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SQL - 2071B 09

This document provides an introduction to programming objects in SQL Server, including views, stored procedures, triggers, and user-defined functions. It discusses displaying an object's text, the advantages of views, how to create views including examples, restrictions on views, and how views can display information from multiple tables. Stored procedures are introduced as precompiled collections of SQL statements that can accept parameters and return status codes. Triggers are introduced as stored procedures associated with and automatically invoked by a table. User-defined functions are introduced as ways to encapsulate expressions and return single values or tables.

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Jose Alberto
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156 views19 pages

SQL - 2071B 09

This document provides an introduction to programming objects in SQL Server, including views, stored procedures, triggers, and user-defined functions. It discusses displaying an object's text, the advantages of views, how to create views including examples, restrictions on views, and how views can display information from multiple tables. Stored procedures are introduced as precompiled collections of SQL statements that can accept parameters and return status codes. Triggers are introduced as stored procedures associated with and automatically invoked by a table. User-defined functions are introduced as ways to encapsulate expressions and return single values or tables.

Uploaded by

Jose Alberto
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 9: Introduction

to Programming Objects
Overview

 Displaying the Text of a Programming


Object
 Introduction to Views
 Advantages of Views
 Creating Views
 Introduction to Stored Procedures
 Introduction to Triggers
 Introduction to User-defined Functions
Displaying the Text of a
Programming Object

 EXEC sp_helptext [@objectname = ]


‘name’
USE library
EXEC sp_helptext 'dbo.OverdueView'
GO

 Not Every Programming Object Has


Associated Text
Introduction to Views

title
title_no title author synopsis
1 Last of the MohicansJames Fenimore Cooper~~~
2 The Village Watch-Tower
Kate Douglas Wiggin ~~~
3 Poems Wilfred Owen ~~~
USE library
GO
CREATE VIEW dbo.TitleView
AS
SELECT title, author
FROM title
GO
TitleView
title author
Last of the Mohicans James Fenimore Cooper User’s View
The Village Watch-Tower
Kate Douglas Wiggin
Poems Wilfred Owen
Advantages of Views

 Focus the Data for Users


 Focus on important or appropriate data
only
 Limit access to sensitive data
 Mask Database Complexity
 Hide complex database design
 Simplify complex queries, including
distributed queries to heterogeneous
data
 Simplify Management of User
Permissions
 Organize Data for Export to Other
 Creating Views

 Defining Views
 Restrictions on Creating Views
 Example: Viewing Information from
Multiple Tables
Defining Views

Example 1: Creating a View


USE library
GO
CREATE VIEW dbo.UnpaidFinesView (Member, TotalUnpaidFines)
AS
SELECT member_no, (sum(fine_assessed-fine_paid))
FROM loanhist
GROUP BY member_no
HAVING SUM(fine_assessed-fine_paid) > 0
GO

Example 2: Querying a View


SELECT *
FROM UnpaidFinesView
GO
Restrictions on Creating Views

 Can Reference a Maximum of 1024


Columns
 Cannot Include COMPUTE or COMPUTE
BY clauses
 Cannot Include ORDER BY Clause,
Unless Used in Conjunction with a TOP
Clause
 Cannot Include the INTO Keyword
 Cannot Reference a Temporary Table
 Must Be Expressed as a Single
Transact-SQL Batch
Example: Viewing Information from
Multiple Tables
m juveni
embe
member_nolastnamefirstname
middleinitial
photograph leadult_no birth_date
member_no
11 rThomas Gary ~~~ ~~~ 12 11 1992-01-16 00:00:00.000
12 Thomas Clair ~~~ ~~~ 13 6 1984-01-18 00:00:00.000
13 Funk Frank ~~~ ~~~
14 Rudd Clair ~~~ ~~~

USE library
GO
CREATE VIEW dbo.birthdayview BirthdayV
(lastname, firstname, birthday) iew Birth Date
lastnamefirstname
AS
SELECT lastname, firstname Thomas Gary 92.01.16
Funk Frank 84.01.18
,CONVERT(char(8), birth_date, 2)
FROM member
INNER JOIN juvenile
ON member.member_no = juvenile.member_no
GO
 Introduction to Stored Procedures

 Defining Stored Procedures


 Advantages of Using Stored
Procedures
Defining Stored Procedures

 A Stored Procedure Is a Precompiled


Collection of Transact-SQL Statements
 A Stored Procedure Encapsulates
Repetitive Tasks
 Stored Procedures Can:
 Contain statements that perform
operations
 Accept input parameters
 Return status value to indicate success
or failure
 Return multiple output parameters
Advantages of Using Stored
Procedures

 Share Application Logic


 Shield Database Schema Details
 Provide Security Mechanisms
 Improve Performance
 Reduce Network Traffic
Introduction to Triggers

 A Trigger Is a Special Type of Stored


Procedure
 A Trigger Is:
 Associated with a table
 Invoked automatically
 Not called directly
 Treated as part of the transaction that
fired it
 Introduction to User-defined
Functions

 What Is a User-defined Function?


 Creating a User-defined Function
What Is a User-defined Function?

 Scalar Functions
 Similar to a built-in function
 Returns a single data value built by a series of
statements
 Multi-Statement Table-valued Functions
 Content like a stored procedure
 Referenced like a view
 In-line Table-valued Functions
 Similar to a view with parameters
 Returns a table as the result of single SELECT
statement
Creating a User-defined Function

 Creating a User-defined Function


USE northwind
GO
CREATE FUNCTION fn_NewRegion ( @myinput nvarchar(30) )
RETURNS nvarchar(30)
BEGIN
IF @myinput IS NULL
SET @myinput = 'Not Applicable'

RETURN @myinput
END
GO
 Restrictions on User-defined Functions
Recommended Practices

Verify Object Definition Text with EXEC sp_helptext

Use Views to Capture and Reuse Queries

Use Stored Procedures to Encapsulate Complex Procedu

Use User-defined Functions to Encapsulate Expression


Lab A: Working with Views
Review

 Displaying the Text of a Programming


Object
 Introduction to Views
 Advantages of Views
 Creating Views
 Introduction to Stored Procedures
 Introduction to Triggers
 Introduction to User-defined Functions

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