INTRODUCTION

Department Of Civil Engineering

Govt. Poly. College, Bathinda
Topic Tension member
Subject Steel Structures Design
Presenter- Er. Rani Devi
B.E.(Civil), M.E. (Structures)
Mob.- 9465265746
12th March, 2013

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Introduction
Steel structures are structures in which the
members are made of steel and are joined
by welding, riveting, or bolting. Because of
the high strength of steel, these structures
are reliable and require less material than
other types of structures. In modern
construction, steel structures are widely
used such as industrial buildings, storage
tankgas tanks, communication structures
(radio and television towers and antennas),
and power-engineering structures.
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The top beams in a truss are called top

chords and are generally incompression,
the bottom beams are called bottom
chords and are generally intension, the
interior beams are called webs, and the
areas inside the webs are called panels.
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Design for the steel frame of a twin-bay industrial building: (1) lattice,
(2) column, (3) crane girder, (4) skylight, and (5) web members
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Tension Members
Members which are subjected to direct
tension are called tension members.
The Members can be of any standard
steel section e.g., angle iron, channel
section etc. In case of frames and
trusses, a tension member is called a
tie.
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Types of Sections
The types of section is governed by the
nature and magnitude of stresses to
which, it is subjected. The different type
of sections are shown in figure and
classified as:
(1)Rod, round or square :- These are
used in buildings for the lateral and
sway bracings, hangers, segmental
arch floors and timber trusses etc.
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(2) Flats :- These are used as tension

member in light trusses connected by
welding at their ends.
(3) Eye bars :- These are used in pin
connected
Structures.
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(4) Single angle sections :- These

are used as tension member in light
roof trusses, bracing members in plate
girder bridges and light latticed girder
bridges, not recommended as best
tension member as they are subjected
to bending stresses due to the
eccentric loads.

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(5) Double angle section :- These

are used extensively in roof trusses,
may be connected to gusset plate on
same or opposite faces i.e., by
placing the gusset plate in between
the two angles. The later type of end
connection is preferred and more
economical as it eliminates bending
stresses.

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(6) T-sections :- These are used as a

substitute of former type of double
angles.
(7) Double channel section :- These
are used for heavy structures
subjected to bending and direct
stresses.

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Strength of a Tension Member

The Strength of a Tie Member or load
bearing capacity of a tension member is
calculated as :Strength of a Tension Member =
Net area Permissible tensile
stress(at).
The strength depends upon net area.
Permissible tensile stress( at) for a tension
member is generally taken as 150MPa

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Net Sectional Area

Net sectional area of a tension
member is the gross cross section area
of the member minus the deduction for
holes.
Case 1 - For Plate : In determining
the net sectional area of the plates,
the arrangement of the rivets plays an
important role. The riveting in plate
can be of two types i.e.:
(a)Chain riveting
(b) Zig-Zag riveting.
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(a) Plates connected by Chain

riveting :

Let, Anet = Net cross sectional area along

any
section 1-1
b = Width of Plate
n = number of rivets along the
section under consideration
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d = Gross diameter of the

rivets
t = Thickness of the plate
Anet = Gross area- area of plate
lost in the process of making
holes
Anet = b t - nd t
Anet = (b nd) t

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(b) Plates connected by Zig-Zag or

staggered riveting :

Let, Anet = Net area of cross sectional

b = Width of Plate
n = number of rivets in the
plane under consideration.
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n = number of gauge distance

s = staggered pitch
g = gauge distance
t = Thickness of the plate
Anet =

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Case 2 - For single angle connected

by one leg only:

Net effective area,

i.e.,
Anet = A1 + A2K
Where, Anet = Net cross-sectional area
A1 = Net cross-sectional
area of
connected leg
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A1 = (length of leg t nd)

t
A2 = Gross cross-sectional area
of
outstanding leg
A2 = (length of leg t) x t
K = constant =

Anet = A1 + A2K
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Case 3. For a pair of angles place

over a single tee connected by
only one leg of each angle to the
same side of the gusset plate :

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Net effective area,

i.e.,
Anet = A1 + A2K
Where,

Anet = Net cross-sectional area

A1 = Net cross-sectional area of
connected leg(flange of the

tee)

A2 = Gross cross-sectional area

of
outstanding leg(web of the
tee)

K = constantPunjab=Edusat Society

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A1 = 2 (length of leg t nd) t

A2 = 2 (length of leg t) t
In case of T section
A1 = (bf - 2d ) tf
A2 = Gross area of web
= tw (overall depth(h) tf)
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Case 4. For double angles or a tee

placed back to back and connected to
each side of the gusset or side of a
rolled section. :-

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Deduction for rivet holes = number of

rivets gross diameter of one rivet
thickness of plate i.e., = n d t
Net effective area, Anet = Gross area
Deduction for rivet holes

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Numerical Problems
Problem 1: A plate 240mm wide
and 12mm thick is connected by
20mm rivets as shown. Calculate
the strength of the tension plate.
Take at = 150N/mm2

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Solution: Nominal dia. of rivet (D)

=20mm
Gross dia. of rivet hole (d) =
20 +1.5
= 21.5mm
Width of plat = 30 + 60 + 60+ 60 + 30
= 240mm
s = 50mm
g = 60mm
Considering the failure of the plate along
section line 1-2-3-4, we have;
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Anet1 = (240 -2 21.5) 12 =

3564mm2
Now for area along staggered line 1-2-53-6-7
Anet2 =
Where b = 240mm
n=4
d = 21.5mm
n = 3
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Anet2 =
= 2073 mm2

Minimum net area of section = Anet2

Strength of the plate = 2073 150 =
310950
= 310.95kN
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Problem 2: Calculate the strength

of a tie composed of ISA 100 75
8mm with longer legs connected
by 16mm dia. rivets. Take at =
150N/mm2

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Solution: Nominal dia. of rivet = 16mm

Gross dia. of rivet = 16 + 1.5 =
17.5mm
Net Area; Anet = A1 + A2K
A1 =
628mm2

A2

= 561mm2

K= constant =
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Anet = A1 + A2K
= 628 + 561 0.77 = 1059.97mm2
Strength of ISA 100 75 8 =
1059.97mm2 150
=
158995.5N
=
158.99kN

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Problem 3: Calculate the strength

of a tie member composed of 2 ISA
125 75 8mm placed back to
back connected by longer legs by
20mm dia. rivets on same side of
the gusset plate. Take at =
150N/mm2

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Solution: Nominal dia. of rivet (D)

=20mm
Gross dia. of rivet hole (d) =
20 +1.5
= 21.5mm
Anet = A1 + A2K
A1 =
= 1592mm2
A =

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K=
Net effective area

Anet = A1 + A2K
= 1592 +

1136 0.875

= 2586mm2
Strength of tie member = 2586 150
= 387900N
=
387.9kN
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Problem 4: Calculate the strength

of a tie member composed of 2ISA
125 75 8mm placed back to
back connected by longer legs by
20mm dia rivets on both sides of
the gusset plate.

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Solution: From steel table,

gross area of ISA 125 75 8mm
= 15.38cm2 =
1538mm2
Net effective area =
Gross area Deduction for rivet holes
Anet = 2[1538 21.5 8] =
2732mm2
Strength of tie member = 2732
150
= 109.8kN
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Problem 5: Determine the

strength of ISHT 75 which is used
as a tie member. It is connected
through its flange by means of
20mm diameter rivets. Take at =
150N/mm2
Solution: Data Given:
Tie member consists of ISHT 75
Nominal dia. of rivet (D)
=20mm
Gross dia. of rivet hole (d) =
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Thickness of Flange, tw =
8.4mm
Thickness of web, tf = 9mm
Overall Height =
75mm

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Case under consideration : Tee (or

2ISA) connected on same side of
the gusset plate by riveting:
Anet = A1 + A2K
K = constant =
Properties of ISHT 75 (From steel
cables)
Width of plate, b =
150mm
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Net Area of flange, A1 = (width of flange

nd) tf
= (150 2 21.5)
9
(Since, number of
rivets(n) = 2)

= 963mm2
Gross area of web, A2 = (75 - 9) 8.4
(Since, Area =
Length of web tw)

= 554.4mm2
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Net cross sectional area, Anet = A1 +

A2K
= 963 +
554.4 0.897
=
1460.29mm2
Tensile Strength of the T section =
Anet at
=
1460.29 150
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Design of Members Subjected to

Axial Tension
Step 1. Calculation of the required
net area
The axial pull (force) to be transmitted
by the member and the allowable
stress in axial tension ( permissible
tensile force i.e. at) are known for
the steel with yield stress fy.
Net sectional area required =
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i.e. Anet reqd. =

Step 2. Selection of suitable
section
Try a suitable section, from steel tables
having sectional area about 20 to 40%
greater (in case of riveted joint) and
10% greater (in case of welded joint)
than the required net area.
In case the member selected is ISA,
than select unequal angle and
connect longer leg with gusset plate
for getting more strength i.e. (load
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Step 3. Calculate the net sectional

(effective) area of the selected
section (As discussed earlier)
Step 4. Check for net Sectional area
The net area calculated for trial section
(in step 3) should be slightly
greater than the required net area. If it is
so then selected section is OK. Other
wise try some other section.
i.e. Net area of trial section > Net area
required
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Step 5. Check for Slenderness

ratio ().
Slenderness ratio, is the ratio of
effective length of member to the
least radius of gyration.
i.e. Slenderness ratio =
The value of radius of gyration (rmin )
can be obtained from steel tables.
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1. A tension member in which a reversal

of direct stress due to load other than
wind or seismic forces would occur,
shall not have a slenderness ratio more
than 180.
2. A member normally acting as a tie in a
roof truss, but subject to possible
reversal of stress resulting from the
action of wind or seismic forces shall
have slenderness ratio not greater
than 350.
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Step 6. Design of end connections

The end connections may be designed
as a riveted connection or welded
connection.
(a)For riveted connection
(i) Select suitable size of rivet and
determine the rivet value ( i.e. least
of Pb and Pf)
(ii)Find the number of rivets by the
relation ;
Number of rivets required =
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(iii) The arrangement of rivets should

be made in such a way that :
there is no eccentricity of loading.
The centre of gravity of the section
coincides with the C.G. of group of
rivets.

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(b) For welded connections

(i) Find the minimum and maximum
size of fillet weld and select the
suitable size of weld (S) and find the
value of effective throat thickness, t
= 0.7 S
(ii)Calculate the strength of weld/mm
length by the formula;
= vf l t

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Problems Based On Design of

Tension Member
Problem 1.Design a tension
member subjected to pull of 165
kN using unequal angles placed
back to back with their longer
legs connected on both sides of
gusset plate by 18mm diameter
rivets. Use PDSR (Power Driven
Shop Rivets). Take at =
150N/mm2
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Solution : Data given ;

Load (axial pull) = 165kN =
165 103 N
Nominal dia. of rivet, D = 18mm
Gross dia. of rivet, d = 18 + 1.5 =
19.5mm
For PDSR,
vf = 100 N/mm2
pf = 300 N/mm2
at = 150 N/mm2
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Net area required =

= 1100mm2
Assuming the gross area to be about
25% greater than the net area
Gross area = 1100 1.25 = 1375mm2
from steel cable, try 2 ISA gross area
equal to or greater than 1375mm2
Let us try an ISA 80 50 6 mm @ 57.9
N/m =
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Gross area for 2 ISA = 2 746 =

1492mm2
Longer legs are connected to the
gusset plate (as shown in Figure)
Case under construction : Two ISA
connected back to back on the
both sides of the gusset plate
( i.e. CASE IV)
Anet = Gross area - Deduction for
holes

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2 ISA connected back to back

(with longer leg connected) on
the both sides of gusset [late
Anet = 1492 (2 19.5) 6
= 1258 > 1100mm2
Hence, use 2 ISA 80 50 6 mm @
57.9 N/m as a tension member.

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Design of riveted end connections

Shearing strength of one rivet (in double shear)
= 2 vf
= 2 100
= 59729.53 N

...

(1)
Bearing Strength of one rivet = pf d t
= 300 19.5
6
= 35100 N
(2)
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Least of (1) and (2) is the Rivet Value

(R.V.)
R.V. = 35100 N
Number of rivets required =
Arrangements of rivets is as shown in
Figure.
Provide pitch = 3 18 = 54 =
60mm c/c
Edge distance = 2 18 = 36 =
40mm

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CONCLUSION
Tension member.
Various sections which are used as
tension members.
Strength of tension members.
Different formulas to calculate net
effective area for various sections.
Design of Tension Members.
Problems.

Thanks
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