Constant Force Spring Design GuideWULCAN The Company to Rely on... Vulcan Spring & Mfg. Co., founded in 1967. is dedicated, not only to manufacturing the finest possible custom made parts, but to making sure that each customer's specific desires are fully realized in the final product. To implement this policy, we at Vulcan offer to our customers the services of a fully integrated, financially sound manufacturing organization, specializing in the design and production of constant force springs and related products. The pullbox, conpower reel. stampings, printed steel springs, spring assemblies and printed plastic scrolls are all manufactured in our Telford, Pennsylvania, factory. Vulcan is equipped with a complete tool and die department capable of making all the dies, fixtures and machines required by our production departments. We also produce prototypes for customers’ products and have the ability to provide assemblies and obtain extrusions and molded parts. Our theory is that, since many of our customers may have engineering departments that have never worked with constant force springs, itis only logical that if we can provide them with a workable starting point for their product. their entire design project will be much easier for them to complete. Constant Force Springs Since the introduction of constant force springs to industry, design engineers have been using these Components to solve problems requiring a constant force or torque. Every constant force spring is produced to provide a specitic force which is exerted through the entire extension of the spring. The force is constant as long as the radius remains constant. In longer springs, this change in radius, due to diameter build-up, causes the spring to increase in force slightly ast is extended, Constant force springs deliver more force per pound of material than gravity devices. Variable Force Springs In some applications, itis desirable for the spring to have fess force as it is extended, while in others tis preferable to have more force. A spring that produces, less force while being extended is said to have a negative gradient. Negative gradients of as much as 25% are possible. A spring that produces more force as itis extended has a positive gradient. Positive gradients of 600% are possible. Our computer controlled machines allow us to manufacture springs with the variable forces required to meet the needs of your application Materials Several materials are used to make constant force springs. These include stainless steel, high carbon steel, Inconel, plastic and others as they are required. CONFORCE, CONTORQUE, PULLBOX ane ~ Type 301 Stainless Stee! has proven to be superior for consistent quality, life, availability, stress retention and lowest praduct cost Testing and Inspection Inspection procedures are critical. It is important that the customer and Vulcan agree on both the method and equipment to be used in testing the force of these springs. Our test fixtures are designed to accurately ‘measure the force of the spring. Our SPC program monitors critical characteristics during production to insure consistent quality of our products. All of our testing instruments are periodically calibrated, using weights and gage blocks traceable to the National Bureau of Standards. Note: 1. Type 301 Stainless Steel, in its hardened condition, is magnetic. 2, Passivation is not required or recommended. Normal Force Test Procedure A The force is usually measured at 1/2 the full extension length. © The spring is cycled across the test length at least, three times. G The spring is then extended to the test length and locked to provide a nominal force reading that is, neither extending nor retracting Normal tolerances are + 10% in both force and diameter, {are trademarks of he Vulean Spring & Mig, Ca.Ow d ¥ Contoree Spring Contorque Spring Select the material Estimate the life Establish the force - Determine the space Calculate the total length Select the end detail Consider the environment “A! = Minimum extension needed to achieve rated force = 0.0. Beginning of rated force. The following parameters affect the design: life, torce, space available, environment, length and operating temperature. Other factors which may be uniquo to a particular application should be revealed to your Vulcan engineer so they can all be considered in the final design. In the following pages, Vulcan has pre- engineered many designs into tabular form ta simplity the task of the design engineer. Those tables should be used only as a guide. THEY ARE NOT A LISTING OF STOCK SPRINGS. A Vulcan engineer should be consulted early in any spring design. As a spring spocialist he can guide you into standard sizes of steel, and he can indicate our Unique manutacturing capabilities that ultimately result in a botter spring design at the lowest cost. Due to variables in the raw materials, a tolerance of £ 104% in both force and diameter is required Twin Spring Assembly Variable Force Spring 1, Select the Material — Most of Vulcan's work is done. In Type 301 stainless steol to produce the best part at the lowest cost. High-carbon steel, Inconel and other materials are suggested when they are required, 2. Estimate the Life — This is important, since the lite of the constant force spring is very predictable. A lite cycle is an extension and retraction of either the whole spring or any portion of it. A low estimate of the life will lead to early failure. A high estimate (the ‘more common error) makes the spring larger and more expensive than is necessary 3. Establish the Force — The force of the spring should be equal to the requirement of the application. The normal tolerance for a constant force spring is + 10%, 4. Determine the Space — For any force value there are several malerial thickness and width combinations that can be used. The natural coil diameter is dependent upon the thickness, life, and force required. A constant force spring does not extend tangent to the coiled body of the spring. To allow the spring to operate properly, a minimum distance of 8 XD. is required, (See diagram.) 5. Calculate the Total Length — Allow for at least 1-1/2, turns to remain when the spring is fully extended 6, Select the End Detail — Vulcan has many standard dies. The drawings on Pages 4 and § show some that are available. Special end designs may be obtained for a nominal charge. 7. Consider the Environment — Corrasive atmospheres or extreme temperatures will affect spring life and material selection. 8. Specity the Desired Vulcan Spring: a, Indicated the letter from the selected life table b. Specify the thickness of the spring in mils cc. Indicate the width of the spring (use letter code) 4. Specify the length of the spring in inches Example: Conforce Spring #J12G21 specifies Type 301 stainiass steel, 8,000 cycles, 012" thick, 172 wide, 21° long, producing a force of 3.42 pounds, with 91.05" 1D.CONFORCE SPRING DESIGN GUIDES CONFORCE DESIGN GUIDE H__ sprINGLiFe = 4,000 cycLes MOUNTING AND ol PTElSFTST2TFlP TRIS )elyl)Y END DIMENSIONS wim te [Ale tats [mim] 2 13 | a To FORGE F oa || a] eS 1 wo fats] | a fuslia| | [:oos | 27 | 77 | ‘96 | as | tse | 192 | 200 008 | “aa | 96 | 120 | tae | 192 | 240 | 258 | ane cos | at | ars | sae | 175 | 230 | 20 | 34s | asi | 576 cos] ss'| 154 | 192°| 231 | sor | seq | as: | esa” | 768 Foro | se | 1s2 | 240 | 205 | aps | 400 | 576 | 708 | 950 | 2 | a zee | sas | asi | o76 | so: | oar | 115 382 | [ore | 108 esa | ros | 921 | 12a | 154 ‘350 | 442 | [ore | ize 63 | toa | faa | 173 sas | 407 ozo | 135 ng | tea [v2 a8 | 553 oo [148 reo | 2 a1 | co8 [oes | 162, [ee 57] 6a NOT AVAILABLE t a1_| 20a I sez [ws | ors | esr “ORCE DESIGNGUIDE J —_ SPRING LIFE = 8,000 cycles E]F]TS)s])X])P]R]S)uUTY)W wile lela lal s | mimi] e ls |e =] Sa rn | ae | ita | 443 | 474 9 | ior | 14a | 170 | 218 | ape tor | 128 | 171 | axa | 257 | sae | aaa 1as_[ 171 | 226 | 285 | aa2 | as | 570 17a] 214 | 205 | asc | «ze | a70 | 7.19 an | 257 | 342 51s | saa | 55 | 299 | 309 599 | 798 | 998 456 bee [aie | ne 770_| 103_|-128 | ass [na | 143 Tia xa7_| 308 160 | 239 | 303 saz | ara | sar 208 | 308 | a0 zee | ong | aaa mn fF Sos enact sae 7 oes Wor AvaicaaLE —} rs 1 on [ari ze | sa | s30 | 671 e130 arts CONFORCE DESIGN GUIDE K _spRING LIFE = 12,000 cycLes ia eee Sle TEE lS 2S) files) ee) ulm le | alata) i i[mim|2}sl a 0 FORGE [nora a a eae st oo fat] 32 | ao | ae | es | a f- 3/6%=1-1/4" =| boos | “a [aa] sa] 6s | 26 | 100 | 125 Soars 1 oo [st | 54] 08 | 81 | 105 | 195 | 102 | 218 ons | 62 | ese: | or | 120] 16 | 100 | 260 | ane ' Foro | soa. | 100 [tae | sor | 215 eas. | B60 = ove [122 | 320 | re | 194 | 268 tag | 765 196) Foie | ise | aa sag | 208 | 275. 18 | 13s 155 | 202 4 [020 | 205 | [arz | 258] sax" [:o22 | 226 | 189, ate 025 | 250 | as 20 sort nor AVAILAdLE on [ane 1 zoo | 267 El ‘Symbols used in Design Guide: = material thickness inches) 1D = call dlamele (imehes)= 10% material win inches)» = foree (pounds) (Worma oree tolerance = 10%)AISI TYPE 301 STAINLESS STEEL CONFORCE DESIGNGUIDE L_ SPRING LIFE = 25,000 cycLes re w|i telat ele] i | mim] 2 | 3 MOUNTING AND END DIMENSIONS | ~_ 7 ‘003 [a1 19 [28 [28 [a8 [aoe | ss_[—26 [a2 [an | ss Sse ‘005 | 60 | “a2 [40] a0 | 6a coos | ‘as [36 | ae | 57 [77 ‘008 | 10st rr] 12 | a ‘10 | 138 | 68 96 [128 [ae | si2 = ‘or 165 [77 nas | 139 [aso | cetera |_| ‘ove | 19a 138 | 179) sa7_| 716 | 107 | iaa 12 | aie | 122 | tea 69 | 916 | 138 | 194 za5_| 102 |_152 | 204 a2 [2 [vee | 204 ess [128 [191 | 255 na [158 | 2a7 | ans IGNGuIDE Ms sprRINGLIFE = 50,000 cycies c % = w]e Baefeerachas ie za | rt 3 [a0 | a 2 26 | as | af | be 2m 4a | 54 | 65 f 375° “38 so [|r F ; as Test 09 es sa ‘or [jos [11 Soe | 128 [ss 4.16 ads 174 3-/t-F alias cee fo a '9.328" ale = #80 t jt CONFORCE DESIGNGUIDE N__spRINGLIFE = 100,000 cyctes eer o>) PLETE SlTelelPrlelsyy wile {[e]%lali lami] 2 — FORCE P + ayy ais > raz -| ec| ln 7 se [9 we] a0 ors Tae aoe ep | [8 ae fe =p 4 _16 | 20 32 | 29, 63. eo Seal cs se [ os o [a0 ats 53 | “8 iss [se a0. | 1 32 ss 26 | 33 tset— a ra far fee bor [ast | 858 a tae | 210 | 262 | ase | soa | 672 a 750" i 4.18 yaa | 236 37a | sea | 755 | %218" Gal eeclegecl Bio 26s a20[ese | 800 LL - ea | 250 see feor | 02 | er Te o el [sae | soe | say [ras os] 7 VAIBLE == - apfest berm | tao i Gesign Goh) | mate hiknas ches) 1D cal material with inches) P= foree (pounds) (Worm tores tolerance + 10%)CONSTANT FORCE EXTENSION SPRINGS MOUNTING METHODS Single Mounting SPOOL—The normal method CAVITY—Low cost, but friction is a limiting factor. Multiple Mounting—Force is the sum of two or more springs NOT RECOMMENDED: (1) Idler pulleys should not be used because life is LAMINAR-Offers sum of forces in a limited space. reduced by as much as 2/3 at each pulley. (2) Backbending destroys a constant force spring, NOTE—No torque may be obtained from the storage spool ofthe spring. 7 a F&F eo OL SVS a. a & ~~ Looped and Welded Eng Bend Lance Eyelet or Rivet|. Select the Material — Type 201 stainless steel is preferred. (Special materials are required if current is to be carried through the spring.) .. Establish the Force — The force of the spring should be equal to the spring force required to obtain the desired brush pressure. Normal spring tolerance Is = 10%. |. Determine the Space — For any given force there aro several combinations of spring thickness and width that ean be used. Select the one that best fits the space. |. Calculate the Spring Length — Include two full turns. ‘extra when the spring is fully extended, based on the length of the brush when new. 5. Choose the Configuration that fits your application best. 4a, Straight extensian springs—A single spring. b. Laminated springs—Two or More springs, interwound, This allows an increased load in a small space ©. Twin coll springs—For maximum brush length and double the load of a single spring. This form allows maximum commutator diameter in a minimum overall motor diameter. 6. Allow Clearance for Spring Cross-curvature which varies with Spring Width. Start at Ten Times the ‘Thickness of the spring. See Gratic below. Constant pressure for the life of the brush a. Eliminates pressure adjustment b. Increases brush lite ©. Reduces electrical wear 2. Compact design’ a. Allows longer brushes b. Permits a smaller motor 0.0. ©. Allows larger commutators CONFORCE DESIGN GUIDE B__ SPRING LIFE = 3,000 CYCLES (Single Coil) >Tl=lTS)> ELF eS als alm i[aiels |e la la 7 To FORCE F Q [> a wr re [2] Rerenence onuy t [oe 12 [21 [a2 | as | a3 [a | Gace, [exes | 16 [27-40 | 3 ar | 80" ’ 0a [19 | 2[ as] 64 | 00 | 06 | 728) coos [22 [a7 [ss | 78 | 93 | a2 | 100 [oos [as aa sa | a6 [aor | ze | izs | ara | Y rooas | 28] 48 | 72 | 90 [120 | nae | 192 | 240. Vy) a baer pa Here Cie fas [as yn 008 | 38 = [428 | 160] 182 | 286 | 220 VA Nts 008 | 51 11 | 213 | 256 | oat | 426 “4 ae y ‘o10_| 64 [eis [266 [320 [426 [saa [890 dl Z| ‘oi [a7 256 | a20 | aes | 512 | ose | er < CONFORCE DESIGNGUIDE T = SPRINGLIFE = 3,000 cycLEs (Twin Coil) ALBIS Ele Lala] iguaetiwis oe a_| (Seencte 6 above) 7 (a) FORCE P So G por [| a ays 02 [12 as 78 Zepet ets 2 O40 003 [19 Be 192 ES ns oe PIMOUNTING moss |. 22 re az Nothecommendes | ooss |-28 [ae Pee [200 Peas 2 zi3_[ 266. | 920 [3s E zat | 293 | 352 8] [| pee feo Pa8e 51 aa [az [ox ‘Symbols used in Design Guide: 1S materal thickness (inches) ‘b= matedal width (inches) = col diameter inches) + 10% P = force (pounds) {Normal force tolerance + 10%) Ds O’7 mo We Variable Force Slot Closer 1. Production Facilities include: 2. Laminating b. Assembly onto spools . Riveting J. Spot welding ©. Ink Jet Printing Silk Screening (Printing) 9. Stampings 2. Part Identification—Available when requirad: 2. Color coding b. Electro Chemical Etching . Die Stamping d. Imprinting Power Spring Reels Special Packaging Automatic Production Controls and Equipment Complete tooling manufacturing facilities Surface Coatings & Laminates Prototype capabilitios SPC reports available Certifications as required 10. Design consultation ‘These facilities enable us to design and build our own tools and machines and allow more flexibility for the Vulean customer. Design engineers are continually finding more ways to Use printed constant force and constant torque springs in their projects. This is primarily because these springs provide a very accurate, dependable, and economical form of digital readout or other visual indication. A simple concept utilizes the motor form of the spring to read out as well as to provide tension on a cord attached to the moving object At Vulcan we have complete temperature and humidity controlled facilities for surface coatings. A partial listing includes ‘A. Adhesive-backed laminates 8. Painting CC. Dry film lubricants D. Oiling a Printed Springs Spring with LaminateA constant torque spring is made up of a specially stressed constant force spring traveling between two spools. The spring is stored on a storage spool and ‘wound reverse to its natural curvature on an output spool. When released, torque is obtained from the ‘output spool as the spring returns to its natural ‘ourvature on the storage spool. No useful torque may be oblained from the storage spool ‘The torque produced by a constant torque spring can be constant over the entire retraction of the spring. The springs may also be designed to produce a negative or a positive gradient. These unique features make this, spring-form desirable for many applications, including counterbalances, clack motors, self-energizing position indicators, cord or cable retractors, and mechanical drives. Up to seventy or more useful output turns Aconstant output torque Output torque with a negative or positive gradient A very smooth rolling operation Single Spring Motor Torque Life requirement Space available Number of output tums required Speed of operation Environmental conditions ‘The following parameters determine the design material, width, thickness, length. spool diameters, and the natural diameter of the spring. Vulcan has pre- engineered much of the above in tabular form to simplity the task of the design engineer. THESE ‘TABLES SHOULD BE USED ONLY AS A GUIDE A Vulcan engineer should be consulted early in any constant torque design. As a spring specialist, he can guide you into standard sizes of steel, and can indicate ur unique manufacturing capabilities that ultimately result in a better spring design at the lowest cost. 5. Select the End Detail — Mou Select the Material — Most of Vulcan's contorque springs are made from Type 301 stainless steel, since it does the best job at the lowest cost. High carbon steel, and other materials are suggested when they are required. Estimate the Life — This is important, since the life of a constant tarque spring is very predictable. A low estimate will lead to early failure. A high estimate (the more common error) makes the spring larger land more expensive than is necessary. In calculating life, it should be noted that a cycle is a complete transfer for any part of the spring material, from the ‘curvature of the storage spool to the curvature of the ‘ouiput spool and back, Establish the Torque — The output of the spring should be the torque required to drive the mechanism, plus a governor, in the application. The normal torque tolerance for a constant torque spring is = 10%. Determine the Space — For many torque values there is a material thickness and a width combination in our design guide table. The natural coil diameter (.D}) is dependent on the thickness, life and torque required of the spring, and varies + 10%. The tables are only a guide. Please check with our engineers for values other than the listed data 3. Calculate the Total Length — Allow at least 1 1/2 turns to remain on the storage spool when the spring is fully wound, and 1 1/2 turns to remain on the ‘output spool when the spring is unwound, The formula for determining length (L) is as follows: L=xN(Do+Nt) + 1000 The above formula takes into account: diameter buildup, number of revolutions (N), thickness of ‘material (t) and output spool diameter (Do). ng methods vary greatly with each application. Vulcan has many standard dies. Drawings on pages 10 and 11 show some that are available. Special end designs may be obtained for a nominal charge / Calculate the Minimum Spool Spacing — The Gistance between spool centers (dimension “S") ‘must be greater than the radius of the spring when fully wound on the storage spool, plus the radius of the spring when fully wound on the output spo! Note: The following guides are a nominal design. The output spool may be altered to accommodate specific requirements, A Vulcan ‘engineer should be consulted if alterations are required ‘Specify the Desired Vulcan Spring: a, Indicate the letter from the selected life table b. Specify the spring thickness in mils ¢. Indicate the spring width (Use column letter code) 4. Specify the desired length in inches Example: Contorque Spring #V5D46 specilies Type 301 stainless steel, 4,000 cycle, 005" thick, 1/4" wide, and 46" long. producing a torque of ,62 inch-pounds for 12 output turns, when mounted on a 58" diamater storage spool and a 1.01" diameter output spool.Géntorque Design Diagram CONTORQUE SPRING DESIGN GUIDES he ‘Single Contoraue Motor Assembly Ag “-_) Multiple Contoraue Motor Assembly CONTORQUE DESIGN GUIDE V SPRING LIFE = 4,000 cycLes MOUNTING AND le lelelelslalsxlt sles END DIMENSIONS fe Lh | se x14 Law| wm] 2 Te "TORQUE M— neh Pounds fee [ea [20-2 [ar wpa] ar oos| 0} a5 for | [— 2s [as as | ar | EF oo [at] ar | ot a2 | ~s0-|—e7 | a9 | 100 101 es [78 | ioe] 130 | 186 422 oe] ita | 150 [tas [225 as ie 66 [200 | 286 | 300 | a00 ees | 60a 202 | aia | ar [321 [025 ‘oa | 125 243 ‘00 | 780] 800. 150] 180 2a 5 tor [ae zoa_| 245 | 27 b a6 Peo [267 | seo | 27 » [lowe | 82 [210] 6s so [405] 640 9906" | oo {20s | 295 | 0s, - — 217 | 800 | 667 ‘a2 | 220 [soa }e0s-teor 100" boas | ass esi _[ ret] toe rl | fi Fae CARE = ee eeeess " oa_P ara [361] 626 T 120| 160) T CONTORQUE DESIGN GUIDE _W 8,000 cycLes elelo P]R] S| o we | 1 | wml a] 2 3ff—-1-1/6 iD | bs [Do de a aioe 1 30 | 12} a6 i al a | 2 a6] 39 | 4a wf | n | “sa ase] S10 : “is ase | 65 | 678 o.196" 131 ror | sea | 108 | 14% 1s faz [127 | 189 | 20a 133 tae_[ 173 | oa | 277 210 Yar] 226 | ers | a8 236 | zo | 206 | 43 | 45H a4. 262 203 | 363 | 424 | 505 3as| 288 ar | sia] 6B4 “ae z = js [os | aa [ous a INor AVaiLaohe Sat oi | 06 [eer | axe soo | 135 Symbols used in Design Guide: t = material hickness{inches) 10 = ool diameter (inches) 10% material with(inenes) Do = output spool Samete (inches) 10 distance between sp00l aes Ds = storage spool dlameter (inches)AISI TYPE 301 STAINLESS STEEL CONTORQUE DESIGN GUIDE X _SPRINGLIFE = 12,000 cycies > Tele Teles yal &]?)®)S] ©] MOUNTING AND mila) eta | eis |e | tla 1%) 2 | en pIMeNsions To Be ‘TOROUE W— Inch Pounds aoe ar aS] 35 | 08 "3 Loos | a fon | sa | ta 2] 2 [Pooe ia [ya [as [2 a | | 76 | [00s ts [30°] a0 | a0 73 [so | v9 | 30 | we tes {| sr | sta | aaa | 170 | 220 | ge ioe 126 208 | 280 | aca | 404 | 506 | 08 R078" Foto ats | 990 | a7 [eae | 700 | aaa | ie] — Garcey ore ass | seo | ase | vo | tsa | 137 | 182 rota | [ra | 9ze | tee | 165 | i00 | 24a O16 ee tas [ea] 202 | aaa | Sea a0 O18 zos | ase | sor | ato 020 p | 2sa | 316 | 379 | sos 375" es 22 ai | ase | er 025 | 494 | 503 | 790 rs [zs ayaa == fast 31 1 gua | vet CONTORQUE DESIGN GUIDE Y _ SPRING LIFE = 25,000 cycles cy. a] Ss] 0 bP | vs Ya 1% | 1% 2 a a [ioos [ee [os [428 }os | at . “to ee | a5 [tes | ta | to z Fos | oa] tas | 205-22 | 20. 320 : [00s [zs | ta | ar 2 i72 | 2i8 [-oos|184_| 129 | a2 460 O10 ant 718 | 987 ox ana to3 | 138 ora 375 Seer] sar | ts7 | 148 | tee O18 t22'| 169 | toa | 24s 18 i we [iss [ tea | 22a ] 310 ay [an [are | ase a 181 [ 200 | 207 | 339 ‘za [asa | 520 | 900 = nao | sa5 | 463 2s] 614 | sat] 109 | - : [ara | aos | se [= NOT AAICRaLE an, va ‘ost Les? [rs3 | 127 f eo | 620 = 50,000 cyctes 71.8 | tm | | 2 iz -ye-d al 176 | 238 | 208 | as7 | aro [are | aes | 850 | 744 “a = 335 [402 | sas | 670 | 804 | 107 =s 735 ase { 527 | 729 [911 | 109 | 46 ‘a7 - ~ [rsa fase | 119 | 143 | 180 ms Par ff Fee iar | ts | ter | aes m2 14a] 186 ] 222 | 208 Poze Pas 2a - zs | 270 | 360 i cles ‘o05_| Fat 140 zat | oo | 465 ‘i [ees lor AVAILABLE — 878° por | aes | 100 | 47a m5 [7s ‘Symbols used in Design Gulde: «= matoralicknosa(inches) ID = coll diameter (inches) 210% ‘b= material ist (inches) Do = output spec! gamete’ (inches) Sm distance between spool axes De = storage spool dlameter (inches) 1"THE SOURCE FOR CONSTANT FORCE SPRINGS Advanced Manufacturing Techniques At Vulcan, we are totally involved in constant force spring technology. We design and automate our manufacturing machines. We maintain @ rigid system of check points to monitor critical stages of production We periodically review our manufacturing procedures and inspect our quality control equipment. This program assures every customer of getting the highest quality product at a reasonable cost. Design Assistance Everyone at Vulcan is committed to making sure that you get the best possible spring for your specific needs. To do this, we offer you our assistance in selecting the best materials and manutacturing procedures. For optimum designs, we recommend that you contact us and request the service of our engineers as early as possible in your project Delivery Fast and dependable! .. . for all production orders as welll as prototypes. We've been complimented many times for maintaining the good business practice of keeping our promised delivery dates. You can depend on Vulcan VULCAN SPRINGS WORK VULCAN SPRING & MFG.CO. 501 Schoolhouse Road, Telford, Pennsylvania 18969 Telephone 215-721-1721 * FAX 215-721-1739 [email protected] wwn.vulcanspring.com prinreD Nusa