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Mcckonkey Solution

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Mcckonkey Solution

mckonkey

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HajiasifAli
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12> + stion and the First Law of 3; dynamics 4100 Acertain fi 410 bar is contained being 005: — Zalculate the work do: stunder behind a piston, the inital volume by the fuid when i expands reversibly: {i} at cor re to a final volume of 0.2 m*. (ii) accor lincarlaw toa final volume of 0.2 mand a final pressure of 2 bar; (ii) acco: toa law p= constant 19 a final volume of 0.1 m?: i toa las pe? = constant tea fina! volume of 0.06 nr toa law. pe (4 b21-18 F), 10 2 fina: volume of 0.1 m? and a final of i bar. where ol ang B are cc Sketch: agesses on af Selution 1 work input = 10<109x(0.05 - 0.2) = > 150 020 4 m Work output = + 150 000 N m ti) Work input = 10%{(2x0.15) + = - 90 000Nm e Work output = + 99 000 Nm Siii) Work input = 10%710x0.0Sx1n(0.05/0.1) = - 34 700 Nm ie Work output = + 34 700 Nm Work input = 1LoxoSx(9.05)x( 2 _ - 4) 2 0.06 0.057 = - 7640 Nm 44 Hence? ‘ A 20.04, an. 290.3 Therefore, | p= 9,94 oS ie v Work input: 9 x0. 4( J+ 4) Q i 505.) Gat $x0. 3x1n(0.05/0.1) = 1 0.04n-08 + 0.0208x106 #19 200 Nm je Work output : + 19 2008 m ware Velen ete 1.2 1 kg of a fluid is compressed reversibly accor + to 2 law pr = 0.25, where p i bar and ¢ isin m* ky. The final volume is } of . iritial volume. Caleulate the work done on the fluid and sketch the provéss on ap stiugram, Solution + Work input = 1x0.25x10%xIn( + = 34 660 Nm Introduction and the first law of thermodynamics* 43° 0.05 m? of a gas at 6.9 bar expands reversibly in a cylinder behind a piston according to the law pr! ? = constant, unt'l the volume is 0.08 m3, Calculate the work done by the gas and sketeh the process on a p-¥ diagram. P Solution Final pressure = 6.9x(0.05/0.08)1-? > 3.926 bar Work input = a4 2 15 480 Nm. je Work output = + 15 80 Nm : : ! 3 5 i 2 i : é | ' 1 i | | | I ae 360 Vetamefin’s woah sis and 02m, The essed re pe = constant bach to the ieitial condition- uf and (0nd m', Caieuhite the ‘sork done in each proves and the aet ware of the ejele, Sherch the eyele on a pr agra Va = 4,240.004/1.4 = 0.012 mi/ha For process 1 to 2: Work inout = -10%(: 40. > 9.004) + 9.510.02 - G.004)(4.2 - + 44804 1.4)) 1.10 2 v2 = 0.06x(55/1.4)171-5 = 0.693 a3 /kg Then, Work input = 105x((1.4x0.693).- (55x0,06)) 1S a > 466 000 N m/kg = = 466 kI/ko Therefore, : © + Ws 230 - B00 = - 570 hI/ko @ = - 570 ~ (-460) = - 104 kI/ho ie Heat rejected = 104 43/k9 ‘1.17 A sicam turbine receives a steam flow of 1.35 kg’s and the power output is S00 kW. ‘The heat loss from the casing is negligible. Calculate: (4) the change of specific enthalpy across the turbine when tke velocities at entrance and exit and the difference in elevation are negligibic: (0) the change of specific enthalpy: across the turbine when th: velocity at entrance is 50m_s. the velocity at exit is 360:m/s, and the inlet pipe {3 m above the exhaust Pipe. Solution (i) W = 1.35(h2 - m1) = - 500 KW ie hy ~ he = 500/1.35 = 370 kI/kg 41D W271 55((na > bi) > (622-c12) 4202s = 2,79) = = 500 kW Therefore, Mi ~ hz = 300 4 (560? = 402) 4 (-3x91807). 4 1.35 2x103 103 = 370 + 65 - 0.029 = 433 k3/ka (Note that the energy decrease due to the change in height is negligible.) UO ker x superheat (kJ‘kg) (kJ/kg) 2361 20 2799 s 023565 Iss s 2400 x 09 2 81 oss nas? 3385 230 180i 382 os O43 ‘The completed table is given on p. $0 us Table 2.6, ‘Solution The completed table is given in the text-book as Table 2.6. tine 1: att = 90 °C . v = 2.361 m3/kg = ve. and hence the “steam 7 ‘dry saturated. Line 3: at p = 5 bar. v = 0.3565 m3/kg which is less than Ve. and hence the steam is wet with t = 151.8 % the dryness fraction, x = 0.3565/0.3748 = 0.951. then, ho = ht # xhrg = 640 + 0,951%2109 = 2046 kI/ko a =UUy 4 xury = 638° Oro @eenr 3059) = 2471 k3/ka Line 4: at t = 188 °C. u = 2400 KJ/kg which is less than vs = 2568 kJ/ko and hence the steam is wet with p = 1? Batre os u/ (us: a= encoy02sade. (97) = OF BPs and hence. v = 0.895x0:1632 = 0.1461 m>/ko. and h = 798 + 0.895x1986 = 2576 kI/ka. Line 5: oe ae, Gem nietist = 240-2 ce = ORO One ee as a hie 1042 4 0, 74176. = 2627 KI7 KS Big = sonar + 0.90 2603-~ 1088)9>, 2447 10/49, Line 6: eye steentiscpet ithm-c 0-5 bars .¥. 5 0.85x3.239 Sai gs ies/kcos b = 340 +0-85x2905 7-2 2500 k3/kg, and = 34074 0.85(2483 - 340) = 2165 kJ/ka- Line 7: the p =. 5 bar, t.F 200 “Cc which is greater than to = steam is superheated; from 5 SRE te superheated at t = 250 “C; from superheat tables land u can be read cff. Line 9: gt = 150 barhe= S335 NI/ha which ts greater than he and hence the Steam is superheated with t Soc “c; from superheat tables v and v car be read off. 250 “C. v= ieeonms #senbich: is oreater than ve and hence the stesr is superheated at P 1. bar: from sunerheat tables h and U can be read off. Line 11: the steam is wet with » 9.9: at pt 38.2 bar Revues of ton ven tirante: and Us can o€ found ny interpolating between ihe values a2 st uar and 30 bar and the values of v, hand u found using the pag pece tueciacts for. ecaneles vg = 0.08246 ~ (38.2 — (40 38) (0.05246 - ©.04977) 0.05219 m3/kg ie v = 0.8x0,05219 =-0.04175 m?/ko Line 12: the steam is wet with x = = 0.95; as for line 11, the values can be found by interpolating, in this case 299.2 “C. OO i. 2.2 Solution 23 Solution between these values at t = 300 °C; for example, v= 1,316 - 0.3(1.316 - 0.8754) = 1.184 m3/kg Line 14: at p = 44 bar, t= 420 °C which js greater than ty and hence the steam is superheated; in superhsat x tables values are tabulated for pressures of 40 bar and 50 bar at temperatures of 400 °C and 450 “Cc therefore a double interpolation is required; for example, at p = 40 bar and t = 420 °C, v = 0.0733 + 20(0.08 - 0.0733) = 0.076 m3/kg 50 at p = SO bar and t = 420 °C, Vv = 0.0578 + 20(0.0632 - 0.0578) = 0.66 m3/kg i 50 “ ie v= 0.076 - 0.4(0.076 - 0.06) = 0.0696 m3/kg mass of steant in the vessel and the enthalpy uf this mass. At 17 bar, vg-= 0.1167 m3/kg, therefore, ey mass of steam = 0.03/0.1167 = 0.257 kg ~/ Also, hy = 2795 kJ/kg, therefore, H = mh = 0.257x2795 = 718 kJ Stewm at Thar and 250°C enters a pipeline and flows along it at constant pressure. If the steam rejects heat steadily to the surroundings, at what temperature will droplets ‘of water begin to form in thé vapour? Using the steady-flow energy equation, and neglecting changes in velocity of the steam, calculate the heat rejected per kilogram of steam flowing. Water droplets will begin to form at the saturation temperature corresponding to 7 bar. See EE SOT Te ee RD SRR eS : “From superheat tables, hi = 2955 kJ/kg, and for saturated steam at 7 bar, hz = 2764 kJ/kg, then, Q = 2764 - 2995 = - 191 kI/ky ie Heat rejected = 191 kJ/kg 2.4 0.05kg of steam at 15 bar is contained in a rigid vessel of volume 0.0076 m?, is the temperature of the steam? If the vessel is cooled. at what temperature w steam be just dry saturated? Cooling is continued until the pressure in the ve M1 bar: calculate the final dryness fraction of the steam. and the heat rejected the initial and the final states. Solution Vv = 0.0076/0.05 = 0.152-m3/kg Hence the steam is superheated since v > vy ; fri superheat tables at p = 15 bar and v = 0.152 m3/| teiesoc.. When cooling takes place at constant volume the steam is dry saturated when v = vy = 0.:5? m3/ko. Hence interpolating, fable t= 191.6 - O.1Si700191 6 -1B8) 112) eulpiza tC At Ubar and v = 0.152 m3/by the steam is wet wi a dryness fraction of, » (98) aorta uz = 780 + 0.857(2586 - 780) = 2327.4 bI/ka 0.452/9.177 Initially at p = 15 bar and v = 0.152 m3/kg. from superheat tables, ui = 2697 kJ/kg Q = 2327.4 - 2697 = ~ 569.6 kI/kg ie Heat rejected = 369.6x0.05 = 18.5 KI modynamice 25 Using the tables for ammonia given in tel, 2.1, calculate: (3) the specific enthalpy and specific vohume of ammonia at 0.7177 bar. dryness fraction 09; . (i) the specific enthalpy and spevitc volume of ammonia at 13°C saturated: (ii) the specific enthalpy of ammonia at 7.529 har. 30°C. Solution ) h = 0 + 0.9x1390 = 1251 kJ/kg V = 0.9x1.952 = 1.397 m3/ko Gi) = Interpolating between 12 °C and 14 °C, = 1457 kI/ka, and v = 0.1866 m3/ko Gi) The vapour is superheatec hence interpolating, b 1459.5 + (30 = 16)(1591.7 - 1459.5) 50 1496.5 KI/kg = es 2.6 Using the property values for refrigerant HEA 134y given in Table 2.5, calculate: Ai) the specific enthalpy and specif: volume of HFA 13a at ~8°C. dryness frgction 085: {iid the specific enthalpy of HEA 1342 at §.702. Se ata for SEN Salues degree of supetheat Saturation values 2K te Pe % he a k VC) (bar) tm8ykey (KS gy (hd key =10 20051 0.098 8698 28886 uses <5 24371 0081 946 2177 31205 20 5.7024 0.036 1692 3062243893, ee Solution G@ Interpolating, — ne os Sate ere 26 at -3 "S iy 288.404 O.BS(21- 77 — 78eae) 2362.02 Therefore at -8 °C, h = 258.58 4 0.4(262.02 - 258-58) = 259.96 KI/K9 at -10 °C Vv = ©.8540.098 ee ads Vv = 0.85x0.081 = 0.06885 m3/k9 Therefore at -8 “C. v = 0.0833 - 0.4(0.0833 - 0.06885) = 0.0775 mi/ba Gi) Interpoleting, hn = 306.22 + 20)(328.93 - 306.22) Oe ee jive motecular mass of carbon dioxide. CO,. is 44. In an experiment the ‘¥ for CO. was found to be 1.2 Asseming that CO, is a perfect gas, calculate the specific gas constant. R. and the 5 = constant volume. ¢, and c,. ic heat capacities at constant pressure and Solution R= 8.3143/44 = 0.189 kd/k9 K = Cp - cv Also, Cefce = 1.3 Ts refore 1.3ey - cy = 0.189 Ke une <8 Coculare she titer energy and entheipy of 1 ke of air eccupying 0.05 m? at 20 bar, MW the internal energy is increased by 120kJ as the compressed 10 50 bar, calculate the new volume occupied by 1 ke of the air. ¥ Solution Po PERG Moene ony idae7 ys Sag Therefore. WS OME 07348 5 f 350.1 ti/ug +P 5 Col = 1.005"348.3 = 350.1 KI/ko ee feo0e tet Ini 2 37011 ae AS elev 870.170 71g fa sje Therefore, M2 © stA287-1x515.15/s0x105' = 08095 ‘ni ee 29 Oxegen, O.., at 200 bar is to be stored in a sicel veel at 20°C. The capacity of the Te oe O04 mi. Assuming: that! O, is a’ pertect'zan talculai€ ihe mass. of oxygen that can be stored in the vessel. The vessel is protected against excessive pressure by 8 fusible plug which will melt if the temperature rises too high. 8t what temperature must the plug melt to limit the pressure in the resse! to 240 bar? The molar mass of vasgen is 32 kg kmol, Solution + R = B.3143/32 5 0.26 +3/kg x Mass ef oxygen = 200>:05¥0.0/0. 26+203 10:5 xg AL constant volume, Tz = Tipz/pi = 293%220/209 = 351.6 K° ie" limiting tesperature = 351.6 - 273 = 78.6 “C eee iain pecfct gas is heated at constant pressure from 15 C to 95°C. the heat ra Vine ey pein ecaee 2 is heated at constant volume between the sume temperatures the heat required is SO8KI ky. Calculate 65,0257 8 end ake molar mass of the gas. At constant pressure, 2.10 Solution Solution Then, *MBentropic, index = cost) = 1423/1001 = 1.405 R fe > Gy Fda. 2'= 90) loan kay Rook molar mass = 8.3143/4.1 = 2 028 ha/kmol 5 In am aie compressor the pressures at inlet and outlet are | bar ‘The temperature of the air at inte is 18 C and the volume -ginni soipression is three times that at the end of compression. Calculate the tempera of the alr at outlet and the increase of internal enerey por ke of air. Bie UM epeiva = 2epicull = -4nork = 67 <¢ Br 27 ans Wao Ue ceWle= Ts) =40.718(480 - saa) 138 kJ/kg ae a Sy geamty of & ctrisin perfect gas & compressed from an initial state of 0.085 m?. Ae to a Hoel Selo Onn 89ibars Thecapseine lsat Gi cee th OF24K) ke K. and the specif heat a IE constani press, temperature rise is 136K. Caleulace the present, and the inerewse volume is stcis 1020kJ ke K. The obser Specific gus constant. R. the mass of g: of internal cnergy of the gas, e102 - 0.124 = 6 20k nano 6 te prs Tie en ws Also, Sar oetiae tiae ¢: Therefore, 1st = y= 146 146/0.56 = 261 . : Reversible and Irreversible Processes 3.1” 1 ky of air enclosed in a rigid container is initially at 48 bur and 180°C. The container is heated until the temperature is 200°C. Calculate the pressure of the air finally and the heat supplied during the provess. Solution At constant volume, 2 = 4.84473/423 = 9.37 bar Q = ev(Tz - T1) = 0.718(200 -150) 35.9 kI/ko 3.2 A rigid vessel of volume Im? contains steam at 20bar and 400°C. The vessel is cooled until the steam is just dry saturated. Calculate the mass of steam in the vessel, the final pressure of the steam, and the heat rejected during the process. Solution From superheat tables at 20 bar and 400 *c, vi = 0.1511 m3/kg Therefore. fines Of Steam = 1/0.1S11-= 6262 ko At Ve = 0.1511 m3/kg, interpolating, p2 = 13 + (1/104) = 13.01 bar , From superheat tables, ur = 2946 kJ/kg uz = Us at 13.01 bar = 2590 + (3/104) I = 2590.03 k3/kg © = m(uz - ur) = 6.62(2590.03 - 2946) = - 2355 k3 : 1 je Heat rejected = 2355 kJ covinp tages ag peste is Paeok ae 33 Oxygen (inolar mass Tmiol expands eve! = at s constant peessure of 3 har, The votame initially és OOF m? at the rnitial temperature is 17 C. Calculate the work input and the the expansion. Assume oxygen to be a perfect pas ‘and take ¢, = 0917 LiKE K Solution vc came Salo nCOsOF = oreo) Sh000 Nace = OB At constant pressure. : Tepe $9920..03/0 7014-81028 Also, As B24. s/sc.- 299-82 ache 2 108x0-01/259 .82%290 mass of oxygen = 0.0398 ko Therefore, HecHE =F oon SSrOSPIT ABTS = 290) 0 2 21.18 ko Ge ee ee 3.4 Steam ot 7 bat, dryness fraction 0:9, expands reversibly 3! constant pressure until the Fomperatent wo 200 C Colendu tbe woth inp and Het supphed per unit mass of during the process. steat Solution vi = 0.9x0.2728 + 0.2455 m/ko Pe 7 bar and.2000°c the steaw 16 supethested and from superheat tables, v2 = 0.3001 m3/kg Therefore, a Work input = 7x10%x(0.2455-= 0.3003) = - 38.2 kJ/kg hy = 697 + 0.9x2067 = 2557.3 k3/kg From superheat tables, he = 2846 ki/kg Then, Neat supplied = 2846 - 2557.3 = 3.5 0.05im* of a” perfect gas at 6.3 bar un TE0es a reversible isothermal process to a Pressure of 1.05 bar. Calculate the heat supplied, Solution Heat supplied = 6.3x10$x0.05x1n(6.3/1.05) S6.4 ky See Eee 36 Dey saturated steam at 7 bar expands revesiibly ina cylinder behind a piston unit the pressure is C.1 bat. If heat is supplied continuously: during the process in order to Keep the temperature constant, calculate the change of internal energy per unit mase of steam, Solution the temperature of dry saturated steam at 7 bar is Ui = Up at 7 bar = 2573 kJ/kg At tz = ti = 165 °c, and pz = 0.1 bar the steam is Superheated and interpolating from tables, 4sx(2662 - 2588) = 2610.2 43/Kg So ur = 2se8 + ie Increase in internal energy = 2610.2°- 2573 '= 37-2 k3/ho air is compressed isothermally and reversibly from 1 bar and 30°C to S bar. the work input and the heat supplied Solution Work input = 0.287x303x1n(5) = 140 kJ/ka O + We ur urs colts - 11) = 0 Heat supplied = - 140 ka/kg ibly and adiabatically to a pressure sed rever : 1 kg of air at I bar, 15°C is compress t : of S bur. Calculate the final temperature and the work input 47a x: 15s“ Tz = 288x(4)0-473 4 Solution ev(Tz > 11) and a: 0 Oru: ie Work input: + 0.718%(428 - 288) = 100.5 KI/ko ie + a9 Solution 3.10 Solution ant Solution Nitrogen (molar mass 28kg kmol) expands reversibly in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder from 3.5 bar, 200°C to a volume ‘ef 0.09 m4, If the initial volume cccupied was 003 m1 calculate the work input, Assuine nitrogen to be a perfect gas fund take ¢, = 0.741 ki/ke K. : R = 8.5143/28 = 0.297 kJ/kg K The isentropic index is given by, 14 Ryey = 1 + (0.297/0,741)°= 1 Then. : b2 = 5.5x(0.03/0,09)!-40! = 0.752 ban Work input"= 105x((0.09x0. 752) $0.03) 1.401 = i = > 9.31 KI A certain perfect gas is compressed reversibly from I bar. 17'C to a pressure of S bar ure being 77°C. The in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder, the finat tens work done on the gas during the compression is 43kJ ke. Calculate = c,. R, and the molar mass of the gas. Te apa: Mh tp) fe ¥- 1 = In(3s0/290) = 8.217 x int 5) work imut + ev(T2 - 14) : 45 ¥a/by (given) ie cv = 45/(380 - 290) = 0.75 Karey Kk Then, ® = 0.7913.122 - 1) = 0.099 vorKg x Polsr pass = 6.3143/9.999 > aa ku/knol Vig of ir at 1.02 bar, 20°C is compresied reversibly according to a law pe! = constant, tw a pressure of $.S bar. Calculate the the heat supplied during the compression work done on the air and Wa = 293505.9/1.02)9-371.3 5 a30.5 x Work input = 0.287x(432.5 - pay Tee 5 133.46 kI/kg 100.16 ka /kg i 23 ne Then, ie. Heat supplied 100.10 - 133.46 + 33.3 KI/ko 3.42 Orygen (molar mass 32 ke kmoll is compressed reversibly and polstropically inder from 1.05 bar. 18 C to 4.2 bar in stich a way that one-third of the work input is rejected as heat to the eylinder walls. Calculate the final temperature of the ‘oxygen. Assume oxygen to be a perfect gas and take ¢, = Q619K) ky K. Solution R = 8.3143/32 = 0.26 kJ/kg K Q+utu-uy and -0 = W/S fe QW/3 = ev(T2 - 11) also, We RC2 - T1)/(n - 1) fe 2R(T2 - 11)/3(n - 1) = ev(T2 - TH) (in = 1) = 2R/3cy = 2x0.26/3K0.649 = 0.267 fe. ns) 1sz67 Ta 2BBx(4.2/1.05)°-267/1/267 = 3e6 K 113 °c ee re 313A mass of 0.05 kg of carbon dioxide (mola: mass 4 kg/kmol), occupying a volume of 0.03 m? at 1.025 bar, is compressed reversibly until the pressure is 6.15 bar. Calculate the final temperature, the work done on the CO, and the heat supplied: ” (i) when the process is according to a law pe = constant; (ii) when the process is Cilia when the process takes place in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder. Assume carbon dioxide to be a perfect gas, and take 7 = 1.3. Solution a V2 = 0.05x(1.025/6.15)1/1.4 = 0.00834 m3 Also, R = B314.5/44 = 188.966 J/kg K be 3a P2V2/MR = 6.15%105x0,00854/0.95x188..966 e-Bay hee a20-"¢ 3.13 Then, Gi ie For a ic aid Work input = 10%%((o.15x0,00834) - {1,.025%0.03)) 1 = S135 Nm = 5.155 kd Huh = mc claims 11). whl aga Seyi anus 21). 105{ (6.1596. 90834) = 1.025x0.03))/0.3 = e837 Nom = ©.847 KI & QW Fur - Resi sipoiied 2 Gipsy = culo Uta iyo pimi/an = 1 pzex10=20=05/0-05x FE: 260 Ee seees Se Final temperature = ti = 52-5 7C work input = 0. 05s166.9664325.5x1n(6.15/1.025) + S510 Ne = $.51 kd constant temperature for a perfect gas, o+n=o 5 Heat supplied = - 5.51 kJ Ta, = 328.Sx(6.15/1.025)0-3/1-3 = 492.2 K 219 *c For an isentropic process for a perfect gas, @ = 0, and therefore, Woe mey(Tz - Tr) = wR(T2 - Tr)/(%- 1) 0.05x188.96x(492.2 - 325.5)/(1.3 - 1) 3.14 A refrigerant is comprexeed reversibly in a cylinder according to a polytropic law | from 262 bar, dry’ saturated, to 8.20 bar when the temperature is then 40°C. Using the reftigerant properties given as Table 2.2, calculate: the polytropic index: ) the work input during the compression process; : i) the heat transferred to or from the cylinder walls during “process. “roperties of —" Superheat values at | + Saturation values X2 bar, 40°C : Oe, h, t h (m'ke) (kJ ke) (m?;kg) (kJ Ske) 007s? 2929 002615 3226 ‘ Solution . _ From the table given, vi = 0.0757 m3/kg and v2 = 0.026!5 m3/kg i: (9.07570)" (0.02615) : a= 1.073 : Gi) Work input 0.02615) - _(2.62x0,0757)) 1.073 = 1 = 108((8. ur = hy > pave = 292.9 ~ (2.62x10sx0.0757)/10 273.07 kI/kg Similarly, 322.6 - (8.2x105x0.02615)/103 3OL.16 kI/ko Then, * gewsue- 4 = -21.93 + (301.16 - 273.07) = 6.16 kI/ko i je Heat supplied from cylinder walls | = 6.16 kI/ko 3.15 A refrigerant is dry saturated at 2bar and is compressed reversibly in a cylinder according to a law pr'= constant to a pressure of 10 bar. Using the properties of refrigerant given as Table 33, calculate: (4) the final specific volume and temperature of the refrigerant: {iy the final specific volume and temperature when the working substance is air, ‘compressed between the same pressures and froin the same initial temperature. ° Properties of fe Problem 3.15 ee tary tng) 2 0.120 10 aus Solution (i) Since py = constant, v2 = 2x0.12/10 = 0.024 m3/k9 Therefore the refrigerant is dry saturated at 10 bar and the corresponding saturation temperature is a4 sc. Gi) For air, when py = constant = RT, then the temperature is alse constant Fins! tespersture = - wi ERI /py + 2erxG 2 6.3589 at/kg ve = pivi/pz = 2x0.359/10 = 0.971 m/kg 3.18 A reftigerant leaves a conde is throtlled to a pressure of | of refrigerant given as Table apour entering the evaporator. er aS a saturated liquid a : uid at temperate of 28°C, and sat where itemters the evaporator. Using the properties 4. calculate the, dryness fraction of the teftigerant Table 34 Properties of refrigerant for Bei tees he pean 3 eC) thar) kg 3 GS O7 ST ie as a er ermodynamics mi = hey =, 89.7 WOK Solution An a throttling process ‘the enthalpy remains constant therefore, he = 59.7 = hea ¢ x2hte? fe. oe So cageai= teas 0-286 197.7 - 22.5 3A7. The pressure ina steam main is 12bar. A sample of steam & drawn off and passed theovgh a throttling calorimeter, uhe pressure and temperature at &AN from the aererneter being I bur and 140°C respectively. Calculate the dryness fraction of the Steam in the main, stating any assumptions made in the throtling process ing from superheat tables. Solution Interpolat fe = hy emete 4 (Q_4ton). = 2716-4RI/ 9 ie 2716.4 = 798 + 196% prynese fraction in main = 276.4 -799 1986 = 0.966 dine enrateling process is asculed to ba, Sdiccelse with no overall change in kinetic enersy~ pe ee si Air at 69 bar. 260°C is throuled to 3.5 bar before expanding through a nozzle to a pressure of 1.1 bar, Assuming that the air Sows reversibly in steady flow through the Pre, and that no heat is rejected, calculate the velocity of the air at exit from the nozzle when the inlet velocity is 100 m/s Solution redid petract one tin SerTthencenfer + thesis process. te = Th = S83 K Then, g53x(1-1/5-5)9-4/2-4 = 536-5 K for flow through the nozzle, i 4 cea)t/2 = ort + (os 7/2 me 336.5) + (100)? i. colz (os? = 2x1, 005x102 x( 533 = 4 seek oS 3.19 Solution 3.20 Solution 32 Air at 40°C enters a raining chamber at a rate of 225 bg ’s where it mixes with a 15°C entering at a tate of $30 kg x. Calculate the temperatore of the ait Ieaving the 1. amber, aseuming steady-flow conditions. Assume that the hea loss is negligible. BiceTs + azceTz = (ar + wz)er Ts Het A Tees spas SSE 540 225 + 540 25 + Steam from a superhester at 7 tar. 200 is mixed in steady adiabatic flow with wet scum at 7 bar, drsnes Fraction 09, Calculate the, muss of wet $107) required per Kilogram of superhe lam to produce steam at 7 bar. dry saturated. faite + fieha = (im + mz )hs fee Sicerhesteddelesnsbevstrean:}vend the Se steam be m+ 2 + tip )ha Fron tables, h; + 2060 43/ks hp + 497 + 0.9x2067 = 2551.5 kI/kS and 2763 KI/k9 Therefore, 3060 + 2951.3 B2 = (1 + f2)276¢ oy a eee ees [A tigi cylinder contains helium (molar mass 4 kg/kmol) at a pressure of i 4 temperature of 15°C. The eylinder is now connected to a ee othe ft 10 bar and 15°C, and the valve connecting the cylinder is closed when the exlinger pressure has risen to Sbar. Calculate the final temperature of the helium in th ‘ejlinder assuming that the héat transfer during the process is negli J Ofer elim as 212KI/E3 K. ibly small, Take B.3143/4 = 2.079 kJ/kg K R 4 Gy = 2/079 + 3.12°= 5.199 kI/ko K . : whee ge tS 3.21 For an adiabatic filling process the ‘increase in ae ‘ internal energy of the contents is equal to the enthalpy of the mass entering the cylinder. tet the initial and final masses of helium in the bottle be m and m* ie SxLOSxV/2.079x103x288 = 0.835V kg m= 8x105XV/2.079x103xT = 38478V/T kg Then, enthalpy of the mass added, ? ((384.0/1 ) - 0.835}¥x5.199x288 and the increase of internal energy of the helium in the bottle, = 384.8VX3.12xT - 0.835Vx3.12%288 T : = 450.28v Then, 384.8/T = (450.28/5.199x288) + 0.835 "te T = 338.8 K = 65.8 °C CE 3.22 A well-tagged vessel of volume 1 m?, containing 1.25 kg of steam at a pressure of 2.2 bar, is connected via a valve to a large source of steam at 20bar. The valve is opened and the pressure in the vessel is allowed to rise until the steam in the vessel is just dry saturated at 4 bar and the valve is then closed. Calculate the dryness fraction of the steam supplied, Solution Initially in the vessel, 1/1.25 = 0.8 m3/kg at 2.2 bar 0.8/0.81 = 0.9877 518 + 0.9877(2533 - 518) = 2508 kJ/kg Finally in the vessel, viz vg at 4 bar = 0.4623 m3/kg Tharetere, io aes = 2s a : 3.22 3.23 Solution a "Reversible and irreversi and, Ug at 4 bar 2584 kJ/kg Hence the increase in internal energy of the system is, 2.163x2554 ~ 1.25x2508 = 2509.5 kJ This increase is caused by the enthalpy of the added mass. Let the specific enthalpy of the steam from the large source bo h, then, h(n - m’) = 2209.8 ie W = 2389.6/(2.163 - 1.25) = 2617.3 kJ The steam is at 20 bar hence, Oryness fraction = 2617.3 - 909 = 0.904 1890 rere re Aa air receiver contains 10kg of air 2t 7 bar. A blow-off valve is opened in error and closed again within seconds, but the pressure is observed to drop to 6 bar. Caleulste the mass of air which has escaped from the receiver, stating clearly any assumptions made. Calealate also the gressure of the ais ia the recciser some time after thi been closed such t eperature has attained its original valuc valve has Tt mill be assumed as an aoproximatian that the air remaining in the receiver expands reversibly and adiabatically from 7 bar’ to 6 bar. te) T= 1 (6/7)9-4/1.4 = 0.95697" v RY’ /p = 10x287T' /7x105 = 0.00411" m3 and, RY" /p" = w"x287x0.95691" /éx105 0.0004577m" 1" 3.24 Solution mass -of air escaped = 10 - 8.96 = 1.04 kg Finally the temperature is again 1 with the receiver containing 8.96 kg of air. ie V = 8.96x287x1' /p where p is the final pressure in the receiver. Also, from above, Vv = 0.00417" ie p = 8.96%287/0.0041x105 = 6.27 bar A vertical eslinder of cross-sectional afea 6450 mm? is open to the atmosphere at one end and connected to a large storage vessel atthe other end by means of a pipeline and valve. A frictionless piston, of weight 100N, is fitted into the eylinder and the initial Cylinder volume is negligible. The valve is then opened and air is slowly admitted from the large storage vessel into the evlinder until the piston has moved very slowly a distance cf06 m, when the valve is shat. I'the temperature ofthe air in the cylinder is 30°C at the end of the operation and the temperature of the air in the large storage vessel is constant at 90°C. calculate: (i) the pressure of the air in the cylinder during the process: GiJ the work done on the air during the process; Gili) the work done on the piston: (iv) the heat supplied to the air in the eylinder during the process Take the atmospheric pressure as 1.013 bar. G) 2 Initially there is no air in the cylinder and therefore, V’= 0, m= 0, and u’ v"= 6450x0.6/106 = 0.00387 m3 The piston moves a distance of 0.6 m, therefore for 2 constant pressure. p, in the cylinder. (p = 1.013)%105x0.00387 = 100%0.6 ie p= 1.013 + 0,155 = 1.168 bar vii) ; The Work done on the air during the process is given by, : ess = pV"= -1.168x105x0.00587 3.24 (iii) The work done on the piston is given by. 100x0.6 = 60 Nm (iv) pV /RI" = 1. 168%10%x0 .00387/287x303 = 0.0052 kq The tesperature in the storage vessel is constant during the process and hence the specific enthalpy of the mass entering ‘is constant. Applying the nonstesdy flow equation, C4 Wt mh = m ct’ ie © - (452x10-3) + (0.0052x1 .005x363) = (0.00S2x0. 718x303) supplied = - 0.31 kJ The Second Law 1 kg of steam at 20 bar. dryness fraction 09, is heated reversibly at constant pressure to 4 temperature of 300°C. Calculate the heat supplied, and the change of entropy. and show the provess on a T~s diagram, indicating the area which represents the heat flow. 44 Solution at 29 Then, ie i = 909 + (0.9x1890) = 2610 kI/kg Si = 2.447 + (0.9x3.893) = 5.9507 kJ/kg K bar, 300 "C. steam is superheated: nz = 3025 kJ/kg and sz = 6.768 kJ/kg K Q hy = 3025 - 2610 = 415 kJ/kg Meat supplied = 415 kJ/kg Increase in specific entropy = sz - si 6.768 - 5.9507 0.8173 k3/kg K 42 Solution aa Solution Steam at 0.05 bar, 100°C is to be condensed completely bt fe the heat rejected per hile entropy. Sketch the process on a T=s di process. Caley the heat flow. At 0.05 bar, hi 2688 kJ/kg K After condensation: gram and shade a reversible constant pressure and the change of specific the area which represe n of st 100 “C, steam is superheated: and si = 8.768 kJ/kg K he = rz at 0.05 ber = 138 kJ/ko S20 = Sf2 = 0.476 kJ/kg K Then, ‘ = hz - hi = 138 - 2688 = - 2550 kI/ko ie Heat rejected = 2550 kJ/kg 2 Decrease in specific entropy = 8.768 - 0.476 8.292 kI/kg K 005 kg of steam at 10 bar, dryness fraction 04, 1s heated re) until the pressure is 20 bar. Calculate the chan; the area which represents the heat supplied Initially st At 20 bar and vi = vz 0.84x0.1944 ersibly in a rigid vessel of entropy and the heat supplied. Show a T-s diagram, = 0.1634 m3/kg 762 + (0.84x2584) = 2293 kJ/ko 2.138 + (0.84x4.448) = 5.8743 kJ/kg K superheated: 3030 kJ/kg 0.1634 m3/kg, steam is and 82 = 7.283 kJ/kg K a Te perature (°C) 1s 4.8 1 kg of steam undergoes a reversible isothermal process from 20 bar and 250'C to a Pressure of 30 bar, Calculate the heat flow, stating whether its supplied or rejected, and sketch the process on a T-s diagram. Soletion At 20 bar, 250 “C, steam is superheated: s1 = 6.547 kJ/kg K At 30 bar, 250 “C, steam is superheated: S2 = 6.289 kJ/kg K Then, Heat rejected = T(si ~ sz) 823(6.547 - 6.289) . 135 kJ/kg 250 Teshereeoree) ue the volume is the same as it was initially, Calculate the net heat flow at change of entropy. Sketch the provess on a Ts diagram, Solutibn Tae tae NAS + PP = ps, v3 Also, Tyas en pp eae Th v3 tae ie Ts = 5833/2 = 206.5 x Then, Heat = RTs AIn(ve/vi) 0. 287x1n2 106.1 k3/kg Heat supplied, ce(Ts - Tz) = 1,008(266.5 - $33) = - 268 kJ/kg Therefore, Net heat sunpi:ed = 102.3 - 268 = 161.9 Kaskg 161.2 t# tounu directly. ie si - $3 = evleti/Ts) = 0.7181A0(2) = 0.497 kJ/kg « 44 Solution Increase in specific entropy = 7.283 - 5.8743 1.4087 kJ/kg K 0.05x1. 4087 ie Increase in entropy 0.0704 k3/K Also, Heat supplied = m(uz - ur) 9.053050 - 2293) 36.85 kJ jing 0.006 m? of nitrogen (molar mass 28 kg‘kmol) at 1.04 bar, ly until the temperature s 90°C. Calculate the change of entropy : ‘etch the process on 2 T-s diagram. Take the isentropic index. id assume that nitrogen is a perfect gas. : A rigid cylinder cont 15°C. is heated rever: and the heat supplied. y,for nitrogen as 14, ant R = 8.5145/28 = 0.297 kI/kg K R/(¥- 1) = 0.297/(.4 - 2) cee = 0.7425 ki/kg K m = DY = 1,044105x0,006 = 0.0075 kg RT 0.297x103x288 i 44 fe Increase: in entropy = 0.00125 k3/k ang, z ' @ = mev(Tz - 11) = 0.0073x0.7425(363 - 288) = 0.407 kJ je Heat supplied = 0.407 kJ 45 1m? of air is heated reversibly a: constant pressure from: 15 10 300_C. and is then cooled at constant volume back te the initial temperature. The initial pressure is 93 bar, Calculate the net beat few and the overall change of entropy.and sketch the processes on 2 T-s diagram. Solution = pila + L.O3x1QSa1 2 1.245 ke RT 287x288 Qr-z = mee(T2 - Ti) yadx1.005x(300 - 15) = 386.5 kd Q2-3 = mey(Ta - T2) = mov(Ti - Tz) = 1,245x0.718x(15 = 300) = - 255 kJ je Net heat supplied = Qi-2 * Gz-3 = 356.5 - 255 c = 40k 500 Since entropy is @ property the change. is the same regardless of the path followed. fe 83 ~ Si = (Sr - $1) - (Sz - S3) = mep1n(T2/T1) ~ mevin(t2/Ts) 48 gre ot See, 25°C. expands ueergicly ta oewmte of 7 ba, Cale the fl condition of the scam. Sohution ‘Steam at 5 bar, 250 “C is superheated. or = 7.271 Ki/kg K = s2 ft 0.7 bar and s2 = 7.271 kJ/kg K the steam is wet, xo = 7221-1192 = 0.967 ©.266 fe Final dryness traction = 0.967 cl eee 4:9 Steam expands reversitly in a cylinder behind 2 piston from 6 bar dry saturated, 10 a ‘prensure of 0 6S bar. Assuming that the cylinder is perfectly thermally insulated, calculate the work dome during the expansion per kilogram of steam. Sketch the process on 2 T-s diagram. Solution Initial wr = Upr + 2568 WI/ke Sy = Sqr = 6.761 kJ/kg Kt 82 AL ©.65 bar and sz + 6.761 bI/kg K the steae is weet, 0.883 mz © G26 = 2,182 335 Ther. wr * 369(1 ~ 0.0R3) + (0, 883x2492) = 2244.2 KI/ko Mos U2 ~ U1 F 2244.2 - 2568 + ~323.8 KI/KG work output + 525.8 kI/kg 410 The of a uid at 0 bar, 300 C, expands reversibly and isothermally to a pressure of 075 bar. Calculate the heat flow and the work done (i) when the Aud is air, (i) whea the fluid is steam. Sketch each process on a T-s diagram. ~ Solution (i) 0 = RIn(pi/p2) + 0.287x573x1N(30/0-75) F007 ki/kg ie Heat supplied = 607 4J/kg Then, 9 + # =, therefore. Woz @ = = 607 kI/ko je Work output = 607 kJ/kg (ii) From steam tables at 30 bar, 300 $1 = 6.941 kJ/kg K and ur = 2751 kJ/kg Also, from steam tables at 300 °C and 0.75 bar, sz = 8.349 kJ/kg K and u2 = 2811 kJ/kg Then, : Neat supplied = (sz - si) = $73(8.349 - 6.541) = 1035 kJ/kg and, e+e ur-u | Tanperncura] 0 4.41 kg ofa fluid at 2.62 bar, —3 °C, is compressed according to a law pr = constant to 4 : pressure of 82 bar. Calcite the work input and the heat supplied (i) when the Auid is air, (ii) when the Mluid is 2 refrigerant initially dry saturated with the properties given in Table 4.2. Sketch each process on a T-s diagram. eis Saturation values aale 42 Properties of gerant for Problem 4.11 i a CC) thar) (myhgh (Keke) Uke 262 00757 9607 292.94 820 C0248 14429 313.05 constant, therefore T = constant. Solution G) pve? RTIn(p2/p1) = 0.287x270x1N(8.2/2.62) = 98.41 kJ/kg ie Work input = 68.41 k3/kg an Then; Q + W = 0, therefore. ~ ° = 88.41 kI/ko ie Heat’ rejected = 88.41 kI/k9 i) From fable 4.2 for a dry saturated = 0,0757 ™ ¢ refrigerant at 2.62 bar. vi = Vs? also, tae chr ee (pan). = Neti (piver) = 292.94 - (2.62"108x0.0757/ 10%) = 273.11 kJ/kg Then, | v2 = vipi/pz = 0.0797x2.62/6.2 = 0.02419 m3/kg This is less than vs at 8.2 bar therefore the refrigerant is wet and, x2 = 0,02419/0.0248 = 0.975 and, he = 144.29 + 0.975(313.05 - = 208.88 kJ/kg uz = hz - (p2ve) = 308.88 - (B.2x105x0.02419/103 ) = 289.05 k3/kg Then, W = piviln(p2/p1) = 2.62x105x0.0757x10- 3x1n(8.2/2.62) = 22.63 kJ/kg ie Work input = 22.63 k3/kg Also, Q + W = (uz - ur), therefore, Q = - 22.63 + (289.05 - 273.11) = 6.69 k3/kg 4n2 Solution kg of air at 1.013 bar, 17°C, is compressed according to a law pr! = constant, until the pressure is 5 bar. Calculate the change of entropy and sketch the process on a T-s diagram, indicating the area which répresents the heat flow. yee as Tenpereeury Ye = 290(5/1.013)0-371-3 = 419 K The entropy change is independent of the end states, hence replacing the process with two processes 1 to @ at constant pressure, and A to 2 2t constant temperature we have: st - sz = (sa ~ sz) - (sa - 51) = Rin(p2/pa) - coln(Ta/Ts) ie Si ~ Sz = ©.2871n(S/1.013) - 1.0051n(419/290) = 0.4583 - 0.3648 = 0.0885 kJ/kg K > je Decrease in entropy = 0.0885 kJ/kg K- 4.13 0.06 m? of ethane (molar mass 30 kg kmol}, at 6.9 bar and 260°C, is allowed to expand sentropically in 3 eylinder behind a piston to a pressure of 1.05 bar and a temperature of 107 C. Calculate 7. Rc). ¢,. for ethane, and calculate the work done during the expansion. Assume ethane t0 be a perfect gas. The same mass of ethane at 1.05 bar, 107°C, is compressed to 69 bar according to a law pr! = constant. Calculate the final temperature of the ethane and the heat flow to or from the cylinder walls during the compression. Calculate also the change of entropy during the compression, and sketch both provesses on a p- and a T-s diagram. Solution For ethane, R = 8.3145/30 = 0.277 kI/kg K Also, 1270s" =z /py)\*~ 297° Gas/S6O =" (019/105 )e™ > 197 ie (CRS As = 051797 &= 1.219 alse, Sp * cv = R= 01277 kI/ka K and, Ce/cv = ¥ = 3/219 therefore, 1.219¢y - cy = 0.277 ie cv = 1.265 kJ/kg K and, = 1,219%1.265 = 1.542 kI/ko K The mass of ethane present is given by, m = piVi/RTi = 6.9x108x0.06/277%533 = 0.28 kg Then, : Ws m(uz = ur) 7 mev(Te ~ Th) = 0.28x1.265x(280 - 533) = - 54.2 kJ, . ie Work output = 54.2 kJ For the second process: / # ‘i Bae Tatps/pao: 472 540= $80(6.9/1.05)0.471-4/ = 650.7 K =°377.7 °C | $= p2V2)/(n-2) = mR(Ts - 12)/(n-1) 7x(650. 09/0. 4 = 82.) ase ANB Qtweus - uz 0.28x1.265x(650.7 - 380) - 52.49 43.4 kd ie Heat supplied = 43.4 kg Since s; = sz, then (<3 - 55). = (ss -"si), then, $3 ~ 82 = mepIn(T3/T1) 0. 28x1.542x1n(650.7/533) * 0.0862 k3/K ie Increase in entropy. = 0.0866 kJ/K Tart aronetelice) —— cof the compression proces in the reciprocating compressor ofa reltigsration ~ eae a) Sree is at 1.5 bar, dry saturated. AU the end ofthe compression process, which is according to a reversible polytropic law pe'? = constant, the pressure is 65 bar, Table 43 Properties of refrigerant for Problem 4.14 (°c) (bar) (m?/kg) (ki /ke K) (ec) = 45 0.109 112 50 I Se 65 0027 Lu 70 0.034 (m?/kg) Solution (i) From table 4.3: $1 = 1,12 kJ/kg K and vi = 0.109 m3/ ‘ Then, = * va = vilpi/p2)'/1-2 = 0,10961.5/6.5)1/) 0.052 m3/kg Interpolating from Table 4.3, s2= os C = 1.18 kJ/kg K fe Increase in specific entropy = 1 (Ai) Intervoiating from table 4, tz = $0 + (0.032. _9.030)x(70 - 50) (0.024 - 0.030) = 60 *C ie " Degree of suverheat = 60 - 25 = 415 A ortain perfect es for which 7 = 126 and the molar m reversibly from 727°C, 0003m? 102°C. 0.6 m2 the T-s diagram. Calculate the work done per kilogr: a T+s diagram. Ass is 26 ke Kimo . according to a Tinea am of gas and sketch the Solution R = 8.3145/26 = 0.3198 kJ/kg k ey = 0.3198/(1.26 - 1) = 1.23 kI/kg K 445 volume ‘we have, ie (sa - si) - (sa - 2) Rin(va/vi) - cvin(Ta/T2) ©.31981n(0.6/0.003) - 1.231n(1000/275) 0.106 kJ/kg K The heat supplied is given by the area under the Process on a T-s diagram. ie Q@ = (sz - $i ){T1 4_T2) = 0.106(1000 4 275) 2 2 67.6 k3/kg Then, BP Ne= Ue 501 o> cv (ha 11). W 1.23(275 - 1000) - 67.6 = - 959.3 kJ/kg ie Work output = 959.3 kJ/kg a2] Tenbersenr] eo undergoes a process in which the pressure is raised to ee ot ene ‘of entropy and mark 416 peracate/ CC) Then, $2.- st = (sz - sa) ~ (51 - Sa) cvln{t./Te) - coln(ti/Tad also. Ta = paVa/@R = 1,02x105x0.25/1x287 = 88.65 K end Tp = Tape/os 8a.85x6.12/1.02 = 533.1 & Therefore, 0.718%1n(S33.1/88.85) - 1.005x1n(293/83.25) 1.2865 - 1.1992 = 0.0873 k3/kg K ie Increase in entropy = 0.0873 kJ/kg K 4.47° Steam at 15 bar is throttled to 1 bar and & temperature of 150°C. Calculate the initiz! dryness fraction and the change of specific entropy. Sketch the process on a T-s diagram. ‘and state the assumptions made in the throttling process. ‘Solution For a throttling process, neglecting heat transfer, changes «n kinetic energy and differences Therefore. x1 = (2777 ~ 845)/1947 = 0.992 Then, Si = 2.315 + (0.992x4.130) = 6.412 kJ/kg K From superheat tables, Sz = 7.614 kJ/kg & Therefore, Increase in entropy = 7.614 - 6.412 1.202 k3/kg K Tenparsenr] (20) % 4.18 Two sessels. one exactly Dice the volume of the other. are connected by a valve and umnmersed in a constant temperature bath of water. The smaller vessel contains hydrogen. (molar mass 2 ky kmol), and the other is completely evacuated. Calculate the change ‘of entropy per kilogram of gas when the valve is opened and conditions are allowed to settle. Sketch the process on a T-s diagram. Assume hydrogen to be a perfect gas. For hydrogen, R = B.3145/2 = 4,157 kI/kg K For a free expansion adiabatic process for a “perfect gas, T: = Tz . Also, in this case, — 449 A turbine is supplied with steam at 40 bar, 400°C, which expands through in steady flow to an exit pressure of 0.2 bar, and a dryness fraction of 039 velocity is negligible, but the steam leaves at high velocity through a duct cross-sectional area. If the mass flow is 3 kgs, and the mechanical efficie calculate the power output of the turbine. Show that the process is and calculate the change of specific entropy. Heat losses from the turbine are Solution From superheat tables: hi = 3214 kJ/kg For wet steam: he = 251 + (0.93x2358) = 2443.9 kJ/kg v2 = 0.92x7.640 = 7.11 m3/kg Uinuity of mass equation, Cz = 3x7.11/0.14 = 152.1 m/s Then, @ + w= (hz + C2*/2) - (hs + €1?/2) and. Q = 0, Gr = therefore, W = 2443.9 + (152.17/2%103) - 3214 = 758.5 kJ/kg ie Power output 798.5x3x0.9 = 2048 kW From superheat tables, s1 = 6.769 kJ/kg x, and for wet steam, Qr082 4,(0-95x7.075)/= 7.412 Ka/kg | $6 co ANereate,in entropy: 7,412 ~ 6769 0.643 KI/kG K

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