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Transfer Functions, Block Diagram and Signal Flow Graph (Week 2 & 3)

This document discusses transfer functions, block diagrams, and signal flow graphs. It begins by defining a transfer function as the ratio of the Laplace transforms of the output and input of a linear time-invariant system. Block diagrams and signal flow graphs are introduced as ways to represent systems. Basic components of block diagrams like series, parallel, feedback and moving blocks are covered. Signal flow graphs are similar to simplified block diagrams using arrows to represent systems and nodes for signals. Mason's gain formula is presented as a way to obtain the transfer function from a signal flow graph by considering different path gains. Examples are provided to demonstrate converting between block diagrams and signal flow graphs and using the gain formula.

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Wan Ting
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46 views17 pages

Transfer Functions, Block Diagram and Signal Flow Graph (Week 2 & 3)

This document discusses transfer functions, block diagrams, and signal flow graphs. It begins by defining a transfer function as the ratio of the Laplace transforms of the output and input of a linear time-invariant system. Block diagrams and signal flow graphs are introduced as ways to represent systems. Basic components of block diagrams like series, parallel, feedback and moving blocks are covered. Signal flow graphs are similar to simplified block diagrams using arrows to represent systems and nodes for signals. Mason's gain formula is presented as a way to obtain the transfer function from a signal flow graph by considering different path gains. Examples are provided to demonstrate converting between block diagrams and signal flow graphs and using the gain formula.

Uploaded by

Wan Ting
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transfer Functions, Block Diagram

and Signal Flow Graph (Week 2 & 3)


Transfer Function
A general n-th order LTIV differential equation (DE),
an

d n c(t )
d n 1c(t )

a
a0c(t )
n 1
dt n
dt n 1
d m r (t )
d m 1r (t )
bm
bm 1
b0 r (t )
dt m
dt m 1

(2.50)

where c(t) is the output, r(t) is the input and as , bs are the
coefficients of the DE that represent the system. Taking Laplace,
a s C ( s ) a s C ( s ) a C ( s) initial condition terms involving c(t)
(2.51)
n 1

n 1

bm s m R ( s ) bm1 s m1 R( s ) b0 R( s ) initial condition terms involving c(t)

If we assume all initial condition are zero,


(an s n an 1s n 1 a0 )C ( s ) (bm s m bm 1s m 1 b0 ) R ( s )

The transfer function of the system is

Notice that the system output could be obtained using


C s G s R s
(2.54)
The transfer function can be represented as a following block
diagram.

(2.52)

The roots of numerator are called zeros and roots of denominator are
called poles.

Block Diagrams
Basic components of a block diagram for a LTIV system

Cascade or series subsystems,

Parallel Subsystems,

Feedback Form

a. Feedback control system;


b. simplified model;
c. equivalent transfer function

Moving blocks to create familiar forms,

Example 1
Reduce the following block diagram to form a single transfer
function.

Solution,

Moving block G1(s) to


the right of summing
junction, then apply
feedback formula

Example 2
Reduce the following block diagram to form a single transfer function.

Solution,

Signal Flow Graphs


SFG may be viewed as a simplified form of block diagram. SFG
consists of arrows (represent systems) and nodes (represent signals).

Signal-flow graph components:


a. system (arrows);
b. signal (nodes);
c. interconnection of systems and signals
Converting common block diagrams to SFG

Converting a block diagram to SFG

Signal-flow graph development:


a. signal nodes;
b. signal-flow graph;
c. simplified signal-flow graph

Mason Gain Formula


The transfer function of a given system represented by a SFG is:
T
C s
G s

R s

where
k = no. of paths
T = the kth forward-path gain
= 1 - loop gains + non-touching loop gains 2 at a time non-touching loop gains 3 at a time + non-touching
loop gains 4 at a time -
= - loop gains terms in that touch the kth forward path.
In other words, is formed by eliminating from those loop gains
that touched the kth forward path.
k

Example 1

Example 2
Use Masons Gain formula to obtain the transfer function of the
system represented by the following SFG.

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