UNIT V

Z_TRANSFORMS
PART-A
1.Define z transform.
Let x(n) be a sequence n , n being int eger
Then

Z x ( n) X ( z )

variable.

x(n) z n is known as two sided z-transform and z is a complex

X(n)=0, n<0 then x(n) z n is known as one sided z-transform or simply z-transform.
n0

Standard results.
i). 1 z 1 1 z z 2 z 3 ...
ii). 1 z 2 1 2 z 3z 2 4 z 3 ...
iii). 1 z 1 1 z z 2 z 3 ...
iv). e z 1 z

z 2 z3

...
2!
3!

v). e z 1 z

z 2 z3

...
2!
3!
z2 z3 z4

...
2
3
4

vi. log(1 z ) z

vii) log(1 z ) z

z 2 z3 z 4

...
2
3
4

2.Find Z(1)
Solution:
Z x ( n)
Z (1)

x ( n) z n

1.z n

1
1
1

...
z z2 z3

1
z

3. Find Z(n)

z 1

z
z 1

n zn

Z(n) 0 1. z 2

1
z

1
z3

...

1 1 2
3
1
1

... 1
2
z
z
z

z
z

1
z

1 z 1

z z

z2

z 1 2

z 1 2

4.Find

Z an

Z an

a n z n

n0

a a 2 a3

...
z z2 z3

a
1

z a

z
za

5. State properties of z-transform.

i)Left shifting property
Z x ( n m) z m Z x ( n )
ii) Right shifting property
x

Z x(n m) z m Z x(n) x0 1 ..... m 1

z
z m 1

iii) Damping rule

Z a n x (n) Z x (n) z az

Z a n x ( n) Z x ( n) z z

iv). Convolution

Z x ( n ) * y ( n ) Z x ( n ) * Z y ( n)

v)Differention
Z n y ( n) z

d
Z x ( n)
dz

p
6. Prove that Z n z

Proof:

Z np

or Z n y ( n) z 1

Z n

p 1

dz

n p zn

n0

n p z n 1

n0

n p 1 n z n 1

n 0

n p 1 dz z n
d

n0

d
n p 1 z n
dz n 0

d
Z n p 1
dz

d
dz 1

Z x( n)

7.

1 n 0
Find the z-transform of unit step function u (n)
0 n0
Z u ( n)

u ( n) z n

n0

= 0 1 z

1
1
= 1
z

1 z

1 z

1 z 1

z
z

1 1 1
= 1
z z z 2
1 z
1

z z 1
z 1

8. Find Z u ( n 1) .
Since u(n) is unit step function
z
Z u ( n)
z 1

Z u (n 1) z 1 Z u ( n) , by left shifting property

1
= z

z
1

z 1
z 1

9. Find Z(cos n )

Z(cos n + i sin n ) = Z e in = Z e in
=

z
( z cos ) i sin )

z ( z cos ) i sin )
( z cos ) i sin ) ( z cos ) i sin )

z ( z cos ) i sin )

( z cos ) i sin

z z cos
z 2 z cos 1
2

z
z
i = z (cos i sin )
ze

Equating real and imajinary parts

Z cos n

sin 2

Z sin n

z sin
z 2 2 z cos 1

10. Find Z a n cos n

Slution:

Z a n cos n = Z cos
=

by damping rule

z
a

z z

cos
a a

z

a

z
2 cos 1
a

z ( z a cos )
a2
= 2
z 2az cos a 2
a2

z z a cos

a
a

=
2
z
z
2 cos 1
2
a
a

z(z - a cos )
z 2az cos a 2
2

11. Find Z a n sin n

Solution:
Z a n cos n = Z sin

z
a

by damping rule

z sin

= z 2 2 z cos 1

=
12. Find Z na n
Solution:
Z(n) =

sin
a

z

a

az sin )
z 2az cos a 2
2

z 1 2

z
2
z 1

z
a

z
a

z
sin
a
= 2
z 2az cos a 2
z
2 cos 1
a
a2

Z na n =

z
a
z

z
a
z a2
=
2 =
z a
a z a 2

a2
az
=
z a 2

13. Find Z e an
Solution:
Z e an Z e a
z
z
=
since Z(a n )
a
za
z e

14 Find Z

ne an

Z ne an Z e a n

= z n z e a z (by damping rule)

ea z

= a
2
z 1 2 z e a z
e z 1

14. Find Z

na n z n z az
=

z 1 2

z
a

z
a
z

z
az
a
=
2 =
z a
z a 2

PART-B

1 . Find Z 2 n u n 2
Z u ( n)
Z u n 2

z
by z-transform of unit function
z 1

z 2 z u ( n )

=z
=

left shifting property

z
z 1

1
z 1
=
z ( z 1)
z 1

Z( 2 n u n 2 ) = Z( u n 2 ) z z

a2

1
2. Find Z
2

Z u ( n)

1
z(z - 1)

z
2

4
z z 2

1
u ( n)
2

z 1

1 n

u ( n)
Z 2
z 1

1
z
z
= 1

2 2

z
2 z
1

by damping rule

2z
2z 1

1
z

u ( n)
Z 2
z 1

1

2

z
2 z
1

2z
2z
=
2z 1 2z 1

=
1
Z
2

2z
2z

u ( n) =
2z 1 2z 1

4z
4z 2 2z 4z 2 2z
=
2
4z 2 1
4z 1

3. Find Z n u (n 1)
Z u ( n)

z
z 1

Z u ( n 1) =z 1

z
1
=
by right shifting property
z 1 z 1

By the property
d
z( xn )
dz 1
d 1
Z nu ( n 1) = z 1

dz 1 z 1
d z 1
1

=z
1
dz 1 1 z
( put x= z 1 to avoid confusion )
1
Z nx( n) z

= x

d x

dx 1 x

=x.

(1 x ).1 x.( 1)

1 x

1 x 2

Resubstitute x= z 1
=

1 z

1 2

1
z
z
= =
=
2
z 1 2
z 1
z2

n n

4. Find Z 2 sin
4

2
z 2 z cos 4 1

n
n
2 n sin
= Z sin 4


4

z sin

z
2

z 1
z

2 2
2 2
= 2
= 2
z 2 4z 4 2
z
1
z
1
4 2
4
2

z
2

2z
z

2 4z 4 2

5. Find Z n(n 1)u (n)

Z n(n 1)u (n) = Z n 2 u ( n) nu (n)

Z u ( n)

z
z 1

1
Z nu (n) = z

d 1

dz 1 z 1

n
6. Find Z x( n) wherex ( n) k , n 0

n!

Z x (n) =

kn
n! z n
n 0

7. Find Z transform of
i ) n 2 ii ) n( n 1) iii )

i)

Z n 2 Z n.n

n0

n!

k
k
k
k



=
=ez
z
z
z

....
1!
2!
3!

1
1
n
n
1
iv )
v ) cos
vi) sin
vii )
n
n( n 1
2
2
n 1

d
z
d
=
Z n =-z
= -z
2

dz z 1
dz

z z 1 2 .1 z.2 z 1

z 1 4

 z 1 2z

= z z 1

ii) Z n(n 1) z

z 1 4

z2 z

= z 1 3

= z dz

z 1

iii)

d
d 1
z
Z n 1 = z d z 1Z n = z dz
z

dz
dz
z 1 2

z 1 2 .0 1.2( z 1)

= z

z 1

2z

z 1 3

1 n
1
z ,n 0
n
n

n0

1
1
1
1
z 1

z
2
3
= log

= z z
= log 1 = log
z
z

...
z

z 1
1
2
3

iv) Z
n n 1
n(n 1)

1
1
1
1
1
1
z
z

.... = log

....
1
z
Z
= log
2
2
3
z

1
2
z
z

1
z

n
n 1
3z
2z
3z

= Z

z
1

z
z
z
z log
= log
(1 z )
z log 1 = log
z

1
z

1
z

z 1
z 1

= log

z z cos
n
2

v) Z cos

z 2 2 z cos 1
2

z2
z2 1

, cos

vi) Z

z sin
z
n
2

= 2
sin

z 1
2
z 2 2 z cos 1
2

1
z
z log
proved in 4)
n 1
z 1

vii) Z

0
2

8) Find Z-transform of (i) u(n-1),(ii) 3 n ( n 1) (iii) (n h)

(iv) a n cos n
Solution :
(i)

Z n( n 1) z 1Z u ( n)

, by left shifting property

z
z 1

since Z u n

1
= z

=
( ii )

1
z 1

Z ( n 1) z 1 Z ( n)

z 1 (1)

1
z

z
z 1

Z (1) 1

Z 3 n (n 1) Z (n 1) z z

by damping rule

1
3
= z =
z
3

( iii )

Z ( n k ) z k Z ( n)

=
( iv ) Z cos n

z k (1)

z z cos n

1
zk

z 2 2 z cos n 1

z z 1
2

z 2z 1

Z a n cos n Z cos n

9. Find Z-transform of ( i)

( i)

z
z 1

z
a

z z

1
a a
= 2
z
z
2 1
2
a
a

1 n
1
z

n!
n!
n0

z ( z a)

a2
z 2 2az a 2
a

z ( z a)
2

z 2az a

z
za

1
(ii ) Z u ( n) (iii )(n 3)u (n)(iv ) cosh n
n!

= 1

ii ) Z u (n 1)

1
11 1 1
1 1

... =
1! z 2! z 2 3! z 3
1 z
1!

z z 3 ... = e z
2!
3!

u ( n) z n

n0

1
1 1
1

1 1 1
1
1

...

...
=
=
= z 1 1 =

2
3

z z 2 z3
z z z
1 z
z

iii) Z n 3 u n Z nu ( n) 3.Z u (n)

z 1.1 z.1
d z
3
3
d
1
z
Z u ( n ) 3.


= z
=
2
z
1
dz
z

1
z

1
dz
z 1

z 1

z 3( z 1)
3 2z
z
3

=
2
2
z

1
z 1
z 1
z 1 2

Using Z ( n)

Z n cos n
z 1 2 find

Z n cos n Z n.RP e in

= RP Zn.e in =

=RP z 1 2

z
e i

e i n .n

bydampingrule

z
e

=RP

1
i
e

=RP

= RP

= RP

RP

=RP

ze i

z e i 2

z cos i sin

z cos i sin
RP
=
z cos i sin 2
z cos i sin 2
z cos i sin

z cos i sin 2

z cos i sin 2
z cos i sin 2

z (cos i sin ) z cos 2 sin 2 2( z cos )i sin

z cos i sin z cos i sin

=
( z cos iz sin ) z 2 cos 2 sin 2 2 z cos i 2( z cos ) sin

z cos

sin 2

RPz

cos 2 sin 2

 z 3 cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z cos3 z cos sin 2 2 z 2 sin 2 2 z cos sin 2

RP

i z sin z 2 cos 2 sin 2 2 z cos 2( z cos ) sin .z. cos

z 2z cos 1

=
=

z cos 2 z cos z cos z cos sin 2 z sin

z 2 2z cos 12

z 3 cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z cos 2 z 2 sin 2

z 2 2z cos 1 2

z 3 z cos 2 z 2
= 2
z 2 z cos 12

Initial value theorem and final value theorem

I.V.T If Z u n u ( z )

then u 0 lim u ( z )
z

F.V.T if Z u n u ( z ) then lim u n lim ( z 1)u ( z )

n

z
z

find Z u n 2
2
z 1 z 1

1. If Z u n

Z un 2 z 2 Z (un ) u0 1
z

u 0 lim Z u n
z

z
z

2
z z 1 z 1
1 1
= lim 1 0 1
z 1 2z

lim

u1 lim z Z u n u 0
z

z 3 z z 2 z z 3 z z 2 1

z
z

1 lim z

z 1 z 2 1

z z 1 z 1
z

= lim z

lim

2z 3 z 2 z

z z

z2 z 1

12 z 2
12
6z 2 2z 1

2
2
6
z

2
6
3
z

2
z

1
z
z
z

lim

lim

lim

 u 0 1, u 1 2

Now Z u n 2 z 2 Z (u n ) u0 z1

1
= z
z
z 1 z2 1

z 4 z 2 z 3 z 2 z 4 z 2 z 3 z 2z 3 2z 2z 2 2

z2

z z 1 z 2 1

=z

z2 z 2

z
z

then find Z u n 2
2
z 1 z 1
To find u 0 & u1

2. If Z u n

1
z
z
1

z 1 2 = lim
1
1 = 1 +0 =1
z
z 1
z 1
z

u 0 lim Z u n = lim
z

u0 1

u1 lim z Z u n u 0
z

1
= lim z
z
z 1 z2 1
z2
z2
z

z z 1
z 2 1

= lim

z
z2

z z 1 z 2 1

= lim

= zlim

1
1 1

1
1

1
z 2

=1+1=2

3
3
u
z
z
2

Z un 2 z 2 Z un u0 1 = z 2

1 = z z2 z
2z
z z 1
z

z 1 z2 1
z2 1

3.If u ( z )

z 3 2z
z2

z 1 z 2 1

2 z 2 3 z 12

z 1 4

z 4 z 2 z 4 2z 2 z 3 2z

z 1 z 2 1

find u 2 & u 3

3 12

z 2 2
z z 2

u ( z ) lim
Solution: u 0 zlim
4

z
1

z4 1
z

z z 1 z 2 1

z 3 z 2 2z

z 1 z 2 1

3 12

1
z z2
u1 lim z u ( z ) u 0 lim
0
4
z
z z
1

3 12
2

u1
z z2
2

u 2 lim z u ( z ) u 0 lim
2
4
z z
z

z
2 z 2 3z 12 2
2 z 4 3z 3 12 z 2 2 z 4 8 z 3 12 z 2 8 z 2
u3 lim z 3

lim z 3

z
z
z 2
z 1 4
z 1 4 z 2

8
2
z 4 11

z2 z3

lim
= 11
1
z

z4 1
z

11z 8 z 2
3

lim z

4.If Z u n

2 z 2 3z 4

z 3 3

z 1 4

z 3 find u1 , u 2 ,& u3

3
4
3
4
z 2 2

2
2
1
z
z

0
z
z
u 0 lim
lim

3
3
z
z
z

1 3

z3 1

z
z

u1 lim z u ( z ) u 0 lim z u ( z ) ,sin ce u 0 0

z

3 4

z z 2

lim
2
3
z
3
1
z

2 z 2 3z 4 2
u

u 2 lim z 2 u ( z ) u 0 1 lim z 2

z
z
z
z

z 3 3
2 z 3 3 z 2 4 z 2 z 3 18 z 2 54 z 54

lim z 2
z

z z 3 3

50 54

21

21z 3 50 z 2 54 z

z
z 21
lim
lim

3
3
z
z
z 3

1 3

u u

u3 lim z 3 u ( z ) u0 1 22
z z
z
2 z 2 3z 4

lim z 3
z

z 3

2 21

z z 2

2 z 3 z 3 4 z 2 2 z 4 18 z 3 54 z 2 54 z 21z 3 189 z 2 27 21z 27 21

4

lim z 3
z

z 2 z 3 3

139 z 3 54 27 21 z 2 27 21z

lim

z 3 3

139

u 3 139

Inverse Z Transform
Inverse Z- transforms can be found using
(i) Partial fractions method
(ii) Power series method
(iii) Convolution them
(iv) Contour integrals method
(v) Long Division method.
List of elementary inverse Z- transform:
X (z)

x (z)

1.

z
za

an

2.

z
z 1

3.

z
( z 1) 2

4.

z2 z
( z 1) 3

n2

5.

az
( z a) 2

nan

6.

z z cos
z 2 z cos 1

cos n

z sin
z 2 z cos 1

sin n

7.

1
n!

8.

ez

z2

1
1. Using convolution Theorem evaluate Z

z 1 z 3

Solution:

z2
z
z
1
.
= Z

z 1 z 3
z 1 z 3
z
z
1

=Z

z 1 z 3

Z 1

=1 * 3n
n

m nm
= 1 3
m0

= 3n + 3 n-1 + 3 n-2 ++3o

= 1 + 3 + 32 ++3n
=

3n 1 1
3 1
n 1 1

=3

2. Prove that Z

n
n 1 a

z a
2

Solution:

z
z
z
z
1
1
.
Z 1
Z
= Z

z a z a
z a
z a
z a

Z 1

z2

= an * an
n

a nm =

m0

m 0

= an + an + an + (n+1) times
= (n+1) an
3. Evaluate inverse Z transform of

5z

2 z 1 3z 1

Solution:
We shall use either partial fraction method, contour integrals method.
Let

X (z) =

5z
2 z 1 3z 1

X(z)
=
z

5z
2 z 1 3z 1

Applying partial fraction for

X(z)
z

5z
A
B

=
2 z 1 3z 1 2 z 1 3z 1

5 A (3z 1) + B (2z 1)
1
B
5
3
3
A
1
5
z=
2
2

z=

B = - 15
A = 10

X z
10
15

z
2 z 1 3z 1

X z

10 z
15 z

2 z 1 3z 1

10 z
15 z

1
2 z 2 3 z 13
Now taking Z-1

X z

x (n) = 5

z
1
4. Find Z
2
z 1

1
5
3

Solution:
We shall find Z-1 by
(i) Long Division method
(ii) Partial fraction Method
(iii) Contour integrals method.
z 1 2 z 2 3z 3 4 z 4

z 2 2z 1

z 2 z 1
2 z-1
2 4z-1 + 2z-2
3z-1 2z-2
3z-1 6z-2 + 3z-3
4z-2 3z-3
4z-2 - 8z-3+ 4z-4
5z-3- 4z-4

we get the quotient as z 1 2 z 2 3z 3 4 z 4 +.

x(n) = n.

3z 2 2

1
5. Find z

5 z 1 5 z 2
Solution:

We shall use as z is not a factor/ contour integral method.

Let us use contour integrals method

3z 2 2

5 z 1 5 z 2

X ( z)

z=

2
1
& z
5
5

are simple poles.

3z 2 2

R1 lim z 1 zn 1
5 5z 1 5z 2
z 1

5z 1
R1 lim

z 1
5

53 1

75 5

2
3z 2

z n 1
5 z 1 5 z 2

3
25

2 1

3 5

n 1

3z 2 2

2
R lim z
2
5
z 2
5

5z 1 5z 2

z n 1

3z 2 2

5z 2
lim
z n 1
5
5z 1 5z 2
z 2
5

n1

1 62 2 2
25

5 (3) 5
x ( n)

53 1

75 5

31 2 2

75 5 5
31 2

75 5

8z z 3
3
4 z

1
6. Find z

Solution:
We shall use partial fraction

n 1

31 2

75 5

X z
8 z2
A
B
C

3
2
z
4 z 4 z 4 z 4 Z 3

X z A

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
B
C
X z A
B
C
2
3
2
4z
4z
4 z
4 Z
4 z
4 Z 3
A

Z
Z
Z
B
C
2
4 z
4 z
4 Z 3 A4 n B n 4 n C n 2 4 n

z
1

7. Find the inverse z transform of log

Solution:

Since log is given let us use power- series methods

1

log
1
1

log1 log1 1z 0 log1 1z

1 2
1 3
1 2
1 3
1

1
z
z
z

.....
z
....
2
3
z
2
3
z

1 n

X ( n)

Evaluate z 1 e 2 / 3

z 1 e 2 / 3

z e n1! * n1! m1! (n 1m)!

z 1 e1 / 2 .e1 / 3 z 1 e1 / 2 z 1 e1 / 3

z 1 e1 / 2

1/ 3

m0

nc
m
m 0 n!
n

nc r

1
n!

n!
r!( n r )!

nc

m 0

n! nc0 nc1 nc2 .... ncn

1
nc0 (1) 0 (1) n nc1 (1)1 (1) n 1 nc2 (1) 2 (1) n 2 ... ncn (1) n (1) 0
n!

n
( a b) n nc o a n nc1 a n 1 b nc 2 a n 2 b 2 ....... nc n a 0 b n 1 1 1 n 2
n!

Application to Difference equation:

n!

1. 4yn yn+2 = 0 gives that y = 0; y1 = 2 Taking Z- transform

Z 4 y n y n 2 Z (0)
Z 4( y n ) Z ( y n 2 ) 0

4 y ( z ) z 2 y ( z ) y0 1 0
z

4 y ( z ) z 2 y ( z ) 0 0
z

4 y ( z ) Z 2 y ( z ) 2 z 0

4 z y ( Z ) 2 z
2

y( z)
y( z)

2z
4 z 2

2z
z 2 4

Find inverse z- transform by contour integrals methods,

2z

z 2 z 2

y n Z 1

2z

R lim z 2
z n 1
1 z 2
z 2 z 2

1
(2) n 2 n 1
2

2z

R lim z 2
z n 1
2 z 2
z 2 z 2

1
( 2) n 2n 1
2
yn 2n 1 ( 2) n 1
2

3 2 yn 0

E 1 2 3 E 1 2

E 2 5 E 6 y 0

y n 2 5 y n 1 7 y n 0

Applying z-transforms

y 0
n

2.

z 2 y ( z ) y 0 1 5 z y ( z ) y0 6 y ( z ) 0
z

2
z 5 z 6 y ( z ) 5az az 2 bz 0

az (b 5a ) z
z 2 5z 6
az 2 (b 5a ) z
y ( z)
( z 3)( z 2)
y ( z)

Finding inverse z-transform by contour integrals method.

az 2 (b 5a)z n 1
R lim z 3
z
1 z 3
z 3 z 2

a3n 1 b 5a 3n b 5a 3a 3n (b 2a )3n

2 (b 5a)z
az
R lim z 3
zn 1
2 z 2
z 3 z 2
n 1 (b 5a)2 n
a
2

2a b 5a 2 n
(b 3a )2 n
y (n) (b 2a )3n (b 3a )( 2) n

3. un2 4un1 4un 2 n

u0 0, u1 1

Applying Z-transforms,

Z un 2 4un 1 4un Z 2n
By left shifting property.

u
z

z 2 Z (un ) u0 1 4Z z (un ) u0 4 Z (un )

z
z 3

Applying u0&u1 values

1
z

z 2 Z (un ) 4 zZ (un ) 4Z (un )

z
z 3

z 2 4 z 4 Z (u ) z z
n

za
z 2 4 z 4 Z (u ) z z
n

z2
z

Z (un )

z 2

z 2

Applying inverse Z-transform by contour integrals method

un Z 1

z 2

z 2

3
1
d2
z n 1
z 2

lim
z
2
2! z 2 dz

z 2 3

2
1
d
1
1

lim
(zn )
lim n( n 1) z n 2 n( n 1) 2 n 2 n( n 1) 2 n 2

2! z 2 dz 2
2! z 2
2

n 1
1
d
z
z 2 2

R2
lim
z
2
1! z 2 dz

z 2

d n
lim
( z ) nz n 1 n 2 n 1 n 2 n 2 n 1 4n 2 n 3
z 2 dz
R1

un R1 R2 n 2 n 4n 2n 3 ( n 2 3n) 2n 3

4. yk 2 5 yk 1 7 yk 2 k

y0 2; y1 1

Applying z transforms

Z yk 2 2Z yk 1 Z yk Z 2k
By left shifting property.

y
z

z 2 Z ( yk ) y0 1 2 Z z ( yk ) y0 Z ( yk )
z
z2

Applying y0 &y1 values

z 2 Z ( yk ) 2 z 2 z 2 zZ ( yk ) 4 z z ( yk )
( z 2 2 z 1) z ( yk ) 2 z 2 3 z
z ( yk )
z ( yk )

2 z 2 3z
( z 1) 2

z
z2

z
z2

z
z2

2z2
3z
z

2
2
( z 1)
( z 1)
( z 2)( z 1) 2

Applying inverse Z- transform & contour integrals

1

z2
z
z
yk 2Z
3Z 1
Z 1
2
2
2
( z 1)
( z 2)( z 1)
( z 1)

R2

1
d
lim
1! z 1 dz

R3

1
d
lim
1! z 1 dz

z 1 2

z 2 2 z k 1

d
lim
( z k ) lim ( k ) z k 1 k
z 1 dz
z 1

z 2 z 1 2

z 1 2

1
d
z2

z 2 2 z k 1 lim d ( z k 1)
lim
2
1! z 1 dz z 1

z 1 dz

k
lim ( k 1) z k 1
z 1
R1

z k 1

d zk
lim
(
)
dz
3 2
z 1
z 2 kz k 1 z k (1)
lim
z 2
z 1
k 1

k 1
1

z
zk
z k 1 lim
R4 lim z 1
2
z 2
z 2 z 1 2
z 2 z 1
lim ( k ) z k 1 2k
z 2
yk 2 R1 3R2 R3 R4
2k 2 3k K 1 2k
3 2k

5. yn 2 5 yn 1 7 yn 2
Initial values are not given: Assume u0 a; u1 b
n

Applying z transforms

Z yn 2 5 yn 1 6 yn Z 2n

b
z

z 2 Z ( yn ) a 5Z z ( yn ) a bz ( yn )
z
z

z
( z 2 5 z 6) z ( yn ) az 2 bz 5az
z 3
2
az
(5a b) z
z
z ( yn )

( z 2)( z 3) ( z 2)( z 3) ( z 2) 2 ( z 3)

Applying inverse Z- transform & contour integrals method,

R1 lim z 2
z 2

az 2
z n1
z 3 z 2

n1
a z
a2n 2 2a 2n
z 3
az 2
R2 lim z 2
z n 1
z 3 z 2
z 3
a3n 1 3a3n

z
R3 lim 5a b
z n 1
z 2 z 3
z 2
zn
lim 5a b
5a b 2 n

z 3
z 2

5a b z z n1 5a b 3n
R4 lim z 3
z 2 z 3
z 3

1
d
z
d zn
z 2 2
R5
lim
z n 1 lim
1! z 2 dz
z 2 z 3

z 2 dz z 3

z 3 nz n 1 z n .1 n 2n 1 2n
lim
z 2
z 3 2
z
zn
R6 lim z 3
z n 1 lim
3n
z 3
z 3 z 2 2
z 2 2 z 3

yn R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
2a 5a b 1 2 n n 2 n1 3a 5a b 13n

yn 7 a b 1 2 n n 2 n1 8a b 1 3n

6.

5 E 6 yn n 2 n
y n 2 5 y n 1 6 y n n 2 n

Applying z transforms both sides,

y
z
z

z 2 Z ( y n ) y0 1 5 z z ( y n ) y0 6 z ( y k )

2
z
( z 2)
z2

z
z
z 2 Z ( yn ) az 2 bz 5 zZ ( yn ) 5az 6Z ( yn )

2
( z 2)
z2
z
z

2
( z 1)
z2
2
(b 5a ) z
az
z
z
z( yn )

2
2
( z 2)( z 3) ( z 2)( z 3) ( z 1) ( z 2) ( z 3) ( z 2) 2 ( z 3)

( z 2 5 z 6) z ( yn ) az 2 5a b z

Applying inverse Z- transform by contour integrals method,

z2
2n 1
R1 lim z 2
z n 1
2( 2n )
z 2 z 3
1
z 2
z2
R2 lim z 3
z n 1 3n 1 3.3n
z 2 z 3
z 2
b 5a 2n b 5a 2n
z
R3 lim b 5a
z n 1
z 2 z 3
1
z 2
z
n

z 3 z 1 b 5a 3n
R4 lim b 5a
z 3
z 2 z 3


1
d
z
lim
z n 1
z 1 2
1! z 1 dz
z 1 2 z 2 z 3

z 2 5 z 6 nz n 1 z n . 2 z 5
2n 3

lim

2
4
z 1
z 2 5 z 6

R5

z
2n
R6 lim z 2
z n 1
2 n
2
1
z 2
z 1 z 2 z 3
z
2n
R7 lim z 3
z n 1
2
4
z 3
z 1 z 2 z 3

d zn

1
d
z

lim
z n 1 lim
z 2 2
2
1! z 2 dz
z 2 dz z 3
z 2 z 3

z 3 nz n 1 z n n 2n 1 2n
lim
z 2
z 3 2
R8

z
R9 lim z 3
z n 1 2n
z 3
z 1 2 z 3

yn R1 R2 R3 ..... R9

1
2n 3

2 5a b 1 2n 3 b 5a 1 3n
n 2 n1
4
4

n 3
17

yn 3 5a b 2 n
b 5a 3n n 2 n1
2 4
4

4
y

1
7. n 2
n

Applying z transforms both sides,

y
z
z

z 2 Z ( y n ) y0 1 4 Z z ( y n )

2
z
( z 1)
z 1

z
z
( z 2 4) Z ( yn ) az 2 bz

2
( z 1)
z 1
z
z
( z 2 4) Z ( yn ) az 2 bz

2
( z 1)
z 1
z( yn )

az 2
bz
z

( z 2)( z 2) ( z 2)( z 2) ( z 2)( z 2)

Taking inverse Z- transform by contour integrals method,

n 1
a z 2 z 2
R1 lim
z n 1 a2
a2n 1 a 2n
4
2
z 2 z 2 z 2

z 2 z 2

R2 lim
z 2 z 2 z 2

1
d
R5
lim
a(2) n 1
a
1! z 1 dz
z n 1
a(2) n 1 (2) n
4
2

z
R3 lim b z 2

z 2
z 2 z 2

z
R4 lim b z 2

z 2
z 2 z 2

z n 1

b(2)
4

z 1 2

d d
z n
lim
z 1 dz dz z 2 4

b2 n b n
2
4
4

z n 1 b(2)
4

3n 2
n
2

9
3
9

z
z n 1
z 1 2 z 2 4

z 2 4 nz n 1 z n 2 z

2
z 2 4

lim

z 1

n
z
R6 lim z 2
z n 1 2

2

2
z 2
z 1
z 2 z 2

z
(2) n 1
1
R7 lim z 2
z n 1

(2) n
2

9
(

4
)
36
z 2
z 1
z 2 z 2

z
1
R8 lim z 1
z n 1

z 1 z 2 z 2

3
z 1

z
2n
R9 lim z 2
z n 1

z 1 z 2 z 2
4
z 2

z
(2) n
R10 lim z 2
z n 1

12
z 1 z 2 z 2
z 2

yn R1 R2 R3 ..... R10

a b 1 1
1
n 2 1
a b 1
2n

(2) n
4 36 12
3 9 3
2
4 4 4 4
n 5
2a b 2 n 18a 9a 2
n
yn
2
(2)
4
36
3 9

n
8. y n 2 6 y n 1 8 y n 2 6n

Applying z transforms both sides,

z
z
b
( z 2)
( z 1) 2
z
z
( z 2 6 z 8) Z ( yn ) az 2 (b ba ) z
b
( z 2)
( z 1) 2
z 2 Z ( yn ) az 2 bz 6 zZz ( yn ) 8 z ( yn )

z( yn )

az 2
(b 6a ) z
z
6z
2

2
2
( z 2)( z 4) ( z 6 z 8) ( z 2) ( z 4) ( z 1) ( z 2)( z 4)

Taking inverse Z- transform by contour integrals method,

az 2
R1 lim z 2

z 2
z 2 z 4

az 2
R2 lim z 4

z 4
z 2 z 4

n 1
z n 1 a2
a2n
2
z n 1

z
R3 lim b ba z 2

z 2
z 2 z 6

a4 n 1
2a.4 n
2

z n 1

(b ba)2 n
4

z
R4 lim b ba z 4
z n 1 (b ba) 4n

2
z 2 z 4
z 4

d

1
z
lim
z n 1
z 2 2
1! z 2 dz

z 2 2 z 4

z 4 nz n 1 z n n 2 n 2 n ( n 1) 2 n
lim
z 4
2
2
z 2
R5

6z
4n
R6 lim z 4
z n 1

4
z 4
z 1
z 2

d
6
z
n 1
2

lim
z

1
z

1! z 1 dz
z 1 2 z 2 z 4

lin

z 2 6 z 8 n 2 n 1 z n ( 2 z 6)

d
zn

6 lim
6 lim
2
2
z 1 dz z 6 z 8
z 1
z 2 6 z 8

3n 4
6n
4
8
6

2n
9
3
9
3
R7

6z
R8 lim z 2
z n 1 6 2n 3(2n )

(2)
z 2
z 1
z 2 z 4

n
n
6z
R9 lim z 4
z n 1 6.2 4

2

9(2)
3
z 4
z 1
z 2 z 4

yn R1 R2 R3 ....... R9