BASIC OF WORK STUDY,

JOB DESIGN &

WORK MEASUREMENT
BY
YASHESH MORKHIA
KARTHIK NADAR
AKSHAY PATIL
SWAPNIL PRADHAN
APEKSHA

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WORK STUDY

INTRODUCTION
WITH INCREASING COMPLEXITIES OF THE
TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD, NEED TO SIMPLIFY
THE WORK SYSTEM HAS BEEN INCREASING
DAY BY DAY.
WORK STUDY IS AN AREA OF KNOWLEDGE
THAT ADDRESSES THE PROBLEM OF WORK
SIMPLIFICATION WITH THE BASIC OBJECTIVES
OF
PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT,
HUMAN COMFORT & SAFETY

EVOLUTION OF WORK STUDY

F.W.TAYLOR: FOUNDER OF MODERN METHOD AND TIME STUDY.
TAYLOR BEGAN HIS TIME STUDY WORK IN 1881.
HE ESTABLISHED THAT EACH JOB SHOULD HAVE A STANDARD TIME, DETERMINED BY
TIME STUDIES.
IN THE TIMING PROCESS TAYLOR ADVOCATED DIVIDING THE WORK INTO SMALL
DIVISIONS OF
EFFORT KNOWN AS ELEMENTS.
TIME WAS OBTAINED FOR THESE ELEMENT INDIVIDUALLY AND THEIR COLLECTIVE
VALUES WERE
USED TO DETERMINE THE ALLOWED TIME FOR THE TASK.

WORK OF GILBERTH
GILBRETH IS CONSIDERED AS THE FOUNDER OF MODERN
MOTION STUDY TECHNIQUE.
WHICH IS DEFINED AS THE STUDY OF BODY MOTIONS USED
IN PERFORMING AN OPERATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF
IMPROVING THE OPERATION BY :
ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY MOTIONS
SIMPLIFYING NECESSARY MOTIONS
THEN ESTABLISHING THE MOST FAVORABLE MOTION SEQUENCE FOR
MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY

IMPORTANCE: ENHANCING THE PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF

THE FIRM.
TECHNIQUE
TO
IDENTIFY
NON-VALUE
OPERATIONS.
ONLY
ACCURATE
AND
SYSTEMATIC
PROCEDURE ORIENTED TECHNIQUE.
HAS GOT UNIVERSAL APPLICATION.

DEFINITION
WORK
STUDY IS DEFINED AS THAT BODY OF
KNOWLEDGE CONCERNED WITH THE ANALYSIS
OF THE WORK METHODS AND THE EQUIPMENT
USED IN PERFORMING A JOB, THE DESIGN OF AN
OPTIMUM
WORK
METHOD
AND
THE
STANDARDIZATION
OF
PROPOSED
WORK
METHODS.
PREREQUISITES FOR CONDUCTING
WORK STUDY

STEPS INVOLVED IN WORK STUDY

1. SELECT
Job Or Process To Be Studied
2. RECORD
All the details concerning job using various Recording Techniques
3. EXAMINE
Recorded facts critically by asking questions like who, what, when,
why
4. DEVELOP
Most economical method
5. MEASURE
The amount of work involved and set standard time to do that job
6. DEFINE
New method and standard time
7. INSTALL
The new method as a standard practice
8. MAINTAIN
New method as agreed standards

PRINCIPLES OF WORK STUDY

1.MUST COME FROM THE TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT.

2.PEOPLE MADE AWARE OF THE OBJECTIVES AND THE
NEED OF THE EXERCISING SUCH STUDY.
3.METHOD
STUDY
MUST
PRECEDE
WORK
MEASUREMENT .

OBJECTIVES
TO ANALYZE THE

PRESENT METHOD OF DOING A JOB,

SYSTEMATICALLY IN ORDER TO DEVELOP A NEW AND
BETTER METHOD.
TO MEASURE THE WORK CONTENT OF A JOB BY
MEASURING THE TIME REQUIRED TO DO THE JOB FOR A
QUALIFIED WORKER AND HENCE TO ESTABLISH
STANDARD TIME.
TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY BY ENSURING THE
BEST POSSIBLE USE OF HUMAN, MACHINE AND
MATERIAL RESOURCES AND TO ACHIEVE BEST QUALITY
PRODUCT/SERVICE AT MINIMUM POSSIBLE COST.
TO IMPROVE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY.
TO REDUCE WASTE THROUGH STANDARDIZATION OF
WORK ELEMENTS OF A JOB.
TO IMPROVE LABOR EFFICIENCY.

COMPONENTS /
TECHNIQUES OF WORK STUDY

BENEFITS OF WORK STUDY

INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
REDUCED MANUFACTURING COSTS
IMPROVED WORK PLACE LAYOUT
BETTER MANPOWER PLANNING AND CAPACITY PLANNING
FAIR WAGES TO EMPLOYEES
BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS TO EMPLOYEES
IMPROVED WORK FLOW
REDUCED MATERIAL HANDLING COSTS
PROVIDES A STANDARD OF PERFORMANCE TO MEASURE LABOUR
EFFICIENCY
BETTER INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND EMPLOYEE MORALE
BASIS FOR SOUND INCENTIVE SCHEME
PROVIDES BETTER JOB SATISFACTION TO EMPLOYEES

ADVANTAGES OF METHOD STUDY

WORK SIMPLIFICATION

IMPROVED WORKING METHOD ( CHEAPER METHOD)

BETTER PRODUCT QUALITY

IMPROVED WORK PLACE LAYOUT

IMPROVED EQUIPMENT DESIGN

BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS

DISADVANTAGES OF METHOD STUDY

HIGH OPERATING COST

HIGH WASTAGE & SCRAP

EXCESSIVE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKMEN

EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION BOTTLENECKS

EXCESSIVE REJECTIONS AND REWORK

COMPLAINTS ABOUT QUALITY

WORK

DEFINATION : THE APPLICATION OF TECHNIQUES DESIGNED TO

ESTABLISH THE TIME FOR A QUALIFIED WORKER TO
CARRY OUT A SPECIFIED JOB AT A DEFINED LEVEL
OF PERFORMANCE

OBJECTIVES OF WORK MEASUREMENT : 1. COMPARING ALTERNATIVE METHODS

2. ASSESSING THE CORRECT INITIAL MANNING (MANPOWER
REQUIREMENT PLANNING)
3. PLANNING AND CONTROL
4. REALISTIC COSTING
5. DELIVERY DATE OF PLANNING
6. COST REDUCTION AND COST CONTROL
7. IDENTIFYING SUBSTANDARD WORKERS
8. TRAINING NEW EMPLOYEES.

TECHNIQUES OF WORK MEASUREMENT

: 1) REPETITIVE WORK:- THE TYPE OF WORK IN WHICH THE MAIN OPERATION OR GROUP
OF OPERATIONS REPEAT CONTINUOUSLY DURING THE TIME SPENT AT THE JOB. THESE
APPLY TO WORK CYCLE OF EXTREMELY SHORT DURATION.
2) NON-REPETITIVE WORK:- IT INCLUDE SOME TYPE OF MAINTENANCE AND
CONSTRUCTION WORK, WHERE CYCLE ITSELF IS HARDLY EVER REPEATED IDENTICALLY.
VARIOUS TECHNIQUES:1)TIME STUDY
2) SYNTHESIS
3) WORK SAMPLING
4) ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION
5)PREDETERMINED MOTION AND TIME STUDY.

TIME STUDY
TIME STUDY IS WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE FOR
RECORDING THE TIMES AND RATES OF WORKING FOR THE
ELEMENTS OF A SPECIFIED JOB CARRIED OUT UNDER
SPECIFIED UNDER SPECIFIED CONDITIONS

STEPS IN MAKING TIME STUDY:1)SELECT (SELECTING JOB FOR WORK STUDY)

2)OBTAIN & RECORD (DETAILS REGARDING
METHODS,OPERATOR, JOB AND WORKING CONDITION)
3)DEFINE (THE ELEMENT, BREAK THE JOB INTO CONVENIENT
FOR TIMING)
4)MEASURE (TIME DURATION FOR EACH ELEMENT AND
ASSESS THE RATING)
5)EXTEND (OBSERVED TIME INTO NORMAL TIME {BASIC
TIME})
6)DETERMINED (RELAXATION AND PERSONAL ALLOWANCES)
7) COMPUTE (STANDARD TIME FOR THE OPERATION FOR
DEFINED JOB OR OPERATION.)

TYPES OF ELEMENT

A REPETITIVE ELEMENT IS AN ELEMENT WHICH OCCURS IN EVERY WORK CYCLE

OF THE JOB.

AN OCCASIONAL ELEMENT - DOES NOT OCCUR IN EACH WORK CYCLE OF THE

JOB, BUT WHICH MAY OCCUR AT REGULAR OR IRREGULAR INTERVALS. E.G. MACHINE
SETTING.

A CONSTANT ELEMENT - THE BASIC TIME REMAINS CONSTANT WHENEVER IT IS

PERFORMED. E.G. SWITCH THE MACHINE ON.

A VARIABLE ELEMENT - IS AN ELEMENT FOR WHICH THE BASIC TIME VARIES IN

RELATION TO SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRODUCT, EQUIPMENT OR PROCESS, E.G.
DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, QUALITY ETC. E.G. PUSH TROLLEY OF PARTS TO NEXT SHOP.

TYPES OF ELEMENT
MANUAL ELEMENT - IS AN ELEMENT PERFORMED BY A WORKER.
MACHINE ELEMENT - IS AUTOMATICALLY PERFORMED BY A POWERDRIVEN MACHINE (OR PROCESS).

GOVERNING ELEMENT

- OCCUPIES A LONGER TIME THAN ANY OF

THE OTHER ELEMENTS WHICH ARE BEING PERFORMED CONCURRENTLY. E.G.
BOIL KETTLE OF WATER, WHILE SETTING OUT TEAPOT AND CUPS.

FOREIGN ELEMENT - IS OBSERVED DURING A STUDY WHICH, AFTER

ANALYSIS, IS NOT FOUND TO BE NECESSARY PART OF THE JOB. E.G.
DEGREASING A PART THAT HAS STILL TO BE MACHINED FURTHER.

ALLOWANCES

RELAXATION ALLOWANCES
VARIABLE ALLOWANCES
INTERFERENCE ALLOWANCES
CONTINGENCY ALLOWANCES
POLICY ALLOWANCES

Personal
Allowance

Constant
Fatigue
Allowance

Variable
Fatigue
Allowance

Relaxation
Allowance

Fatigue
Allowance

Normal Time

Contingence
Allowance

Total
Allowance

Policy
Allowance
If applicable

Standard
Time

VARIOUS ALLOWANCES TO BUILD STANDARD TIME

EXAMPLE ON HOW TO CALCULATE STANDARD TIME:

WORK MEASUREMENT
STANDARD TIME IS USED IN:
COSTING THE LABOR COMPONENT OF
PRODUCTS
TRACKING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
SCHEDULING & PLANNING REQUIRED
RESOURCES

SETTING STANDARD TIMES

STEP 1: CHOOSE THE SPECIFIC JOB TO BE STUDIED
STEP 2: TELL THE WORKER WHOSE JOB YOU WILL BE
STUDYING
STEP 3: BREAK THE JOB INTO EASILY RECOGNIZABLE
UNITS
STEP 4: CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF CYCLES YOU
MUST OBSERVE
STEP 5: TIME EACH ELEMENT, RECORD DATA & RATE
THE
WORKERS PERFORMANCE
STEP 6: COMPUTE THE NORMAL TIME
STEP 7: COMPUTE THE STANDARD TIME

EXAMPLE :-

WORK SAMPLING:WORK SAMPLING WAS ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED BY L.H.C. TIPPETT IN BRITAIN

IN 1934 FOR THE BRITISH COTTON INDUSTRY RESEARCH BOARD.
DEFINATION:A TECHNIQUE IN WHICH A STATISTICALLY COMPETENT NUMBER OF
INSTANTANEOUS OBSERVATIONS ARE TAKEN, OVER A PERIOD TIME, OF A
GROUP OF MACHINES,PROCESSES OR WORKERS.
WORK SAMPLING HAS THREE MAIN APPLICATIONS:1) ACTIVITY AND DELAY SAMPLING:- TO MEASURE THE ACTIVITIES AND
DELAYS OF WORKERS AND MACHINES.
2) PERFORMANCE SAMPLING:- TO MEASURE WORKING TIME AND NON
WORKING TIME OF A PERSON ON A MANUAL WORK AND TO ESTABLISH A
PERFORMANCE INDEX OR PERFORMANCE LEVEL FOR A PERSON DURING HIS
WORKING TIME.
3) WORK MEASUREMENT:- UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, TO MEASURE
MANUAL TASK THAT IS TO ESTABLISHED A TIME STANDARD FOR AN
OPERATION.

WHAT IS JOB DESIGN

Job design process by which managers decide
individual job tasks and authority
Job redesign process by which managers reconsider
what employees are expected to do
The well-being of organizations and people relates to
how well management designs jobs

DEFINITION OF JOB DESIGN

Def: Job Design is the process of deciding on the content of a
job in terms of its duties and responsibilities; on the methods
to be used in carrying out the job, in terms of techniques,
systems and procedures and on the relationships that should
exist between the job holder and the superiors, subordinates
and colleagues.

GOALS OF JOB DESIGN

1.
2.
3.
4.

Major Concern
Purpose of Job Design
Affect on Employee
Impact

DESIGN FACTOR

LAYOUT OF EQUIPMENT AND SEATING

INSTRUMENT DISPLAY DESIGN
COMPATIBILITY
CONTROL DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

TEMPERATURE AND HUMMIDITY

VIBRATION
NOISE

VISUAL ENVIRONMENT

LIGHTING
VENTILATION
BEHAVIOURAL DIMENSIONS OF JOB DESIGN
JOB ROTATION
JOB ENLARGEMENT
JOB ENRICHMENT

JOB ROTATION: JOB ENLARGEMENT

:JOB ENRICHMENT:
JOB ROTATION: REFERS TO THE MOVEMENT OF AN EMPLOYEE FROM ONE JOB TO ANOTHER.
PLEASE NOTE: JOBS THEMSELVES ARE NOT ACTUALLY CHANGED, ONLY EMPLOYEES ARE
ROTATED AMONG VARIOUS JOBS.
JOB ENLARGEMENT
WHEN A JOB IS ENLARGED THE TASKS BEING PERFORMED ARE EITHER ENLARGED OR
SEVERAL SHORT TASKS ARE GIVEN TO ON WORKER, THUS THE SCOPE OF THE JOB IS
INCREASED BECAUSE THERE ARE MANY TASKS TO BE PERFORMED BY THE SAME WORKER.
JOB ENRICHMENT:
JOB ENRICHMENT AS IS CURRENTLY PRACTICED ALL OVER THE WORK IS A DIRECT
OUTGROWTH OF HERZBERGS TWO FACTOR THEORY OF MOTIVATION.

APPROACHES TO JOB DESIGN

ENGINEERING APPROACH:
HUMAN APPROACH:
JOB CHARACTERISTICS APPROACH:

ENGINEERING APPROACH:

THE WORK OF EVERY WORKMAN IS FULLY PLANNED OUT BY THE

MANAGEMENT AT LEAST ON DAY IN ADVANCE AND EACH MAN
RECEIVES IN MOST CASES COMPLETE WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS,
DESCRIBING IN DETAIL THE TASK WHICH HE/SHE HAS TO
ACCOMPLISH-FW TAYLOR.
PROBLEM WITH THIS APPROACH: REPETITION-MECHANICAL
PACING-NO END PRODUCT-LITTLE SOCAL INTERACTION-NO INPUT

HUMAN APPROACH:
THE HUMAN RELATIONS APPROACH RECOGNIZED THE NEED TO DESIGN
JOBS WHICH ARE INTERESTING AND REWARDING.
HERZBERGS RESEARCH POPULARIZED THE NOTION OF ENHANCING NEED
SATISFACTION THROUGH WHAT IS CALLED JOB ENRICHMENT.
FACTORS INVOLVED:
MOTIVATORS LIKE ACHIEVEMENT, RECOGNITION, WORK ITSELF,
RESPONSIBILITY, ADVANCEMENT AND GROWTH AND HYGIENIC FACTORS.
ACCORDING TO HERZBERG. THE EMPLOYEE IS DISSATISFIED WITH THE JOB
IF REQUIRED MAINTENANCE FACTORS TO THE REQUIRED DEGREE ARE
NOT INTRODUCED INTO THE JOB.

JOB CHARACTERISTICS APPROACH

THEORY BY HACKMAN AND OLDHAM STATES THAT EMPLOYEES WILL

WORK HARD WHEN THEY ARE REWARDED FOR THE WORK THEY DO
AND WHEN THE WORK GIVES THEM SATISFACTION.

HENCE INTEGRATION OF MOTIVATION, SATISFACTION AND

PERFORMANCE WITH JOB DESIGN.
ACCORDING TO THIS APPROACH JOB CAN BE DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF
FIVE CORE JOB DIMENSIONS:
1. SKILL VARIETY
2. TASK IDENTITY
3. TASK SIGNIFICANCE
4. AUTONOMY
5. FEEDBACK

JOB DESIGN PROCESS:

JOB DESIGN PROCESS HAS TO START FROM WHAT ACTIVITY

NEEDS TO BE DONE IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE ORGANIZATIONAL
GOALS.
IT REQUIRES USE OF TECHNIQUES LIKE WORK-STUDY,
PROCESS PLANNING, ORGANIZATIONAL METHODS AND
ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS AND ALSO TECHNICAL ASPECTS

THANK
YOU