Perl Programming Tutorial
Contents
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UsingThePerlinterpreter
ImplicitExecution
ExplicitExecution
SimplePerlscript
CurrentpathtoPerlmodules
Variables
FindPerlInterpreter
UsingPerldefaultvariable$_
DefinedFunction
Scalarvariable
SingleQuotedStrings
Createandprintarray
CreateHash
NonDecimalIntegers
ScalarConstantVariable
StringAndNumericcomparisonOperators
Arrays
PushandPopArrays
DetermineTheLengthofanArray
MergeandAppendArrrays
SortArrays
DeleteElementfromanArray
Hash
AddElementtoaHash
PrintHash
MergingHashes
PerlRegularExpressions
RegularExpressionsandSpecialCharacters
Translation
MatchCharacters
Substitution
Substitutionwithevaluation
Classes
Quantifiers
Assertion
MultipleMatch
RegularExpressionExtention
Grouping
PerlSubroutines
StringOperators
Lists
DoubleQuotedStrings
CreateSimplePerlSubroutine
PassandReturnValues
Perloperators
PrecedenceofPerloperators
Perlforloop
Arrowoperator
IncrementandDecrementoperators
Loops
Perlwhileloop
Perluntilloop
Perlforeachloop
GettingUserInput
ReadFilePassedfromtheCommandline
OpenFileforReadandWrite
DetermineNumberofLinesinaFile
DetermineNumberofCharactersinaFile
SeekpositionwithinaFile
SimplePerlArithmetics
PerlOctal,Hexadecimal,AndDecimalConversions
CreatePerlPackage
Databasesconnections
ReadingCommandLineArguments
FileHandling
PerlMySQLdatabaseconnection
PerlPostgreSQLdatabaseconnection
ObjectOrientedPerl
Templateofget/setmethods
ThisPerlprogrammingtutorialisagreatscriptingguidetohelpyoufullyunderstandPerlscript.FindPerltutorialsand
programmingexamplestomasteryourknowledgeofPerlScripting.
http://linuxconfig.org/perlprogrammingtutorial
1. Using The Perl interpreter
1.1. Find Perl Interpreter
whichperl
1.2. Implicit Execution
NOTE:
Everyscriptstartswith
shebang:"#!"
whichisnotreadasacomment.Firstlineisalsoaplacewhereyouputyour
interpreterwhichinthiscaseisperl.
#!/usr/bin/perlprint"PerlProgramming\n"
MakePerlScriptExecutable:
chmod+xperl_script.pl
1.3. Explicit Execution
print"PerlProgramming\n"
MakePerlScriptExecutable:
chmod+xperl_script.pl
2. Simple Perl script
#!/usr/bin/perl#print"PerlProgrammingTutorial\n"
3. Current path to Perl modules
Listallavailablecurrentpathstoperlmodules:
perle'print"@INC"."\n"'
4. Variables
$ScalarVariable
%HashVariable
@Array
&Subroutines
4.1. Using Perl default variable $_
#!/usr/bin/perl
$_="PerlProgrammingdefaultvariable.\n"
print
4.2. Defined Function
#!/usr/bin/perl
#declareperlscalardobutnotdefinevalue
$perl_scalar
#wecanuseconditionaloperator'?:'totestperldefinedfuntion
$variable=defined($perl_scalar)?"Variable\$perl_scalarisDefined!"
:"Variable\$perl_scalarisNOTDefined!"
print$variable."\n"
#declareperlscalarwithvalue
$perl_scalar="perl"
$variable=defined($perl_scalar)?"Variable\$perl_scalarisDefined!"
:"Variable\$perl_scalarisNOTDefined!"
print$variable."\n"
4.3. Scalar variable
#!/usr/bin/perl
#Scalarsholdjustsingledatatype:string,numberorperlreference
#ScalarsdefinitioninPerl
$scalar_number=5
$scalar_string1="InPERLScalarsarealwaysreferencedwith\x24infrontofeach
variablename."
$scalar_string2="5items"
#Undescorecanbeuseforbignumbers
$scalar_milion=1_000_000
#Printscalarvalues
print$scalar_number."\n"
print$scalar_string1."\n"
print$scalar_string2."\n"
print$scalar_milion."\n"
#perlscalaraddition
print$scalar_number+$scalar_milion."\n"
4.3.1. Single-Quoted Strings
#!/usr/bin/perl
#SingleQuotedscalarstrings
$scalar_string1='perl'
print"String1:".$scalar_string1."\n"
$scalar_string2='#!/usr/bin/perl'
print"String2:".$scalar_string2."\n"
$scalar_string3='Perl
Programming
Tutorial'
print"String3:".$scalar_string3."\n"
$scalar_string4='Perl\n'
print"String4:".$scalar_string4."\n"
$scalar_string5='\'\'\\'
print"String5:".$scalar_string5."\n"
$scalar_string6=''
print"String6:".$scalar_string6."\n"
$scalar_string7='I\'mreadingPerlProgrammingTutorial'
print"String7:".$scalar_string7."\n"
4.3.2. Double-Quoted Strings
#!/usr/bin/perl
#DoubleQuotedscalarstrings
$scalar_string1="perl"
print"String1:".$scalar_string1."\n"
$scalar_string2="#!/usr/bin/perl"
print"String2:".$scalar_string2."\n"
$scalar_string3="Perl
Programming
Tutorial"
print"String3:".$scalar_string3."\n"
$scalar_string4="Perl\n"
print"String4:".$scalar_string4."\n"
$scalar_string5="\'\'\\\""
print"String5:".$scalar_string5."\n"
$scalar_string6=""
print"String6:".$scalar_string6."\n"
#add"!"ASCIIcharacterinoctalform!=041
$scalar_string7="I\'mreadingPerlProgrammingTutorial\041"
print"String7:".$scalar_string7."\n"
#add"@"ASCIIcharacterinhexadecimalform@=40
$scalar_string8="Anyfeedbackaboutthis\uperl\uprogramming
\ututorialto:web\x40\lL\LINUXCONFIG.ORG\E"
print"String8:".$scalar_string8."\n"
4.3.3. String Operators
#!/usr/bin/perl
#ScalarstringOperators
$scalar_string1="pe"."rl"
print"String1:".$scalar_string1."\n"
$scalar_string2="PerlProgrammingTutorial"x(1+1)
print"String2:".$scalar_string2."\n"
$scalar_string3="3"."\ttabs"x3
print"String3:".$scalar_string3."\n"
$scalar_string4="Perl\x20".'Programming'."Tutorial"
print"String4:".$scalar_string4."\n"
$scalar_string5=9x5
print"String5:".$scalar_string5."\n"
4.3.4. Non-Decimal Integers
#!/usr/bin/perl
#perlbinaryinteger
$hash_binary_integer=0b10000
#perloctalinteger
$hash_octal_integer=020
#perlhexadecimalinteger
$hash_hexadecimal_integer1=0x10
$hash_hexadecimal_integer2=0x124c_78_aa
print$hash_octal_integer."\n"
print$hash_binary_integer."\n"
print$hash_hexadecimal_integer1."\n"
print$hash_hexadecimal_integer2."\n"
4.3.5. Scalar Constant Variable
#!/usr/bin/perl
$ordinary_scalar=5
$ordinary_scalar=10
print$ordinary_scalar."\n"
#perlconstantdeclaration
*SCALAR_CONSTANT=5
$SCALAR_CONSTANT=10
4.3.6. String And Numeric comparison Operators
Comparison
String
Numeric
Equal
eq
==
NotEqual
ne
!=
Lessthan
lt
<
Greaterthan
gt
>
Lessthanorequal
le
<=
Greaterthanorequal
ge
>=
#!/usr/bin/perl
#Stringcomparison
if('Perl'eq'perl'){
print"TRUE\n"
}else{
print"FALSE\n"
}
#Numericcomparison
if('2.4'!='2.6'){
print"TRUE\n"
}else{
print"FALSE\n"
}
4.4. Lists
#!/usr/bin/perl
#ListsdefinitioninPerl
print("Perl","programming","Tutorial","\n")
4.5. Arrays
4.5.1. Create and print array
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CREATEANARRAY
@perl_array1=qw(PerlProgrammingTutorial)
@perl_array2=("Perl","Programing","Tutorial","\n")
@perl_array3=(1..3)
$perl_array4[0]="Perl"
$perl_array4[1]="Programming"
$perl_array4[2]="Tutorial"
$perl_array4[50]="\n"
#ADDELEMENTSTOANARRAY
$perl_array1[3]="\n"
#PRINTARRAY
print@perl_array1
print@perl_array2
print@perl_array3
print$perl_array1[3]
print@perl_array4
#Whatindexhasalastelementofanarray
print"Lastelementofperl_array4hasindex:".$#perl_array4."\n"
4.5.2. Push and Pop Arrays
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CREATEANARRAY
@perl_array=(1..3)
#PUSHNEWELEMENTTOTHEANDOFANARRAY
push(@perl_array,"\n")
#PRINTARRAY
print@perl_array
#POPLASTELEMENTFROMANARRAY
$perl_scalar=pop(@perl_array)
print@perl_array
#PRINTNEWLINE
print$perl_scalar
4.5.3. Determine The Length of an Array
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CREATEANARRAY
@perl_array=(1..3)
$number_of_elements=@perl_array
print"\@perl_arrayhas:".$number_of_elements."elements.\n"
print"\@perl_arrayhas:".scalar(@perl_array)."elements.\n"
4.5.4. Merge and Append Arrrays
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CREATEANARRAY
@perl_array1=(".\n","easy","very")
@perl_array2=("is","Programming","Perl")
@perl_array3=(@perl_array1,@perl_array2)
#REVERSINGELEMENTS
printreverse@perl_array3
4.5.5. Sort Arrays
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CREATEANARRAY
@perl_array=(3,4,1,2)
@sorted_array1=sort@perl_array
@sorted_array2=sort{$b<=>$a}@perl_array
print"@sorted_array1\n"
print"@sorted_array2\n"
4.5.6. Delete Element from an Array
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CREATEANARRAY
@perl_array=(1,2,3,4)
#CHECKIFTHEARRAYELEMENTEXISTS
if(exists($perl_array[2])){
delete$perl_array[2]
}else{
print"Arrayelementismising!\n"
}
print@perl_array,"\n"
4.6. Hash
4.6.1. Create Hash
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CREATEHASH
%perl_hash=(
browser=>iceweasel,
#youcanalsousecommainsteadofarrowoperator
os,linux,
)
#PRINTHASHELEMENT
print"$perl_hash{'browser'}\n"
4.6.2. Add Element to a Hash
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CREATEHASH
%perl_hash=(
browser=>iceweasel,
#youcanalsousecommainsteadofarrowoperator
os,linux,
)
#PRINTHASHELEMENT
print"$perl_hash{'browser'}\n"
#ADDELEMENTSTOAHASH
%perl_hash=(%perl_hash,programming,perl)
#PRINTALLELEMENTS
printjoin("",%perl_hash)."\n"
4.6.3. Print Hash
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CREATEHASH
%perl_hash=qw(
ssh22
http80
https443
telnet23
postgres5432
)
while(($hash_key,$hash_value)=each%perl_hash){
print"$hash_keyusesport$hash_value\n"
}
4.6.4. Merging Hashes
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CREATEHASH
%perl_hash1=qw(
Debiandeb
)
%perl_hash2=qw(
RedHatrpm
)
#MERGEHASHES
%perl_hash3=(%perl_hash1,%perl_hash2)
while(($hash_key,$hash_value)=each%perl_hash3){
print"$hash_key:$hash_value\n"
}
5. Perl Regular Expressions
5.1. Regular Expressions and Special Characters
\D Matchesnondigitcharacter
\d
Matchesdigitcharacter
\E
Endcasemodification
\e
\f
Formfeed
\L
Matcheslowercaseuntil\E
escape
found
\l
Nextcharacterlowercase
\n
Newline
\r
Return
\S
Matchanonwhitespace
\s
Matchawhitespace
\t
Matchtab
character
character
\U Matchuppercaseuntil\Efound
\u
Nextcharacteruppercase
\W Matchnonword
\w Matchword
\Q Quotepatternmetacharacteruntil\Efound
5.2. Match Characters
#!/usr/bin/perl
foreach(@ARGV){
#RegexMatchlowercaseanduppercasecharacter"p"(ignoresalphabeticcase)
if(m/p/i){$p1++}
#RegexMatchlowercasecharacter"p"only
if(m/p/){$p2++}
#RegexMatchtwocharacters"ex"andignorealphabeticcase
if(m/ex/i){$ex++}
}
print"p1=$p1\np2=$p2\nex=$ex\n"
5.3. Substitution
SampleFile:perl_regex.txt
#PerlRegularExpressions#
#CharacterSubstitute#
#!/usr/bin/perl
open(FILEHANDLE,$ARGV[0])||die"Problemsopeningfile"
@file=
foreach(@file){
#Substitute"#"with"$"andworkgloballyforeachinstancefound
#NOTE:allmetcharactersneedstobuescapedwith"\"likein
#thiscase"$"isescaped"\$"tobereadliterally
#Metacharactersare:\|{[()^$*+?.
s/\#/\$/g
#Substituteuppercase"E"withlowercase"e"
s/E/e/
#Substitutefirstmatchof""with"_"
s/\s/\_/
#Substitutefirstmatchof""with"\"
#Note:Isyourchoicewhichsubstituteformyouuses///ors|||
s|\s|\\|
print
}
5.3.1. Substitution with evaluation
Incaseastringistobesubstitutedwiththeoutputofafunctioncallratherthanstatictextwecanusetheevaluation
modifier(/e)whichevaluatestherighthandsideas
code,
ratherthanastring.
#!/usr/bin/perl
my$text_eval=my$text_noeval="Hereissometexxxt.\n"
$text_noeval=~s/(xx+)/'(x^'.length($1).')'/
print"Textwithoutevaluation:".$text_noeval."\n"
$text_eval=~s/(xx+)/'(x^'.length($1).')'/e
print"Textwithevaluation:".$text_eval."\n"
linuxconfig.org:~$./subst_eval.pl
Textwithoutevaluation:Hereissomete'(x^'.length(xxx).')'t.
Textwithevaluation:Hereissomete(x^3)t.
5.4. Translation
#!/usr/bin/perl
$string="uSeREgularExpressionclaSSesTOtRanslatEFroMupPErcasetOlOwERcaSe
chArActErs"
#Useperltoconvertstringcharactersfromuppercasetolowercase
$string=~tr/AZ/az/
print"$string\n"
#Useperltoconvertstringcharactersfromlowercasetouppercase
$string=~tr/az/AZ/
print"$string\n"
5.5. Classes
A
regularexpressionsurroundedinsquarebracketsiscalleda
characterclass
whichmatchesanysinglecharacter
describedbytheregularexpression.
#!/usr/bin/perl
foreach(@ARGV){
#Substituteallcharacters"except^"uppercasecharactersandcharacter"e"with"#"
s/[^AZe]/\#/g
}
print
print"\n"
5.6. Quantifiers
#!/usr/bin/perl
@array1=@ARGV
@array2=@ARGV
print"\@array1="
foreach(@array1){
#Substituteatleast3"s"characters
s/s{3,}/SS/g
print
}
print"\n\@array2="
foreach(@array2){
#Substituteoneormore"s"characters
s/s+/S/g
print
}
print"\n"
5.7. Assertion
#!/usr/bin/perl
foreach(@ARGV){
#Substitutecharacter"a"andtheendofthestringwith"$"
s/a$/\$/g
#Substitutecharacter"a"andthebeginningofthestringwith"^"
s/^a/\^/g
print
}
print"\n"
5.8. Multiple Match
#!/usr/bin/perl
#/gmatchglobally
$text="WewanttoimproveyourPerlRegularExpressionsskills."
print"NumberofSubstitutionsmade:".($text=~s/e/E/)
print"\n$text\n"
$text="WewanttoimproveyourPerlRegularExpressionsskills."
print"NumberofSubstitutionsmade:".($text=~s/e/E/g)
print"\n$text\n"
5.9. Regular Expression Extention
(?=)
MatchesIfwouldmatchnext
(?!)
MatchesIfwouldNOTmatchnext
(?<=) MatchesIfwouldmatchjustbefore
(?)
MatchesIfwouldNOTmatchjust
before
(?#)
=Comment
#!/usr/bin/perl
$_="WewantyoutoimproveyourPerlRegularExpressionsskills."
#Replacespacewith"#"ifitisfollowedby"to"
s/\s(?=to)/#/g
print"$_\n"
#Replacespacewith"_"ifitisNOTfollowedby"s"
s/\s(?!s)/_/g
print"$_\n"
5.10. Grouping
#!/usr/bin/perl
$a=$ARGV[0]
if($a=~/(.*)@(.*)\.(.*)/){
print"$1\n$2\n$3\n"
}
6. Perl Subroutines
6.1. Create Simple Perl Subroutine
#!/usr/bin/perl
#Letscreatesubroutinewhichwecanusetocheckforpresenceofnumberinthestring.
#Nameofthesubroutineisnumbers_in_string
subnumbers_in_string
{
if($mystring=~/[09]/){
print"Suppliedstringcontainsnumbers!\n"
}else{
print"SuppliedstringdoesNOTcontainnumbers!\n"
}
}
#declareglobalscopevariablewhichmeansthatthisvariablecanbeaccessedfrom
anywhereinthiscode.
$mystring="numberone"
#perlsubroutinecalls
numbers_in_string
$mystring="number1"
#perlsubroutinecalls
numbers_in_string
numbers_in_string($mystring)
6.2. Pass and Return Values
#!/usr/bin/perl
subperl_addition{
#allvariablepassedtotheperlsubroutinesarestoredinspecial@_variable
($number1,$number2)=@_
#returntheresult
return$number1+$number2
}
#printresultbycallingperl_addition()subroutine
print"Number1+Number2=".perl_addition(4,2)."\n"
7. Perl operators
7.1. Precedence of Perl operators
Operators
Associativity
ParenthesesandListoperators
left
>
left
++
n/a
**
Right
!~\unary+unary
left
=~!~
left
*/%x
left
+.
left
<<>>
left
Namedunaryoperatorsandfiletest
n/a
operators
<><+>+ltgtlege
n/a
==!=<=>eqnecmp
n/a
&
left
|^
left
&&
left
||
left
.....
n/a
?:
right
=+=+*=
right
,=>
left
RightwardListoperators
n/a
not
right
and
left
orxor
left
#!/usr/bin/perl
print1+2*3+4."\n"
print((1+2)*(3+4))
print"\n"
#Printasafunctionoroperator
print((5+5)*5)print"\n"
print(5+5)*5print"\n"
#Useunary+operatortotellperl
#thatwearenotmakingprint()functioncall
#butratherusingparenthesesasaprecedence
print+(5+5)*5print"\n"
7.2. Arrow operator
#!/usr/bin/perl
$perl_hash{browser}=iceweasel
$perl_hash_reference=\%perl_hash
print$perl_hash_reference>{browser}."\n"
7.3. Increment and Decrement operators
#!/usr/bin/perl
$perl_scalar1=1
$perl_scalar2=2
$perl_scalar3='p'
$perl_scalar4='PERL'
print$perl_scalar1++.","
print$perl_scalar1.","
print++$perl_scalar3.","
print++$perl_scalar4."\n"
8. Loops
8.1. Perl for loop
#!/usr/bin/perl
#Definitionofperlforloop
for($for_loop=0$for_loop<=4$for_loop++){
print"forloopvalueis:".$for_loop."\n"
}
8.2. Perl while loop
#!/usr/bin/perl
#
$while_loop=5
#Definitionofperlwhileloop
while($while_loop>=0){
print"whileloopvalueis:".$while_loop."\n"
$while_loop
}
8.3. Perl until loop
#!/usr/bin/perl
#
$until_loop=5
#Definitionofperluntilloop
until($until_loop==0){
print"untilloopvalueis:".$until_loop."\n"
$until_loop
}
8.4. Perl foreach loop
#!/usr/bin/perl
#Declarearray
@foreach_loop=("Tutorial\n","Scripting","Perl")
foreach$count(reverse@foreach_loop){
print$count
}
9. Getting User Input
#!/usr/bin/perl
#gettinguserinput
$user_input=#alsopossibletousejust(<>)
print$user_input
#clearuserinputandremovenewlinecharacter
chomp($user_input)
print$user_input.""
[[Image:perl_user_input.gif]]
9.1. Reading Command Line Arguments
#!/usr/bin/perl
#readingcommandlineargumentswithperl
#@ARGVisPerlbuildinarraywhich
#containsallargumentspassedduringcommandlineexecution
printjoin("",@ARGV)
print"\n".$ARGV[0].$ARGV[1].$ARGV[2].$ARGV[3].$ARGV[4].$ARGV[5]."\n"
10. File Handling
10.1. Read File Passed from the Command line
#!/usr/bin/perl
#readallfilespassedbycommandlineasaarguments.
while(<>){
print
}
10.2. Open File for Read and Write
#!/usr/bin/perl
#CreatefilehandleforwritecalledWFILEHANDLEforfileperl.txt
#ifthefiledoesnotexistsitwillbecreated.
open(WFILEHANDLE,">perl.txt")ordie("Cannotopenperl.txt.\n")
#Insertdatatoperl.txt
printWFILEHANDLE"PerlProgrammingTutorial"
#Closefilehandle.
close(WFILEHANDLE)
#CreatefilehandleforreadcalledRFILEHANDLEforfileperl.txt
open(RFILEHANDLE,"
#readfileandprintto
while(){
print
}
print"\n"
10.3. Determine Number of Lines in a File
#!/usr/bin/perl
open(FILEHANDLE,$ARGV[0])ordie("Couldnotopenagivenfile")
@lines=
print"NumberofLinesinthefile:".scalar(@lines)."\n"
#PerlcanPrintparticularlinefromthefile
print"Linenumber23:".$lines[22]."/n"
10.4. Determine Number of Characters in a File
#!/usr/bin/perl
open(FILEHANDLE,$ARGV[0])ordie("Couldnotopenagivenfile")
my$input=0
while(defined($char=getcFILEHANDLE)){
$input++
}
print"Numberofcharacters:".$input."\n"
closeFILEHANDLE
10.5. Seek position within a File
#!/usr/bin/perl
#seekishelpfulperlfunction,especiallywithhugefiles,wheresequentialaccess
#maybetimeconsumingandmayrequirelotsofprocessingpower.Seekprovidesquick
randomaccess.
#0setthenewpositioninbytestoPOSITION
#1setthecurrentpositionplusPOSITION
#2setthenewpositionEOFplusPOSITION(oftennegative)
#useseekfunctiontosetposition20000bytes
open(FILEHANDLE,$ARGV[0])ordie("Couldnotopenagivenfile!!")
seekFILEHANDLE,20000,0
#useperltellfunctiontocheckfileposition.
printtellFILEHANDLE
print">seekFILEHANDLE,20000,0\n"
#Addanother36bytes
seekFILEHANDLE,36,1
printtellFILEHANDLE
print">seekFILEHANDLE,36,1\n"
#Returnpositiontobyte10
seekFILEHANDLE,10,0
printtellFILEHANDLE
print">seekFILEHANDLE,10,0\n"
#Setpositiontotheendofthefile(eof)
seekFILEHANDLE,0,2
printtellFILEHANDLE
print">seekFILEHANDLE,0,2\n"
closeFILEHANDLE
11. Simple Perl Arithmetics
#!/usr/bin/perl
#perladdition
$addition=5+5.3
print"PerlAddition:\n5+5=".$addition."\n"
#perlsubtraction
$subtraction=10023
print"PerlSubtraction:\n10023=".$subtraction."\n"
#perlmultiplication
$multiplication=3*9
print"PerlMultiplication:\n3x9=".$multiplication."\n"
#perldivision
$division=45/5
print"PerlDivision:\n45:5=".$division."\n"
#perlmodulus
$modulus=10%3
print"PerlModulus:\n10%3=".$modulus."\n"
#perlexponential
$exponential=3**4
print"PerlExponential:\n3**4=".$exponential."\n"
12. Perl Octal, Hexadecimal,
And Decimal Conversions
#!/usr/bin/perl
print"\n"
#perlbintodec
#PERLCONVERSIONFROMBINARYTODECIMAL
$decimal_number=0b10010110
print"Binarynumber10010110is".$decimal_number."indecimal.\n"
#perldectobin
#PERLCONVERSIONFROMDECIMALTOBINARY
$decimal_number=23451
$binary_number=unpack("B32",pack("N",$decimal_number))
print"Decimalnumber".$decimal_number."is".$binary_number.
"inbinary.\n\n"
#perlocttodec
#PERLCONVERSIONFROMOCTALTODECIMAL
$octal_number=224
$decimal_number=oct($octal_number)
print"Octalnumber".$octal_number."is".$decimal_number."
indecimal.\n"
#perldectooct
#PERLCONVERSIONFROMDECIMALTOOCTAL
$decimal_number=8
$octal_number=sprintf("%o",$decimal_number)
print"Decimalnumber".$decimal_number."is".$octal_number."
inoctal.\n\n"
#perlhextodec
#PERLCONVERSIONFROMHEXADECIMALTODECIMAL
$hexadecimal_number="F1"
$decimal_number=hex($hexadecimal_number)
print"Hexadecimalnumber".$hexadecimal_number."is".
$decimal_number."indecimal.\n"
#perldectohex
#PERLCONVERSIONFROMDECIMALTOHEXADECIMAL
$decimal_number=333
$hexadecimal_number=sprintf("%x",$decimal_number)
print"Decimalnumber".$decimal_number."is".
$hexadecimal_number."inhexadecimal.\n\n"
13. Create Perl Package
Hereisanexampleofsimpleperlpackage:perl_package.pm
#DECLAREPERLPACKAGE
packageperl_package
BEGIN{
#INITIALIZATIONCODE
#DEFINEPERLPACKAGE
subpackage_subroutine{
print"HellofromPerlPackage.\n"
}
#TOINDICATETHATPACKAGELOADSOK
return1
END{
#CLEANUPCODE
}
Withthefollowingscriptwecancallpackagesubroutine"package_subroutine":test_package.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
useperl_package
perl_package::package_subroutine()
14. Databases connections
14.1. Perl MySQL database connection
#!/usr/bin/perl
#
useMysql
$mysql_host="perl_box"
$mysql_database="perl_connect"
$mysql_user="perl_programmer"
$mysql_password="perl"
$perl_mysql_connect=Mysql>connect($mysql_host,$mysql_database,
$mysql_user,$mysql_password)
if($perl_mysql_connect){
print"PerlhavecreatedconnectiontoMySQLdatabase!\n"
}else{
print"PerlcouldnotcreateconnectiontoMySQLdatabase!\n"
}
14.2. Perl PostgreSQL database connection
#!/usr/bin/perl
#loadperlpostgresqlmodule
useDBI
$postgresql_database=perl_connect
$postgresql_user=perl_programmer
$postgresql_password=perl
$postgresql_host=perl_box
#connecttoperltopostgresqldatabase
my$perl_postgresql=
DBI>connect("DBI:Pg:dbname=$postgresql_databasehost=$postgresql_host",
"$postgresql_user","$postgresql_password")
if($perl_postgresql){
print"PerlestablishedconnectiontoPostgreSQLdatabase\n"
}
15. Object Oriented Perl
TherearemanymaterialsfocussedonobjectorientedPerlfromtheintroductoryPerlBoottothemorecomprehensive
PerlToot.Inthissectionaretopicsorviewpointswhichcouldn'tbefoundelsewhere.
15.1. Template of get/set methods
Belowisanexampleofascriptusinganobjectwithtwopiecesofdatawithamethodtoset/geteachone:varNameand
varAge.
linuxconfig:~/learn_perl/oo$$cattest.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
usestrict
usewarnings
usePerson
my$p=Person>new()
$p>varName('Anna')
$p>varAge(30)
print$p>varName."is".$p>varAge."yearsold.\n"
Runningthisfunctionbehavesasexpected:
linuxconfig:~/learn_perl/oo$./test.pl
Annais30yearsold.
Theobviousimplementationofthisobjectwouldbeasfollows:
linuxconfig:~/learn_perl/oo$catPerson.pm
packagePerson
usestrict
usewarnings
subnew
{
my$class=shift
my$self={}bless($self,$class)
return$self
}
subvarName
{
my($self,$name)=@_
if(defined($name)){
$self>{NAME}=$name
}
return$self>{NAME}
}
subvarAge
{
my($self,$age)=@_
if(defined($age)){
$self>{AGE}=$age
}
return$self>{AGE}
}
1
ThemainthingtoobserveinthecodeaboveisthatthevarNameandvarAgeareidenticalinfunctionality.Intheexample
below,weimplementbothofthesemethodsusingasinglefunctiontemplate.
linuxconfig:~/learn_perl/oo$catPerson.pm
packagePerson
usestrict
usewarnings
subnew
{
my$class=shift
my$self={}bless($self,$class)
return$self
}
my@vars=qw(NameAge)
foreachmy$var(@vars){
nostrict'refs'#permitthesymbolicreferencestovarName,varAge
*{"var".$var}=
sub
{
my($self,$stuff)=@_
if(defined($stuff)){
$self>{uc($var)}=$stuff#changeNametoNAME
}
return$self>{uc($var)}
}
}
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