Engineer in FIDIC Red Book(s)

Abstract
The primary aim of this Article is to discuss the changes to the role of the Engineer that has
been introduced in the FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and
Engineering Works Designed by the Employer; First Edition 1999 (Red-Book99) in comparison with FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction;
Fourth Edition 1987 (Red-Book87).
Red-Book99 in a dramatic change has expressly identified the Engineer as a member of
Employers (team of) Personnel and further Red-Book99 expressly provides that under the
given circumstances the Engineer shall be deemed to act for the Employer. However, under
Red-Book99 the Engineer is expected to exercise his authority, under the given circumstances, in a fair manner to Employer and Contractor. These express provisions in respect
of Engineers dual role prima facie provide a significant change to the traditional role of the
Engineer provided in Red-Book87.
The Engineer in Red-Book87 has been identified as an impartial (under the given circumstances) entity and has not been expressly identified as an entity to carry out duties for the
Employer. However, it is not difficult to find implied provisions within Red-Book87, which
identify such dual role of Engineer. However, as compared to Red-Book87, in Red-Book99
the Engineers services (under a service agreement with Employer) have become more
challenging whilst Engineers exclusive role towards the Employer has been expressly
identified.

Introduction
Red-Book99 has made certain specific changes with respect to the appointment, replacement and duties of the Engineer. These specific changes of the Engineers role are
reflected in some specific clauses of Red-Book99. It may be noted that the Sub-Clause(s)
referred to in various heading throughout this Article are such specific Sub-Clause(s)
selected from Red-Book99.
The defined terms such as Employer, Contractor, Engineer, Work of FIDIC Red-Book(s)
have been used throughout this Article and denote the same defined meanings.
Sub-Clause 1.1.2.6 [Employers Personnel] Sub-Clause 1.1.2.7 [Contractors Personnel]
Sub-Clause 3.1 [Engineers Duties and Authority]
Red-Book99 has a unique feature of expressly dividing the contract implementing team
into two different classes, as it describes Employers Personnel (Sub-Clause 1.1.2.6) and
Contractors Personnel (Sub-Clause 1.1.2.7). There is no such express division that can
be found in Red-Book87. As per Sub-Clause 1.1.2.6 of Red-Book99, the Engineer and his
staff have been identified as a part of the Employers Personnel. The Contractors
Personnel include the Contractors Representative and his staff and Subcontractors. In a
move to identify the Engineers dual role, ie, the exclusive role towards the Employer and
the role which affects the rights and obligations of the Employer and the Contractor, RedBook99 under its Sub-Clause 3.1 (a) stipulate that,

Except as otherwise stated in these Conditions:

(a) whenever carrying out duties of exercising authority, specified in or implied by the Contract, the Engineer shall be deemed to act for the Employer;
The above scenario might raise a question in ones mind as to if the Engineer under RedBook99 is partial to the Employer. This is due to the fact that Red-Book87 under SubClause 2.6 [Engineer to act impartially] identifies the Engineer to be impartial in exercising
his discretion whereas Red-Book99 does not expressly identify the Engineer to be impartial.
The clarification to such a question would be the exception given for Sub-Clause 3.1 (a) (ie
Except as otherwise stated in these Conditions :). This exception apparently provides the
Engineers role which affects the rights and obligations of the Employer and the Contractor
where the Engineer is not expected to act for the Employer. This clearly illustrates in SubClause 3.5 [Determinations] of Red-Book99, which identifies the Engineers such role
towards the Employer and the Contractor where the Engineer after consulting each party
and as the last resort shall make a fair determination of a matter in question between the
Employer and the Contractor.
According to Sub-Clause 2.6 [Engineer to Act Impartially] of Red-Book87 the Engineer is
required to be impartial under the Contract only whenever he exercises his discretion in
giving his decision, opinion or consent, expressing his satisfaction of approval, determining
value or otherwise taking action which may affect the rights and obligations of Parties. Does
this mean the Engineer has an implied exclusive role towards the Employer to provide
services on Employers behalf such as for preparation of claims on behalf of the Employer?
If that is the case, both the Red-Books recognize the dual role of the Engineer, RedBook87 impliedly and Red-Book99 expressly. This matter is further subject to discussion
under Sub-Clause 2.5 [Employers Claims] below.

Sub - Clause 3.4 [Replacement of the Engineer]

Red-Book99 has defined the Engineer differently from Red-Book87, the major difference
being Red Book99 gives the Employer an express right to replace the Engineer under SubClause 3.4 [Replacement of the Engineer]. However, the Employer cannot replace the
Engineer with a person against whom the Contractor raises reasonable objection. RedBook87 in its provisions is silent as to the replacement of the Engineer; hence, one may
contend that the Employer is bound under the Contract to employ the initially named Engineer until end of the Contract. This position of Red-Book87 may be seen as a harsh and
rigid provision in the event of an inability of the Employer to employ the Engineer throughout or in an inability of the Engineer himself to continue due to reasonable grounds and due
to circumstances beyond the control of the Employer and/or the Engineer. It is imperative
therefore to have flexibility to any party to a contract to change any of his administrative or
supporting personnel to that contract without affecting the rights of the other party. The
Engineer is usually employed by the Employer

under a service agreement where usually a termination clause exists. Under such termination clause any party will have the right to terminate the services of the other under
given circumstances. In view of that it would be therefore rational from the Employers
point of view to maintain a provision in his contract with the Contractor to terminate the
Engineers service if the Employer to reasonably exercise his right of termination under
the agreement with the Engineer. The Contractors rights in this respect shall be safeguarded with his right to raise reasonable objection to the proposed new Engineer.
Since Sub-Clause 3.4 of Red-Book99 thereby removes any guarantee on the Engineers employment for the full contract period, the Engineer in exercising his duty under the Contract tend to be
more cautious not to involve himself in any ultra-vires (beyond power) situations. Sub-Clause 3.4
of Red-Book99 therefore to a great extent avoids detrimental affects towards the rights of the
Employer and/or the Contractor as a result of any such ultra-vires situations by the Engineer. Further, in an event of the Engineer acting detrimental to the rights of the Parties, the Contractor
citing such justifiable circumstances may opt to demand or request the Employer to exercise his
rights under this Sub-Clause to replace the Engineer. In such situations therefore the Engineers
employment would be more challenging under Red-Book99 than before.

Sub-Clause 18.4 [Insurance for Contractors Personnel]

Red-Book99 under Sub-Clause 18.4 [Insurance for Contractors Personnel] makes the
Contractor obligatory in providing insurance for Employer and Employers Personnel.
However, there exists no such express provision in Red-Book87 as to the insurance of
the Engineer and the Employer and their personnel. This new provision confirms the position of the Engineer as a part of the Employers Personnel team and also makes it clear
the position of insurance of the Employer and the Engineer whereas Red-Book87 in this
respect is silent.

Sub-Clause 2.5 [Employers Claims]

A provision that was not included in Red-Book87 has been introduced in Red-book99
which is Sub-Clause 2.5 [Employers Claims]. Under this provision the Employer or the
Engineer shall give notice and particulars (these shall include basis and substantiation of
claim) of Employers Claims to the Contractor.
Through this Sub-Clause the Employer has been given the opportunity to utilize the
Engineers knowledge in the Work in making claims against the Contractor. There was no
such express provision in Red-Book87 for the Employer to utilize the Engineers available
such knowledge and the Employer instead would have to obtain services from a different
party, who most probably would be an outsider without any knowledge of the Work. The
Clause further requires the Engineer to proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5
[Determinations] to agree or determine on the claim.
It is evident from this Sub-Clause that the Engineer as given in Sub-Clause 3.1 9 (a) may
act for the Employer in the preparation and substantiation of Employers claims and on
the other hand the Engineer is required to exercise his authority in agreeing and determining the claim pursuant to Sub-Clause 3.5. A question arises as to if this situation leads
to a conflict as the Engineer is required under the Contract to make a fair determination
of a claim he may have involved in putting up.
However, it is noteworthy that according to the last Paragraph of this Sub-Clause, any
deduction to the Contract Price as a result of the Engineers agreement or determination
of any such claim may be made by the Employer only and not by the Engineer.

Sub-Clause 3.5 [Determinations]

Pursuant to this Sub-Clause the Engineer has the duty to make a fair determination of
circumstances whenever the Conditions of Contract so demands. The Sub-Clause
further provides that each party shall give effect to such determination unless and until
revised under Clause 20 [Claims, Disputes and Arbitration]. Red-Book99 has no
express provision for Engineers Decision whereas Red-Book87 so does under SubClause 67.1 [Engineers Decision].
However under Engineers Decision a dispute of any kind whatsoever can be referred
for Engineers Decision whereas the Engineers Determination under Sub-Clause 3.5 of
Red-Book99 can be obtained for a given set of circumstances only. Any other dispute
(and disputes arising out of any Partys disagreement to Engineers Determinations)
under Red-Book99 shall be referred to the Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB) pursuant
to Sub-Clause 20.4 [Obtaining Dispute Adjudication Boards Decision]. However under
Red-Book99, all major circumstances such as variations, claims, payment certificates,
extensions of time shall in an event of dispute be referred to Engineers Determination
which can be regarded as if referred for Engineers Decision as given in Sub-Clause
67.1 of Red-Book87. A concern arises as to the fairness to the Contractor when all such
major disputes are first being referred to the Engineer who acts for the Employer. Does
this mean whilst the Engineers position has been more inclined towards the Employer, he
(Engineer) has been retained with most of authority in making decisions between two parties?
This Sub-Clause further justifies the characteristic of Engineers Decision under Red-Book87
due to the fact that the Engineer shall not pursuant to Sub-Clause 3.2 [Delegation by the Engineer] delegate the authority to determine any matter.

Sub-Clause 14.7 [Payment]

According to Paragraph (b) of this Sub-Clause the Employer is obliged to pay interim payments
to the Contractor within 56 days after the Engineer receives the Statement. This guarantees the
Contractors payment period within which he would receive payment where as Red-Book87 is
not specific about the delay in issuing the payment certificate by the Engineer. This also
confirms the move of Red-Book99 that the Engineer is expected in certain events to work for
the Employer.

Conclusion
Engineers impartiality stipulated in Red-Book(s) and its practicality has always been subject to
various contentions. Red-Book99 has completely removed the word impartial from its texts
and instead the Engineer is expected to carry out a fair dvetermination of matters in dispute.
Whatever the terminology used to describe the impartiality and/or the fairness of the Engineer,
it is important to investigate what is the real material change that has taken place to the
Engineers role within the express and implied meanings of the Red-Book(s) bearing in mind
that the Engineers impartiality has always been highly contentious.

Tilak P. Kolonne
B Sc (QS) Hons, Dip Arb, FRICS, FIQSSL, ACIArb