Unit 8 Notes: Gas Laws Objectives: 1. 2. Students will become familiar with the basic postulates of the kinetic molecular theory and its description of the behavior of gases. Students will learn about the operation of manometers and barometers for measuring pressure; and the multiple units and conversion factors used to express pressure. Students will learn about the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and amount for gases; the relationships will be discussed conceptually, and applied via various gas law equations using the ideal gas law as the basis. Students will become familiar with concepts like Avogadro's hypothesis, STP, molar volume and the universal gas law constant in the course of solving gas law problems. Students will combine problem solving techniques of stoichiometry and gas laws to solve problems related to gases in chemical equations. Students will become familiar with Dalton’s Law of partial pressures and the vapor pressure of water associated with gas collection. Students will become familiar with a more mathematical treatment of the kinetic molecular theory and graham’s law of effusion. Measurements on Gases [EBOOK Section 16.1-16.2] 4. Characteristics~Review Nodefinable Shape or VOlwme Low mass, with a lot of “free” space (leads to low density) Can be expanded ofoiitly and Plate into a container if force is exerted, Occupy containers «Coy Escape _readi \y_—_ffom containers, mix topical —.The Kinetic Theory of Gases (Kinetic Molecular Theory) A. Definition: > Theory used to explain gas laws. > Treats gases as a_CO\\ eGo oF Particles in iN 1 a yay 4 i z > Appliesto_ ALL. gases, regardless of B. Molecular Model a) Gas molecules are relatively far apart (mostly ¢v\ e). b) Gas molecules are in Continuous, ApiA, andor motion. ©) All collisions between gas molecules are_ CL OSHC (no energy lost or gained in a collision; no attractive forces between molecules). d) Gas pressure is caused by Collisions of molecules with the walls of the container. (e) Average Temperature of a gas sample is related to its 1c Ene 2. Properties of Gases Gas properties can be modeled using math. Model depends on 4 variables— 1 Vo = wiume of He gas (L) 2. T= temperature (Ke) an 4D amount of moles pressure ( actnospheres , aim)3, Pressure [EBOOK Section 16.3] A. Caused by gas molecules Ntity. 4 octamer walls oe Farce B. Definition: YOrce Per walt area Area St unit: __ pascal Pa (equal to Nim?) 1kPa= 1000 Pa Will also see problems with: atmospheres adr ) millimeters of mercury (xy. Ag ) or inches of Hg (__\n A 4 ) tor(=_|_ mm Hg ) Less commonly used: pounds per square inch (psi) mitlibers (mb) C. Conversion Factors and STP 4atm= FLO mmHg = HO tor = 101.4 kPa = 19.40 inHg = 1013.25 mb = 14.969 psi STP — Standard Temperature (0°C) and Pressure (1 atm) u 243KD. Barometer and Manometer Barometer: Manometer: AColuma height ee oa measurts He pressure —— OF Ane ocmosphere i i ene A ‘te == Measures the passure of & gos in aw Closed sy ster Use: Measures, pressure Use: of air Manometer Problems: (0) Gas peste es. ‘an bara posse saa beoeroprasne Emuations Dg = Phim +t Ah Poas = Pat Ch (cose 1) 7 Sample Problem: An open manometer is filled with mercury and connected to a container of hydrogen. The mercury level is 40.0 mm lower in the arm of the tube connected to the air. Air pressure is 1.00 atm. What is the pressure of the hydrogen gas in mm of Hg? (cose2) Pars = Pam - AN Pyas = 1,00 atm = 0.0526 am == /0. 944 oh = Py BaEaEE COREY Pgs = FUO eomaltg ~ HD mnt = 320 rom Hg, | 40.0 rm Hg Vb 2 9,052 abn AWwo rami)Gas Laws [EBOOK Section 16.4] Examples: 1) Popping & balloon pt? ve 2) Operating a syange pt vd 3) Marshmallow m A vacuum Baal vei A, Boyle's Law: The Pressure-Volume Relationship | | When temperature is held constant, pressure and volume increase and decrease inversely proportional) They are_‘ividh cl related. Bovle's LawEquation | Pv = P, V2 Example: A balloon contains 30.0 L of helium gas at 103 kPa. What is the volume of the helium when the balloon rises to an altitude where the pressure is only 25.0 kPa? (Assume temperature is held constant) P= 13 uPa v= 2007 ' P, = 25.0 «Pa a> 2 Example: At room temperature, 10.01 L of a gas is found to exert 97.0 kPa. What pressure (in atm) would be required to change the volume ie 00 i i 2 94,0 UP =P, 0 KPa, atm. ’, i oe Pivy = Povo * oa uPa \ Oe Py = PV, _ 0,950 atm (1001 L) 2 mn] Pe va 5.00 L. pM Vz 2 6.00 & Example: Nitrous oxide (N20) is used as an anesthetic. The pressure on 2.50 L of NO changes from 105 kPa to 40.5 kPa. |f the temperature does not change, what will the new volume be? P= 10S KPa vis PAV Wie 2.504 Na PV, _ WSR (2.50) P, = 40.5 KPa. . = [Os ae 2 40.5 sepa% Temperatures must be in Kelvans) 6 B. Charles’s Law: The Temperature-Volume Relationship Examples: 1) Balloons poppmg wren Kept outside 7 v4 2) Baw owside on a wid day T vy aH v* 3) Battoon mn lboiwmg H20 If pressure is held constant (doesn't change), volume and temperature increase or decrease toge¥ner ___. They are Gace} related. (divecy Propodional Charles’s Law Equation: Satestawiouato | yyy rae Example: A balloon inflated in a room at 24°C has a volume of 4.00 L. The balloon is then heated to a temperature of 58°C. What is the new volume if the pressure remains constant? Moly 4O0L Vp “iz Hoo L = 7 eae - F T A944 BB T= yee = 2atK = i Get Vo = 400C( 331) Ty, 2S = 3a 247 « eet Example: Exactly 5.00 L of air at -50 °C is warmed to some temperature so that the volume was 8.36 L. What temperature was the system warmed to? Viz $00 t plea we S00 . $3WL Vaz $30 b ecient 223% at J, =750°C = 223K i L fae, aa he e3K(4300) 61595 x | =loo°c = 2 3.00 c Example: A 50.0 mL sample of a gas is cooled from 119°C to 383 K. Ifthe pressure remains constant, what is the final volume of the gas? Vy = 50,0 mt alma BD.0mL Va cFNVC = B92 peEe ae MK Bea yee 4,2 363K a = S0,0r00( 5510) [450 mtC. Avogadro’s Law: The Mole-Volume Relationship 1. Avogadro's hypothesis Equal YO\WM¢.S of gases at the same T and P have the same ecules Vekn Vand nare es ronal) 2. Molar Volume © © mat nat Bat Sato Yow Toot iim inn ia Temperature: 273K De ak 4molgas@STP=__22. L Example What is the mass of propane gas, CsHe, that can be held in a 5.0 L container at STP? 4 SOL, dma y Hu gGke slag O oye T4 Lb mot Coty 2 D. Combined Gas Law PiVa = Poe mT maT Ifany one of these variables does not change in the problem, you can eliminate it from the equation before starting!E. The Ideal or Universal Gas Law [EBOOk Section 16.4] PV=nRT P= pressure V= Wiuame n= i of moles R= Ideal gos jonstant T= Kmperatwe (in Velvin) R: Universal gas constant (Refer to Reference Book) * 0.082058 L-at/mo-K (usually use 3 sig figs: .0821) + 62.364 L tom/mol K + 8.3145 Jimol K Gas Law Calculations 4. Combined Gas Lay Example fa fixed amount of gas occupies 2.53 m® at -15°C and 191 Torr, what will the volume of the same gas be at 25°C and 1142 Torr? Pe 14 Torr PM PY. = Vie N53 ees V2 = 0.4% m? 7 . 1 Te 2, = a2. dor 18 tore (2.53m9) _ 142 tow (Vo No rete 254K 29% K Example A gas cylinder is filled with 100 g of CO; at 25°C and a pressure of 1000 mmHg. If 50 more grams of CO; are added and the cylinder is stored at a temperature of 50°C, calculate the new pressure inside the cylinder. = 1000 mm Hg Pr va 1000 ram Ha, a Pp, Wye 2.292 mot at = 2,242 voi (248K) 5,40 mot (323K) A =29°C +293 P= 2 P2 = 1b26 mmtlg Ny = 3.408 mot y= 50°C +243 ate — 100 4, 2 yl BEDS see e . 1506 ©, Im 2 2 dds moi =n 2.242 moi en, Tabi g 3 z2, Ideal Gas Law: [800K Section 165) | PY =n 1 | Example How much Nz is required to fill a small room with a volume of 960 cubic feet (27,000 DtoP=745 mmHg at 25°C? R= 2.304 OT /moinie ENE ei [DS jury (23,000 L) = n (02.364 S22) 29% ¢) FAS yomlg = oie A= WBZ mol Ny y 2624 «130, 300 9 Na { moiNne eee errr Example if 0.628 g of ethane, C:Hs, is introduced into an evacuated 2.00 iter container at 23°C, whats the pressure, in atmospheres, nthe container? 0, i923 q C2My y Lowi Gty 9.9207 PY enRT 30.099 C2He = aor = P(2.00 L) = 0.0203 moi (0,082) LAY 296 «) [P= 0.25 ohn Example How much gas can be placed in a gas cylinder with a volume of 10.0 L and which is designed to store gas at a maximum pressure of 75.0 atm and at a maximum of 50°C? PYeneT 6,0 om (10.0 L) = A (0.0921 EXE \( 323%) N= 23.3 moi gas 3. Calculation of Molar Mass and Density [EBOOK Section 16.5] or M=dRT P or M Example A sample of phosgene (a highly toxic gas) is collected in a flask with a volume of 247 mL at a pressure of 751 mmHg and a temperature of 21°C. If the mass of the gas is 1.00 9, what is the molar mass of phosgene? Ve M3 mt M = mT _ 1009( v2.49 HEE) 294) Ps 951 torn Hg, = 751 be Pv Fo few (0.2490) Te 2143 2 244K m= 100 5 M =]948.3 3fmolMeng = 05 Sfmot 10 Example What is the density of methane, CHa, at 0.940 atm and 23°C? d= PM _ 0.940 atm (1005-55 ) RT a = 0 2 S| eden ooeet L2 (ray ) 4 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Reactions [EBOOK Section 16.7] A. Review of steps in stoichiometry problems: 1. Balance equation * Convert tv moles for Known. 2 Convert motes oF Known +o motes of untchown Guenhry using coetcient radio, 3. Conved mores of untenown to required nit (grams o¢ LY B. Short-cut when dealing with all gases in an equation: (Law of Combining Volumes, or Gay-Lussac’s Law) If have all gases in an equation, can go directly from V of the given to V of the asked for quantity using the coefficients. 2. ONLY works when you are comparing volume ratios of 2 gases! Can't use for liquids or solids in an equation!! Example Write the balanced equation for the synthesis of gaseous water from gaseous hydrogen and oxygen. If we start with 5.4 L of oxygen, how much water in Liters is produced? 2Halg) + Org) 2 H20 (9) SH LO, , Lei Oz , ZmoiH , 224 tO. 110.3 LW 244 Lmao 420 1 mot 02 54 Ly 2 ho 2 )y 2 L HO | |1 KEW, (s) 2 2KCI Us) +30, 1g) _ 4 Example What is the mass, in grams, of potassium chforate that must be used to produce 1.50 L of oxygen gas measured at 18°C and 0.950 atm? PYeneT i | (L104 | | 0,950 iva (1.50 L) =n (0.0821 ESEY 241) N= 0.0598 moi 0, ym 21 KOs 12255 4 KU0, _ 3 mot 02 V moi Keio, Example How many liters of oxygen, measured at 725 mmHg and 21°C are required to burn 1.00 g of butane gas, C4Hio, to produce water and carbon dioxide? Combustion Qn! ZCaHo +B 0, $ CO, +020 1.00 4 Cyto, _lmoi Cute y mor 2 9 141g oo 514g CyMo 2 moi Cyto 2 Pye net VERT , 0.1% mor ( v2, 340 tems \( 294 «) ye 325 mmtlg Gas Mixtures: Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions [£00k Section 16.6] A. Diffusion~ +tndeno OF molecults do move from areas oF higher concentration wards areas of lower Concetaton EL) spraying perfume 4 Smelting 7 actoss the worn B. Graham's Law of Effusion (Diffusion) — Gases of lower molar masses effase ( diffase) faster Hhan gases w/ higher molar masses a Effusion~ whtn & gus escapes throygr a thy hole in a comainer Ex) Heliam balloons shrivicin “Gases with lower molar masses (lighter gases) diffuse faster than gases with higher molar masses (heavier gases)**** The LIGUTEI2 the gas, the TASTER _ itmoves!Which gas would both diffuse and effuse faster... Methane (CHa) or carbon dioxide (COz)? CHy 16.05 S}mot 4.01 Simot Chlorine (Clz) or oxygen (Oz)? 30.4 Stmot 32. Sf moi Hydrogen sulfide (H-S) or carbon monoxide (CO)? [co 34.04 Stmoi 24.0) SImoi a 12 Example: Calculak Hoe molar moss of each gas | | b. Graham's Law calculates: rate, _ [Ma rate, VMi Rate of effusion is of agas_1S caversely props Ayn \ to its molar mass. Example If they are compared under the same conditions, how much faster than helium does hydrogen effuse through a tiny hole? — ¥aH. effuses about MMe = X90 5} mol CEE tener 14h faster than He YORE He. Maz, — MM = 2.02 S}mot Cake, DDI y yore He 2.02 rwi = Example The rate of a volume of an unknown gas to effuse through a pinhole was 4.00 moles/sec. The rate calculated for the same volume at the same temperature and pressure of oxygen was 2.00 moles/sec. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas. Tee Lf Mon ys 32 OK Op oa. U0 sec 32. 9Imo1 X= 2 % 3}mos dpe OO sei | 2,00 ro?) 50 % at By13 C. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures + Partial pressure - Ae Woven of each Gas nh a mixture to the toatl pressure + Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures — for a mixture of gases, the total pressure is, the sum of the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture Protat = Py + Pz + Ps + (at constant volume and temperature) Example: Determine the total pressure of a gas mixture that contains oxygen, nitrogen, and helium. The partial pressures are: Poz= 20.0 kPa, Pr2= 46.7 KPa, and Pye= 26.7 kPa. Prora = Po, + Pass + Puc Prorat = 20.0 ePa + 40.% KPat 20.4 KPa= $93.4 KPa Example: Air contains O2, No, COz, and trace amount of other gases. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (POz) ifthe total pressure of the system is 101.3 kPa and the partial pressures of Nz, COz, and the other gases are 79.10 kPa, 0.040 kPa, and 0.94 kPa, respectively? Prorat = Por + Pur + Pos + Paneer Po, = Proet — Pu2- Po,- Porter 3 vPa — F410 KPa - 0,040 KPa - 0,94 KPa | | lor D. Partial Pressure of Water Poo = 21.2 KPa " Can look up partial pressure of water (vapor pressure of water) in reference book or textbook for a given temperature—we will be using this for an upcoming labl Protai = Poas + Prizo PRE REE ‘Eocene i oop SN cesProrat = Pgos + Puro 14 Example 6.14 If the total pressure is 788 mmHg at 25°C, what is the partial pressure of hydrogen collected over water? @ 28°C =) Pao * 23.9 amt 4 Pa, = Prat - Pao = 188 mmHg ~ 25.3 mmHg Pa, = Fo mm A. Deviations for the ideal gas law occur because of two main fa ® Real morecules have volume, Real Gases & Factors Tnpotant ot High P and Low T, In general, the closer a gas is to the LIQUID state, the more it will deviate from the Ideal Gas Law. B. van der Waals equation a [? Fle ~nb)=nRT where a, b are constants for a given gas