Science 20 - Review of Unit A: Chapter 1 - Aqueous Solutions
Science 20 - Review of Unit A: Chapter 1 - Aqueous Solutions
Science 20 - Review of Unit A: Chapter 1 - Aqueous Solutions
2.
Lewis dot diagrams
focuses only on the outermost (valence level), and uses dots to
valence orbitals
if additional locations are required for electrons, start filling the four
Plastic
carbon
and
hydroge
n
molecula
r
compoun
d
Aluminum foil
aluminu
m
metallic
element
flexible
low melting point
insoluble in water
does not conduct
conducts electricity
malleable
high melting point
insoluble in water
o electrolytes:
solutions that conduct electricity are called electrolytes
strong electrolytes occur when most of the solute dissolves as ions and the
o because of these charged ions, an electrical current can pass through the
solution
solutions that do not conduct are non-electrolytes. Recall that most molecular
compounds that form solutions do not conduct electricity.
non-electrolytes disperse electrically-neutral particles
compound
a compound with low solubility (e.g. calcium carbonate) is assumed not to
a ratio does not tell you the exact amounts, but it tells you proportions
e.g. a mole ratio of 3:1 means three moles of the wanted for every mole of the
given
if you know the number moles of the given, you can use the mole ratio to
calculate the number of moles of the wanted
steps to a mole ratio problem:
write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction
under the equation, write the number of moles of the given and nw = ? under
the wanted
find the mole ratio
multiply the number of moles of the given by the mole ratio (w/g) to find the
number of moles of the wanted
Oxidation and reduction:
Some metals, like gold, tend to be very stable and will not break down over time
Other metals undergo corrosion (tarnishing or rusting) very easily
corrosion is the oxidation of a metal (metal atom metal ion + electrons)
Metal
copper
zinc
silver
2+
(aq)
Cu
no reaction
reaction
no reaction
Solution
Zn2+(aq)
no reaction
no reaction
no reaction
Ag+(aq)
reaction
reaction
no reaction
Based on this demonstration, list the metals from most reactive to least reactive; list
the ions from most reactive to least reactive.
Zn(s) Cu(s) Ag(s)
o the more stable a metal atom, the more reactive a metal ion
o the more stable a metal ion, the more reactive a metal atom
when read from left to right, you have the reduction half-reaction
o the top half-reaction is the most reactive (will happen the easiest)
when read from right to left, you have the oxidation half-reaction
reaction
a reducing agent is the substance that causes an atom to be reduced and is itself
oxidized
an oxidizing agent is the substance that causes an atom to be oxidized and is
itself reduced
over time, the zinc electrode will shrink in size (as Zn Zn2+) and the copper
electrode will grow (Cu2+ Cu)
if the two solutions were not connected, the zinc would run out of electrons and the
the solution in the salt bridge allows a continuous flow of electrons back into the
zinc solution
o the metal closer to the bottom of the activity series will be oxidized = reducing
agent
o the electrode that is oxidized is the anode, the other is reduced, and is the
cathode
salt bridge
cathode
oxidation reduction
o the anode is listed on the left, the cathode on the right
o the vertical line | represents a boundary between a metal and its solution
o the double line || represents the salt bridge
Electrolytic vs. voltaic
an electrolytic cell is a system where a non-spontaneous redox reaction occurs
recall that a reaction that is non-spontaneous will only occur if energy is added
in an electrolytic cell, energy is added in the form of electricity
spontaneous?
Voltaic
yes
Electrolytic
no
requires energy
produces voltage
use
change in energy
no
yes
energy source
exothermic
yes
no
electroplating
endothermic
Electroplating
the metals, like gold, that are the most stable and corrosion-resistant are also the
most precious
if you want to manufacture a metal object that is resistant to corrosion it would not
be cost-effective to make the whole thing out of gold
instead, a thin coating of gold could be applied to the surface of a more affordable
metal
the object to be coated will be submerged in a solution of metal ions (e.g. gold ions)
an external energy source supplies energy to the electrons to force them to flow
from the electrode into the solution
this turns the metal ions into metal atoms, which will accumulate on the surface of
the
metal
object.
electroplating is a particularly good way to protect metals that are easily oxidized, like
iron
metals that work as good electroplaters are chromium, platinum, silver and gold
ability to form chains, rings, spheres, sheets, and tubes of almost any size
can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds
compound
e.g. in ethanol (CH3 CH2 OH), it is believed to be the hydroxyl functional
group
(-OH) that gives the compound its physical and chemical
properties.
o main families of organic compounds
aliphatics
continuous chains of carbons that are surrounded by hydrogens
include alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
name
formula
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane
- ane
CH4(g)
C2H6(g)
C3H8(g)
C4H10(g)
C5H12(l)
C6H14(l)
C7H16(l)
C8H18(l)
C9H20(l)
C10H22(l)
CnH2n+2
as the size (and molar mass) of the alkane increases, the boiling point increases as
well
the first syllable of an any organic compound is a prefix that indicates the number
of carbon atoms in the molecule (see right)
the same prefixes are used to name groups of atoms that branch off from the
larger molecule
if the branching atoms are hydrocarbons, the branch is called an alkyl branch, and
the branch is name with the prefix and the ending yl.
to name alkanes:
identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms ( the parent chain) in
the structural diagram they may not necessarily be in a straight line, but must
be all connected
number the carbon atoms in the parent chain, starting from the end closest to
the branch or branches.
identify any branches and their location number on the parent chain
write the complete IUPAC name, following this format:
to draw alkanes:
begin by identifying the name of the parent chain and draw the skeleton of the
parent chain
next, identify the branches and position them on the appropriate carbons
lastly, complete any unfilled branches with hydrogen.
hydrocarbons with double bonds are called alkenes, and with triple bonds are
called alkynes.
these compounds are named in a similar way to alkanes, but their names will
end in ene and yne.
name
formula is CnH2n and for
the general formula for alkenes
alkynes is CnH2n-2.
ethene
C2H4(g)
propene
C3H6(g)
to name alkenes and alkynes:
butene
C4H8(g)
since the location of a multiple
bond affects the
pentene
C5H10(l)
chemical and physical properties
of a compound, the
hexene
C6H12(l)
name of the compound must
specify the location of
heptene
C7H14(l)
the multiple bond
octene
C8H16(l)
the rules for naming are similar
to alkanes, with three
nonene
C9H18(l)
additional rules:
decene
C10H20(l)
the parent chain must
contain the multiple
bond
- ene
CnH2n
the parent chain is numbered
from the end closest
to the multiple bond (not closest to the first branch as for alkanes)
the name of the parent chain is preceded by the number of the carbon on
Organic reactions
(1)
Hydrocarbon combustion
the burning of any compound containing carbons and hydrogens
hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen, and produces carbon dioxide and water
reaction: CxHy
+
O2(g)
CO2(g)
+
H2O(g)
(2)
Cracking
the breaking down of large hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbon compounds
example: the cracking of heptane produces butene and propane C7H16(l) C4H8(g)
+ C3H8(g)
(3)
Polymerization
takes smaller compounds and joins them together to make a larger hydrocarbon
this process is used to turn ethene into polyethylene, which is used to make plastic
products like milk jugs
example:
o the double bond in ethene is broken leaving two free, unbonded electrons
o the molecules bond together and form a chain, with each original ethene
molecule like a link in the chain.
(4)
Hydrogenation
the process of turning an unsaturated hydrocarbon (e.g. pentene) into a saturated
hydrocarbon (e.g. pentane)
process is done by breaking the multiple bond and adding hydrogen in its place
reaction:
alkene
+
H2(g)
alkane
e.g. C5H10(l) +
H2(g)
C5H12(ll
d. lithium
8. What volume of 75mmol/L solution can be prepared from 10.0g of sodium carbonate?
9. A sample of laboratory ammonia solution has a concentration of 14.8mol/L. What
amount of ammonia is in a 25.0mL sample of this solution?
15.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
List the elements zinc, nickel (II), and copper (II) in order of:
increasing reactivity
increasing strength as oxidizing agent
increasing strength as reducing agent
increasing readiness to give up electrons
increasing readiness to take in electrons
16.
a.
b.
c.
d.
17.
a.
b.
c.
18. A voltaic cell is constructed using aluminum and tin (II). Sodium nitrate is used in
the salt bridge.
a. identify the anode and cathode
b. write the half-reaction for each element and identify which is the oxidation halfreaction and which is the reduction half-reaction
c. draw the cell, label it and show the flow of electrons
d. describe the cell using cell notation
19. A voltaic cell is constructed using zinc and silver. Potassium sulfate is used in the
salt bridge.
a. identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent
b. identify the positive and negative electrodes
c. describe the role of the salt bridge
20.
polyethylene
Chemical
formula
Chemical structure
[C2H4]n
n
C8H16
the fuel used
in most BBQs
23.
a. 1-hexene
b. 2-pentyne
c. 3,4-dimethyloctane
d. 2-methyl-1-butene
e. 3-ethylheptane
24. Name the following compounds:
a.
b.
c.
25.
For each pair of compounds below, describe which one will have a higher boiling
point and explain why.
a. pentane or propane
b. butane or butene
c. pentyne or pentane
d. 1-butene or propene
26.
For each pair of compounds below, describe which one is more reactive and
explain why.
a. 2-heptene or 2-heptyne
b. propane or ethene
c. ethene or 2-butyne
d. octane or 3-heptene
27.
Which alkanes are gases, which are liquids, and which are solids? What is the
connection between the chemical formula of the alkane and its state at room
temperature?
28.
Alkane, alkene or
alkyne
Types of bonds
present (single,
double or triple)
2,2dimethylpentane
2-ethyl-1-hexene
C2H2(g)
C7H12(l)
3-octene
C8H18(l)
29.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Saturated or
unsaturated
Suppose you checked the ingredients label next. Which cookies would you
expect to made with butter, and which ones would you expect to be