Signals & Systems Formula Sheet 6:00: + Geometric Series formulas Interval ‘Condition interval ‘sum ‘Condition Finite on [2,N] gt =a") ee infinite jae = Finite on Nene Finite on [0,N] waite INN) Finite on [1,N] Nene infinite pate smey={syeg | Somim=(yi co sth = {0 otherwise _ pbs et a) Ohi > ef [i soa=1 it Slat) = L8(0 Signats teem aey= Su J cues we monte Stat + b= 4%) and vice versa u= foe properties fi KenE= NOES age ee te eee (s(t a) = oCayace— ay a(t) =u(e+!)-wte-5 aoe att) = x,t ime peiag | UOC ENA isperiodiedt 3} = = ratonal number | a Rt) = SCH) eed rarcaniintal pra of da nator evar matz:| 4 Oee X= 2A FH coi oy | ieowtec tar tosatterefin arc haructacensich |g x nha ea occyaee | ithat the greatest common disor eal) between | symmetry ida whale aed x4) = Shk() 4-0) with Kelty a fande firved, en eee canaine | TO= 50 = |S rnornse x{t=> xlat = ) of (at) = 78), cambwea | Shifty :[alt-O)IThen Compressive: a(t: Bb=x| impuse opeaton sea doused [Txerwsae -rQ) Of compres | hn (thon = (ops — x (Op8Ce) shite by xan) oat t-$) = eat) fied Tecrgyand | PSTGUw MENA: Rave intWBS cheney ROME Bower power | type gate.Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Series a(t) = = ooh = = agetT® woot wants 1 1 7 avast f rite ae = 2 f city BOTY rk zf (the eae [ (ty dt Property ‘Tims Domain Fourier series a(t) | Periodic with period T and ox vit) } fundamental fiequency wy =2n/T le Linearity Ar(t) + By(t) Aa + Bly Time-Shifting a(t ~ to) age" = ye EO Frequueney-Shifting —o/*" = BMANTH (4) aus ‘Conjugation x(t) ay a(-t) ay (at), > 0 (periodic with period T/a) ay Periodic Convolution f x(r)y(t — thir Tals Ir Multiplication a(t)y(t) DY abe iSo% dx(t) 2 Differentiation “e phuiyty = jay gba * pat (finite-valued and TW ne byl, Lee if (e)at eriodic only if ax = 0) Fkun) * ~ Geary) * fai = a", fief) = Refac} Conjugate Symmetry os a Real Siyrals x(t) reall Sm{ax } = —Senfa_e} lax] = Jaa ; tan = gan Real nat Even Sig- 5) yeal and even ‘ay real and even Real and Odd Siguals r(t) real and odd ‘ag purely imaginary and odd Eveu-Odd Decompo- fte(t) = Gf2(t)} (a(t) reall Refai) sition of Real Signals | a(t) = Odfa(t)} [x(t) reall jSm{ac} Parsevul’s Relation for Periodic Signals 5 frsote= F lal gesteProperties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Series aa - Tac om eae YS alnle oso XS feje “ere EN OM cn party Time Domain Fourier Series Linearity ‘Time shift Freqteney $I Con uaga ‘Time Reversal Time Sealing Periodic Convolution Multiplication First Difference Runuing Sum ‘Conjugate for Real Signals Real sel Even Signals Real ancl Odd Signals Eveu-Odd Decomposi- ‘tion of Real Signals # et frequency wy = Alo] + Bole] [n= ng] ne) a(n] a(n] _ f-xfnfm| if iis a nmuttiple of on imple] { 0 if nis wot a multiple of m (periodic with period mN') ¥ alrivin—r] Theol 2] ~ 2(0 1) Sa are and r periodic only if.ay =0 a(n) veal a(n] real and even n(n] wal avd odd fn] = e2[n]}—[2{n] veal] ,{n| = Odfaln)} [z(a] veal] Parseval's Relation for Periodic Signals 2S late nein) n/N ) lal? =e) ay | Periodic with yf period N Ang + Bos age BOAO (1 — Oo 1 de fay = Re (ay) = Re Sm (ay) = lax] = [aul 3a = 4a, ay real and oven ay purely imaginary and odd Re{ ac} jSmn{ac} INTProperties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 1 aft) = f X (jw}eads f athe dt Xu) Aperiodic Signal Fourler Transform a(t) X(j u(t) ¥ Gu) Linearity an(é) + byt) aX (gu) + BY (jiu) ‘Time-shifting a(t ty) 2 PX (Fu) Frequency-shifting emtr(t) X(j(v —4u)) Conjugation x(t) X*(=ju) Time-Reversal a(-t) X(~jw) Timne- and Frequency-Scaling — x(at) aX ( 2) Convolution a(t) y(t) X(ja¥ (iw) Multiplication (thule) (iu) ¥ (jw Differentiation in Time Integvation [ a(thit (ine) + eX(0)S (0) Differentiation in Frequency tx(t) Conjugate Symmetry for Real Signals Symmetry for Real and Even Sixnals Svmmetry for Real and Odd Signals Even-Odd Decompesition for Real Signals a(t) real x(t) real and even a(t) eal and odd x(t) = Eofa(t)) — [(t) real] xt) = Odfx(t)) (x(t) real] ae = Rel X(—je)} ‘Sme{ X Gee) } = — Bea X (jar |X (jue)] = |X C— ge) | Xie) = 4X (ju) X(ju) real and even X (jw) purely imaginary and odd Re{X(u)) j9m{ XGiw)) Parseval’s Relation for Aperiodic Signals fC Jatt = fe |X Gius)] twBasic Continuous-Time Fourier Transform Pairs Fourler Transform on = audi — bev) = Fourier Series Coefficients. (tf periodic) ae ot il — as ara( — wa) a, = h_ otherwise = aisaa= mu aioe and + 6+ an) | ET arise si Efalw ~ wa) ~ dw ea aa wt GOA aa | aaa aerate a= 1, a =0, xO a(t) =1 Dru) resentation far any davice of (ee is the Fourier seties 2) vibe) Paints ae ae Lien so={ 0 Nhs and & 9 Se ah tay foes = Sahel i 3(t+ 7) =2(0) Dy s@-ar) ae aa g ees _ awe <7 a XGu) = { 0, b> W ay T x(t} 7+ aie) ey oom u(t), Rela} > 0 te u(t Refap > 0 epee) ‘e(a} >0Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform fn] un Linearity az(n] + by{n] ‘Time-Shifting a{n = no] Frequency-Shifting oan Conjugation x(n] Time Reversal a{-n] ‘Time Expansions yy [n] = Cowvolution an] + yf] Multiplication {nul} Differencing in Time Accumulation Differentiation in Frequency —nz(e] Conjugate Symmetry for a(n] veal Real Signals Symmetey for Real, Even a(n] teal and even Signals Symmetey for Real, Odd {n] real and odd Signals Evenodd Decompasition of — xn] = &e(x{a]} Real Signals fn] = Od{x{n]} [2{n} reall if n= multiple of & ifn # multiple of & Fourler Transform X(e*} | Periodic with ¥(e*) } peri aX (eo) +BY (6 7M XC) X(qlbe—)) Xe) X(e*) x(e™ “)¥(e) f Xe yeaa (1 )X( 1 mente +aX(e) Sd — 2k) is dX (e*) da j X (om) = X*(e) Re{ X(o}} = Re{X(e™)} send X(o™)} = —mEX (EP) [X(e*}] = 1Xle™)| 3X (eo) = - 3X) X(e!#) real and even X(o*) purely imaginary aud odd Re{X(e!*)} jm{X(e*)) Parseval’s Relation for Aperiodic Signals y [afal? = il [x (er) Peds INTBasic Discrete-Time Fourier Transform Pairs ‘Signal Fourier Transform (f periodic) = =Eoe ae Len ta oe an ae FF aie — ay —2e1) a os tb) = talon 08 un et) + ale 2si)} a om) 2 fal we sinuyn nest =e _itvational = Th afr] = bags otherwise Fiviodic aymcre wave { 1, jnpe Ma A= Lo Melee ay a+] ==n) : > 1 XS sjn- ey] lawn aula, lal <1 ae Te aati sola. Sx Scere me Pr TOS eeW ine (#2) Xie) { ied Xt |periocie with period 2 T —= tet E aie-208) Bam] = m, T (n+1)a"afn), lal <1 ais Sl Tay INTLinearity ‘Time shifting Shifting in the s-Domain ‘Time scaling Conjugation Convolution Differentiation in the Time Domain Differentiation in the + Domain Integration in the Time Domain ‘Signal ‘Transform ROG a(t X(s) R a(t) Xs) Ry y(t) X4(s) a aX(s) + bXy(s) 2(t—te) ee Xia) emtx(t) X(s~ 6) lyys (at) ie ©) a(t) X*(s} y(t) att) | Xi(s).Xa(s) a aq 3X(s) —te(t) A x(s) [ a(rjd(r) 1 x() At least RO Ry R Shifted version of R (ie. is itn the ROC if (s — sq) is iw RI “Scaled” ROC (Le. s is in the ROC if (s/a) is in R} R At least R10 Ra At least R R At least RM {Refs} > 0} Initi inl- and Final Value Theorems If-r(t) =0 fort < Q-and 2(t) contains no impulses or higher-order singularities at t = 0, then (07) = Him, 9, 8X8) Ifa(t) = 0 fort < Oand a(t) has a finite limit ast — 00, then Liye 2(¢) = lit, oo 8X C8}