

acetic acid in vinegar = 125 mL

0.762 mmol HC 2 H 3O 2
= 95.3 mmol HC2 H3O2
1 mL vinegar

184

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Na 2 CO3 s + 2 HC2 H 3O 2 aq 2 NaC 2 H 3O 2 aq + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 g

acetic acid required for solid:

= 7.55 g Na 2 CO3

1000 mmol Na 2 CO3 2 mmol HC2 H 3 O 2

= 143 mmol HC2 H 3 O 2

106.0 g Na 2 CO3
1 mmol Na 2 CO3

Clearly there is not enough acetic acid present to react with all of the sodium carbonate. The
resulting solution will not be acidic. In fact, the solution will contain only a trace amount of
acetic acid (HC2H3O2).
59.

(M) Vbase = 5.00 mL vinegar

60.

1.01 g vinegar 4.0 g HC2 H 3O 2 1 mol HC2 H 3O 2

1 mL
100.0 g vinegar 60.0 g HC2 H 3O 2

1 mol NaOH
1 L base
1000 mL

= 34 mL base
1 mol HC 2 H 3O 2 0.1000 mol NaOH
1 L

(M) The titration reaction is . 2 NaOH aq + H 2SO 4 aq Na 2SO 4 aq + 2 H 2 O(l)

It is most convenient to consider molarity as millimoles per milliliter when solving this problem.
0.935mmol NaOH 1mmol H 2SO 4

1mL base
2 mmol NaOH
H 2SO 4 =
= 4.65 M H2SO4
5.00 mL battery acid
Thus, the battery acid is not sufficiently concentrated.
49.74 mL base

61.

(E) Answer is (d): 120 % of necessary titrant added in titration of NH3

5 NH3
+
5 HCl
+
1 HCl
62. (E)
(a)
(b)

required for
equivalence
point

5 NH4+ + 6 Cl- + H3O+

(depicted in question's drawing )

20 % excess

H2O(l) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

CH3COOH(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(l) + Na+(aq)

185

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Stoichiometry of OxidationReduction Reactions

63.

(M)
Conversion pathway approach:

0.1078 g As 2 O 3

[ MnO 4 ]=

1mol As 2 O 3
197.84 g As 2 O 3
22.15 mL

4 mol MnO 4

5 mol As 2 O3
1L

1mol KMnO 4
1mol MnO 4

= 0.01968 M KMnO 4

1000 mL

Stepwise approach:
mol KMnO 4
L solution
1mol As 2 O3
0.1078 g As 2 O3
= 5.449 10-4 mol As 2 O3
197.84 g As 2 O3

[ KMnO 4 ]=

5.449 10-4 mol As 2 O3

4.359 10-4 mol MnO 4
22.15 mL

1L
1000 mL

[ KMnO 4 ]=

64.

1mol KMnO 4
1mol MnO 4

= 4.359 10-4 mol KMnO 4

0.02215 L solution

mol KMnO 4
L solution

4.359 10-4 mol KMnO 4

0.02215 L solution

= 1.968 10-2 M

(E) The balanced equation for the titration is:

5 SO32 aq + 2 MnO 4 aq + 6 H + aq 5 SO 4 2 aq + 2 Mn 2+ aq + 3 H 2O l
31.46 mL

SO3 2 =
65.

4 mol MnO 4
= 4.359 10-4 mol MnO 4
5 mol As 2 O3

0.02237 mmol KMnO 4

1mL soln

1mmol MnO 4
1 mmol KMnO 4

25.00 mL SO 3

5 mmolSO3 2
2 mmol MnO 4

soln

= 0.07038 M SO3 2

(M) First, we will determine the mass of Fe, then the percentage of iron in the ore.
2
1 L
0.05051 mol Cr2 O7
6 mol Fe 2+
55.85 g Fe

mass Fe = 28.72 mL
2
1000 mL
1 L soln
1 mol Fe 2+
1 mol Cr2 O7

mass Fe = 0.4861 g Fe % Fe =

0.4861g Fe
100% 53.23% Fe
0.9132 g ore

186

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

66.

(M) First, balance the titration equation.

Oxidation: { Mn 2 (aq) 4 OH (aq) MnO 2 (s) 2 H 2O(l) 2e

}3

Reduction: { MnO 4 (aq) 2 H 2 O (l) 3e MnO 2 (s) 4 OH (aq) } 2

Net:

3Mn 2 (aq) 2 MnO 4 (aq) 4 OH (aq) 5MnO 2 (s) 2 H 2 O(l)

Mn 2+

67.

0.04162 mmol MnO 4

3mmol Mn 2
37.21mL titrant

1mL titrant
2 mmol MnO 4
=
= 0.09292 M Mn 2+
25.00 mL soln

(M) First, balance the titration equation:

}5
aq 2 CO2 g + 2 e

Reduction: { MnO 4 aq + 8 H + aq + 5 e Mn 2+ aq + 4 H 2 O l } 2
2

Net: 5 C2 O 4 aq + 2 MnO 4 aq +16 H + aq 10 CO 2 g + 2 Mn 2+ aq + 8 H 2 O l

Oxidation: { C2 O 4

mass Na 2C2O4 =1.00 L satd soln Na 2 C2 O 4

1000 mL 25.8 mL satd soln KMnO 4 0.02140 mol KMnO 4

1L
5.00 mL satd soln Na 2 C2 O 4
1000 mL KMnO4

1 mol MnO 4 5 mol C2 O4 2 1 mol Na 2 C2 O4 134.0 g Na 2 C2 O 4

1 mol KMnO4 2 mol MnO4

1 mol Na 2 C2 O 4
1 mol C2 O 4 2

mass Na 2C2O4 = 37.0 g Na 2 C2 O 4

68.

(M) Balanced equation:

2
2
2
3 S2 O 4 aq + 2 CrO 4 aq + 4 H 2 O l 6 SO3 aq + 2 Cr OH 3 s + 2 H + aq
(a)

mass Cr OH 3 = 100. L soln

0.0126 mol CrO 4 2

1 L soln

2 mol Cr OH 3
2 mol CrO 4

103.0 g Cr OH 3
1 mol Cr OH 3

= 130 g Cr(OH)3
(b)

mass Na 2 S2 O 4 = 100. L soln

0.0126 mol CrO 4 2

1 L soln

3 mol S2 O 4 2
2 mol CrO 4

174.1 g Na 2S2 O 4
= 329 g Na 2S2 O 4
1 mol Na 2S2 O 4

Integrative and Advanced Exercises

69. (M)
(a) 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l)

2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

(b) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)

Fe(OH)3(s)

187

1 mol Na 2 S2 O 4
1 mol S2 O 4 2

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(c) Fe(OH)3(s) + 3 H3O+(aq)

Fe3+(aq) + 6 H2O(l)

or Fe(OH)3(s) + 3 H+(aq)
Fe3+(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
70. (M)

FeCl 2 (aq) H 2 S(g)

(a) 2 HCl(aq) FeS(s)
Reduction :

2 Cl (aq)
Cl 2 (aq) 2 e
Mn 2 (aq) 2 H 2 O (l)
MnO 2 (s) 4 H (aq) 2 e

Net:

2 Cl (aq) MnO 2 (s) 4 H (aq)

Cl2 (g) Mn 2 (aq) 2 H 2 O(l)

(b) Oxidation:

Spectator Ions: 4 HCl(aq) MnO 2 (s)

Cl2 (g) MnCl2 (aq) 2 H 2 O(l)
(c) Because NH3 (aq) is a weak base, the reaction takes place in alkaline solution.
Oxidation :

2 NH 3 (aq)
N 2 (g) 6 H 6 e

Reduction :

{Br2 2 e
2 Br (aq)}

Net :

2 NH 3 (aq) 3 Br2
N 2 (g) 6 H 6 Br (aq)

The spectator ion is NH 4 (aq); first, add 6 NH 3 (aq) on each side, to neutralize H .
N 2 (g) 6 H 6 Br (aq) 6 NH 3 (aq)
2 NH 3 (aq) 3 Br2 6 NH 3 (aq)
Then, recognize that NH 3 (aq) H (aq) NH 4 (aq) , and NH 4 Br(aq) is really

NH 4 (aq) Br (aq) .
8 NH 3 (aq) 3 Br2
N 2 (g) 6 NH 4 Br(aq)
2 HClO 2 (aq) BaSO 4 (s)
(d) Ba(ClO 2 ) 2 (s) H 2 SO 4 (aq)
71. (M) A possible product, based on solubility rules, is Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 . We determine the % Ca in
this compound.

3 40.078 g Ca 2 30.974 g P 8 15.999 g O

120.23 g Ca 61.948 g P 127.99 g O 310.17 g
120.23 g Ca
% Ca
100% 38.763%
310.17 g Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2
molar mass

Thus, Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 is the predicted product. The net ionic equation follows.
2

3 Ca 2 (aq) 2 HPO 4 (aq)

Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (s) 2 H (aq)

188

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

72. (M) We can calculate the initial concentration of OH-.

0.0250 mol Ba(OH) 2 2 mol OH

[OH ]

0.0500 M
1 L soln
1 L soln

We can determine the ratio of the dilute (volumetric flask) to the concentrated (pipet) solutions.
Vc C c Vd C d Vc 0.0500 M Vd 0.0100 M

Vd 0.0500 M

5.00
Vc 0.0100 M

If we pipet 0.0250 M Ba(OH)2 with a 50.00-mL pipet into a 250.0-mL flask, and fill this flask,
with mixing, to the mark with distilled water, the resulting solution will be 0.0100 M OH .
73. (M)
(a) A small amount of Na2CO3(s) mixed in with NaOH(s) will have a very small effect on the pH
of the final solution which for most practical cases negligile. Lets assume that the
contamination is ~0.2% by mass relative to NaOH, and 1 L of a 0.1000 M solution is made.

To make a 0.1000 M NaOH solution, the amount of NaOH needed is as follows:

0.1000 mol NaOH

39.98 g NaOH
3.998 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH

Since 0.2% of this by weight is Na2CO3, the total mass of Na2CO3 is 0.007996 g. HCl reacts
with NaOH and Na2CO3 as follows:
NaOH(s) HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) H 2 O (l) AND
Na 2 CO 3 (s) 2 HCl(aq)
2 NaCl(aq) CO 2 (g) H 2 O (l)
The amount of HCl reacted with each is therefore:
1 mol NaOH
1 mol HCl

0.09980 mol HCl reacted

39.98 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH
1 mol Na 2 CO3
2 mol HCl

1.509 104 mol HCl reacted

0.007996 g Na 2CO3
105.98 g Na 2CO3 1 mol NaOH

3.990 g NaOH

The amount of HCl needed to react with 0.2% of Na2CO3 is 0.15% of the total HCl
reacted, which is a very small amount except very precise measurements.
(b) As the proportion of Na2CO3(s) grows, the error it introduces becomes more significant and
makes an unstandardized solution unusable for precise work. For example, trying to make the
same 0.1000 M NaOH, having a 2% contamination affects the results as follows:

3.998 g NaOH 0.02 = 0.07996 g Na2CO3, making the actual NaOH mass 3.918 g.

189

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

1 mol NaOH
1 mol HCl

0.09800 mol HCl reacted

39.98 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH
1 mol Na 2 CO3
2 mol HCl

1.509 103 mol HCl reacted

0.07996 g Na 2 CO3
105.98 g Na 2CO3 1 mol NaOH

3.918 g NaOH

The amount of HCl needed to react with 2% of Na2CO3 contamination is 1.5% of the
total HCl reacted, which is significant enough to make a standardized solution not
trustworthy.
74. (D) Let us first determine the mass of Mg in the sample analyzed.

Conversion pathway approach:

1 mol Mg 2 P 2 O7
2 mol Mg
24.305 g

0.0120 g Mg
222.55 g Mg 2 P 2 O7 1 mol Mg 2 P2 O 7 1 mol Mg
0.0120 g Mg
ppm Mg 106 g sample
108 ppm Mg
110.520 g sample
mass Mg 0.0549 g Mg 2 P2 O7

Stepwise approach:
0.0549 g Mg 2 P2 O 7

1 mol Mg 2 P 2 O7
= 2.47 10-4 mol Mg 2 P 2 O7
222.55 g Mg 2 P 2 O 7

2.47 10-4 mol Mg 2 P 2 O7

4.93 10-4 mol Mg

2 mol Mg
4.93 10-4 mol Mg
1 mol Mg 2 P2 O 7

24.305 g
0.0120 g Mg
1 mol Mg

ppm Mg 106 g sample

0.0120 g Mg
108 ppm Mg
110.520 g sample

75. (M) Let V represent the volume of added 0.248 M CaCl2 that must be added.

We know that [Cl ] = 0.250 M, but also,

0.335 L
[Cl ]

0.248 mol CaCl 2

0.186 mol KCl 1 mol Cl
2 mol Cl

1 L soln
1 mol KCl
1 L soln
1 mol CaCl 2
0.335 L V

0.250 (0.335 V ) 0.0838 0.250 V 0.0623 0.496 V

190

0.0838 0.0623
0.0874 L
0.496 0.250

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

76. (D)
(a) Cu2+ would produce a colored solid, while for NH4+/Na+, no solids are expected (these
cations form very soluble salts). Therefore, Cu2+, NH4+, and Na+ are not present. Thus the
possible cations are Ba2+ and Mg2+ (both give colorless solutions).
(b) Gas evolution when the solid reacts with HCl(aq) suggests the presence of carbonate (CO32-).

2 H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) H2CO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)

If the solid is indeed a mixture of carbonates, the net ionic equation for the reaction of the
solid with HCl(aq) would be:
BaCO3(s) + MgCO3(s) + 4 H+(aq) Ba2+(aq) + Mg2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l) + 2 CO2(g)
The solution above contains Ba2+ + Mg2+ ions, so the addition of (NH4)2SO4(aq) should result
in the formation of the insoluble sulfates of these two metal ions. This is consistent with the
observations.
Net ionic equation: Ba2+(aq) + Mg2+(aq) + 2 SO42- BaSO4(s) + MgSO4(s).
If the solution above the solid should contain small quantities of all of the ions present in the
solid, then it should contain Ba2+(aq), Mg2+(aq), and CO32-(aq). Addition of KOH should result in
the formation of the hydroxide of the two metal ions and potassium carbonate.
Note: K2CO3 and Ba(OH)2 are both relatively soluble species, hence, neither of these species
should precipitate out of solution. However, Mg(OH)2, is relatively insoluble. A precipitate
(Mg(OH)2(s) which is white) is expected to form. This is consistent with the observations
provided. We can conclude that the solid is likely a mixture of BaCO3(s) and MgCO3(s).
Without additional data, this conclusion would indeed explain all of the observations provided.
77. (M)
(a) Oxidation: {

IBr(aq) 3 H 2 O(l)
IO3 (aq) Br (aq) 6 H (aq) 4 e }

Reduction: { BrO3 6 H (aq) 6 e

Br (aq) 3 H 2 O

3
2

Net: 3 IBr(aq) 3 H 2 O(l) 2 BrO3 (aq)

3 IO3 (aq) 5 Br (aq) 6 H (aq)
(b) Oxidation : {Sn(s)
Sn 2 (aq) 2 e }

Reduction: C 2 H 5 NO3 (aq) 6 H (aq) 6 e

C 2 H 5 OH(aq) NH 2 OH(aq) H 2 O(l)
Net: 3 Sn(s) C2 H 5 NO3 (aq) 6 H (aq)
3 Sn 2 (aq) C2 H 5 OH(aq) NH 2 OH(aq) H 2 O(l)
(c) Oxidation: {As 2 S3 (s) 8 H 2 O(l)
2 H3 AsO 4 (aq) 3 S(s) 10 H (aq) 10 e }

Reduction : {NO 3 (aq) 4 H (aq) 3 e

NO(g) 2 H 2 O }

10

Net: 3 As 2 S3 (s) 4 H 2 O(l) 10 NO3 (aq) 10 H (aq)

6 H3 AsO 4 (aq) 9 S(s) 10 NO(g)

191

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(d) Oxidation:I 2 (aq) 6 H 2 O(l)

2 IO3 (aq) 12 H (aq) 10 e

Reduction : {H 5 IO 6 (aq) H (aq) 2 e

IO 3 (aq) 3 H 2 O }

Net : I 2 (aq) 5 H 5 IO 6 (aq)

7 IO 3 (aq) 9 H 2 O(l) 7 H (aq)

(e) Oxidation: {2 S2 F2 (g) 6 H 2 O(l)

H 2 S4 O6 (aq) 4 HF(aq) 6 H (aq) 6 e } 4

Reduction: {4 S2 F2 (g) 8 H (aq) 8 e-

S8 (s) 8 HF(aq) }

Net: 20 S2 F2 (g) 24 H 2 O(l)

4 H 2 S4 O6 (aq) 3 S8 (s) 40 HF(aq)

78. (M)
(a) Oxidation : {Fe 2 S3 (s) 6 OH (aq)
2 Fe(OH)3 (s) 3 S(s) 6 e } 2

Reduction : {O 2 (g) 2 H 2 O(l) 4 e

4 OH (aq)

Net : 2 Fe 2 S 3 (s) 3 O 2 (g) 6 H 2 O(l)

4 Fe(OH) 3 (s) 6 S(s)
(b) Oxidation: {4 OH (aq)
O 2 (g) 2 H 2O(l) 4 e }

Reduction : {O 2 (aq) 2 H 2 O(l) 3 e

4 OH (aq) }

3 O 2 (g) 4 OH (aq)
Net : 4 O 2 (aq) 2 H 2 O(l)
2

(c) Oxidation: {CrI3 (s) 32 OH (aq)

CrO 4 (aq) 3 IO 4 (aq) 16 H 2 O 27 e }

Reduction: {H 2 O2 (aq) 2 e
2 OH (aq)}

27
2

Net : 2 CrI 3 (s) 10 OH (aq) 27 H 2 O 2 (aq)

2 CrO 4 (aq) 6 IO 4 (aq) 32 H 2 O

(d) Oxidation : {Ag(s) 2 CN (aq)

[Ag(CN) 2 ] (aq) e } 4

Reduction: 2H 2 O(l) O 2 (g) 4 e

4 OH (aq)
Net : 4 Ag(s) 8 CN (aq) 2 H 2 O O 2 (g)
4[Ag(CN) 2 ] (aq) 4 OH (aq)
(e) Oxidation: B2 Cl 4 (aq) 8 OH (aq)
2 BO 2 (aq) 4 Cl (aq) 4 H 2 O 2 e

Reduction: 2 H 2 O(l) 2 e
H 2 (g) 2 OH (aq)
Net: B2 Cl4 (aq) 6 OH (aq)
2 BO2 (aq) 4 Cl (aq) 2 H 2 O(l) H 2 (g)

192

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

79. (M)

Oxidation: {P4 (s) 16 H 2 O(l)

4 H 3 PO 4 (aq) 20 H (aq) 20 e }
Reduction : {P4 (s) 12 H (aq) 12 e
4 PH 3 (g)

Net: 8 P4 (s) 48 H 2 O(l)

12 H3 PO4 (aq) 20 PH3 (g)
Or: 2 P4 (s) 12 H 2 O(l)
3 H3 PO 4 (aq) 5 PH 3 (g)

80. (D)
(a) [FeS2 + 8 H2O Fe3+ + 2 SO42 + 16 H+ + 15 e] 4
[O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 2 H2O] 15

overall: 4 FeS2(s) + 15 O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) 4 Fe3+(aq) + 8 SO42(aq) + 4 H+(aq)

(b) One kilogram of tailings contains 0.03 kg (30 g) of S. We have

moles of FeS2 = 30 g S

1 mol S 1 mol FeS2

0.468 mol FeS2

32.07 g S
2 mol S

moles of H+ = 0.468 mol FeS2

4 mol H +
0.467 mol H +
4 mol FeS2

moles of CaCO3 = 0.467 mol H +

1 mol CaCO3
0.234 mol CaCO3
2 mol H +

mass of CaCO3 = 0.234 mol CaCO3

100.09 g CaCO3
23.4 g CaCO3
1 mol CaCO3

81. (D) The neutralization reaction is H 2 SO 4 (aq) Ba(OH) 2 (aq)

BaSO 4 (s) 2 H 2 O(l) .

First, we determine the molarity of H2SO4 in the 10.00 mL of diluted acid.

32.44 mL base

0.00498 mmol Ba(OH) 2

molarity of H 2SO 4

1 mL base
10.00 mL acid

1 mmol H 2SO 4
1 mmol Ba(OH) 2

0.0162 M H 2SO 4

Next, we determine the molarity of H2SO4 in the concentrated solution, using Vc Cc = Vd Cd.
1.00 mL Cc 250.0 mL 0.0162 M
%H 2 SO 4

Cc

250.0 mL 0.0162 M
4.05 M H 2 SO 4
1.00 mL

4.05 mol H 2 SO 4 98.08 g H 2 SO 4

1L
1 mL

100% 32.1% H 2 SO 4
1 L soln
1 mol H 2 SO 4 1000 mL 1.239 g

193

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

82. (D) The titration reaction is: CaCO3 (s) 2 H (aq)

Ca 2 (aq) H 2 O(l) CO 2 (g) .

Now we calculate the mass of the marble, through several steps, as follows.
2.52 mol HCl
5.04 mol HCl
1 L soln
NaOH(aq) HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) H 2 O is the titration reaction.

initial moles HCl 2.00 L

final molarity of HCl

0.02487 L

0.9987 mol NaOH 1 mol HCl

1L
1 mol NaOH 2.484 M
0.01000 L

2.484 mol HCl

4.968 mol HCl
1 L soln
1 mol CaCO3 100.1 g CaCO3
mass CaCO3 (5.04 4.968) mol HCl

3.6 g CaCO3 ~ 4g CaCO 3

2 mol HCl
1 mol CaCO3
There are two reasons why the final result can be determined to but one significant figure.
The first is the limited precision of the data given, as in the three-significant-figure limitation
of the initial concentration and the total volume of the solution. The second is that the initial
solution is quite concentrated for the job it must do. If it were one-tenth as concentrated, the
final result could be determined more precisely because the concentration of the solution
would have decreased to a greater extent.
final amount HCl 2.00 L

83. (M)

Oxidation : {2 Cl (aq)
Cl 2 (g) 2 e }

Reduction : Cr2 O 7 (aq) 14 H (aq) 6 e

2 Cr 3 (aq) 7 H 2 O
2

Net : 6 Cl (aq) Cr2 O 7 (aq) 14 H (aq)

2 Cr 3 (aq) 7 H 2 O 3 Cl 2 (g)

We need to determine the amount of Cl2(g) produced from each of the reactants. The limiting
reactant is the one that produces the lesser amount of Cl2..
1.15 g 30.1 g HCl 1 mol HCl 1 mol Cl 3 mol Cl 2

1 mL 100. g soln 36.46 g HCl 1 mol HCl 6 mol Cl

1.54 mol Cl 2

amount Cl 2 325 mL

98.5 g K 2 Cr2 O 7
1 mol K 2 Cr2 O 7
1 mol Cr2 O 7
3 mol Cl 2
amount Cl 2 62.6 g

100. g sample
294.2 g K 2 Cr2 O 7 1 mol K 2 Cr2 O 7 1 mol Cr2 O 7 2
0.629 mol Cl 2 , the amount produced from the limiting reactant

Then we determine the mass of Cl2(g) produced. = 0.629 mol Cl2

194

70.91 g Cl2
= 44.6 g Cl2
1 mol Cl2

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

84. (M)

Oxidation: {As 2 O3 (s) 5 H 2 O(l)

2H 3 AsO 4 (aq) 4 H (aq) 4 e } 5
Reduction: {MnO 4 (aq) 8 H (aq) 5 e
Mn 2 (aq) 4 H 2 O(l)}

2+
Net: 5 As2O3(s) + 9 H2O(l) + 4 MnO4(aq) + 12 H+(aq)
10 H3AsO4(aq) + 4 Mn (aq)

KMnO4 molarity = 0.02140 M, as in Example 5-10.

99.96 g As 2 O3
1 mol As 2 O3
4 mol MnO 4 1 mol KMnO 4
soln. volume 0.1304 g

100.00 g sample 197.84 g As 2 O3 5 mol As 2 O3 1 mol MnO 4

1 L soln
1000 mL

24.63 mL soln
0.02140 mol KMnO 4
1L

85. (M)

Cl 2 (g) NaClO 2 (aq)

NaCl(aq) ClO 2 (g)

(not balanced)

2 NaCl(aq) 2 ClO 2 (g)

Cl 2 (g) 2 NaClO 2 (aq)
amount ClO 2 1 gal

2 mol ClO2
67.45 g ClO 2
3.785 L 2.0 mol NaClO 2

1 gal
1 L soln
2 mol NaClO 2 1 mol ClO2

97 g ClO 2 produced
5.0 102 g ClO 2 (g)
100 g ClO 2 calculated

86. (M) CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

nHCl(initial) = 0.05000 L 0.5000 M = 0.02500 mol HCl
nOH- = 0.04020 L 0.2184 M = 0.00878 mol OHnHCl(excess) = 0.00878 mol OH-

1 mol HCl
= 0.00878 mol HCl
1 mol OH -

nHCl(reacted) = nHCl(initial) - nHCl(excess) = 0.02500 mol HCl - 0.00878 mol HCl= 0.01622 mol HCl
2+
2+
1000 mg Ca 2+
mass Ca2+ = 0.01622 mol HCl 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol Ca 40.078 g Ca

= 325 mg Ca 2+
2+
2+

2 mol HCl

195

1 mol CaCO3

1 mol Ca

1 g Ca

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

87.

(M) Let XKOH = mass of KOH in grams and XLiOH be the mass of LiOH in grams.

(Note: Molar masses: KOH = 56.1056 g mol-1 and LiOH = 23.9483 g mol-1)
moles of HCl = CV = 0.3520 M 0.02828 L = 0.009956 mol HCl
We can set up two equations for the two unknowns:
XKOH + XLiOH = 0.4324 g and since moles of HCl = moles of OH- (Stoichiometry is 1:1)
0.009956 mol OH- =

X KOH
X LiOH

56.1056 23.9483

Make the substitution that XKOH = 0.4324 g - XLiOH

0.009956 mol OH- =

(0.4324 X LiOH )
X
X LiOH
X
0.4324
+ LiOH =
+ LiOH

56.1056
23.9483
56.1056 56.1056 23.9483

Collect terms: 0.009956 mol OH- = 0.007707 mol OH- + 0.02393XLiOH mol OH0.009956 mol OH- - 0.007707 mol OH- = 0.02393XLiOH mol OH- = 0.002249 mol OH-

XLiOH = 0.09397 g LiOH hence, XKOH = 0.4324 g - 0.09397 g = 0.3384 g

Mass % LiOH =

0.09397 g
0.3384 g
100% 21.73% Mass % KOH =
100% 78.26%
0.4324 g
0.4324 g

88. (D)
(a) First, balance the redox equations needed for the calculation.

Oxidation: {HSO3- (aq)+ H2O(l) SO42- (aq) + 3 H+ (aq) + 2 e- }

Reduction: {IO3- (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) + 6 e- I-(aq) + 3 H2O(l) }

Net: 3 HSO3- (aq) + IO3- (aq) 3 SO42- (aq) + 3 H+ (aq) + I- (aq)

The solution volume of 5.00 L contains 29.0 g NaIO3. This represents
29.0 g/197.9g/mol NaIO3 = 0.147 mol NaIO3.
(b) From the above equation, we need 3 times that molar amount of NaHSO3, which is
3(0.147 mol) = 0.441 mol NaHSO3; the molar mass of NaHSO3 is 104.06 g/mol.

The required mass then is 0.441(104.06) = 45.9 g.

196

Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

For the second process:

Oxidation: {2 I-(aq) I2(aq) + 2 e- }

Reduction: {2 IO3- (aq) + 12 H+ (aq) + 10 e- I2(aq) + 6 H2O(l) }

Net:

5 I-(aq) + IO3- (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) 3 I2(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

In Step 1, we produced 1 mol of I- for every mole of IO3- reactant; therefore we had
0.147 mol I-.
In step 2, we require 1/5 mol IO3- for every mol of I-.
We require only 1.00 L of the solution in the question instead of the 5.00 L in the first
step.
89.

(D)

Mg(OH)2(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

(1)

Al(OH)3(aq) + 3 HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

(2)

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

(3)

initial moles of HCl =

0.0500 L

0.500 mol
= 0.0250 mol
1L

moles of HCl that reacted with NaOH =

moles of HCl left over from reaction with active ingredients =
0.0165 L

0.377 mol NaOH

1 mol HCl

= 6.22 10-3 mol

1L
1 mol NaOH

moles of HCl that react with active ingredients =

0.0250 mol - 6.22 10-3 mol = 0.0188 mol
# moles HCl that # moles HCl that
react with Mg(OH) + react with Al(OH) = total moles of HCl reacted/used
3
2

# moles HCl that react with Mg(OH)2 =

1 mol Mg(OH) 2
2 mol HCl

X grams Mg(OH) 2

58.32 g Mg(OH) 2
1 mol Mg(OH) 2

# moles HCl that react with Al(OH)3 =

1 mol Al(OH)3
3 mol HCl

0.500-X grams Al(OH)3

78.00 g Al(OH)3
1 mol Al(OH)3

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

2X
3(0.500 X)

0.0188
58.32
78.00
X = 0.108, therefore the mass of Mg(OH)2 in the sample is 0.108 grams.
% Mg(OH)2 = (0.108/0.500) 100 = 21.6

%Al = 100 %Mg(OH)2 = 78.4

90. (D) The first step is to balance the chemical equation. Using the method outlined in the text,

we obtain the following result:

8 H+(aq) + MnO4(aq) + 5 Fe2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 5 Fe3+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)

0.04217 L

0.01621 mol KMnO 4 1 mol MnO 4

5 mol Fe 2+
= 0.003418 mol Fe 2+

1L
1 mol KMnO 4 1 mol MnO 4

55.847 g
= 0.1909 g Fe
1 mol
0.2729 g sample - 0.1909 g Fe = 0.0820 g oxygen
0.003418 mol Fe in sample

1 mol
= 0.005125 mol O 0.003418 = 1.5
16.00 g
0.003418 mol Fe 0.003418 = 1
(FeO1.5 ) 2 = Fe 2 O3
0.0820 g O

91. (M)
0.1386 g AgI

1 mol AgI 1 mol CHI3 1 mol C19 H16 O 4 308.33 g C19 H16 O 4

234.77 g AgI 3 mol AgI

1 mol CHI3
1 mol C19 H16 O 4

0.06068 g C19 H16 O 4

% C19 H16 O 4 =

0.06068 g
100 0.4346 %
13.96 g

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

92. (M) The first step is to balance the chemical equation. By using the method described in the

text, we obtain the following result:

3 CuS(s) + 8 NO3(aq) + 11 H+(aq) 3 Cu2+(aq) + 8 NO(g) + 3 HSO4(aq) + 4 H2O(l)
The next step is to calculate the volume of solution required:
1 kg CuS

1000 g 1 mol CuS 8 mol HNO3 63.02 g HNO3

= 1757.7 g HNO3
1 kg 95.61 g CuS 3 mol CuS
1 mol HNO3

1757.7 g HNO3

100 g soln 1 mL soln

= 1793.6 mL = 2000 mL (to 1 sig fig)

70 g HNO3 1.40 g soln

93. (M) (a)

CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2 OH(aq)

H2PO4(aq) + 2 OH(aq) PO43(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
HPO4(aq) + OH(aq) PO43(aq) + H2O(l)
5 Ca2+(aq) + 3 PO43(aq) + OH(aq) Ca5(PO4)3OH(s)
10.0 103 g P 1 mol P 1 mol PO34 5 mol Ca 2

1.00 10 L
L
30.97 g P
1 mol P
3 mol PO34
4

(b)

1 mol CaO 56.08 g CaO

= 301.80 g CaO = 302 g = 0.302 kg

1 mol Ca 2 1 mol CaO

FEATURE PROBLEMS
94.

(D) From the volume of titrant, we can calculate both the amount in moles of NaC5 H 5 and
(through its molar mass of 88.08 g/mol) the mass of NaC5 H 5 in a sample. The remaining mass
in a sample is that of C 4 H 8O (72.11 g/mol), whose amount in moles we calculate. The ratio of
the molar amount of C 4 H 8O in the sample to the molar amount of NaC5 H 5 is the value of x.

Conversion pathway approach:

0.1001 mol HCl 1 mol NaOH 1 mol NaC5 H 5

1 L soln
1 mol HCl
1 mol NaOH
= 0.001493 mol NaC5 H 5

moles of NaC5 H 5 = 0.01492 L

88.08 g NaC5 H 5
mass of C4 H8O = 0.242 g sample 0.001493 mol NaC5 H 5

1 mol NaC5 H 5

= 0.111 g C4 H8O

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

1mol C4 H8O
72.11g C4 H8O
= 1.03
0.001493 mol NaC5 H 5

0.110 g C4 H8O

x=

Stepwise approach:
0.1001 mol HCl
0.01492 L
= 1.493 10-3 mol HCl
1 L soln
1 mol NaOH
1.493 10-3 mol HCl
= 1.493 10-3 mol NaOH
1 mol HCl
1 mol NaC5 H 5
1.493 10-3 mol NaOH
1.493 10-3 mol NaC5 H 5
1 mol NaOH
88.08 g NaC5 H 5
1.493 10-3 mol NaC5 H5
0.1315 g NaC5 H 5
1 mol NaC5 H 5
mass of C4 H8O = 0.242 g sample 0.1315 g NaC5 H5 = 0.111 g C4 H8O
0.111g C4 H8O

1mol C4 H8O
= 1.54 10-3 mol C4 H8O
72.11g C4 H8O

1.54 10-3 mol C4 H8O

= 1.03
0.001493 mol NaC5 H 5
For the second sample, parallel calculations give 0.001200 mol NaC5 H 5 , 0.093 g C 4 H 8 ,
x = 1.1. There is rounding error in this second calculation because it is limited to two
significant figures. The best answer is from the first run x ~1.03 or 1. The formula is
NaC5H5(THF)1.
95.

(D) First, we balance the two equations.

Oxidation: H 2 C2 O 4 aq 2 CO 2 g + 2 H + aq + 2 e

Reduction: MnO 2 s + 4 H + aq + 2 e Mn 2+ aq + 2 H 2 O l
Net:

H 2 C 2 O 4 aq + MnO 2 s + 2 H + aq 2 CO 2 g + Mn 2+ aq + 2 H 2O l

Oxidation: { H 2 C2 O 4 aq 2 CO 2 g + 2 H + aq + 2 e

}5

Reduction: { MnO 4 aq + 8 H + aq + 5 e Mn 2+ aq + 4 H 2 O l

}2

Net: 5 H 2 C2 O 4 aq + 2 MnO 4 aq + 6 H + aq 10 CO 2 g + 2 Mn 2+ aq + 8 H 2 O l

Next, we determine the mass of the excess oxalic acid.

0.1000 mol KMnO 4 1mol MnO 4

5 mol H 2 C2 O 4
mass H 2C2 O 4 2H 2 O 0.03006 L

1L
1mol KMnO 4
2 mol MnO 4

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

1 mol H 2 C 2 O 4 2H 2 O 126.07 g H 2 C 2 O 4 2H 2 O
= 0.9474 g H 2C2O4 2H 2O

1 mol H 2 C 2 O 4
1 mol H 2 C 2 O 4 2H 2 O

The mass of H 2 C 2 O 4 2 H 2 O that reacted with MnO2 = 1.651 g 0.9474 g = 0.704 g H 2C2O4 2H 2O
mass MnO 2 = 0.704 g H 2 C 2 O 4 2H 2 O

1 mol H 2 C 2 O 4

1 mol MnO 2

126.07 g H 2 C 2 O 4 2H 2 O 1 mol H 2 C 2 O 4

86.9 g MnO 2
1 mol MnO 2

= 0.485 g MnO 2

% MnO 2
96.

0.485g MnO 2
100% 91.0% MnO 2
0.533g sample

(D) Reactions: 2 NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 and H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2 H2O + Na2SO4
n OH- (used to find moles H 2SO 4 in excess) 0.03224 L 0.4498 M = 0.01450 mol OH 1 mol H 2SO 4
0.00725108 mol H 2SO 4
2 mol OH n OH- (used to find moles H 2SO 4 in separate unreacted sample) 0.02224 L 0.4498 M
n H2SO4 ( in excess) = 0.01450 mol OH -

= 0.0100035 mol OH 1 mol H 2SO 4

0.005002 mol H 2SO 4
2 mol OH NOTE: this was in a 25.00 mL sample: we need to scale up to 50.00 mL.

n H2SO4 (initial) = 0.0100035 mol OH -

Hence, n H2SO4 (initial) = 2 0.005002 mol H 2SO 4 = 0.0100035 mol H 2SO 4

n H2SO4 (reacted) = n H2SO4 (initial) n H2SO4 (excess)
= 0.0100035 mol H 2SO 4 0.00725108 mol H 2SO 4 = 0.00275 mol H 2SO 4
n NH3 0.00275 mol H 2SO 4

2 mol NH 3
0.005505 mol NH 3
1 mol H 2SO 4

mass NH3 0.005505 mol NH 3

1 mol N 14.0067 g N

0.0771 g N in sample
1 mol NH 3
1 mol N

100 g protein
= 0.482 g protein in sample
16 g N
0.482 g protein in sample
percent protein in sample =
100% = 38.6 % protein
1.250 g sample

mass protein in sample = 0.0771 g N in sample

97.

(D)

The molecular formula for CH3CH2OH is C2H6O and for CH3COOH is C2H4O2.
The first step is to balance the oxidationreduction reaction.
Oxidation: [C2H6O + H2O C2H4O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e] 3
Reduction: [Cr2O72 + 14 H+ + 6e 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O] 2
Overall: 3 C2H6O + 2 Cr2O72 + 16 H+ 3 C2H4O2 + 4 Cr3+ + 11 H2O
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Before the breath test:

0.75 mg K 2 Cr2 O7
1g
1 mol
1000 mL

= 8.498 10-4 M
3 mL
1000 mg 294.19 g
1L
= 810-4 M (to 1 sig fig)
For the breath sample:
BrAC =

0.05 g C2 H 6 O
2.38107 g C2 H 6 O
1 mL blood

=
mL breath
100 mL blood 2100 mL breath

mass C2H6O =

2.38107 g C2 H 6 O
500. mL breath = 1.19 104 g C2H6O
mL breath

Calculate the amount of K2Cr2O7 that reacts:

1 mol C2 H 6 O
2 mol Cr2 O72 1 mol K 2 Cr2 O7
1.19 10 g C2 H 6 O

46.068 g C2 H 6 O 3 mol C2 H 6 O 1 mol Cr2 O72

4

= 1.72 106 mol K 2 Cr2 O7

# mol K2Cr2O7 remaining = moles K2Cr2O7 before moles K2Cr2O7 that reacts
moles K2Cr2O7 before = 0.75 mg K 2 Cr2 O7

1g
1 mol

= 2.5 10-6 mol

1000 mg 294.19 g

# mol K2Cr2O7 remaining = 2.5 106 mol 1.72 106 mol = 0.78 106 mol
concentration of K2Cr2O7 after the
breath test = 0.78 106 mol/0.003 L = 2.6 104 mol/L = 3 104 mol/L (to 1 sig fig)
98. (D)
(a) Step 1: Assign oxidation states to each element in the reaction and identify the species

being oxidized and reduced.

The oxidation state of Cr is +6 in Cr2O72 and +3 in Cr3+. The oxidation state of Cl is
1 in Cl and 0 in Cl2. Each Cr gains three electrons and each Cl loses one electron.

Step 2: Write separate, unbalanced equations for the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
Oxidation: Cl Cl2
Reduction: Cr2 O72 Cr3+

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Step 3: Balance the separate half-equations, in this order:

First, with respect to the element being oxidized or reduced
Oxidation: 2 Cl Cl2
Reduction: Cr2O72 2 Cr3+

Then, by adding electrons to one side or the other to account for the number of electrons
produced (oxidation) or consumed (reduction)
Keep in mind that each Cl loses one electron and each Cr gains three electrons.
Oxidation: 2 Cl Cl2 + 2 e
Reduction: Cr2O72 + 6 e 2 Cr3+

Step 4: Combine the half-equations algebraically so that the total number of electrons cancels
out.
Oxidation: [2 Cl Cl2 + 2 e] 3
Reduction: [Cr2O72 + 6 e 2 Cr3+] 1
Overall: 6 Cl + Cr2O72 3 Cl2 + 2 Cr3+

Step 5: Balance the net charge by adding either H+ (for acidic solutions) or OH (for basic
solutions).
The reaction occurs in acidic solution, so we use H+ to balance charge. The total
charge on the left side of the overall equation is 6(1) + (2) = 8. The total charge on
the right side is 3(0) + 2(+3) = +6. To balance charge, add 14 H+ to the left side:
6 Cl + Cr2O72 + 14 H+ 3 Cl2 + 2 Cr3+

Step 6: Balance H and O by adding H2O.

Add 7 H2O to the right side to balance hydrogen. This also balances oxygen. The
balanced equation is given below:
6 Cl + Cr2O72 + 14 H+ 3 Cl2 + 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
(b) Step 1: Assign oxidation states to each element in the reaction and identify the species

being oxidized and reduced.

The oxidation state of C is +3 in C2O42 (treating the Cs as equivalent) and +4 in
CO32-. The oxidation state of Mn is +7 in MnO4 and +4 in MnO2. Each Mn gains
three electrons and each C loses one electron.

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Step 2: Write separate, unbalanced equations for the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
Oxidation: C2O42 CO32
Reduction: MnO4 MnO2

Step 3: Balance the separate half-equations, in this order:

First with respect to the element being oxidized or reduced
Oxidation: C2O42 2 CO32
Reduction: MnO4 MnO2

Then, by adding electrons to one side or the other to account for the number of electrons
produced (oxidation) or consumed (reduction)
Keep in mind that each C loses one electron and each Mn gains three electrons.
Oxidation: C2O42 2 CO32 + 2 e
Reduction: MnO4 + 3 e MnO2

Step 4: Combine the half-equations algebraically so that the total number of electrons
cancels out.
Oxidation: [C2O42 2 CO32 + 2 e] 3
Reduction: [MnO4 + 3e MnO2] 2
Overall: 3 C2O42 + 2 MnO4 6 CO32 + 2 MnO2

Step 5: Balance the net charge by adding either H+ (for acidic solutions) or OH (for basic
solutions).
The reaction occurs in basic solution, so we use OH to balance charge. The total
charge on the left side of the overall equation is 3(2) + 2(1) = 8. The total charge
on the right side is 6(2) + 2(0) = 12. To balance charge, we must add 4 OH to the
left side:
3 C2O42 + 2 MnO4 + 4 OH 6 CO32 + 2 MnO2

Step 6: Balance H and O by adding H2O.

Add 2 H2O to the right-hand side to balance hydrogen. This also balances oxygen. The
balanced equation is given below:
3 C2O42 + 2 MnO4 + 4 OH 6 CO32 + 2 MnO2 + 2 H2O

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
99.

(E)
(a) : The process/reaction is reversible
(b) [] : A shorthand notation to indicate molar concentration
(c) A spectator ion does not participate in a reaction and remains unchanged.
(d) A weak acid is one that does not fully dissociate in water. A solution of that acid
contains a large amount of the undissociated acid in molecular form.

100. (E)
(a) Half-equation method of balancing redox reactions: A method of balancing equations in
which the major oxidation and reduction half-reactions are balanced separately
(b) Disproportionation reaction : A reaction in which a substance is both oxidized and
reduced
(c) Titration: A method of determining the concentration of an unknown by reacting it with
a reactant of known volume and concentration
(d) Standardization of a solution: The process of determining the exact concentration of a
solution
101. (E)
(a) Strong electrolyte vs. strong acid: A strong electrolyte dissociates fully in water to its
constituent ions. A strong acid dissociates fully in water to give a proton and an anion.
A strong acid is always a strong electrolyte, but a strong electrolyte need not be an acid
(b) Oxidizing vs. reducing agent: An oxidizing agent removes electrons from a reactant (it
gets reduced itself), while a reducing agent gives electrons to a reactant (it gets oxidized
itself).
(c) Precipitation vs. neutralization reaction: In a precipitation reaction, an insoluble product
is formed and is removed from the solution phase. In a neutralization reaction, an acid
and a base react with each other to form salt and water.
(d) Half-reaction vs. overall reaction: A half-reaction represents either the oxidation or
reduction portion of a reaction. The overall reaction is the summation of the oxidation
and reduction half-reactions.
102. (E) The answer is (b).
Conversion pathway approach:
0.0050 mol Ba(OH) 2
2 mol OH
0.300 L
= 0.0030 mol

1L
1mol Ba(OH) 2

Stepwise approach:
0.0050 mol Ba(OH) 2
0.300 L
= 1.5 10-3 mol Ba(OH) 2
1L
2 mol OH
-3
1.5 10 mol Ba(OH) 2
= 0.0030 mol
1mol Ba(OH) 2
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

103. (E) The answer is (d), because H2SO4 is a strong diprotic acid and theoretically yields
0.20 mol of H+ for every 0.10 mol of H2SO4.
104. (E) The answer is (c). Based on the solubility guidelines in Table 5-1, carbonates (CO32-)
are insoluble.
105. (M) The answer is (a). Reaction with ZnO gives ZnCl2 (soluble) and H2O. There is no
reaction with NaBr and Na2SO4, since all species are aqueous. By the process of
elimination, (a) is the answer.
106. (E)
Balanced equation: 2 KI + Pb(NO 3 ) 2 2KNO3 + PbI 2
Net ionic equation: 2I- + Pb 2 PbI 2 (s)

107. (E)
Balanced equation: Na 2 CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2
Net ionic equation: CO 23 + 2H H 2O (l) + CO 2 (g)

108. (M)
Balanced equation: 2 Na 3PO 4 + 3 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6NaNO3 + Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2
(a)
Net ionic equation: 3 Zn 2+ + PO34 Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (s)
(b)
(c)

Balanced equation: 2 NaOH + Cu(NO 3 ) 2 Cu(OH) 2 + 2 NaNO3

Net ionic equation: Cu 2+ + 2 OH Cu(OH) 2 (s)
Balanced equation: NiCl2 + Na 2 CO 3 NiCO3 + 2 NaCl
Net ionic equation: Ni 2+ + CO32 NiCO3 (s)

109. (M)
(a) Species oxidized: N in NO
(b) Species reduced: O2
(c) Oxidizing agent: O2
(d) Reducing agent: NO
(e) Gains electrons: O2
(f) Loses electrons: NO
110. (M) The answer is (b). The charges need to be balanced on both sides. Using a coefficient
of 4, the charges on both sides of the reaction becomes +12.

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Chapter 5: Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

111. (D) The answer is (d), 5 ClO- to 1 I2. The work to balance the half-reactions is shown
below:
Reduction: 5ClO + 2H + + 2e Cl + H 2 O
Oxidation: I 2 + 6H 2 O 2IO3 + 10e + 12H
To combine the above reactions, the oxidation reaction should be multiplied by 5. The
combined equation is:
Combined: 5ClO + I 2 + H 2 O 5Cl + 2IO3 + 2H

112. (M) The answer is (a). The balanced half-reaction is as follows:

NpO 2 + 4 H + + e- Np 4 + 2H 2 O
113. (M)
(a) False. Based on solubility rules, BaCl2 dissolves well in water. Therefore, it is a strong
electrolyte.
(b) True. Since H- is a base, H2O is by necessity an acid. It also reduces H- (-1) to H2 (0).
(c) False. The product of such a reaction would be NaCl and H2CO3, neither of which
precipitates out.
(d) False. HF is among the strongest of weak acids. It is not a strong acid, because it
doesnt completely dissociate.
(e) True. For every mole of Mg(NO3)2, there are 3 moles of ions, in contrast to 2 moles of
ions for NaNO3.
114. (M)
(a) No. Oxidation states of C, H or O do not change throughout the reaction.
(b) Yes. Li is oxidized to Li+ and H in H2O is reduced from +1 to 0 in H2.
(c) Yes. Ag is oxidized and Pt is reduced.
(d) No. Oxidation states of Cl, Ca, H, and O remain unchanged.
115. (E) The dissociation of acetic acid in water can be expressed as follows:
HAc + H2O Ac- + H3O+
If HAc dissociates by 5% and assuming an initial value of 100 HAc molecules, 5 molecules
of HAc dissociate to give 5 H+ and 5 Ac- ions, while 95 HAc molecules remain. In other
words, for every 19 HAc molecules, there is one H+ and one Ac-.
116. (M) To construct a concept map, one must first start with the most general concepts. These
concepts are defined by or in terms of other simpler concepts discussed in those sections. In
this case, the overarching concept is Oxidation-Reduction reactions. This concept can be
further explained by defining electron transfer. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons,
reduction the gain. Subtopics that fall under the rubric of oxidation-reduction reactions are
oxidizing agents (which get reduced) and reducing agents. The concept of half-reactions is
another subtopic, and balancing half reaction falls under half-reactions. Balancing the
overall reaction falls under the subtopic of balancing half reactions. Take a look at the
subsection headings and problems for more refining of the general and specific concepts.

207