Chapter 2 2eL Given: A=38,+28,- 40, and B=-28, +8, +28, aai=V32 +224 4 = VO9 b) BieV2? +1242? =y9 =3 ot Bie Bee da, F, @A+B=(-2)8, +24 a, +(-442) 8, = 8, +38, 28, 6) AB=3N-2)A, + UA, + (42)4, =-12 ASB f) cos6,,, cos"'(-.743) = 137.96° 2:2 Given: A=-8,+38,-28, and B= 28, +38, -28, a)IAl= V1? + 3? 4.2? = VF b) IBI=V2? + 37 +2? = c) As B=(-1-2) 8, +(3-3) 8, +(¢-2- ¢-2))&, =-3 8, dAXB 646) A + (-4-2) 8, + (-3-6) 8, =-68, - 98, 24944 = = cos! = " TRAAT = O74 9 Oy = c08 1.713) = 44.519 Note: IAxB!=IAIIBI sind, 4, can't be used to find 6, since 4, isn't known. 2:3 Given: A= 28-8, - 2! 3, +28, +48. and C= 8, +28, +8, a) A + B= (2)(3) + (-1)(2) + (-2)(4) = -4 AB 4 _ = cos! 5 ° b) 6058, = TATIB] = 3yqe7 0248 = My, = e08"1-0.248) = 104.3a, & oaxB=| 2° 1° 444) B+ (6-8) A, +443), =-148, +78, 3 2 “ 148, +78, af, =—4*B____-__# _z._ . og98, +0458, * TAMBIsin6,,,, 3029 sin(104.3°) ©) C*ANB = (4, +284 + 4.) C14 My +78.) = 2-14) + 7) 4) Using eq. B.2, Cx(AxB) = (C#B)A - (C*A)B = (Bel + 262 +461)A - (261 -1+2 - 261)B = (D8, - 8, - 28, )- (238, +2, +48.) = 284, - 78, -14 8, 24 a A+(BHC)=A+[(B,+C, 4, + (By +C, )#, +B, + C, #.] =(A, +B, + C, 8, +A, + By + C, IR, +(A,+B,+C, A, = (A, +B, 8, + (A, +B, 8, +(A, +B A, +C = (A+B) +C b) A+B=(A, +B, 8, +(A, +B, A, +(4, +B, 4, = (By +A, 8, +B, +4, fy +(B,+A,)8, =B+A ©) AMB4C)= Ae [(B, + C, )#, + (By + C, hy +B, 4+C, 8, ] =A, (B,+C,) +A, (By +C,) +4, B,+C,) = (A,B, +A,By +A,B,) +(A,C, +A, C, +A, C,) = AB + ACC 2:8 Given: A=28,- 34, + 28, a) From table B-3: A,=A, cos +A, sing = 2cos9 - 3sing Ag=rA, sing +A, cosg = -2sing - 3059 A,=2 => A= (2cosp- 3sing) A, + (-2sing - 3cose) A, + 28. b) at P,(1,60°.2), A=-1.64,-3.234,+ 24, at P,(2,30°,4), A=0.238,-3.68,+ 28,2:6 Given: A=2rf,- 3rsing My Using table B-3 , A, = 2r sin6 cosg- 37 sing cos0 cos A, = 2rsin® sing - 3r sing cos@ sing sind A, = 2r60s0- 34 si =A =rcoso (2sind- 37 sing cos®) &, +r sing (2 sind - 3 sing cos )4, + r (2 cos - 3 sing sind a, 2:7. Given: C= 38, +8,- 38, , C can also be expressed as C=C, ft, +C, 8, +C, 4, where: 1 HaBR ewe BEA]: Using equation 2.15, 1 at, +8, - 5 [8 +8, ]=0 1 6 Morel #125 34, ja, = 1 2:8 Given: A force F=10 &, - 8 &, [N] is applied to an object that constrained to travel towards increasing values of x along the path defined by y= x?, z = 0. On this path, d/=dx&, +dy&, +dz 8, but since y= x? andz=0,dy =2xdx anddz =0 A. +2xd a df= (8, + 2x8 )dx and y= G5 = A a y avi 3 Vi + 4x a.+4d at P(2,4,0), &, = =, sothe component Fat P (24,0) is: P24), By = ~~, sot "pat P (2,4,0) e say} ttf) 2 53 Fy 4, =[10 4,2:9 The area can be found by integrating in horizontal strips. Each strip starts at line #1 and ends at line #2, at x coordinates x, and x,, respectively, where bte x, =f c x= Gy +b The volume of the pyramid can be found by integrating in cross-sectional strips along the z axis: for each value of z: 211 Fora sphere centered at the origin, ds = r? sino dédd &,, For D= sino&,+rsind&y andr=1, an x an poss a J fons 4, +rsind My )esinadadg &, “J J sin?@ dado = 1%2 z Given: pate ay. (1, 9082) a) for C, sd’ = pdg ty from P(1,0°,0) to P(1,90°,0) df = dz &, from P(1,90°,0) to P(1,90°,2) hed wn 2 Leave frost, \_¢ frvas | ‘ px p=a x y z=0 o=ni2 ~ P(1,0°,0) = 2 = fy fo med 4 Wforc,: p=1, degen? , 2=%f = ae = Aug x ® a/adph, +pdok, +dz 8, =adgh, +4d0h, ,so Fed = aztdp = a fo tae, e+, 408, an frvare fu(i2fue tee” =m (7) om 3 3 2:13 Given: E=x8,+2nyf, +38, a) Along the line from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0) , df =dx 8, Along the line(1,0,0) to (1,1,0) , d/ =dy &, Along the line(1,1,0) to (1,1,1) ,d/=dz &, 1 Jew p = fear + fra + Baz = 4 é é b) along the path C, from (0,0,0) to (I,1,1) y=x andz =x ,sodr=dy =dz and df =dxf +dy fy +dc8. = @, +4, +8, )dx nx 8 dx Since Bax, + 2x74, +34, , Bedf =x 2x74, Jorar for 2x24 3ydx =zh , Vv For Q=2x%2 , WY > y fou = Sf j2x%z dudydz = 32 v oo x 2{m) z For g = 2p cos@ and ds = pdp¢ , 2 {ml} u or 2 fra = [ [recosopipio = % s éé x 2:16 Given: Feayf, -ya, a) The line between P, and P, is described by: yex-1 =dy=dr, sod/ =(8, +4, jdx, so 4 “ Jorur= fora, ey +8, )ax = feo - 1) ~~ Iie = 7B é i b) from P, to Py, x=2 and d/ =dy&, , from P,to Py, y=3 and d/ =dx 8, 4 + Jaya, -y 8, pdr sid 3 ev = foo &, -yf, yedy a,Qe Let f(xy,z) = 2x2y tae vp La Fa Le. = Gay eeyh, +2078, +08, gabe ay fat aeke ie toy +8, =] at P (12-1), Vf = 78, +28, +4, = al fe Ta +28 +8, VE YE = 0,958, + 0.2728, + 0.136 8. Wl 742241? > . 2218 Let g (xy.z)= 2xy +2 228g 428g 4% y Ve Hanke ay fy tae fe = dyf, + 2x8, +228, ) at PU32).Ve = 68, +28, +48, = 28] 4 aay” 1 | 2 We l= Vor4244? = 7.48 ‘max, ) Along the line from P(1,3,2) to P2,2.-1), Af =Ax&, + Ay a, Acad, = (2-1) &, +(2-3)8, +(1-2) 8, As & -& -38 = 8-8 -38, = oA oe soa’= &,-8, -348, =18,, so &,=7 7 7 ag _ [fa 34). s= (68, +24, +48, ) air = Pp 2:19 a) The integral W= Jvar will be independant of the path taken between the endpoints P, and Pr P,, when F = Vf. To see iff exists when F =4y. 4, , we can expand the gradient of f as: Fe Le a ar vp = La Fa Ye = aya, so LF aay. p22)? om abe ay hy take = Ry 80 gy aA = £27 Py Py . F=Vf .soW= fevae = frrar =f) =f(P,)_ is independant of the path Py Py b) for P,(1,0,0) and P,(2.-1,4). PP w = fora = forear= se) -F0P,) = 207-207 =2 PL Py2:20 a) Given f= 2xy, wee Las Le = dy, +28, tay eta ) Using table B-1,x=p.coso ay 1% Hy ape page ac ) from part a), Vf = 2y@, +2x4, . Using table B-3, we find: psind => f= 2p sing cosd = p?sin 26 v= 2psin2o a, + 2p c0s20 Ay Np 1p sind cosh + 2p cos sing = 2p sin2o (Vf )g=-2p sind sing + 2p cos6 cos = 2p cos2o = Vf =2p ra +2pcos2o 4, , Which agrees with part b) 2:21 Given: A=rd, 1 a) eA she Pry b) Arf, =A, a, +A, ay +A, 4, Using Tables B-2 and B-4: A, =r sin cos@ =x A, =rsin@sing = AA Ody ax" ay © a 3r? 33 T4141 so, A=xA, tyf, +24, and VA ‘This result agrees with part a), and it should, since the value of divergence of a vector is independant of the coordinate system. 2-22 z Vv Given: D = 2y 4, +28, +24, 21 6 a) foes = a KS 22 22 22 22 J = | fora aoa =| prow z pes, J foe. dyd: «J fora ; for face 22 22 22 22 f f oft dxdz =f feedsae =4, Joras =f forcbrtnae = J freduae ce? 66 ne 6 oo22 22 foras =f fortstae =| fodvae =8, fora 6 og 250 fice face 8-844 -4 4840 =8 Summing, we obtain fova s 0+0+041 =1 222 2223 Given: B=y8, +28, fora e fou + fours vt asl side side “1 1 1 fac + foux + fae + four =-240-240 i i fd, a, VxB= | 2 a a - DVB | ory 8 a y z -2 fava = Jamas = Jf A, eBay és i ‘This agrees with the result of part (a)2:24 a) forB= pz 4, +e, +2278, VeB = Lae afk Swe = (222) = 2240442 pla pao 122). 2] 2 208] 2p | xB = |+ 2222) - 20?) |8, +| S¢p2) - 122"), += - 292), xB [baen 5? [Bo* | 5cP) - 5522] Bet pag?) ~ 99h] %: =p, +394, b) for B=2xy A, +3y8,, VeB= Feo +ZO+5-09) = 2y & vxs=|2 2 2 | 238, -208, ax ay 2xy 0 By c)B=4rsind&, +3rcoso ag ve -4[3 4P sind [2y2r core sino ane = 12sin@ + 3cos9 cord 1 VXxB = a 20 xB =~ sald (0)- a6 eos) |@, 4, 1 4] <4 - £0)| 9, +f sta ae rsin@) 20], + iz (3r? cos) - Sar sino], = SIR g + (6008-4 c0s0) 8, sind 2:25 Given: f=rsin@ cos , a) Vf = Sr sino cose a, + 1 Xr sin9cos0) &g+—— 2 (rsindcoso iy rains oe =sin@ cos &,+cosOcoso My - sing A,b) VxVf = (- sing sin8)- Rtcoso ose] 4, 1 r eal56 ea Syesing con ; Ser sino] aye 4[8 cos@ cosg) - 2 csino cose) |, = 04, 408,408, =0 1 r sind o) OVE = 430 Paina cos} [Zrcose cosg sind a 2 sing) 1 rsin@ a9 cos$.cos2 cos rsind — rsind sin cose + 2:26 Given: A=3r 8, 12 19 42 VxXA = & Grsind)&, -— — Gr?) &, HA = ind 36 NO Be rg Or Bo = 309 &, -68, A for S,,@=M/2,s0 ds=-rsinO drdp fly = -rdrdoy , ant ont fee a Je drdg = J fm drdg = 6n for S,,r=1,80 ds=r?sing dado a, =sinodadoa, , ann Jyxacas = J fpovsine dedp = 6n 8: 6 2 This agrees with the value for S, . These values are equal, since both surfaces are bounded by the same contour. "clan -27 VxVV =V: é. CaN «(Gree ay wa [2% 24]. 0 [2 24) a [2 “Lay azdy]” ~Laxdz azdx. zLaxdy 2228 VeVXA = 5 - | ae 2 2, 2, 2, Pa, FA, PA, FAL aA. 42] a [aA. 24s] 2 [Me a] aya” ax ax ay A aR i a a A a andy | dxz * Oya” dye” dedx ” Aedy aA, OA, OA 2:29 V(VeA)= 9) A+ <> Z ox dy az A. a. aA aA aA ytd [ee aA, = -2 OAs Ay OA: Igy ax ay az ay | ax” ay a | aA, aA, 9A OY Ay OAy OA: Ig + xt byt a: |e, aa, aa, a aa, Using (VxA) - 22 | (xa, = - 5 ine (A), ae OM 9L By ee! A, OA, OA, O7A Pa, aA, 87a, 07a vxvxa <8 [oes 9 Sa Oe) pg |e Se Se *Layax ay? az?” dzdx| " *Ldzdy az? ax? axdy. a, aA, 07a, 7A, A, O Ae oy elaxdz ax? ay?” aydx Substituting, 2, 2 2 Ay OPA, OTAy » Lax? ay? az? V(VeA) - VxVXA = 8 [ 2, 2, 24 ev 4,V7A, +874, +8,V7A, = VPAChapter 3 3e1 Given: p,=10e™ {uC/m3} , where ris in meters. For a2 [m] sphere centered at the origin, nn 2 Q J f fioe™ sino draaie = 8.732 [HC] o66 3:2 Given: p,= 1 {C/m?], where pis in meters. For a 1.0 {m] diameter disk in the z = 0 plane, Pp ae Q 7} J pdpde = 2n1C) oP 3:3. Given: J=.xy &, [A/m?] , where x and y are in meters. The current / flowing towards increasing values of z through the surface -l< for all finite values of p because an infinite line "looks" infinitely long, no matter how far away one moves from it. 4:8 Given: p, = —e? . Since this distribution is cylindricaly symmetric, E = E, ‘pf, ip and we can use 2 Gauss’ law to find E. ham frsas “J Je p88 pide = 2nphE, pdp‘dedz =2nh(1-e? ) s é 194-10 From eq. 4.38, the field between the spheres is E= —2— ane? 7 [25 6 tar = 2] gamer ne, 4-11 Due to symmetry, E=E,, a. If S is a circular cylinder of height h, hon h forase J fisfpr Gone «2xpnt, oe Jorae p, 2nep ? 4:12 Due to symmetry, E= E, 4, . For a cyilinder $ with endcap area S,- centered about the plane, fusds = £, (298, E,(z)S,= 7 : Pe z>0 Ps. 2 Since E,(-2)=-E,(2),E, == , ° 2 2¢, Ps ° -d¢2< 0 2, * 4:13 Given: p, = p,,<- [C/m?]. a) Due to symmetry, E=E, &, . If Sis a sphere of radius r, hn fesas= J fe, 0, +8, rsinaaaip aang, = & s oa + Where £ anny 2a” f | fat Psinddrdadd =4np,, [1 -(r-+1)e""] 606 z > h/2 Pg _—____ Ee fue, seks) nV ernryea? + Vichayea? z>W/2 2, * -E Cz) 2 <0 4:18 Using superposition, the E-field between the plates is: Tr Psb » 1 a ECP) e > Ver fea = Huh) 214-19 Using eq. 4.37 and superposition: a Psa ered rede? 2 @ Psat Psp “Sr >b et 4:20 a) Using the properties of the delta function, the charge enclosed within any volume that includes the point (0,0,0) is given by: 2.92% x, Yn % 2 Coc= J J fosmooraerdard =0 fama: Jaoray [aoa -0 ye x OF x © P(E) = 8(x)8(y)8(z) [C/m*] represents a point charge Q at the origin, ») By = J f fo 6a y60 6.) © 1 Geox A + Ory A, He 8 = J J JQ 80x 80" 8”) 48 > Ex dy de" ad [cnx P+ yee PP? Using the sampling property of the delta funetion and eq. 2.64, Lepr tes oa. ane. Ve aya 4neyr 1 421 Vig = Bur 2 a Similarly, 5 jy y 1 1 - ’ . (er) Thus, V 5! ap (8 + 09H, Hee = OFChapter 5 S21 For copper, N =8.5x10® (cm), = 41.9 [cm?/Vss] . Using eq. 5.4, =p, =HNle l= (41.9(8.5x1072)(1.6x10"!9) [C/emeVes] = 5.69x107 [S/m] ‘This is very close to the value 5.8x107 [S/m] tabluated in C-2 522 Using eq. 5.4, 0 =-HyP yn t+ HpPyp =I Lea + up] 4.04x10°° ace AOBTOR - (8500)(2.5x10°) eee jet nn _1.6x10"!9 0 fem? Solving for Ny: Ny = = LOO — pg = 107 fe ° $23 Using eq. 5.8, R= = 01) ______ = 14 ima OS ~ 5.8x107[S/mene(2.10°)*[m?] 90.1 (42) é 01 [m} B4 U 58,R=-£ -——ollal____ ang ea OS 1.11x10%(S/m]+(.01)°(m"} 5:5 Substituting E=E, 8, into eq. 5.19, P= foray =1 (m+ Jor,202% dz = 1 (my val é c+ Piss = 5:6 Given: €,=3.0,N= 10° [cm], E = 10,000 [V/m] . Using eq. 5.34, ja P = e,(6,-DE = 8.85x107124(3-1)*10,000 = 1.778107 (Cm?) @) i dipole moment per atom = p = P/N = 1.77x10%5 [Com] = [2e ld 5 ATO = 5.534107 [mn] 2x1.6x10 5-7 Given: p = 3.44x10°° [Cem] and d = 0.136 [nm], 3.44x10°%0 0.136x10° p=Od ,900 =4 = 253x109 [C] 23$28 — Given: p = 6.15x10° [Cem] , N = 33.4x107 [m*] , ¢, = 80 P =6,(6,-DE =N,p_, where N, is the density of aligned molecules. Ne 90 = fo(6e DE percentage =" x100 =—"—y5— x100 a) for E = 10 [V/m] , percentage = 3.4x10°°% b) for E = 10 [kV/m] , percentage = 3.4x10°°% —8 LN]. 2.66x107 tv/m) 03 [um] 5-9 If V=8 [V],, the field in the junction is E = V/d. £22, torr 21. S210 If the charge is uniformly distributed about the earth's surface, E == ine, where r, ~ 6371 [km] is the earth's radius. The strongest E occurs at the surface, r For breakdown, E, = 3x10° [Vim] => Q=4nr.7B, = 1.35x10'° [C] If the electron density of soil is N = 7x1073 em} , 10 1.35x10 "(C1 —__ = 4.2108 [cm*} = 0.12 [m*] of soil. ve — )ssxlo— Nel © 7x10? {em }x1.6x10{C] ‘This very small volume shows how easy it is for lightning to form! E. S-11 Between the inner and outer conductors, E =—° &, and J=£E. Pp5212 Given o ==. , where k has unit {S] the current / flowing between the conductors is, p fon Ts Jonsas = J fe E, pdpd@ . I must be independent of p for charge continuity, so E, must s oP also be independent of p. Using E, = E,. ‘TOP ew Borfom a) at the upper plate, P, = at the lower plate, p,. = D*(-8, ) ») Using eq. 5.26 at the upper plate, p,,, at the bottom plate, P,,9 = P+) 6B at the dielectic interface, p,,,=(Py-P,"8.)= V, ©) DP gy = (Py, + Psa Pypr + Popa * Psps) = (0) + 0) 25(er) 1 , Thus, Viney = (ex a + Ory OB, Hee 48] = WW TT a Le Mt OA, > ee 5:15, Given: F =F, = 1.4x10" [N] when e=e, @ 2 e oo F =F, =0.9x10 [N] when e= e¢, kK! F where E,=—2 and E, 4ane,d F IF, = 1.4x104/0.9x104 = 1.56 2 a 5-16 Given: V=ay. V?V Ze+ Se) =0 => Laplace's eq. is satisfied Ix: y However, forx=1,V =y # 1, and for y=1,V =x # 1 => Boundary condx. NOT satisfied . V=xy is nota solution for this problem ‘5:17 Using image theory, the ground plane can be replaced by apt. charge -Q a depth d below the plane. To find D on the ground plane, note that the effect of the image is to double the normal component of D and cance! the tangential component. aneip? +a 26-20d 2 a) €,E, = [C/m*] Pee ph a dt one -20d b) J —;* = -2n| — =-0 Oseice™ J Negge sean MO = ere iain A 5-18 a) Between the plates (away from the w edges, B= Vd = On the inner Surface of the upper plate, Yo a e, s p, =D =V,d . Also, p, =~ D = Vd on the inner surface of the lower plate ee b) If there were any charge on the outer Eso surfaces of the plates, they would have Vv a fl + : nay y) ‘opposite signs, due to the requirement of ee eee E+0 charge neutrality. For the case shown, the aan four uniform surface charges would generate a nonzero E-field inside both conductors. The same would ‘occur if the signs of the charges on the outer surfaces were reversed. Hence, E = 0 inside the conductors ONLY when there is no charge on the outer surfaces. ©) Since p, = 0 away from the edges on the outer surfaces, E/=0 on these surfaces, Hence, away from the edges, E = 0 above and below the plates. 5-19 Between the conductors, V satisfies Poisson's equation. Due to symmetry, this becomes vyel 20 4). p ap" ap. To satisfy the boundary condidtions, V| Ip =! Vv, +7(b-a) he solving for A: . Finally, E=-VV 275:20 Since both p = const. surfaces are equipotential, itis reasonable to assume that Vis a function of 5 v only so V2V Bi aeka = 0 . The general solution is: V = Ad +B p a) for0< 0 <9, ,V=Oatg =Oand V= /, a9 =, 80 A =V/, and B=0 1 = vevyo, andes -} go. 2 oe p 06°” po, b) for g, <@ <2n, V=V ato =o, V=Oatgp =2n > A= and B =-2nA ° ° ° Qn-9,) y, 20M ong ge LB — “No On- 64) pap p (2-9) ¢ 5.21 Eq. 5.81 automatically satisfies the boundary conditions at x=0,a and y=0: Vix) = ze sint™ . ty =b , the potential must be: - dy sin sin? . Multiplying this expression by sin’ and integrating from x= 0 tox'=a and using the orthogonal properties of sin yields: He 1oovsint and all other y, = 0. 2s irq) = —!00— st i sink - 28Equipotential Surfaces a1 3 & & Bos A . a a08 4 ° 05 1 18 2 25 3 Width (meters) AtP, V=40.01 (V] B= 23.78, - 88.228, (A, is to sight, 4, is up) 5:25 The system of equations is: 4 0 0-1 0 4-1 0-1 4-10 -1 4 0 oo 4 -1 0-1 0-1 0 V =6.63[V] ata V=28.04 [V] ath V =-1.50[V] ate 0 oqryl 1 ‘VI 28.04 o off v2] | 70 v2} | 24.70 -1 o|[ v3] | so v3 | | 22.18 0 -1 |] v4] _]o va | _] 12.18 -1 off vs|=]o |= | vs | =) 6.63 a -1 |) v6] | -20 v6 1.82 -1 4 |[.w7] | -20 wi] | -1.50 V=501V] Vv=20[V] 29Chapter 6 6:1 Given: d = 0.2 [mm], $= 10 (em?], ¢,=4. Using eq. 6.5, 568 a TE AenTyo 2 xe.ssxi0 (Elm): 10 em") = 177 pF] 0.2x10"[m] 6:2 Given: D=1 [em],d=2{mml, ¢,= 1.0 Using eq. 6.19, ne, c=—_—_ cosh"!(107/(2x10)) 2.1 {pF/m] d 6-3 The charges on each wire are rotationally ik} symmetric, so they each generate fields as infinite, (Oy yo © . filaments with line-charge densities: P, (Cim]. Using superposition, E along the x axis pe —Pt__ . Pe 2Qne[D/2+x] * 2ne (D2 - pra pra pra e 4 v= f 94 ws f Pe 22 f Ps = Pei Pt] a Bn2TE (D2 +x] 4g pp2e[DA-x] gy _py2me (D2 +x] ne By [F/m) b) For D/a= 10 in air, C, usd 12.1 [pF/m] , C, ms 2.7 {pf ‘or D/a = 10 in ait, —{*— = fm}, = 12.7 {pil exact cosh"(1072) ° wes ft . ne, For D/a = 3 in air, C, —-—— = 28.9 [pFim] , C, = 40.1 [pf/m] exaet Coste !GI2) ‘approx ] Obviously, the approximate expression is good for D/a = 10 and poor for D/a = 3 306-4 Given: = 2 (mm) and b = 8 [mm], = 4+ 2p where p is in millimeters. Since the €, is D. p= —2— SE (44 2p)ep ? D, rotationally symmetric, D = —° & p30 E p f D. Dy | [4420 .b | D. ——2°— dp = >> 4] Also, D = 80 G+ 2p)ep Pp 4c, LH2b "a. Or Psa pea 2 an, {Cl Finally, C = 42 = = 473 ip Q = 2nap,, =2RD, (Crm). Finally. => = Taga By [p/m] . 4420 "a, Ro 6:5 Fromeq. 6.19 for €,= 1, C . Solving , D = 2a scosh 7 cosh’ For C = 10 [pF/m] and a =0.5 {mm}, the required conductor spacing D is: D =2x0.5 cosh(2.782) = 8.103 [mm] . 6-6 Given: r = 6371x10°[m] . Using eq 6.7, C =4me,a = 709 [MF] ‘This is a suprisingly small value when compared to commercially available capacitors. 6-7 For the flux plot shown, each quadrant has a partial tube that is ~ 1/7 the size of the others. partial Using 6.23: Sfx tube N, C sey gh =e AS 37.1 [prim v (Note: exact result is 40.13 [pF/m] } 68 For the flux plot shown, each quadrand has a partial cell ree that is approximately 0.3x the others. Using eq. 6.23: N 4(3+ 0.3) ae = 6, A342) = 39 [pF im) . 3169 For the flux plot shown, N, = 3 and Ng ~ 8x(341/3) = 26.66 26.66 — 79 prim 6-10 Given: C = 0.02 [HF] , R= 10 [kQ}, and = 40. Using eq. 6.24: _ fo __40x8.854x10"!? 1.77 [uS/m] - 10x10°x0.02x10°° He 6-11 For a uniformly charged sphere with radius a, the E-field inside and outside the sphere is given by 54, forra . Using eq. 6.34, nea 4neyr anne anna ona W, af J free ML hip nea + afi) (ina, sin @ drd@dg 35) lie ar + fe] = Sat a 6:12 Fromeq. 6.7: C=4ne,a . Using eq, 6.36, the stored energy can be written as: 2 2 W.=3CV? = x¢(8) = 5-2— . equating this with B= me? and solving for a when nea 2 O=e yields: a = —*— , which is 1/2 the classical radivs 1, . 8neync + rv, 6-13) The equivalent circuit when the shield is y+ grounded is shown at right. For this case,V, a Cif Cas C5 Vy = Cy vy, C b) When the shield is floating, V, =V, , Cig and 3 V3 Cu yy Cy have no effect, and C,, and Cyp are in series. c 30 Using the voltage divider relation from circuits: - C10 a ae O.1fpF] Vy Gy ¥CGq = HOLY oaTpETTOGpF] = 99 IV) peak to peak 32Chapter 7 1 af ade &,, sod? x(r-r’) =pdz’ Ay yee Hel & yo (2) el Mip2 ete, 2)? Ye P+, -2 +2) (7) but =-cosay, and ———2 —_—_ = -cosa, , so Vo2+(, -2? A p2+ (2) -2)* Ja, Bol *¢(cosa - cosa) 4np 1-2 From problem 7-1, B= ft Be cose - cosy, ») asp 0 andz,0 andB = —5* 4, forz<0 = Jef gtJ.A-[A/mi} can be considered as the sum of two currents: pra pa and 0 for pa , so B om 9? 7" 0 pa Using supersposition B = B, + 2np ° Holy ® p a/2 2. Bey) Holy #, ic a2 Hood oe ge 2>1a. From symmetry, B=B, (phy. Applying Ampere's law around a circle of radius p , » rer) Jpvar= 2np By “Helene é 2n p . nde Fay For p>1/a) é dae [ aS (ap -1)+1]8, p 1 x2x107fm} © nex 10" {H/m]x 100x10™ [A] 7-12. Since there are two windings, we can use eq. 7.40 and superposition: Ho 400, N= 300 = by, EN Nala] avhere KP, (00 {mA] and 1, = 150 [mA], 19 =425 fem): a) for J, 1 Ax io [(400)(0.1) A] + (300)(0.15)fA] = 2nx4.25x10%{m] a) for, = 100 {mA} 1, =-150 [mA], 4 Arai 0 THe] (4903(0,1){A) - 300(0.15)[AT] = -23.5 [HT] (2nx4.25x10™°[m] 7-13 The field along the axis of a finite solenoid of length L is given by eq. 7.38: Hol, L-2 L+2z . At the ends, = 41/2, so B, = 3! | * nt? 2 |Nw-2%+a? Va + 202? Bde Holy Bet) = Ta ae when L >>d . = HJ, when L>>d At the center of the solenoid, z = 0, so B, (2 = 0) = bay B,(g=8L/2) = 5B,(2= 0) when L>>d. 7-14 We can consider this non-symetrical current distribution as the sum of two symmetrical ones: J=J, +J,. where: J, =J,8, forp = x2+y? b , the cable will "Jook" like an infinite filament at the ori current / =(100 - 90) [mA] = 10 {mA}. Using eq. 7.25, Hol g _AmxIO7x1Ox10) g _ 2x10 g Be ea Be (1 «where isin meters 7-10 Using eq. 7.25 and superposition, the field at 2 ‘P(O,1[em|,0) is: 2 D - Holt __g Molt ig ty Ve ¥ 2n(1+1/2)x103 * 2m(1-1/2)x103* AZ, hI 1B] . tn order to have B= 1 = seigalsn + TA] - morderwohaveB=0, we must have Jy =-3 7, For,=4{mA] = ,=-F1mA} 37Hop, TM = [v4 + 4)] forpsh Since Jp is also a solid cylinder of current, it's field is also given by eq. 7.33, except that x must be replaced by x-d and J, by -J,; Holo [rf.+@- Day] for VO If cer , then Ir-rl=r ,soA~ b) Since &. ul =cosO&, -sind fy A ae Oh, sind &y)= A,&, +Ag&y B=VxA =-+ a 1 fa a Bol ~ (Aya - > (Ag) - (A) | a, = — 0 8 ao “Bor (5 99 | OF ant 8 This is the same result as eq. 7.22 Hp, 1:16 From eq. 7.33, B= - © &, inside the cylinder with J=J,8, fir p a Z11 From eq. 7.69, T= m,XB, , where B, is the field from loop #1 and m,=-m, &y. From eq. 7.57, Hom ; = ae cosé &, + sind &y) Hol = Cm, Bex (2 cose 4, + sind #9)Finally, since m, =m, 8, and m, =-m, ig ,som,Xm, =m m,cosO 4, so Ho. ona B, -— Integrating B=-11, VV, - Splitting this into components yields: x the first differential equation yields: JA sin® corte = cos Ecos au, 4 Ty ‘We can check this result by substituting V,,, into the second differential equation a radius = a 7-19. Without loss of generality, consider an observer gy atraxf, anda segment df = d/’&,, of loop #1 4 at aaa, +278, . From eq, 7.20, Ml a4 XCr-r’) — Hyl 4 XCe-4y) ap, = 21 we tt T 4nie-r,‘T 4nR Converting r/ and df, to Cartesian coordinates: cosp’ A. +asing’&, +2°@, and df =dr'(- sing’ &, + coso’ &, ) = df (-sing’ 8 +coso" &, yx[e -a cosp’ jh, -a sing’ &, - va] 2’ coso’f, -2’sing’&, + (a ~p cose’) #, ].s0 gla [-2’ cose’, -2 sing’ + (a =p cose’), ] 4B ' 4nk> Since the x and y components of AB, are proportional to 2’, they will be cancelled by dB, due to the B=B,p) &, segment 4, on loop #2 at z= 39Chapter 8 8-1 Given: w=05 [em], 01 {em} , = 200 [ma] , B= 1.5x10 [T}, and V, = 3 [HV]. Solving eq. 8.3 for p, : p, = S72 = = UIA SKE = 1x108 (Cim?] Mv, 01x10 [m]x3x10[V] 8:2 Given: V,, = 14 [HV] ,t= 0.1 [mm] , J, = 700 {mA} N= -4x10°8 fm’ ViPot and e =-1.6x101 [C]. Solving eq. 83 for B,:B, = . Also. p, =e N. VneNt | _ 14x10°6[Vpx1.6x109(Cx8.4x10°¥ m7 Px0.1x107 Im] _ 96.9 pp] IB. | 700x107 [A] 8-3 Start by considering Jreexeav where C is a constant vector. Using eq. B.5 v Ve(EXC) = C+VXR, since VXC = 0. This gives: frecrxcyay = Jervxra . v Using the divergence theorem on the left hand side yields: frxceas =fc-vxrdy s v Since C is constant, it can be taken out of both integrals, yielding: C+ farxas) = s cofoxray : 1 (7) then H,, 2-7). — 7.96108 [A/m) . When the ip ‘0 cobolt sample is placed in this magnetizing field, the B-field inside the sample is: Thus, Jrxas = - frew . where S is the surface that bounds V. s 8:4 For a magnetizing field B,, B = 1,41,H,,, = 60011,x7.96x108 [A/m] = 60 [T] But since B= 1, (H+M) and H = H,,= 7.96x10* [A/m] , then M = - #1, = 4.76x107 (A/m) . Hy m,N Av Using eq. 8.6, M = 4.76x107 [A/m] = t = sc = m,N , where m, is the magnetic v y moment of each cobolt atom and N = 9.02x10*? (cm’>] is the atomic density. Solving for m, , 7 x10 [Alm]. — 52x10 [Aem) . m, 241 * * 9.02x1078 [m"¥]8:5 Since the medium is homogeneous, we can use the free-space formula (eq. 7.27) for B. by bygiga7t 32.272” 2[z? +a?] y3 replacing 11, with piu, : B, where a = I fem], = 10 [ma] , and 4, = 100 100}1,x(10)?x10x 1 207) 100p,x(107*x10x10 2[a0y?+ (0.1)? 9? a)atz=0,B, 6.28x10% (T] b) at z= 10 [em], B, = = 6.19x10° [T] 86 Given: B, = 0.1 (T] , 8, 1°, Hy =H, Hy = 4,000n, Using eqs. 8.43 and 8.44 : 09 392° tan?)] sin2(1°) + cos?(1°) = 6.98 [T] J, = 1 [Asmm} \_ out of paper B, ,= 0.01cos(10°) = 9.85 [mT] and B = 0.01sin(10°) =1.74 [mT]. Also, By,=By,= 9.85 [mT] Also, since J, = 1.0 [A/mm] = 10° [A/m] out of the paper, eq. 8.38 yields: .15 {T] 0 2H 1.74x10° [T] + 50, x10? [A/mm] = on Hy VB: + By =0.15(T] and 4, Region 1 4; Region 2 #2 a$9. The value of H is uniform throughout the interior of the solenoid current (p >d V(L- a Vib + 22)*4d? Atthe ends (2=#1/2) B,= 3u1,M, when L>>d. Since B, = 12 (T]at+1/2, x12 [T] = 191x107 [A/m] , soM= 1.91x107 &, [A/m] Mo Also, Jjq = Mxf, = Joy = 191x107 8, [Am] 430.66 [cm] Since the cross sectional area is (0.66 [em])? = 4.36x10° [m?] , and the core permeability is 1,000, the ‘equivalent circuit values are: (x10? 3.65x10° [H""] 1,000p,,x4.36x1 2 24242-0.2)x10— = 1.068108 [11], Sy, = (0.5)x10" 5 = 913x107 [H"}, 1,000p1,x4.36x10™ BI y,x4.36x10" v2 = 0-210 = 3.654107 [HT], V, = 1,000 [A] , V) = 1,500 [A] 2p x4.36x10" Using standard circuit analysis: , (ST , +9 +H g,)-@, Ry =V, =O, K+, (Hy +H, 4M yy) =-Vy-Vo Solving: for A= (SH, +9, +H g, NS. +H 3 +H gy) HPs [09 2 #9 5 FR gM HWM V)] = 1.05x10% [wo] A 1 a [9 av +8 452 +H ICM -v2)] {69x10 [Wb]8:17 The circuit area is $= 1 fem] )*= 10% (m?] . The cirouit reluctances are: core = 222810) = 7.640108 er] 1000}1,°10{m?] _ _4810?[m), = SN = 6.376108 (A bar 5001,x104 m7] 2 = 210m) 1.596108 (A!) , where xis in fom] . 110m] Using eq. 8.54, the flux ® passing 229 42 [mwe] through the circuit is: @ = ——400x8[A] _ +5 cope t H gap bart ¥ core 800 = ——_, mo. 0 14*1054+1.59x +108 0 2 6 8 10 x{em) 8:18 Evaluating Ampere's law around the mean-path contour for #4, = SOO, and x: 1.1 fern] and NI = 3200 [A] yields: PHed/ = H_x(442.842.8)x107+ Hyx4x10? + Hy x2x0.1x107= 3200[A], where H,, Hh, amd H, are the H-fields in the core, bar, and gap, respectively. From the boundary and H, = —2— , so the above expression becomes: He 5001, BIT) 20 conditions for normal-H, H, ‘operating \ H_30.096 + 1,660 B = 3200 Thisis |, load line the load line, which is drawn on the B- 1.7 NN magnetization H curve for Fe-Si alloy. The operating curve point is: oa Be 197) io © 300 © soo 700 900 4 45Chapter 9 9-1 Given: B = 2r &, (out of paper) , for a clockwise path, i(t) Areas fen?] fusas =3 nice) = fe ® 0 é ey 1mS ge Sm Jrris ds =2 (T/s}x5 em?) = 10 [Tem] or [V] s 333 [mA] 9:2 Giver 10 cos [V], $= I[m?] , and B=B,sinor &,, where B, = 0.5 [T] and v = 10 [rad/s] . Using Faraday’s law around a CCW path along the inner circuit Bas = -2 (05 sinor (T] ttm? ar ar few -2010-% sg (10-5) cos [V] 300 [2] loop: frsar =v +2001 J-Fiedsn-Scosart¥) Solving: V It é Solvoing: i(t) = = 16.67 [mA] . Using Faraday's law CCW around the outer .33 cosa [V] 9-3 Given, i(t) = 4cos(100r) [ma] The infinite line produces a B-field given 1.5[cm) Hoi) 2np by: B &,, where &, is into the 100 (a1 paper and p is the distance to the line, Employing Faraday's law around a CW path around the resistive circuit yeids: 03.015 i) sin(1001) E+d/ = (50+100)1 =f J- 2 ge Bydade = POO 03) 1n (‘or)= 0973 [nV] gh a 2mp 2n Solving: 1 = 6.487 sin(1001) (pA],Vso= SO! = 0.324 sin(1001) [nV], and Y% (007 = -0.649 sin(1001) [nV] .9-4 Given: B=B,cosax 4, inside the conductor. a) From exampe 9-1, E=4 opB, sinax A, inside the conductor. Using Joule’s law, the instantanious power loss in a I{m] length of a solid core core of radius a is: L2na nat 2 2 we P(r) = JotkPav = f J Jytoe8? sin?ex pdpdde = ™=*5 (ap,)? sin?ax [WI v coe at ‘The average dissipated power is P. 3P0)) ee (@B,)? (W) must satisfy: Nx = 09x s0,b = 222 a . The average power dissipated by each laminate is WN eae a 0.9atLo sam = (0B? tw} = SOX EES og 9 [Ww c) The total power dissipated in all N laminates is NXP), P. 2 “ ic ce _ (0.9) ++ Ratio = Np, N iam 9-5 a) Employing Faraday's law around a CCW path that moves with the loop yields: : fousy,=-f fou - since the flux passing through the path does not change with time. x . V, = 0 for an observer moving withthe loop b) From eq. 9.10,, the field KE’ seen by a stationary observer is: E’= E -uxB . Since E= 0, u=u, -u, 4, xB, 8, =-u,B, 4 A, .andB=B, 8, , = EB’ The voltage seen by a stationary observer is: V7, = fea, ~uBd (VI a79-6 Since the loop is spinning, prs = B,Jow sina , where the loop is pointing upward at r=. Evaluating rT Faraday's law around th it yields: ‘araday's circuit yiel ao = @Byiw cose . Solving for i (¢) yields: @B hw cos(an = 9) = re cosp costar - 9), where 9 =tanl( SE 1.2 (@B,hw)*cos*6 The average power dissipated in Ris: P=igg.R_ = —°3y—— From the Lorentz force law (eq. 3.46) , the force on the top and bottom wires is: Fy = 41 ()wA_ xB, 4, = £1 (0)wB, &, , where the + sign is for the top wire. since T=RxF, T= [i (¢ vB, 5+ Ue wB, 5 Jeosar &, =B,hw i (Ceosar A ~(@B wy? The mechanical power supplied is: P(t) = @T, 2xlo fproa = BR 6989 cosaxt cos(cor-) (@B, hw)°cos” “SR + Which is the same as P i The average power is: Proc = 9-7 Given: J = 1,000, x (¢) = 0 at =0. The has dimesions are 40 {om} w ide. The field ated by the infinite Ii at Gn , on aside. The field generat infinite line is B =—2 (into Ben ¥ 2nx + the paper). Also, since u = 20 [em/s] = 0.2 {mis}, x(2) = 0.2t , where 7 <>} 1 is in seconds. Applying Faraday's law CW around the loop: xO fren of [Beds , where] xi +04 d| 4M! C1. | -d [OMMo! 70.214 0.4) O-4Ho! 0.2 Sef hax’ |= errata beer rae ae ae! [ ae Ay at | on 0.21 on 21- 0.4 0.21 7 Hol 0.2 02 6.4 Substituting: vi) = 5% ‘loa Ge vel = ome nom WY > B, aB Hol Altematively, PE*d/ = PuxBed/ - [sds . But, — = 0, souxB = 0.2 —°- &, (upward), 2 2 ar ar nx? 04 0 firsar =) = Joxpeay + foxs-ay | é é Iem2ted 9 64 = Wars 04yo2y HV 2 9.8 A CW path around the circuit yields: jew- 101 = 4 fovas s For B= 0.2 4, (T], = 10 [rad/s] , and ¢=Oatt=0, Beds = 0.2 4, +84 pdpde = 0.2 cosd pdpdz , so 04.03 hi J fo2 cosd pdpdz =2.4x10°sinor = => i é 4 sina [HA] Ay Ay radius = a 99 Lyy= 72 = Ly = 7: Sincea>>b, Ap, is \ easier to calculate than Aj». Using eq. 7.27, By = “Se! Hol: (upward) throughout the inner circle, so Ay) = uno? 3 bye a 499210 a) From eq. 9.41,L,) = 77 Jory . but 1 y B,*H, # 0 only inside the inner solenoid. From eq 2,000 p11 1 ay and 2mx2.7%10" 4,000 “urns 7.40: B, 2,000 ‘turns 4,001, 2mx2.7x107 ¢ x 10 x2n(2.7x10) 2 ‘The volume of the inner solenoid is: V 2,00011, 4,000 _, m0" © bax2.7x107 2mx2.7x102* 4 ») if, = 5,000 inside the inner toroid, B, is increased by the factor 1, , =L 21(2.7x10°) = 4.65 [mH] 12 1 = 5.000x4.65 [mH] = 23.27 [H] ©) if 4, = 2,000 between the toroids only, B, inside the inner toroid is unchanged, 80 Lyy = 4.65 [mH] 9-11 Given: 1, = 1,000 and cross sectional area $= (.8[em)? = 64x10 [m?]. The polarity of the windings is such that NP Lip = 72 > 0 where ®, is the core 1 flux when [,=0. Treating this device as a magnetic circuit, eq. 8.50 y2 y= (T#O434D)RIO™ _ 9 36x10°H and where R fs 1,0001,5 100x200 — 100x200 __ 0,158 [me] 2,36x10°+1.24x108 = 124x108 [H"'] . Solving: Ly) = 50®, 912 Ly = 7? where o,, fByras. From. eq. 7.25, 1 s Holt Hol B = 1 ~ 1 (into paper), since d >>r 2np ~ 2In(r+d) mrt, aru, y= 5 480 Ly = > 0 (since the fluxes 2n(d +r) 2n(d +r) from /, and J, add constructively inside the loop) 9-13 Since S = .04 [em?J, the sides are 0.2 [em]. 1,000 turns 4) From the Lorentz force equation (¢q.3.46),the —yorayy| A= 4 fem 10[A] force acting on each loop segment is F = 1LA,XB , where J and L are the segment current and length, and &, is the direction of the current. From eq. 7.25, 10) Ho 4, (inside the loop) . ep Since the upper and lower loop segmets are equidistant from the infinite line and carry opposing currents, their forces cancel, Summing the forces on the left and right segments: 10q, MM, F = (1,000)(10 [A])(0.2x107 Ayx8, ———— + (-# —_—— 1,000)(10 [AD (0.2x: tans Xt. o7eep * te | =-2.3 8, [mN] (attractive force) bb) From eq, 9.68, F = 1)1,VLy, , where Ly, is the mutual inductance of the two circuit given in example 9-6: Lyy(x) = \-7 _(-.002) 107 Sor + 002) s At x= 005 [ml], F = (1OTAN(O(ADx 45107 cagsst-oos yoo 8x 519-14 Treating this device as a magnetic circuit for AS\do5(2)=0, eq. 8.50 yields: =. where 2 (146#343)x107 _ 9 56.108 Hy © 1,000.8 100, = o,2-—— ot, 1 9,36+108 + 1.24x108 " (H) 2.36010° + 1.24x0108 Using eq. 9.68 , the force acting on the right-hand pole piece is: 1 12 L119 = 1,2_1ot.24x +108) _g ax “21 (2,36¢108 + 1.240108)? * For f, = 20{A] and x = LOfem), F = -15.5 4 fim}, which isan atractive force. F 2yL = PVE = 9-18 Given: L,,=0.4 [mH], L,)= 0.3 [mH], Ly 1.1cos [mH], 1, [Aland 1, = 1 [A] a) Using eq. 9.69, a 3 Ty), = aisg bia = O1R107 gsm Nem) For ¢=50° , (7, a 53x10 [Nem] di. di, 2d 2 Lage + a Cal) =a at Ly, __ O.leosd For J, = 2 sin100r [A], x2sineor = -0.666 cos sinl00r [A] From part (a), (Ty, 0.1x10°71, sing . Substituting, (T,,), = -0-18103{2 sin1001 1(-0.666 cos@ sin100r )sing =0.133x10sin2¢ sin?100r_ [Nem] 529-16 Since the gap is the only reluctance in the Negisible ‘magnetic circuit, the flux ® passing the entire \ gap ‘magnetic circuit is proportional to the inverse of the Cylindrical Plunger gap reluctance, 1/91, , which is itself proportional tox, Since L &@ , then =! + where k is a constant. Given that L = 0.6 {H] when x = 0.7 fem] , => k = (0.6)(0.7) = 4.2x10° [m*H] 2Lg Using eq. 9.68 , the force acting on the plunger is: F = pve =? wa, = a SA, For x= 0.7 fom} and 1= 0.8 [A], F =-27.44, [N] (attractive) For x= 1.0 [em] and [= 0.8 [A] , F =-13.48, [N] (attractive) 53Chapter 10 0-1 Given: E= E,x2e"@" &, . Using Maxwell's Curl-E equation: a vxe=|5 § oR | eae & = 2 0 Eyxtet! 0 2 Integrating with respect to time yields: B=~-H = =E,xe"@'&. . Next, using Maxwell's Curl-H a nr a a a 1D equation: VxH=| ax ay 2: 2 0 0 Zee! " ange’ Integrating with respect to time yields: D = € = —2—£,e"®' In order for this Eto equal the ay, u original B= Exe &,, we must have: € = = ? nate 10-2 If we consider the "possible" equation: VxH = J+ 2 +VXG . Taking the divergence of both sides yields: VeVxH = VeJ + ov +V+VXG. However, both V*VxH and V¢VxG are identically 7 Py ; apy = - — , we obtain the continuity equation: V+ = or or zero, so Ve} = - —° sin(ax - Br) My oper2 E, B Eo =P sin(aor- Br) Mg «80: B sone. forr 90, E = ©) Since there is a discrepancy in the r component of E for small values of r, a small r component must be added to the original E-field expression, 10-4 Since J=oE and J,=/@E, so %e et, Is oe a) at f=30 [H2] .€, [Sim] => * 4 _ 3,107 Ia 2nx30x80€, b) at f=10 [GHz], €, = 80, 0= 25 [S/m] => ‘ = —5____ = 0.562 . ‘i 2nx10x10°x80e, 10-5 U, we a) iff= 1 {kHz} and e, = 8, then o = 2nx10x10°x8xe, = 0.445 [1S/m] b) if f= 100 [MHz] and ¢, = 8 , then o = 2nx100x10°x8xe, = 44.5 [S/n] GE ,and\J,1=@eE . FU,1=Ug! then - © F cosax sin(ax - fr) &, . ed ° OE 24 p2 - EB sinoxe sin( ar - Be) & om, ° yor 2 Integrating with respect to time: E = a8", +B SEF, sincex cos(cat- fe) &, OH Eo aE, 2 up? + a oe te ona [-B sinax sin(or - Ba 8, + a cosax costo - Bz) &,] aH i OM | Integrating with respect to time: Moo 2+ p? ae. [B sinaxx cos(oor - Bz) & , + o cosax sin(at - Bz) &,] . In order for this to o°u,?e, 2 equal to the original H_, we must have: 4 8 or a4f?=07y,¢, onze, Hy? van = ape, e S45 nx cose - ) aan ane -oscax cos( ont - Bz) Also, V#E 55.10-7 H =H, costk,s) costar - Br), = Re[Hcos(k,x) eV & | Dropping the "Re" and e! yields: H= H,, cos(k,x) JP, 10:8 For E=£, ee! &, , reinserting the "Re" and e yields: E=Re[E, e°® ol eh & IE, = Ele E=Re[IE,| eel MIB A] = B,J" cos(ax-fe +9) A, 10.9 J,= OE and J4=joeE . If and € are real-valued and B=1E1 29 , then J,= O1E| 26 and Jy= @elE| 2(9 490°), which means that Jy leads J, by 90° an, k 10-10 For H=H, cosk,x e% @, B= van =~ Seg = sinks ei & 0 a y= je Sine y joe jae ax Since Jy = jae E, then J,=k,sink,x eV @, 10-11 For E, =a +8 ar 4, the x and y components are tangent to the surface, and the z component is normal to the surface, so Ey, = 2 of +p asco POE Given: B, +B aye ¢#, . Using eq. 10.77, By, =By,=¢ . Using eq, 10.75, 10:13 Given: EB, = 28, +4, -38, [Vim] =A, +28, - 48, [Am] ‘The equation of the boundary line is: Te px +1908 = EG, +28,) ‘The normal and tangential components of E, are: 56- 34, , respectively = 9p [768, +248,- 150 8 4 a, + $4, -48, » and H,, =H, -Hy, = Using H,= Hy, Aa Sa. + $8, 44, + 7h( 38, + $4, ) = 399 [3174, +1068, - 8008, ] 10-14 Given: ut, [18 2) sins) 4, cof) Je Now, J, = 4,XH at the conducting surfaces a a XH =H, &, +H, 4, evaluated at y =0 atthe y =0wall, 4, =8, .s0J, = 4, =H, [ie 6) sin(Sx) # +0045) #,] ™ ay =0 wall, @,= -&, ,soJ, =-&, xH=-H, &, -H,&, evaluated at y => atthe y = = J,=-H, [ie ()=G)#.+e0G) 4] i any =b | XH =-H, &, evaluated atx =0 at the x =0 wall, &,, A. xH=H, &, evaluatedatx = =U, 2-He a, ax ab 57Chapter 11 11-1 Applying Ampere's law around a contour C,,, that surrounds one of the conductors: wear =1+ 2 [peds=1 (since D, ; e . Following the pattern of eq. 11.5-11.12: aD, = -o5pr + Substituting, aa a -dy & dx, eee fear - B,dy) 3 fot where 8, = ——~27 is perpendicular C,, ny But fost is simply the electric flux per unit meter crossing C,, , 0 foa,a =@ [Cim) ¢ Cry y Remebering that Q = CV , where C is the capacitance per meter, we finally have: 2c © which is the desired result az or .83 [mm] and b = 7.24 [mm] and ¢, = 2.26 for polyethylen. 11:2 Given: a coaxial cable with a = amee, ») C =a 1.4 [pF/m) wt =22 Inbja Qn ©) R,= VIC = 54.9 [) UNEC = 1.99x108 [m/s] .75 {nF} au 581-3. Using circuit analysis, Tazz DAZ ZZ, +Z,) aa ae Ly =2, + Zl, +Z,) aa eels 3 in L*Z+Z,4Z,)" AeA t2) caz | Z, where Z, = jaLAc’ 2 and 20* oR Setting Z,, = Z, and solving for Z,: Z, = As dz 30,2, > VIC. @LAz waz 1 ss lid as I (as Fecuc . ¢ Siccpeeu This expression is valid as long as | on << e © vt tc/u) + e* V(r4z/u) and. 1 eV F(tzfu) - per V(H4z/u), Ro ‘ Ro whereu = WLC, R, = VI/C , a =R VOL =G VIC. From these: av 1 -a et yt. 2 (Yt) + ae V4 MH (Y az a AVL ee yy aR 1 1 Re CRW EE RG EY e 0 s BY = ee vty + eX (VY. Substituting these into gv .c®: ar a a excyty- ett y ge 2-6 [et vt4 ett Vv] -cle® vty4 eo VY] but since o/R, = G and VRu = C, all terms on the left and right sides cancell. em yy 59US. Given: V, = 50 [V] ,R, =25 [0], and Z, = 50 [2], Since there are no reflections, Z;,= Z, for all Vy, (20,5 x50= 33.3 [V] and fy =g" = 35> 11-6 Given: a microstrip line with w = 2.5 [mm], h = 1 [mm], and €, can use eqs. D.20 &21: time, 80 Vig = 66.6 [mA] . Since w/h = 2.5 >1, we 1 ea ay 2 ASH) + SU] 14128915] 1207 3-83 Pe+ + 1,393 + 0.667 [email protected])) = 40.1 [9] U-7_ Required: a microstrip line with Z, = 50 [Q] , €, = 3.5, h = 1.5 [mm] . To find w , we try eqs. D.25&25 (valid for w/h >2): n_ 37 = 633 Bos iy3*50 & w 351 0.61] 2 re iG 33-1) 40.39 - 55) +2 [[email protected])] =226>2 w= 2.26h = 3.39 [mm] 118 Given: A strip line with b= 1.5 [em], = .1 [em] , and ¢, = 1.0. From eq. D.16 a7 ifr, [ ee () 6. 27 } [2], for vb < 0.1 ,wit > 2.5, and w/b > 0.1, A nw nw mw Ue 067 < 0.1. Also, w()- For the given dimensions, #/b = wit > 2.5, and wib > 0.1 for w =0.3 [em], 0.6 [em], and 1.2 [em] , so eq. D.16 is OK for all 3 cases. a) for w = 0.3 [em] , w= 0.3 + 0.135 = 0.435 [em] 2 317 uf 4 AKL [ aus 8x15 (fa; elon | = 262.7 [0 2nVT.0 rx0.435 | 7x0.435 * (x0.435 6 [em], w= 0.6 +0.1 b) for w* 0.735 [em] 2 z,=0 uf + ALS [ ms. x15, 6.27 | = 203.1 [9] ©” aRVT.0 x0.735 | nx0.735 x0.735, 2 fem), w’= 1.240.135 335 [em] ©) for w= 7-372 i 4 AXLS [ SxS 8x1.5 2nVT.0 mx1.335 | mx1.335 0x1.335, 60 + 6.27 } =S los) T= 35975 =-05 T= 00875 = 0.143 15 V. for Oct <10 [ns], V= 10xzgy5 =7.51V] 1 =22 4) <0. 1A, > R, ad =75{Q) for 10 {ns} Ry 0.08 [A] = 100 [Q] 8.036 [V] 8IV) 7.997 (VY) 0.08 [A] 0.079 [A] 0.08 [A]. ' ' : 1 1023[Q]) 99.4{Q) | 10010) | 7510) + ' Hl ' ' L L Hier 10 20 30 40 > tins] 6111-10 If C=, the RL time constant is %, = LAR, Ra [ eee Dee + TTT —0 + IfL=0, the RC time constant is %=C My v a % fo R =(z2) .s citi ; fe ). .0 the capacitive time constant dominates nok, = when R,>>R, . This means thatthe inductors can be approximated as short circuits, For thi Vy, (1-e%) fort >0 V,_ is at 10% of its final value when 1 -e Vv 0.1, , In(0.9). SimilarlyV,, is at 90% of its final value when 1 - e“1/* = 0.9, sof, =-1, In(0.1) =2.2R,C/ ie R,=4010) ON 2 fem) L Lane ved R, = 200 [2] 5.x 108 [m/s] k =500[ Q/A7) TIA} 03 input load tne 2x107 2S 80 [ps] 5x 108 us ~ output load Line ‘The output load line is: V= vi J 3.54 3 291 2 18 u 33 2 VIV) 30 240 400 500 7207 (PS) Since the input and output load lines intersect at 4 [V] at V4 [V] a5 ¢ 62[Waa sorq) M T=4 [ns] stv T 400 (2) 1 1 {mA} Input load line: V = 10 - 2001 50K, input load line The diode is a short for for! > 12.5 [mA] 4001 I< 12.5 [mA] 40 ‘Output Joad line: { 5S I> 12.5 [mA] 30 watt 50 20 — 4 35, 10 > output load line > 4 6 8 wY™ 408 oe eins} Ue13 u = 0.6455c = 1.936x108 [m/s] 50 [2] xT = oasF ag 7103 I * J 150 (2) 1.94x108 [m/s] 10 (my vi) From the equivalent circuit shown, =p 20 (PF +) = 150 “e-TVe vL(T*) = qsqes0%!0 = 7-5 [mV] andy | 10 [mV], so v,(¢) = [10 - 2.5°-"*JuG - 7), wheret = RC = (150+50)x20x10"? = = vg) = HCO -Mgtd = [5 2.5 JUC-7) « [ns]. Als0.v,(t) = Vige(t ) +t WheTe Vng(t) = 5 UCE-T ) Finally, vj4(¢) atthe input terminals i the same as at the | "eff 107 s load, except for an additional T= 10.3 [ns] delay: a 3-+| 2 Myet(t) = MLE) = Vige(t) = [5 - 2.5 2TThUE 27) | 10 20-30 4o. Ins}1:14 From problem 12-13, 7 = 10.3 [ns] From the Thevenin equivalent circuit, 150 (2) v(T* )= 10 [mV] and 150 12 UH] = 759750810 [mV] ype) = [10 - 2.5°¢ “TIt}UG - 7) , where 7= L/R = 12x10°/(150+50) = 6 [ns] But also, vp(t) = Ving(t) + Yygglt) » Where vgg(F)= 5 UCT ) = Mpg) = LCE) Vgelt) = [2.5 + 25°! JUE -T) - Finally, ypy(t) at the input terminals isthe same as at the Vyet(t) mV 5 load, except that itis delayed by an additional a T= 103 [ns] ,s0 5 2 1 7 = 0-27 Mygfl= HUE -Miglt) = [2.5 + 2.5 JUG 27) 2 do a fll LIS Given: V,(1-T) = VGET) - ZM4-T) and Vi(-T)= VOT) + ZMOt-T) ‘Applying KVL around the left and right equivalent sub-networks yields: VD =Vt-T)- Zl -T) and Vi, (0-1) = V Os -T) - 2,404 TD) Using eqs. 11.22 and 11.23, V and can be written in terms of travelling waves: V0.) =V*Ot-T)+ VO 4T) and MO) = EV*00)- ZV) also, due to time delay, Viet) = V4) + V0.1) and 10 = 7 +at-T) - zv “at4T) Substituting these into the KVL equations, all terms can leaving identities, oe | where c is the vacuum speed of lightU-17 Given: A two-wire line with d = 0.81210 [m] , D = 7x10" [m] , €” = 1.29, , € 1 oO, (f = 100 [MHz] ,o =5.8x107 [S/m] . From eqs. D.11&15, 5 = 6.66x10°° [m] and wiht0 7.48x104 (10.817) 4 a rr 843x104 [Np (.812x109)(5.8x107)(6.66%10) -Jq0.g17)-1 ¢08'(7/0.812) (Nefm] U-I8 Given Ty, =0.45223° and Z, = 75 [2], 14+0.45223° = 174.76223.8° 1- 0.45223° a) from eq. 11.132, Z, =75 ) Since the source impedance is a matched load, only a single reflected wave is generated at the load. 18 . IVpL= [Vige C # Py DL = 20xqgp7g [C1 + 0.45223°)) = 14.25 [V1 U-19 Atf= 400 [MHz] , 20 [pF] capacitor has an impedance of Z eq, 11.137 and Z, = 50 [Q], Z,, = S0cos(2nAA.). But, from eq. 11.97, 3x108 ae 3x10" ____ 474 {m]. Setting Z,,, =i 19.89 [2] and solving for /yields: seg, 400x10°25 " 0.474 4719.89) _ 7 2S cot (C0 )= 8.99 [em] 11:20 Given Z, = 50+j0 [], @ = 0.5 [4B/m}, and ¢, = 2.0 at f= 200 [MHz] . Using eq. 11.1060, [p/m] = 0.5x0.1151 = 0.058 [Np/m] . Also, using eq. 11.121 and € 6 px ong Vege, = IONE 5.924 tm). s07 3x10% 058 +j 5.924 [m]. 2n BS Z,tanbyA/4 = 50 tant 2258+ Sgzau.as) Also, 4 = 1.061 [m]. From eq. 11.133, when Z, = 0 and ¢= 4/4, Z, .28x103 +j 1.71x104 [2] Alternatively, if @ =0, Z,,=Z, tanBA/4—> = 652510] 25 Pin Z Since the 25 [Q) resistor is attached to a 4/4 line, Z, ee = 100 [2]. Also, Z, appears in parallel with the 75 [2] resitor form a resistance R=735100, = 42.86 [Q] . One quarter wavelength in back of RZ, = gg = 58.33 (0). Using the voltage divider V = sR x 100 = 36.84 [V rms}, and = 23.27 [W]. Since the line is lossless, P,, is also delivered to R , so 2 Py, = "2,80 Vy = VIE2TRALBS = 31.58 [Vrms] and Pp, = SUS in Pos = 9.97 [W]- = 13.3 [W]. Finally, the power delivered to the 25 [2] resistor is Ps =P 11-22 Z.Z Z. wa. Pat Aa oo —___1—____ | joke sin(B 4 Be 2 impedance of an inductance L at frequency @. Similarly, 2212 2x42 which is the wo 2 i 2221208) = 78 = 1 whichis the impedance ofa capacitance C/ Be 6611-23 a) From eqs. 11.14-149, when /= 4/4, a [cos(B 4-1] i costn/2)-1] iZ, iZ, To sinB 8 singwray / 8 OT THOTT —o Zyq = IZ, cse(B4 = -i2, cselnl2) > -j2, b) For an open-circuit load, Z,, = jZ,- /Z,= 0 CALLAD €) fora short-circuit load: Z= JZ +5 7°-7z, > 11-24 The Thévenin impedance Z,, equals the input impedance Z,,, when the 20 [V] is killed: 25 (9) To find V,, first attach a matched ih load: + Ve = hg 202-90" = 16 2-90° ee) iL = T0435 204-90" = 16 2 - 400 [2] Placing the same 100 [Q] resistor to the Thévenin + ‘equivalent circuit, the Thévenin voltage source required to 100 _ produce the same Vi is: 3594199 Vin = 16 2-90 => Vy, =802-90° [V] Vin= 80290 (V] 671-25 A = 2x(17.47-2.43) = 30 [em] v short circuit VSWR=1.85 185-1 _ 9 998 Using eq. 11.156, IT! = 7 gee = Since z = 6.28 [cm] is a virtual load point, the 7 distance between the load and the 1S minumun is: : Ejqy = 6.28 - 2.43 = 3.85 [em] 283 628 Using eq. 11.159, op = 7207255 | = -87.6° ,s0T, = 0.2982-87.6 Using Z, = 50 [] and eq. 11.132, Z, = 2.83 - j 27.99 [Q] 0 L 1- 0.298.2-87.6° 0.12-30° nec] or = 05) (58 - j 155) ] ~ L¢.58 - 7.155) (1.103 + .282). -26 Given: Z, = 50 [2 = Lic2di| GiveaiZ, = 9019] ani (8) races 0.3270° (-.913 -j 05) (58 sasoyire 087 -j .05) (.58 - j 155) ] ). Using eq. 11.172, 12] = - 50 eS le [ (58 - j 155) (1.103 +7 .28). (.58 -j 155) (-.89 +) .282 ne = j 43.1) (112.8 -j 22.6) = {Q) (112.8 -j 22.6) (124 + j 20.57). 12.175 - j 20.5 [Q] 11,224) 43.2 [Q] Zyy-Zyq = 1217S -j205 (0) a o Zyy~Zyy = 1122-4 43.2 (Q1 Zp = 1128 22.6 19) mesizeta) >—__ 1 127 <*> Spy T, Port port Port ipl =elBC Sy = lyon 2 IBY and Soy = 5 [pore 1 senso vit rota Vin 2” Nmatched 0 eB (s} =[upe a i . Using eq. 11.172,rm BY Ty eB ot la iz lees escpf leseBe cotpe, 1 -c/BVT) iB eB 1 | Leib ] » Which agrees with eq. 11.147. 11-28 At /=2 fem z= 75 4120 = 1 470.2667 Since the load is 2 [cm] towards the generator, 2 fem] fem} 70-333 4 is obtained by rotating A WTG on the Smith Chart, where -18 - 70.22 ,so Z, = TSx(1.18 - j 0.22) = 91.2-j 14.97 (2) 11:29 a) 2, = 75 GLO 225-512, whichis located at 0.2782 on the WTG scale, ¢= 4 [em] occurs at 0.2782 + 754k = .6382 WT, oF 6382 - 0.5 = 0.1382 WTG a From the Smith chart, 66 +) 925, so Z, =33 + 46.3 [Q] at /= 4 [em]. b) Noting the intercept of the const. VSWR. intersects the r= 3.16 on the real axis, = VSWR = 3.16 ©) A voltage maxima occurs at 0.25 on the WTG scale, so one must rotate CW from 0.2782 WTG> 0.5 WTG — 0.25 WTG, a total distance of (0.5-0.2782) + .25 = 0.4718 2 = A voltage maxima oceurs d = 0.4718 A in back of the load. 6-30 Given: Z, = 100 [Q], Z,= 50 [Q], a= 1.5 [dB/m], A=1[m]. Using eq. 11.106b, @= (0.1141)(1.5) = 0.1727 [Np/m] . The normalized impedance 2, = "Ge = 2.0 is located at 0.25 WTG and qT 33.20° on the Smith chart. Since 1 {m] = 2/2 , the impedance at ¢=1{m] also occurs at 0.25 WTG, but with 1), = 0.337 = 0.33¢exp(-2x0.1727x1) = 0.236 . From the Smith chart, Z,, = 50x(1.617) = 80.88 [2]. LL31 Given: Z, = 40 -j 60 [9] ,Z, = 50121, yt and €,=2.8 Jz, = 40 -j 60 12} 3x10% 3084.48 fem) 4x10°xV2.8 Rotating 180° from z,_ yields: yp = ay = 0.385 + 0.577 at 0.0913 WT. Rotating CW from yj, to the lower intersection with the g = 1 circle, so y, = 1-j 1.35 at 0.328 WTG and d = 0.328 - 0.0913 = 0.23674 = 1.06 [cr]. For a perfect match, yj. =0 + 1.35. Starting from y = 0 at 0 WTG, rotating CW to Yoqup Bt 0-148 WTG, => = (0.148 - 0) = 0.663 [cm] . 7011:32 Given: ¢, = 3.5, h = | [mm] f = 12.5 [GHz] f=M4 For a match, Z, = Y(S0)10) = 22.36 (91. To find w, use eq. D.24 and D.25: m_ 377 23.5 * 50 B= 6.331 10 [Q) w _G5-1) o.6r) 2. he S50 [in6.a31-1+ 39. 3s] *206 331 - 1 -In(2x6.331 - 1)] = 2.259 (22, it checks) = w = 2.259x1 = 2.259 [mm] n_. 377 233 * 22.36 ae 5D inci 156-1) +39. oS +2 [14.156- 1 -In(2x14.156- 1)] = 6.9 (22, it checks) 3.5m = =6.9x1 = 6.9 [mm] To find ¥, again use eqs. D.24 and D.25: 14.156 To find % we first find €,,,0n the Z, section, Using eq. D.20: 12 c 3x108 bg =GGS+ D+ 7G.5-D]L + =3 500 = — 2210 = 13.86 [mm] eff =x x L al” tN ee 12.5x10°V3 : = = 1/4 =3.464 [mm]. 11-33. Given: A= 1.2 [mm], €,=2.5,f= 10 [GHz]. w $2, =5019) Z = 70+ j10(2) Use eqs. D.24 and D.25 to find the width of 4 s_ 3 = the 50 [) line: B=—F—= x “Gq =7.49 the $0 [9) line: B= = 25 Minras -1)+ 39-8] 42.17.49 - 1 -In(2x7.49 - 1)] = 2.75 (22 - it checks) 2.5R ® 2.5 = w=3.3 [mm]. Using eq. D.20 eg = 305+ D+ 325- oft + aR] = 2.07 soa = 38108 _ oft 2 zis] =207. 10x10°VZ.07 20.85 [mm] nTo find the stub parameters, 3, = OEE = 1.4+)02. Rotating 180° oon the Smith chart, yp =Ma, = 0.7 -j 0.1 at 0.4697 WTG. Rotating CW to the bottom intersection with the g= I circle: y, = 1 -j0.38 at 0,3609 WTG, 80 y,,4, = 0 + 0.38 and d= (0.5 - .0.4697}+ 0.3609 = 0.39122 = 8.156 [mm] To find 4 rotate CW from y= 0 to y=j 0.38 From the Smith Chart: 20 + 0.0576 = 0.05764 = 15.26 [mm] 11-34 From eqs. 11.136 and 11.137: Z,, = jZ,tan(B4 and Z,, Zo logg = Ze? 1802, = VE Zoe iZ,cot(B4) , respectively. 2Chapter 12 IRL Given: E = 362474 Q vim. Since the dielectric is ir, k =k, =? = 2.094 , so fe cae = 100 [MHz] . Using eqs. 12.31 and 12.36 k= £,f, , 50 ne Lagg, xno 2 2 8, 500474) rere ng= 37710) ‘Transforming E and H to the time domain: - E=3 cos(ar - 2.094y - n/a) &, [V/m] and H= qeoslor- 2.0949 - mia) &, (Aim 122 Given: H =0.lcos(ar + nz 420°) 4, [Atm]. Since the dices is free space, pana, soy MO = 150 [ME]. Also, 2 =28 = = 2 [m). 2n Bor 12:3 Given: H = 367°", 4e 4, [A/m) . From the Maxwell's curl-H eq.: fa 3eK BYORI | 4B ifeg 38 ta, ny 90 B= -4ne@, + an, 8% 9, 12-4 Given: &, = xt, 28,) IMI = 10 [A/m], H=H, &,, andk=k,, Since H has only a y component, H= 10 e7*" 4, [A/m}. But fromeq. 12.35, H=—- (kxE, ), wouek= 1 axe = + Ey lt, Oty rk) -k(eE,) = 428, But we also have: Hxk = 10 e? KA, xa, -28)= a P(-&, -24,) Solving yields: E= -—3°( 4,+24, )edr | In the time domain, =10c0f or - ba +26, yor Sa 7] = 10m, F(A, +28, eos wr - ex - Fez | [Vim] 2k, ac Ja [Am] v5 is 2B125 E=E, [(+), + (ja Jer® can be written as: B= 28, [1245° 4, + 12-45° 4] e = V8, [8 -J 4] eh ‘This is a circular R.H.P. wave, propagating in the +z direction. ‘12-6 a) Consider the linearly polarized wave: E = Ee &, . This can be written as E =i, ei 4 EG, 48, yoo E, E= £, [spa + peje = a (Circular R.H.P.) (Circular L.H.P.) . A linearly polarized wave can always be resolved into the sum of equal amplitude, right- and left-hand circularly polarized waves. +b) Consider the elliptically polarized wave: 6,4, +8, 8, oF = Ba, -j Ae” + BA, +7 8 ee Equating the x and y components requires: E, = (E,+JE,) and E. 1 : j 1 ; ; j E= 5, +) BA, JA + FE, -i Eyl, +) 4,7 (Circular R.H.P) (Circular L.H.P.) . Anelliptically polarized wave can always be resolved into the sum of right- and left-hand circularly polarized waves. 12:7 Consider the linearly polarized wave E= Ee &, . This can be re-written as: Fo Ey B= 2h, 7h, ed +P, +4 78, Je (ohere 7 is any constant) (elliptical R.H.P) (elliptical L.H.P.) <. Alinearly polarized wave can always be resolved into the sum of equal amplitude, right- and left-hand elliptically polarized waves. Note that since is arbitrary, the axial ratio and tilt angle of the elliptical waves is arbirary. 12-8 Given: E=3 e\Pe+ 20) 8 4 @HBe* 40 8, Using eqs. 12.51 and 12.52 and E, Eygz and A= 40°-20°=20°: OA= at {32412 [3441442x32x12cos(2x20°)]?} V2] = 3.145 '41442x3?x17cos(2x20°)]"2} 1] = 0.326 op = 51 {3717 3.145 AR= O396 = 9-54 tan (ae cos(20")] = 17.58" 7412-9 « +jB =Vjou(o +joe). Squaring both sides: 2 - B? +) 208 = jou (o +jwe) . Equating the real and amaginary parts: oP - p> oh + ope & - (@pio/2? = 2, oye .1 Fe pV ote + ore = "ye and 2aB = apo . Solving the latter equation for B and substituting into the former: |, which is a quadratic eq. for a”. Solving: ue 0% 5 oye efi (3 | Since ais eal, fe — 1+ (SJ 1] suing wisn o.92= ope yields: ae, a 2 a ey. l Bo 1+ (Z) +1 z oe, 12:10 At the input face, assume: E=E, 4, , which can be written as the sum of left- and right-hand circulatly polarized waves: E. E, B= @,-jf,)- 2a, +ia) Ifthe left- and sigh and waves have ropagtion constants ,_and Bp respectively, the field at the output face is: B= 92 (b,j, HAL 2 a oh! w]e vid E, JBL + FBR! A, +) [eM - eiPe’] 8, | Laan, haan] [2% A8-A04 «| chef APO os Pa) This is a LP wave for all values of 4 since the x and y components of E are always in phase. The rotation is clockwise when B, >Bp and counterclockwise when B, < Bp - UB, = By = cos AR =0 and sof Pe, ob a5" 2” atthe outpat face B12-11 Given: E eo a aa (toe, Je?" and ker VxE = Vx E,c" “TOE + Ve "KE, = Veo KE, jer jkr a ike” ak But Ve7 so ik, By ky By ik, Ae vxe= (jk e!*)xE, (on (ox, Je *) = jeu H (it checks) Next, VxH = ae (xe, Je “| obo yxcoxe,) + + (ve! \xaxe,) ou ou on . sie jer 1 ve! xauxe,) = Gk? ™ ‘)x(kxE,) = -j —— [k(keE,) - B,(ek)] om om 2 ker K(k, = “E678 = joe E (it checks) on a jkr a jkr a jkr : Next, VIE 3° Fay® +5, Foyt +5, Fat =I [orks Eoyky + Bock] = -jE*k =0 (it checks) ae Finally, VoH = a (kxE,)e” ] ou Vo(kxE,) + (kxE, Ve" op = (4xE,)+Ve7 * = y (ext, eke” " =0 (it checks) 1212. Given: f= 100 [MHz], ¢, = 2.5 and o= 1.39x10"[S/m] , so ae o o . 1.39x104 ~GE7 = BEI =| Er I | 80] 2-5 - I oon 108%8.854x10 2, o oe, 21x100x10°8.854x10 2-5 - j 0.025] 12:13. Given: tang =0.05, f= 1 [GHz], w=, . A= 17.32 [em] . ese’ [1-j tang] =e, (1 - 50.05) yea +p =oVne=jorvnge, Ve, T7005 = 20.944 fe, (0.025 +) 1.0) 762n___ 2m PR__*" __ 3628 =e, =30 A 1732x107 = B = 209444f6, Finally, ¢ = 20.944x0.025 fe, = 0.907 INp/m] = 7.88 (4B/m] 5.8x107____1.04x10'8 Inf x8.854x10°!? f = 5.8x107[S/m], e= z= we “ys H= Hy 80 tang = 12-14 Given: tang >>I at f= 60 [Hz] , 100 [MHz], and 10 [GHz] => a = B = + nfit,o a) at f= 60 [Hz] : @ =f nfo = 117.2 [Np/m] ,6 = Vor = 8.53 [mm], A= 2n6 = 53.6 [mm] EN 245° =2,86245° (uO) o b) at f= 100 [MHz] : « =) nfit,o = 1.51x10° [Np/m] 8 = Va = 6.61 [um] , 1.5 (um) .1=*\ | MAS" =3.69245" (mQ) A= 2nd = c) at f= 10 [GHz]: @ =~) nfo = 1.51x10% [Np/m] .3 = 1/o: = .661 [um] , A=2n5 = 4.15 [am] , neal 245° =36.9245° [mQ) 1215. Given: o = 0.1 [db/km] x 0.1151 [Np/db] = 0115 {Np/km] = 1.15x10° [Np/m], 2m = 10 [GHz] , A= 1.342 fem] , and w=y,,80 B =—=———* = 468.2 [m'] and ea Ho By so Ba 1.342x107 - 72 7 = 0 +jB =1.15x10+ j 468.2 [ml] =jorfuge =e =—J— = €,(4.99-j2.45x107) on, 12:16 For E, = 3 [Vim], = Hy » Ze = 22 (mWhm?] 2 Using eg. 12.107, 52> = 22x103 = 9 = 204.55 [9] n 71 12:17 For E=Egfgt+Ey hy and = Eg Foy) 1 +) 24 ¥,,,=3Re [ExH lees [oP +e, P] 4, Since both Ey and E, are proportioinal to Ir , the ¥,, is proportional 10 Ur? 12:18 a) Using Joule’s law: Ss tk ie af |s=18,—>|o te, Jdv = EV rail (WI. + a [m?] xd, Py..=—2d [W/m?] ° 'b) Outside the slab, the current "looks" like an an sheet with surface current J, =J,d &, [A/m] For a unit surface area, V= Ind =H > 4, , where the + and - signs are for above and below the current, respectively. Jon » Fo Jd On the upper face, ExH =°8. x “5-4, =~ eal A, . Also, since ExHeds = 0 on the left and right ° c Jed Jd faces , PEed/ = foxt-as + fox AAS, + S— Ae ADS, st 2 26 2 * =1 [my 15,25, =1 [m"}, Py 12:19 Given: f = 2.4 [GHz] , €, = 78 , tang = 0.157 Using equ. 12.79, a = 2 tang rfe, 2mx2.4x10° meaxtoe OD VT8 = 34.85 [Np/m] x3 -LSTKWL and zis directed downward. From 100 [em*] fers = Merde Peras= 9, Le -e s = 15x10? [1 - e713 Inside the material, ¥,,,=¥, €?™ &, , where % = . 40:10" 100 fem?) = 1.13 [kW] or [U/s} Bwater mass = 2x100 fem} x Llbiter] , 18] _ = 290 fg} 10°{em3] 10° liter} (100 - 23)[°C] x 200 [g] x 4.184 [I/(e*°C)] time to boil = a = 57.13 [s] 1.13x10°[/5] i c 1 Th 12-20 Since the slab is lossless and nonmagnetic, fe, = gfsz = ogg -and Ve & 0.85 - 1) N= My _ NoO8S~Y 08 and T= 2 = 2985-092 n+, 1400.85 +1) n+n, 12:21 Given: f = 10 [GHz] , and ocean parameters: €,= 80 , tang =0.56 From eq. 12.107, the incident field on the air side is: B= 20 Fine =V 2x377x100x10? = 8.68 (V/m] . In the water, € = 80¢,(1 - j 0.56) and 37 ele, m1 - pa = — 2839.37 214.62" __ 9 19,713.25, and the attenuation constant is: “y+, 377 + 39.37214.62° 39.37214.62° . The transmission coefficient across the air/water boundary is: a, =Re[joyl,6] = Rey ey ra = 506.35 [Np/m] . The transmitted power density is: 1 (0.198.683)? c0814.62° e? = 33.45 &? [Wim?] 39.37 = 33.45 [Wim?] b)at z= 1 [em] : %,, = 33.45 exp[2x506.35x107] = 1.34 [hW/m?] 12:22 Given: ¥,, = 10 [W/m?], f= 1 [GHz], o = 107 [S/m]. From eq, 12.140, the power dissipated beneath the surface per m? of surface area of the conductor is: Pxanxlo7 RL where R, =-\f Me ay | 2HHIO x4 RIOT _ 9.09 (0) . * 20 2x10" E, From eq. 12.107 £, = -V2m,%ing = V2H,x10 = 86.83 [Vim], so H, = 2H, = 2x 397 > P = $x 002 (2) x 0.46 [A/m] = 2.1 [mW/n?] 46 [A/m] 7912:23 From eq. 12.153, the difference Af between adjacent resonances of an etalon of length fis: axi08_ If Af = 40 [GHz] and /= 3 [mm] ,¢, = (Gaaviono?) 1.56 Cell¥n Cell #2 Cell #1 sas AS AS ‘The impedance seen by the rove £4) eu] x eu) €c Jen] eu fie, incomming wave can be found by Sait using the impedance transformation __g_Teflected ees} r r formula at each layer. hy mM, m, 'n, Using eq. 12.160 for B/= n/2, n, = a 37 ve Similarly, 9, = Me 377 m 4 ne, & TL (¢;/6,)" - The reflection coefficient F seen by the incident wave from the entre By induction, 1, = Ye Ty 7 No fey) -V& coin rete te _ CE) VE ay can beciter apse or eptie Tm* Mo (af5,) + Ve For a reflected power of 99.9% = 0.999 ,F? 20.999 ,so TT =+V.999 2+0.9995 . Solving for n= ; 1 + 0.9995 £5 (T- (0.9995) 1 2—— Substituting ¢, = 6¢,, €, = 1.Be,, and e, = 4, in(e/e,) n 2-17.46 or 6.312 . Since n must be positive, -. n =7 cells 12-25 From eq. 12.154, the free-space wavelength of the m resonance is: Aq™ u €, where /is the etalon thickness and ¢, is its dielectric consant. The wavelength difference for adjacent resonances when m >>1 is: 6.0,/= To obtain AA = 10 [nm] when 2 = 1.55 [um] and12-26 a) For an antireflection on a substrate with €, = 6 , eq. 12.162 gives: laa. 377 TMEV MM. aT = 240.88 [Q) Ay _0.4x10°° afe, 40245 = 0.064 [um] byat A, 17 [jum], the wavelength in the coating is: = 0.447 {um , so V2as B, forme = 0.898 . Using eq. 12.160 along with n, = 377N6 = 153.91 [Q) _ 153.91 + 240.88tan(0.898) _ Tq = 240.8549 88 +7 153.91tan(0.898) = 241-12 +) 109.87 [2] 0, inMo _ 241.124) 109.87 - 377 y = 241,12 +) 109.874 377 = 0.2742131.3° Tin*No power reflectivity = I? = 0.077 = 7.69% at A, = 0.7 [um] . in (& sinso*) 238.4 [2] . Using eqs. 12.177 and 12.191, 12.27 Given: 6, '3.98°, Also, the intrinsic impedance of the surface is ny = 22% 1 = 238-4 cosd0® - 377 ¢0823.98° +” 238.4 cos40° + 377 cos23.98° 307 238. ye ° 4 cos 23.98° - 377 cos 40° _ ig 14 "238.4 cos 23.98° + 377 cos 40° Since the incident field is circularly polarized, Ei = E',= E'. The reflected field can be expressed as E'sEt [4. +j 74] . Using eqs. 12.51 and 12.52, a a oa=[$ [rzente[mtentsan?nfeosaxooy]""] | =m = 307 i 1 (p22 Ppyrtyor 2? yay on=[ {r2en2-[ntengsan2zcoxcex90%)]'} J = 17,1 = 0.140 =QA = AR= GR =2.193 81sin'(L sino, lve" 1 = sin (afe; sind.) = sin"'(sind,) = 6 forall values of e, (see eq. 12.195), b) When 6, = 6p = ta 1. snl “1, sng) oo rs “*) = sin we e) Ve Ve = Opp » (see eq, 12.195) then 6, Gin = tan V4.5 = 64.76° (as sin 64.76°) = 25.24° N45 2m cos8; 4.76" At the input face, 7’ = 2.208 64.76" _ 9.3636 7c080; + ,,C0S@, cos 64.76° + V4.5 cos 25.24° 2n, cos@, >) a lo 2 24.5 cos 25.245 = 1.6363 At the output face, T= ———————~"— =... s m 1° 7 ,c080, +1 cos0, VES cos 25.24° + cos 64.76" If multiple refelections are negligible, the net transmission through the etalon is: T = (0.3636)(1.6363) = 0.595 P. T? = 0.354 ,s0: Loss = -10 log 10 log (.354) = 4.51 [4B/pass] zh 12:30. For €, = 80, 8, = sin’!4] gq = 642°. Since 8, <40°, the incident wave experiences total reflection. L 0 sin@, = {80 sin 40°, cos®, = V1- 80sin240° Oa -j5.66=jA e 2m, £088; 2YB0 cos40° 7, 6088, +n cos8, — Y80 cos40° -j 5.66 54239.56° 82°, cea kA = OA 2RXS00K10%5.66 _ 95.56 (pve) ¢ 3x10 Since ¥, = 100 {(mW/m?} , E'=-f29,n = V2x100x10°x377/V80 = 2.9 [V/m] Et nL Bi eo = (2.9)(1.54)e 955% = 4.480°95:562 1 104 36 wa(¢98) = 0:3 [m] —kicoso, - ticoso, eG Nn, cos; + 1, c0S8, ~——cos0, + —=cos6, ee 2104 If E = 10% [Vim] , then 2 =- 3555 1p cos; - 1; c0s8 12:31 From eq. 12.177, Ty = sind, cos; - sin8; cos8, _sin(6-6) +80 ae +” sin8,cos@; + sind, cos, — sin(8,+6,) 2n, cos, From eq. 12.178, Ty" cond, ac ooe earl) t 2sind, cos, 2cos6, sind, sind, cos; + sin®, cosO, sin(8;+0; 1 kicoso, - ticoso, c0s8,-1 080, fe \ From eq. 12.191, y= ESO OORT See Nz C088, + 1 | COSO; cos@, + = cos; Ve ' Va sind, cos@,- sind, cos@; _ tan(6-8) sincos@, + sin cos8, — tan(0,+0) 2m, 6088; 117 0088, + 1, C080; 1 cos@, + t= cos, Ve in6, cos8, 2c0s\ sinO,cos0, + sin8, cos@; — sin(8,+@,)cos(6-6,) 83Chapter 13 Ee SB BE os 1 transverse components for regula TM modes are: CE os)! aty=Oandy =b, sin("Fy) =0,s0B, a atx=0 andx=a, sin("x)=0, 50 B, 13:3. The transverse components for rectangular TE modes are: 21 EGE col) etm’, 6, =H, S88 (02) oP aty=Oand b, sin(Fy) = 0,80 B, anda, sin(™x)=0, 50, a4 f, = mn pe For a= 2.5 [em] and b= 1.25 [em] . A) ‘The cutoff frequencies as a ‘The propagating modes at 17 [GHz] are: TE jg, TEyg, TE, , TM, |, TE}, T x a function of m and n are: + a T : 2 26.8] TMy1TEp, 12.0 a. 84413-8 For an air-filled waveguide with a = 1.5 fem] and b= 08 [em], f= 10 Using eq. 13.69, 4, /A, a) at f = 10.2 [GHz] A, /A, b) at f = 15 [GHz], 2, /4, o)atf = 30 [GHz] ,A,/A, 13-6 For a = 1.905 [cm] and b = 0.953 cm] and e=€,, f. .87 (GHz] . At f= 6 [GHz] , the TE, mode is cutoff. Using eq. 13.91, (f, y 9 fe9 2nx6x10" (ey S10) = ex6x10? | 787V"_ | = 106.8 [Np/m]_, or using eq. 12.64, G 3x108 ce ° eee zyy= 106.8 (Np/m] x (0.1151)"! (4B/Np] = 927.9 [4B/m} 13-7 f, 2125 (GHz). Solving fora :@ =! 21.2 em. “10% 2x12.5x107 e 138 For a=I.15 [em] b= 0.8 fem] and a free-space dielectric, =—2*4° = 13.04 [GHz]. 10 2x1.15x10" + Using eq. 13.75 at f= 14 {GHz}, uy axio) 1 : Ge) = 1.09x108 {mvs} . 3x10® 13-9 For a=1.8 [em] = 0.6 fem] and a free-space dielectric, | =— 1° = 8.33 (GHz) S19 2x1.8x10% = Using eq, 13.75 at f= 10 [GHz], u, = 3x108\J 1 - (io?) = 1,66x108 [m/s] ‘The propagation time over a length d of the waveguide is t, = d/u, ‘The propagation time over a length d of free space is 1, = W/c Fora differential delay of 10° [3] ty ty = ali. ans ] 10° [s] . Solving: d = 370.8 {m] 853x10% 13:10 For a = 2 {cm], b= | (cm), and an air-dielectric, f.| =—=~ 5 2x2.0x10" a) at f= 7.7 [GHz], Zpp= 1.66 [kQ], b) at f= 10 [GHz], Zyp= 570 [OQ], c) f= 15 [GHz], Zpp= 435 [2] = 7.5 [GHz] Using eq. 13.83 [Q) , where fis in [GHz]. e E> 13-11 For the dominant mode: E,= -jouH, @ ele No? A, ‘oll « sje) No", HL =H, I c05(5 se hee Near the center of the waveguide, x=5 +6 , where S<1 => £ =[e+Ve% cor] : fe fe For a/b=2,g=3,50 f = 2.426 , which occurs out of the dominant range. 0. From eq. 13.104, +2 0 , where g 8 13:16 For a= 2.0fem) and b= 1.0fem), f, = S407 =7.5 [GHz] . The dielectric strength of ar is Engax = 3X10° [Vim] . Using eq. 13.90 , along with f= 12 [GHz] and 7 = 377[9}, fe, * _®@, 2 ee) _02x.01 -5. 1962 5) _ = lEwal WY > 6) 025-01 axt0% Vf 1 - (3) = 931.8 [kW] {AT Fora = 1.9 fom] and b= 0.9 fem) .f, = 220% = 7.895 [GHz] . Fora center frequency of ce ~ 2x.019 ‘f,=12.5 [GHz] and a bandwidth B =500 [MHz], the upper and lower freqencies of the pulse are; Sy. =fy~ B/2.= 12.225 [GHz] and fy =f, - B/2 = 12.75 [GHz] . From eq. 13.75, 7895p 8 s tg, = Bx108\] 1-(Goipys) = 229384104 Ms), Hy = 3810 “B L 1 8 (20388 - 238566)" = 0.114 [ns/m] . y o 73) = 2.35566x10°[m/s]13-18 For each mode, the waves in the slab propagate as upward and downward plane waves at an angle @ with respect to the cladding surface. ot ny ‘The plane-wave phase constant along this direction is n,k,, so the phase constant along the slab axis is B = 1,k,sin® From eq. 13.112, @ for each TE mode is given by: ‘The R.H.S. of this expression has real values only when: sin"(n,/n,) < @ <90° , or non, 8, , which means that tan, = 2.041 [um] Since the light is uniform within the radius r, = d tan20° = 3.64 [Lim], the percentage of power accepted by the fiber is: 2 041? P= éx-9) 314 = 31.4% ar? 3.64 o 50 [1m] co, a: b) for d = 1 fmm] ,r)=d tan20° = 364 (mm) and @ = tan’ Fry = 2.86"< O, , so al light striking the core is accepted. 2 Ter 50% P= 5 =(369 0188 = 1.88% my (364) 6) ford = 1 fem) ry =d tan20° = 364 fem) and @ = tan" SOME]. = 9.286% 0, , soll light striking the core is accepted. 2 mm 509 p= (z6a0) 88x10 =0.0188% tr, 13:25 For n,=1.51 .n=1.50 and A, = 1.3 [Hm], equation 13.122 requires: a < 28054, 2.405x1.3x10°° am nPen? an (1.S1P-.5P = 287 [um] 9013:26 For a = 0.75 (4B/km} , and 4 +1 = 11 connectors: fiber loss = 0.75[dB/km]x40[km] = 30 [dB] , connctor loss eed .25 = 2.75 [dB] Total link loss = 30 [4B] + 2.75 [4B] = 32.75 [4B] => 10 log —5 Pras = 32.75 [db] . Solving: Prrans 3.25, 3 FEE = 10725 21.78x103 . IP... > 5 (AW) then Pyayg > 2-83 [mW] 13-27 For a = S{em] , b = 2[em] , d = 4[em] , and u = 3x108 [mis] ,eq. 13.125 yields: z z myonje mn = sxi08] (2%) + (5) + (Be To 438 [GH fay = vssiot 5)» (8) (8) Be T iz From the table, the 4 lowest resonances are: 210 7:08 [GHz] = 4.8 [GHz] , fyp, = 7.08 [GH - Fo = 48 (GH2] .F49, ae T_T 8.91 [GHZ] Fy1q = 8:08 [GHZ] , fy, = 8-29 [GHz] Sy oy iy 3. 13:28 For a= 6 [em] , b= 3 [om] ,d=5 [em] , and u = 3x108 [vs] , eq. 13.125 yields: = sao] (G5 = 3.905 [GHz]. For o= 5.8x107 [S/m] , the surface resistance is given by eq. 13.100: R, foi 0.0163 (]. Using eq. 13.134 and 1=377 [Q), Q= 339x104 w 320? R,Qa3b + 2d5b + ad + da) 13.29 For a= 3 (m),b=2[m) ,d=2.5 [m] and u = 3x10° [m/s] fio = 1 sx10® VY ( 6) 78.1 [MHz] 13-30 8) for f,g) =9 [GHz] , with a=b=d. When e, 4 = 3x108 [m/s] , From eq. 13.125: a e 9 x10? = 1.5x10® O*6 x10' 15 za oxi0 245110" (6) + (Q) ~t5s0% 92 a = 1 b) for ¢, = 150, u= = 2.45x107 [m/s] . From eq. 13.125: 3 1,925 [mm]Chapter 14 ike ike Ml 2) A =A, "A, can be expressed as: A=A,4, +A, 4, =A, =~ [cos +sing 4] op fe Wat Aya, = Age x 5 Noting via eq, 2.126 that eq. 14.15 can be split into scalar eqs. in terms of A, and Ay: vA £2 (pas) 127A, 8A, Ak? “Agk? wik2 gs 2, on gcikz , =| pst + et | Similarly, V2A el pap ap) pag? ac? p Pp + WAS +k +80 V7A +k7A =0 Asa result, VA, +k7A, 1a 12 ik 4S (pay= + Sa) =0 Pp ap b) From the Lorentz gauge pap 2 V=0 ike ©) Using eq. 14.1, E=-VV - j@A = jad, —&, » which is the E-field in a coaxial cable (see p example 12-6) . Also, using eq. 14.2, jkz, | = jk, <—8, . This is the H-field in a coaxial cable Pp =, which means that E and H constitute a TEM field. a)For A, =A,(@,+ & yee, y, =A 2 Foe _ Mo ake A kA, joa, b) WY, Sethe g = Mock g and Va, = Wo eit gs Nye 8% Vue n > FAG ike ik tke E=-VV, -j@A,=— Se #. j@Aa, + &, e¥ = - joa eI & 2 2 z ott By JOA x ue TOM o ik: H=VxA, e/® @, . Both E and H agree with those found from A and V. 1 9214-3 In the far-zone, E 2 ~° . If E = 10 [mV/m] at r= 50 [m] , E, = 50x10 = 500 [mV]. When r r=8[m],E = 500 mV] = 62.5 [mV/m] 14-4 At f= 100 [MHz], A= c/f =3 [m]. Since Af= 1 [em] << A, the dipole behaves like an infinitesimal dipole. Since r= 0.1 [m], 0.5 [m], and 5.0 [m] are all >> Af , eqs. 14.33, 14.36 can be TAe jl j Tae jl EB, on sinofHt i) eitr “OM sino fk + Leer used for By and H, :Ey == sino + ale Hy ee sino [ee + ale fy lr a Es a) at E O41 fm} , 7? = 1,7242-89.5° [9] 6 E, b) at r=0.5 [m] a2 = 2612-41" [} a E, ojatr=5{m)] , Fe = 3732-05" (9) 6 3 when r= Uk =A/2n. Also, [=z] 4 A] when r= Uk =2/2n r kr ©. All three terms are equal when r= Wk = A/2n . 14.6 Given: B= S28 ctr a, . From eqs. 14.51 and 14.52, P,.q = PUC@,0)d2 , where 2 2- eh 2. . 20° 20 (8.9) es a ‘Substituting: aa | Jon sind d6do of fstao sind d6 x 4 = 4 [inte - sin'oyao = 8 =8.99 (mw) 1 150 sin@ sing [W/sr] 0<@ since /= 1/2 ,ké2= nid, 0 Ie) =Iysi, 5 - 2x2! 0 a x Jin V3 Since the radiation resistance of a 2/2 dipole is 73 [2], we have from eq. 14.64 , Tmax, In ag= [Eafe = fptgf i - moe. Tryay = HO) = I Sit = AB fig = IAB) = Ip, Sin 944-12 At f= 1,100 [KHz] , A = 3x108/1.1x108 = 272.7 [m] , so an /= 85 [em] monopole can be considered to be an infinitesimal monopole. Since Ryagnopoje = *Raipote » ¥Sing eG. 14.48, Raronopale™ por = 40n2( 22085 sy = 15.34 [mQ] 14-13 At f'= 500 [KHz] , A= 3x10°/5x10° = 600 [m] , so the core perimiter is: = 2406 «6761040. Using eq, 14.88 and N= 100 and H.=Hloy 2 R, = 20K", 2(6.7x10°4) (100)? = 1 35x10 y,? [Q] . 8x10" [S/m] wire is & ‘Also, at f = 500 [KHz] , this skin depth 6 in the o = 0.406 [mm], the conduction cross =93.5 [um]. Forr, \ajuo sectional area A is: A=m[7,2 - (r,,-8)?] =2.11x107 [m?] . The wire resitance is: 2nr, x100 R length B 128 (0). Antennaefficiency n= RzR- > GA $.8x107x2.11x107 135x107 _ s ga3e I 135x10740.128 34200)? 1.35x10°x(200)" _ _ 99 76% 1,35x103x(200)"40.128 ») for u, = 200, 1, = 14-14 Atf,,,, = 1610 [KHz] , A= 3x108/1.61x10° = 186 [m] , so ad = 0.25 [cm] loop is small W.R.T. wavelength. The minumum radiation resistance of a small loop occurs at the maximum wavelength: Baggy 3X108/5.25x108 = 571.4 [ml]. Using eg. 14.85 and 1, = 500, a minumum radiation resistnace of 20 {Q] over the AM broadcast band requries: 20n2(500)2N> e, Jaz [Q] ,soN 2536.3 + Nei, = 537 turns 95a sin cos8) 14:15 Using eq. 14.90, E(r,0,9) = jE,Ax <- ————— .. The first null at occurs when mcosé ni c0s0 =m,or = cos'!4 . The nul-to-null beamwidth is A@ = 90° D cos !4]. Solving for the slot witha, a cos(90° - A@ /2) a) for A@ = 30°, a= 1.0352, b) for A@ = 15°, a=7.6A, c) for A@ = 5°,a = 22.92 14:16 In the far-zone, FO) =e) - eH + Fs - os where, ryer-dcos, r=r +dsind 1 +dcos8, r4=r-dsind Substituting: F(Q)= eV" [eit 080. grfhd sind 4 g-jkd cos0 _ gikd sind] =) 2c” [jcos(kd cos(kd cos6)) + jcos(kd cos(kd sin@))]. Finally, since je!" t= 1, d ds, FA) = 2leos(2ni cos6) -cos(2n sin8)] 14-17 Broadside arrays have an element-to-clement phase shift 5= 0, so the array factor is: in(Nkd cos6/2) sin(kd cos6/2) Nkd cos The first null occurs when M4282 =, or 9= cos "(E) AW) ‘The null-to-null beamwidth is: A@ = raf 90° -c0s! (Fel . Solving for N : ——2___ when d =4/ 4, kd =n/2. For A@=20° kd cos(90° - A@ /2) Ns 75 = 23.03, 0 Ngjq = 24 elements, F cos(90° -10°) 9614-18 direction of max. radiation Inside the waveguide, 4, = where Vie Input 2, = eff. The phase shift 5 power" 26 =-n t= 2d 2 between adjacent elements is: Seay 7, \ 1 (fdfy = Using eq. 14.98, the array factor for this 5 element array is: Sk yd sin f-cos6 + 56/2) kd AW) = ia s where A,,,,, occurs when —5-cos@ + 6/2 = 0 , or sin(-$-eos6 + 5/2) 4) oe EVER) mV] 7 when f= Lf @ = 00s 1-3) = 65.38° 2 when f= 1.95f,.0 = os'( 1-(r53) +, 30.8%<6 <65.38° when LIf.@ cos! (47h) = 72-54? and 107.5° n=2 306 = 53.13° and 126.9° Nulls “146 cos (415 n=3 30 cos! ( 49%) = 25.84° and 154.2° 97siny 14-20 For a 10 element array, A(y) = swhere y = kd cos@ - kd 1 singgy ) 2n -1f) 3” For d= 4/3, y = (cos® 1). Nulls occur when @ = cos (-40)-" =1,2,3..6 The nulls are: 6 = +45.6°, 466.4°, +84,3°, +101.5°, +120°, +143.1° 14-21 For N = 4 isotropic elements, d= 0.44, and sin(1.6mcos6) 520 (broadside), AW = | ar cos) Ifthe isotropic elements are relpaced by//2 dipoles aligned along axis, the element pattern is Isin@ | , resulting in a total pattern function of: A(y) = A,(y)x sind | 14-22 For N = 5 isotropic elements, d= 0.24, and 3x -kd (endfire) , A,(y) = | mE e088-D)_ | o sin(0.2m (cos@ -1)) If the isotropic elements are relpaced by/2 dipoles aligned L to the axis, the element pattern is Icos@ |, resulting in a total pattern function of: A(y) = A,(yixlcos@ | ; broadside, binomial 1 ot 5.20" , I, = 200° 15 15 20 18 6 9814:24 For a broadside array with d/A = 0.4, kd = 0.8m and 5=0 a) for N=2,D, = 1.62 (exact) £42 FO 00.8 2 AL 0.8m Using eq, 14.101, D, = Ww ) = 2x2x(0.4) = 1.6 (approx) b) forN=4,D, = 3.33 (exact) 5 23 Gem ).n0.8mn nh 0.8m Using eg, 14.101, D, = 7 ) = 2x2x(0.4) = 3.2 (approx) 14-25 The pattern function for a 6 element broadside array is given by eq. 14.98 for 5=0: in(3kd cos6) AW) ° sind cos@) element #1 element #2 a) Considering the array as a two ae wy se ew eg ws @ element array of 3 element arrays: 7) (3d) . sin A? cos0) sine cos) sin(3kd cos®) AW =A xAw = |— a3 | x | — er | = [EG sinES9 cosa) sin cos@) sin€? cos6) element element element ‘b) Considering the array as a three #1 ‘#2 #3 clement array of 2elementarays: @_§ @ © @ e=@ @ g d 2d 2d 2kd in(=- cos@) AW) = Ag W) xA(Y) = «| intB e958) in cos®) sin('y cos6).5 x10"! (Wim?) , f= 3 [GHz] ‘The received power is: 3.15x10"1 [W] wv oly 12 =A. GF ye = A158.5)( 2.5 x10" ett ave gx FoF ave = ag M 2.5 x Pree Using eq. 14.114, V,, = /8P,,.ReZ,) = V8x3.15x101x50 = 11.2 [BV] oc recRe(Z 9) Foose cos{ 5cos cos6 At O= 45°, F (45°) = 0.628 14:27 From eq. 14.70, the pattern function of a 4/2 dipole is: F(8) jo = 1.5 and F (90°) , a F (45°) Since GO ce U (8) and U (8) « F (8) , so GC = 45°) = Ge vorn( (90°) i 245°) = 1.5 x(:828¥ = ce = 28108 Substituting, G,(@= 45°) = 15x y =0591 + Since A= eg = 0.6 Ll» Agg(O= 45°) = 26) =D 50.591 = 169x102 fm?) b an 4n 14-28 From eq. 14.65, the transmitting current on a 2/4 dipole is: -z2=Al4 1) = tos ): 50 1(0)= A > ote. 8) For normal incidence and parallel polarization: a v, eI fofse« “em le=-ai4 b) Since Z, = 73 [9) and Y, 4 eq. 14.117 yields: (iy on We? oe ot (a 2 gays = 0213084? [my ei fe x 0.1308A? = 1.64 , which agrees with eq. 14.72 10014:29 Given: D, = 30 [4B] = 10°, f = 2 [GHz], ¥,,,= 100 {mW/m?]. Using eqs. 14.123 and 14.116 2 and A= ff, P.=AenFaye= es ) DF yyq= 179.05 (em) mm 14-30 Given: D, = 24 [4B] = 10%4 = 251.2 f= 12 [GHz] , and ¥,,. = 1 [uw/m?] 22, _ (0.025)? 4an an A= off = 3x108/12x10" = 0.025 [m] . Aggy = x 251.2 = 0.012 [m?] 012 [m?}x1 [hw/m?) a) If the antenna is polarization matched, P,.. = Agm Faye = 2.5 [nW] ») Ifthe incident field is circularly polarized, only 1/2 of the power is coupled to the antenna, Proce = em Fave = 6:25 [OW] 14:31 Given: = eff =0.15 [m] . From eq. 14.124, if P,,, 2 3x10"! [W] , then 62 [km] , G, = 15 [dB] = 10, G, = 10 [dB] = 10". Also, f= 2 [GHz] , so 14 p.>——_ 3810 =p ax104 [w) ' 0.15 _P491-5)(1919) 2mx62x10° 14:32 Given: G, = G, = 37 [4B] = 10°”, f= 18.6 [GHz] (so A =c/f = 0.0161 [m] ), P, o =5 [m2]. Fromeq. 14.127, the range R where P, 2 14x10 [W] is: ap Ws in GG, FAT, 3.7 93.7 6 neo fate] [>xo 10°7 0.01 passe | = 1936 tn) 4n (4n} fr 4n 4n 14x10" 2 (Mw), 14-33 Given: R = 1.5 [km], f= 15{GHz] (so 2 = e/f = 0.02 [m)), G,= G, = 25 [4B] = 1075, 07! [W] . Using eq. 14.127, 0.25 [m?] amR?y 10" a (encigeb2f nL a 100x103 10251075 ee 14:34 Given: Target #1, at R, = 10 {km} , where G, = 50 [4B] = 10°. (5) @) 0 (G,¥ (Rt follows that: ~* =z!) (52 3) 10114-38 a) V? 9 feninet) eer ioe rl whee rl Ge [er] ae Since Ir-r1=VGx-x P4Q-y Paez’ “vg a’) co 2 [€ | afk (x =x") (428) ] gine 1 a x FTO) 805, [i [ rrPo er i Similary, after re-arranging, 2 » [7] fhe ee PLL jk? (27) Ye nT 3jk (x 2x”) eel ax irr’? 2 nr x [en ra Sr andor 2 Summing al the terms, iffllows that( 2 + = os [ i ax? © ay? © az? “iter .vile BV [ ert ] ities b) To probe the behavior of V?| F7-| when rr" , consider: eet ie 2 . F [=] ea & [ee — Ja ltr a =| eds’. But from part (a), a ee net =(2¢,+20 +26 aaa = (5, - ie ( a ay a ’} Ga iF Po oir-r = |* a r-r’= 64, , where 4, points outward from the sphere, and ds’ = 57dQ4, , so “| replace (x -x°) is with (x- x’) and (z- 2”), respectively. + Valid for r #r° On S’, Ir -r’ eet os fel | Now, to see if »[ Pod [Fes zp 3 Pt -4,52aQ = lim of Lt8- 1]aQ =-4n jlte-r PET AREex” )alyry” Je"). 102= Am Olax yy” )e-2") dx “dy dz” no? “The first integral on the right vanishes, since (#2 = 5— 0. Also, from the properties of the delta function, ferme ae dear =1,50 hie iter fv [: a dv’=- 4x when oe oa SerT Ande x” )8y-y Vez") 103