Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

Chapter 4
4-1.

(a) The millimole is an amount of a chemical species, such as an atom, an ion, a

molecule or an electron. There are
6.02 1023

particles
mole

103

mole
millimole

=
6.02 1020

particles
millimole

(b) The molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a chemical species.
(c) The millimolar mass is the mass in grams of one millimole of a chemical species.
(d) Parts per million, cppm, is a term expressing the concentration of dilute solutions.
Thus,
cppm = mass of solute
mass of solution

10 6 ppm

The units of mass in the numerator and the denominator must be the same.
4-2.

The molar species concentration is number of moles of that species contained in one liter
of solution. The molar analytical concentration is the total number of moles of a solute in
1 liter of the solution, regardless of the solutes chemical state.
3

4-3.

1000 mL
1 cm3 1 m
The liter: 1 L=

=
1L
1 mL 100 cm
1 mol
1L
Molar concentration: 1 M =

1L
103 m3

4-4.

(a) 3.2 108 Hz

1 MHz
106 Hz

109 ng
(b) 4.56 10 g
1g
7

=
320 MHz

456 ng
=

103 m3

1 mol
= 3 3
10 m

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

(c) 8.43 107 mol

1 Gs
109 s

(d) 6.5 1010 s

(e) 8.96 106 nm

=
84.3 mol

=
65 Gs

1 mm
106 nm

1 kg
1000 g

(f) 48, 000 g

4-5.

1 mol
106 mol

Chapter 4

=
8.96 mm

=
48 kg

For oxygen, for example 15.999 u/atom = 15.999 g/6.022 1023 atoms = 15.999 g/mol.
So 1 u = 1 g/mol.
Thus, 1g = 1mol u.

4-6.

From Pb. 4-5, 1 g = 1 mol u = 6.022 1023 u

1 u = 1/12 mass of 12C atom
So 1 kg = 1000 g = 1000 Avogadros number of u =
1000 Avogadros number 1/12 mass of 12C atom =
1000/12 Avogadros number mass of 12C atom
1 mol Na 3 PO 4
3 mol Na +
6.022 1023 Na +
3.22 1022 Na +

=
163.94 g
1 mol Na 3 PO 4
1 mol Na +

4-7.

2.92 g Na 3 PO 4

4-8.

3.41 mol K 2 HPO 4

4-9.

(a) 8.75 g B2 O3

2 mol K +
6.022 1023 K +

=
4.111024 K +
+
1 mol K 2 HPO 4
1 mol K

1 mol B2 O3
2 mol B

=
0.251 mol B
1 mol B2 O3
69.62 g B2 O3

167.2 mg Na 2 B4 O7 10H 2 O
(b)

1g
7 mol O

1000 mg 1 mol Na 2 B4 O7 10H 2 O

1 mol Na 2 B4 O7 10H 2 O
3.07 103 mol O = 3.07 mmol
=
381.37 g
2

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

(c) 4.96 g Mn 3O 4

(d)

Chapter 4

1 mol Mn 3O 4
3 mol Mn

=
6.50 102 mol Mn
228.81 g Mn 3O 4 1 mol Mn 3O 4

333 mg CaC2 O 4

mol CaC2 O 4
1g
2 mol C

=
5.20 103 mol C
1000 mg 128.10 g CaC2 O 4 1 mol CaC2 O 4

= 5.20 mmol

4-10. (a)

850 mg P2 O5

1 mol P2 O5
1g
1000 mmol
2 mol P

1000 mg 141.94 g P2 O5
1 mol
1 mol P2 O5

= 11.98 mmol P
(b) 40.0 g CO 2

1 mol CO 2 1000 mmol 1 mol C

=
909 mmol C
44.01 g CO 2
1 mol
1 mol CO 2

(c) 12.92 g NaHCO3

1 mol NaHCO3 1000 mmol

3 mol O
461.4 mmol O

=
84.01 g NaHCO3
1 mol
1 mol NaHCO3

57 mg MgNH 4 PO 4
(d)

4-11. (a)

1 mol MgNH 4 PO 4 1000 mmol

1g

1000 mg 137.32 g MgNH 4 PO 4

1 mol

1 mol Mg
= 0.42 mmol Mg
1 mol MgNH 4 PO 4

0.0555 mol KMnO 4

1000 mmol

2.00 L = 111 mmol KMnO 4

L
1 mol

3.25 103 M KSCN 1000 mmol

L

750 mL
(b)
L
1 mol
1000 mL
= 2.44 mmol KSCN
3.33 mg CuSO 4
1 mol CuSO 4 1000 mmol
1g

3.50 L
1L
1000 mg 159.61 g CuSO 4
1 mol
(c)
= 7.30102 mmol CuSO 4
(d)

0.414 mol KCl 1000 mmol

1L

250 mL = 103.5 mmol KCl

1L
1 mol
1000 mL

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

0.320 mol HClO 4 1000 mmol

1L

226 mL
1L
1 mol
1000 mL
4-12. (a)
= 72.3 mmol HClO 4
8.05103 mol K 2 CrO 4 1000 mmol

25.0 L
(b)
1L
1 mol
= 201 mmol K 2 CrO 4
6.75 mg AgNO3
1 mol AgNO3 1000 mmol
1g

6.00 L
1L
1000 mg 169.87 g AgNO3
1 mol
(c)
= 0.238 mmol AgNO3
0.0200 mol KOH 1000 mmol
1L

537 mL
1L
1 mol
1000 mL
(d)
= 10.7 mmol KOH
4-13. (a) 0.367 mol HNO3

(b) 245 mmol MgO

63.01 g HNO3 1000 mg

= 2.31 104 mg HNO3

1 mol HNO3
1g

1 mol
40.30 g MgO 1000 mg

= 9.87 103mg MgO

1000 mmol 1 mol MgO
1g

(c) 12.5 mol NH 4 NO3

(d)

80.04 g NH 4 NO3 1000 mg

= 1.00 106 mg NH 4 NO3

1 mol NH 4 NO3
1g

4.95 mol (NH 4 ) 2 Ce(NO3 )6

548.23 g (NH 4 ) 2 Ce(NO3 )6 1000 mg

1 mol (NH 4 ) 2 Ce(NO3 )6

1g

= 2.71 106 mg (NH 4 ) 2 Ce(NO3 )6

4-14. (a) 3.20 mol KBr

119.0 g KBr
= 381 g KBr
1 mol KBr

(b) 18.9 mmol PbO

1 mol
223.20 g PbO

= 4.22 g PbO
1000 mmol
1 mol PbO

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

(c) 6.02 mol MgSO 4

(d)

Chapter 4

120.37 g MgSO 4
= 725 g MgSO 4
1 mol MgSO 4

10.9 mmol Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 6H 2 O

392.23 g Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 6H 2 O

1 mol

1000 mmol
1 mol Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 6H 2 O

= 4.28 g Fe(NH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 6H 2 O

0.350 mol sucrose
1L
342 g sucrose 1000 mg

1L
1000 mL 1 mol sucrose
1g
4-15. (a)
16.0 mL = 1.92103 mg sucrose

(b)

3.76103 mol H 2 O 2 34.02 g H 2 O 2 1000 mg

1L
1 mol H 2 O 2
1g
1.92 L = 246 mg H 2 O 2

2.96 mg Pb(NO3 ) 2
1L

356 mL
1L
1000 mL
(c)
= 1.05 mg Pb(NO3 ) 2
0.0819 mol KNO3 101.10 g KNO3 1000 mg
1L

1L
1 mol
1g
1000 mL
(d)
5.75 mL = 47.6 mg KNO3
0.264 mol H 2 O 2
34.02 g H 2 O 2
1L

250 mL
1L
1000 mL 1 mol H 2 O 2
4-16. (a)
= 2.25 g H 2 O 2

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

5.75104 mol benzoic acid

1L
122 g benzoic acid

1L
1000 mL 1 mol benzoic acid
(b)
37.0 mL = 2.60103g benzoic acid
(c)

31.7 mg SnCl2
1g

4.50 L = 0.143 g SnCl2

1L
1000 mg

0.0225 mol KBrO3

167 g KBrO3
1L

11.7 mL
1L
1000 mL 1 mol KBrO3
(d)
= 4.40 102 g KBrO3
4-17. (a) pNa = log(0.0635 + 0.0403) = log(0.1038) = 0.9838

pCl = log(0.0635) = 1.197

pOH = log(0.0403) =
1.395

(b) pBa =
log(4.65 103 ) = 2.333

log(2.54) =
0.405
pMn =
pCl = log(2 4.65 103 + 2 2.54) = log(5.089) =0.707
(c)

pH = log(0.400) = 0.398
pCl = log(0.400 + 2 0.100) = log(0.600) =0.222
pZn =
log(0.100) =
1.00
(d)
log(5.78 102 ) = 1.238
pCu =

pZn =
log(0.204) =
0.690
pNO3 = log(2 0.0578 + 2 0.204) = log(0.5236) =0.281

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

(e)
log(4 1.62 107 + 5.12 107 ) =
log(1.16 106 ) =
pK =
5.936
pOH =
log(5.12 107 ) = 6.291

pFe(CN)6 =
log(1.62 107 ) = 6.790
(f)
pH =
log(4.75 104 ) = 3.32

pBa =
log(2.35 104 ) = 3.63

log(2 2.35 104 + 4.75 104 ) =

log(9.45 104 ) = 3.02
pClO 4 =
4-18. (a) pH = 4.31, log[H3O+] = 4.31, [H3O+] = 4.9 105 M
as in part (a)
(b) [H3O+] = 3.3 105 M
(c) [H3O+] = 0.26 M
(d) [H3O+] = 1.3 1014 M
(e) [H3O+] = 2.4 108 M
(f) [H3O+] = 4.8 106 M
(g) [H3O+] = 5.8 M
(h) [H3O+] = 2.6 M
4-19. (a) pNa = pBr = log(0.0300) = 1.523
(b) pBa = log(0.0200) = 1.699; pBr = log(2 0.0200) = 1.398
(c) pBa = log(5.5 103) = 2.26; pOH = log(2 5.5 103) = 1.96
(d) pH = log(0.020) = 1.70: pNa = log(0.010) = 2.00
7

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

pCl = log(0.020 + 0.010) = log(0.030) = 1.52

(e) pCa = log(8.7 103) = 2.06; pBa = log(6.6 103) = 2.18
pCl = log(2 8.7 103 + 2 6.6 103) = log(0.0306) = 1.51
(f) pZn = log(2.8 108) = 7.55; pCd = log(6.6 107) = 6.18
pNO3 = log(2.8 108 + 2 6.6 107) = 5.87
4-20. (a) pH = 1.020; log[H3O+] = 1.020; [H3O+] = 0.0955 M
(b) pOH = 0.0025; log[OH] = 0.0025; [OH] = 0.99 M
(c) pBr = 7.77; [Br] = 1.70 108 M
(d) pCa = 0.221; [Ca2+] = 1.66 M
(e) pLi = 12.35; [Li+] = 4.5 1013 M
(f) pNO3 = 0.034; [NO3] = 0.92 M
(g) pMn = 0.135; [Mn2+] = 0.733 M
(h) pCl = 9.67; [Cl] = 2.14 1010 M
4-21. (a) 1.08 103 ppm Na +

270 ppm SO 4 2

1
1.02 g 1000 mL 1 mol Na +

=4.79 102 M Na +
6
10 ppm 1 mL
1L
22.99 g

1
1.02 g 1000 mL 1 mol SO 43

=2.87 103 M SO 4 2
106 ppm 1 mL
1L
96.06 g

(b) pNa =
log(4.79 102 ) =
1.320
pSO 4 =
log(2.87 103 ) =
2.542

4-22. (a) 300 nmol/L = 300 109 mol/L or 300 nM in plasma

2.2 mmol/L = 2.2 103 mol/L or 2.2 mM in whole blood
(b) pHb in plasma = log(300 109) = 6.52
pHb in blood = log(2.2 103) = 2.66
8

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

4-23. (a)
5.76 g KClMgCl2 6H 2 O 1 mol KClMgCl2 6H 2 O

=1.04102 M KClMgCl2 6H 2 O
2.00 L
277.85 g

(b) There is 1 mole of Mg2+ per mole of KClMgCl2, so the molar concentration of Mg2+
is the same as the molar concentration of KClMgCl2 or 1.04 102M

(c) 1.04102 M KClMgCl2 6H 2 O

3 mol Cl
=3.12102 M Cl
1 mol KClMgCl2 6H 2 O

(d)

5.76 g KClMgCl2 6H 2 O
1L

100%=0.288% (w/v)
2.00 L
1000 mL

(e)

3.12 102 mol Cl

1L
1000 mmol

25 mL =
7.8 101 mmol Cl
1L
1000 mL
1 mol

1.04 102 M KClMgCl2 6H 2 O

(f)

1 mol K +
39.10 g K + 1000 mg

1 mol KClMgCl2 6H 2 O 1 mol K +

1g

407 mg
= 407 ppm K +
1L

(g) pMg = log(1.04 102) = 1.983

(h) pCl = log(3.12 102) = 1.506

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

4-24. (a)
1210 mg K 3 Fe(CN)6 1000 mL
1210 g K Fe(CN)6
1g

=3
775 mL
1L
1000 mg
775 L
1210 g K 3 Fe(CN)6 mol K 3 Fe(CN)6

= 4.74103 M K 3 Fe(CN)6
775 L
329.2 g

3 mol K +
(b) 4.74 10 M K 3 Fe(CN ) 6
= 1.42 10 2 M K +
mol K 3 Fe(CN ) 6
3

(c) 4.74 10 3 M K 3 Fe(CN ) 6

mol Fe(CN ) 6
3
= 4.74 10 3 M Fe(CN ) 6
mol K 3 Fe(CN ) 6

(d)

1210mgK 3 Fe(CN ) 6
g

100% = 0.156% (w/v)

775mL
1000mg

(e)

1.42 102 mol K +

L
1000 mmolK +

50 mL = 7.1101 mmol K +
+
L
1000 mL
mol K

(f)

4.74 103 mol K 3 Fe(CN)6 mol Fe(CN)63 211.95 g Fe(CN)63

L
mol K 3 Fe(CN)6
mol Fe(CN)63
1000 mg 1005 mg
3
Fe(CN)
1005 ppm Fe(CN)63
=
=
6
g
L

(g) pK = log(1.42 102) = 1.848

(h) pFe(CH)6 = log(4.74 103) = 2.324

4-25. (a)

6.42% Fe(NO3 )3 =

6.42 g Fe(NO3 )3 1.059 g 1000 mL 1 mol Fe(NO3 )3

100 g solution
mL
1L
241.86 g

2.81101 M Fe(NO3 )3 = 0.281 M

(b)
2.8110-1mol Fe(NO3 )3
3 mol NO3
2.81101 M Fe(NO3 )3 =

=
8.43 101 M NO3
L
1 mol Fe(NO3 )3
2.81101 mol Fe(NO3 )3 241.86 g Fe(NO3 )3
(c)

1 L = 6.80 101 g Fe(NO3 )3 = 68.0 g

L
1 mol
10

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

4-26. (a) 12.5% NiCl2 =

12.5 g NiCl2 1.149 g 1000 mL 1 mol NiCl2

=1.11 M NiCl2
100 g solution 1 mL
1L
129.61 g

(b) 1.11 M NiCl2 =

(c)

4-27. (a)

Chapter 4

1.11 mol NiCl2 2 mol Cl

= 2.22 M Cl
L
1 mol NiCl2

1.11 mol NiCl2 129.61 g NiCl2

1 L = 1.44102 g NiCl2
L
mol

4.75 g C2 H 5OH
500 mL soln =
2.38 101 g C2 H 5OH
100 mL soln

Weigh 23.8 g ethanol and add enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL

4.75% (w/w) C2 H 5OH=

4.75 g C2 H 5OH
2.38 101 g C2 H 5OH
500 g soln =
100 g soln

(b) 500 g soln=23.8 g C2 H 5OH+x g water

x g water = 500 g soln 23.8 g C2 H 5OH = 476.2 g water

Mix 23.8 g ethanol with 476.2 g water
4.75% (v/v) C2 H 5OH=

(c)

4.75 mL C2 H 5OH
100 mL soln

4.75 mL C2 H 5OH
500 mL soln
= 2.38 101 mL C2 H 5OH
100 mL soln

Dilute 23.8 mL ethanol with enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.
4-28. (a)

21.0 g C3 H8O3 1000 mL

2.50 L soln =
5.25 102 g C3 H8O3
100 mL soln
1L

Weigh 525 g glycerol and add enough water to give a final volume of 2.50 L.

21.0 g C3H8O3 1000 g

21.0% (w/w) C3 H8O3 =

2.50 kg soln=5.25 102 g C3H8O3

100 g soln
1 kg
(b) 2.50 kg soln=0.525 kg C3 H8O3 + x kg water
x kg water=2.50 kg soln 0.525 kg C3 H8O3 =1.98 kg water
Mix 525 g glycerol with 1.98 kg water.
11

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

(c)
21.0 mL C3 H8O3 1000 mL

21.0% (v/v) C3 H8O3 =

2.50 L soln =
5.25 102 mL C3 H8O3
100 mL soln
1L
Dilute 525 mL glycerol with enough water to give a final volume of 2.50 L.

4-29.
6.00 mol H 3 PO 4
1L

750 mL = 4.50 mol H 3 PO 4

L
1000 mL
86 g H 3 PO 4 1.71 g reagent g water 1000 mL mol H 3 PO 4

100 g reagent
g water
mL
L
98.0 g
1.50101mol H 3 PO 4
=
L
volume 86% (w/w) H 3 PO 4 required = 4.50 mol H 3PO 4

L
= 3.00 101 L
1.5010 mol H 3 PO 4
1

4-30.
3.00 mol HNO3
L

900 mL=2.70 mol HNO3

L
1000 mL
70.5 g HNO3 1.42 g reagent 1 g water 1000 mL mol HNO3

100 g reagent
g water
1 mL
1L
63.0 g
=

1.59101mol HNO3
L

volume 70.5% HNO3 required = 2.70 mol HNO3

L
= 1.70 101 L
1.5910 mol HNO3
1

Dilute 170 mL of the concentrated reagent to 900 mL with water.

0.0750 mol AgNO3
L
0.0750 mol AgNO3 169.87 g AgNO3
1L
4-31. (a) =

500 mL
L
1 mol
1000 mL
0.0750 M AgNO3 =

= 6.37 g AgNO3

Dissolve 6.37 g AgNO3 in enough water to give a final volume of 500 mL.
12

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

0.285 mol HCl

1 L = 0.285 mol HCl
L
(b)
1L
0.285 mol HCl
= 4.75102 L HCl
6.00 mol HCl
Take 47.5 mL of the 6.00 M HCl and dilute to 1.00 L with water.

(c)

0.0810 mol K +
1L
= 3.24 102 mol K +

400 mL
L
1000 mL
3.24 102 mol K +

1 mol K 4 Fe(CN)6
368.43 g K 4 Fe(CN)6

= 2.98 g K 4 Fe(CN)6
+
4 mol K
mol

Dissolve 2.98 g K4Fe(CN)6 in enough water to give a final volume of 400 mL.

(d)

3.00 g BaCl2
600 mL = 1.8101g BaCl2
100 mL soln
1.8 101 g BaCl2

1 mol BaCl2
L

= 2.16 101 L
208.23 g
0.400 mol BaCl2

Take 216 mL of the 0.400 M BaCl2 solution and dilute to 600 mL with water
(e)

0.120 mol HClO 4

2.00 L = 0.240 mol HClO 4
L
71 g HClO 4 1.67 g reagent 1 g water 1000 mL mol HClO 4

100 g reagent
1 g water
1 mL
1L
100.46 g
=

1.18101mol HClO 4
L

L
= 2.03102 L
1.1810 mol HClO 4
Take 20.3 mL of the concentrated reagent and dilute to 2.00 L with water.
volume 71% (w/w) HClO 4 required = 0.240 mol HClO 4

13

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

60 ppm Na + =

(f)

Chapter 4

60 mg Na +
L soln

60 mg Na +
9.00 L = 5.4102 mg Na +
L soln
5.4 102 mg Na +

1g
1 mol Na +

= 2.35 102 mol Na +

1000 mg 22.99 g

2.35 102 mol Na +

1 mol Na 2SO 4
142.04 g Na 2SO 4

= 1.7 g Na 2SO 4
+
2 mol Na
1 mol

Dissolve 1.7 g Na2SO4 in enough water to give a final volume of 9.00 L.

4-32. (a)

0.0500 mol KMnO 4

158.03 g KMnO 4
5.00 L
= 3.95101g KMnO 4
L
1 mol

Dissolve 39.5 g KMnO4 in enough water to give a final volume of 5.00 L.

0.250 mol HClO 4
4.00 L = 1.00 mol HClO 4
L
(b)
1L
1.00 mol HClO 4
= 1.25 101 L reagent
8.00 mol reagent
Take 125 mL of the 8.00 M reagent and dilute a final of volume of 4.00 L with water.
0.0250 mol I
1L
400 mL = 1.00 102 mol I

L
1000 mL
(c)
1 mol MgI 2
278.11 g MgI 2
1.00 102 mol I

= 1.39 g MgI 2

2 mol I
1 mol

Dissolve 1.39 g MgI2 in enough water to give a final volume of 400 mL

1.00% (w/v) CuSO 4 =

(d)

1.00 g CuSO 4
100 mL soln

1.00 g CuSO 4
200 mL = 2.00 g CuSO 4
100 mL soln
1 mol CuSO 4
L
2.00 g CuSO 4

= 3.43102 L
159.60 g
0.365 mol CuSO 4

Take 34.3 mL of the 0.365 M CuSO4 and dilute to a final volume of 200 mL with water
14

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

(e)
0.215 mol NaOH
1.50 L = 0.322 mol NaOH
L
50 g NaOH
50% (w/w) NaOH=
100 g reagent
50 g NaOH 1.525 g reagent 1 g water 1000 mL mol NaOH

100 g reagent
1 g water
1 mL
1L
40.00 g
=

1.9101mol NaOH
L

L
= 1.7102 L
1.910 mol NaOH
Take 17 mL of the concentrated reagent and dilute to a final volume of 1.50 L
volume 50% (w/w) NaOH required = 0.322 mol NaOH

with water
(f)

12 mg K +
12.0 ppm K =
L soln
+

12 mg K +
1.50 L = 1.8101 mg K +
L soln
1g
1 mol K +

=4.60104 mol K +
1000 mg 39.10 g
1 mol K 4 Fe(CN)6 368.35 g K 4 Fe(CN)6
mol K +

= 4.24102 g K 4 Fe(CN)6
+
4 mol K
1 mol

1.8 101 mg K +
4.60104

Dissolve 42.4 mg K4Fe(CN)6 in enough water to give a final volume of 1.50 L.

4-33.
0.250 mol La 3+
1L

50.0 mL = 1.25102 mol La 3+

L
1000 mL
0.302 M IO3
=

0.302 mol IO3

1L
75.0 mL = 2.27102 mol IO3

1L
1000 mL

15

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

Because each mole of La(IO3)3 requires three moles IO3, IO3 is the limiting reagent.
Thus,
2.27 102 mol IO3

1 mol La(IO3 )3
663.6 g La(IO3 )3

= 5.01 g La(IO3 )3formed

3 mol IO3
1 mol

4-34
0.125 mol Pb 2+
1L

200 mL = 2.50102 mol Pb 2+

L
1000 mL
0.175 mol Cl
1L

400 mL = 7.00 102 mol Cl

L
1000 mL
Because each mole of PbCl2 requires two moles Cl, Pb2+ is the limiting reagent. Thus,
2.50 102 mol Pb 2+

1 mol PbCl2
278.10 g PbCl2

= 6.95 g PbCl2 formed

2+
1 mol Pb
1 mol

4-35. A balanced chemical equation can be written as:

Na 2 CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2 (g)
(a)

1 mol Na 2 CO3
= 2.094 103 mol Na 2 CO3
105.99 g
0.0731 mol HCl
1L

100.0 mL = 7.31 103 mol HCl

L
1000 mL

0.2220 g Na 2 CO3

Because one mole of CO2 is evolved for every mole Na2CO3 reacted, Na2CO3 is the
limiting reagent. Thus
2.094 103 mol Na 2 CO3

1 mol CO 2
44.00 g CO 2

= 9.214 102 g CO 2 evolved

1 mol Na 2 CO3
1 mol

16

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

(b)
amnt HCl left = 7.31103 mol (2 2.094 103 mol)= 3.12 103 mol
3.12 103 mol HCl 1000 mL

= 3.12102 M HCl
100.0 mL
1L
4-36. A balanced chemical equation can be written as
Na 3 PO 4 + 3HgNO3 3NaNO3 + Hg 3PO 4
(a)
0.3757 mol Na 3 PO 4
1L

25.0 mL = 9.39103 mol Na 2 PO 4

L
1000 mL
0.5151 mol HgNO3
1L

100.0 mL = 5.151102 mol HgNO3

L
1000 mL

The limiting reagent is Na2PO4. Thus,

9.39 103 mol Na 2 PO 4

1 mol Hg 3 PO 4
696.74 g Hg 3 PO 4

= 6.54 g Hg 3 PO 4 formed
1 mol Na 3 PO 4
mol

(b)

mol HgNO3 unreacted= 5.151102 mol (3 9.39 103 mol)= 2.33 102 mol
2.33 102 mol HgNO3 1000 mL

=
1.87 101 M HgNO3
125.0 mL
1L
4-37

A balanced chemical equation can be written as:

Na 2SO3 + 2HClO 4 2NaClO 4 + H 2 O+ SO 2 (g)
(a)
0.3132 mol Na 2SO3
L

75 mL = 2.3 102 mol Na 2SO3

L
1000 mL
0.4025 mol HClO 4
L
0.4025 M HClO 4 =

150.0 mL = 6.038 102 mol HClO 4

L
1000 mL

0.3132 M Na 2SO3 =

17

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

Because one mole SO2 is evolved per mole Na2SO3, Na2SO3 is the limiting reagent.
Thus,
2.3 102 mol Na 2SO3

mol SO 2
64.06 g SO 2

= 1.5 g SO 2 evolved
mol Na 2SO3
mol

(b)

mol HClO 4 unreacted = (6.038 102 mol (2 2.3 102 ) = 1.4 102 mol
1.4 102 mol HClO 4
1000 mL

= 6.4 102 M HClO 4 = 0.064 M

225 mL
L
4-38. A balanced chemical equation can be written as:
MgCl2 + Na 3 PO 4 + NH 4 + MgNH 4 PO 4 (s) + 3Na + + 2Cl

1.000 g MgCl2
1 mol MgCl2
200.0 mL
100 mL
95.21 g
= 2.101 102 mol MgCl2
0.1753 mol Na 2 PO 4
L

40.0 mL = 7.01103 mol Na 2 PO 4 Na2PO4 is the

L
1000 mL

limiting reagent. Thus,

amnt MgCl2 unreacted = (2.101 102 7.01 103 ) =

1.40 102 mol
1.40 102 mol MgCl2
1000 mL

= 5.83 102 M MgCl2

240.0 mL
1L
4-39. A balanced chemical equation can be written as:
AgNO3 + KI AgI(s) + KNO3
1
1g
1 mol KI

200.0 mL
= 2.93102 mol KI
10 ppt 1 mL
166.0 g
1 mol AgNO3
1L
mol KI

= 2.93 L AgNO3
1 mol KI
0.0100 mol AgNO3

24.31 ppt KI
2.93 102

18

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry: 9th ed.

Chapter 4

2.93 L of 0.0100 M AgNO3 would be required to precipitate I as AgI.

4-40. A balanced chemical equation can be written as
3Ba(NO3 ) 2 + Al2 (SO 4 )3 3BaSO 4 + 2Al +3 + 6NO3

(a)
480.4 ppm Ba(NO3 ) 2

mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
1
1g

750.0 mL
10 ppm 1 mL
261.34 g
6

=1.38 103 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2

0.03090 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3
1L

200.0 mL
L
1000 mL
= 6.18 103 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3
Ba(NO3)2 is the limiting reagent. Thus,
1.38 103 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2

3 mol BaSO 4
233.39 g BaSO 4

= 3.22 101 g BaSO 4 formed

3 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2
1 mol

(b) Since 3 moles of Ba(NO3)2 react with 1 mole of Al2(SO4)3,

amnt Al2 (SO 4 )3 unreacted = (6.18103 mol (1/3 1.38 103mol)=5.72 103 mol
5.72 103 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3
1000 mL

= 6.02103 M Al2 (SO 4 )3

950.0 mL
1L

19