About the Tutorial

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed for

creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with
Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It
is open and cross-platform.

Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for JavaScript beginners to help them
understand the basic functionality of JavaScript to build dynamic web pages and
web applications.

Prerequisites
For this tutorial, it is assumed that the reader have a prior knowledge of HTML
coding. It would help if the reader had some prior exposure to object-oriented
programming concepts and a general idea on creating online applications.

Copyright and Disclaimer

Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.
All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of
Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain,
copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in
any manner without written consent of the publisher.
We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as
precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors.
Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy,
timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial.
If you discover any errors on our website or in this tutorial, please notify us at
[email protected]

Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i
Audience ........................................................................................................................................................... i
Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................................... i
Copyright and Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ ii

PART 1: JAVASCRIPT BASICS ........................................................................................................ 1

1.

Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 2
What is JavaScript? .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Client-Side JavaScript....................................................................................................................................... 2
Advantages of JavaScript ................................................................................................................................. 3
Limitations of JavaScript .................................................................................................................................. 3
JavaScript Development Tools......................................................................................................................... 3
Where is JavaScript Today? ............................................................................................................................. 4

2.

Syntax ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Your First JavaScript Code ............................................................................................................................... 5
Whitespace and Line Breaks ............................................................................................................................ 6
Semicolons are Optional.................................................................................................................................. 6
Case Sensitivity ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Comments in JavaScript .................................................................................................................................. 7

3.

Enabling .................................................................................................................................................... 9
JavaScript in Internet Explorer ........................................................................................................................ 9
JavaScript in Firefox ......................................................................................................................................... 9
JavaScript in Chrome ..................................................................................................................................... 10
JavaScript in Opera ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers ........................................................................................................... 10

4.

Placement ............................................................................................................................................... 12
JavaScript in <head>...</head> Section ......................................................................................................... 12
JavaScript in <body>...</body> Section ......................................................................................................... 13
JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections .................................................................................................... 13
JavaScript in External File .............................................................................................................................. 14

5.

Variables ................................................................................................................................................. 16
JavaScript Datatypes...................................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Variables ....................................................................................................................................... 16
JavaScript Variable Scope .............................................................................................................................. 17
JavaScript Variable Names ............................................................................................................................ 18
JavaScript Reserved Words ........................................................................................................................... 19

6.

Operators................................................................................................................................................ 20
What is an Operator? .................................................................................................................................... 20
Arithmetic Operators..................................................................................................................................... 20
Comparison Operators .................................................................................................................................. 23
Logical Operators........................................................................................................................................... 26

ii

Bitwise Operators .......................................................................................................................................... 28

Assignment Operators ................................................................................................................................... 31
Miscellaneous Operators............................................................................................................................... 34
7.

If-Else ...................................................................................................................................................... 38
Flow Chart of if-else....................................................................................................................................... 38
if Statement ................................................................................................................................................... 39
if...else Statement ......................................................................................................................................... 40
if...else if... Statement ................................................................................................................................... 41

8.

Switch-Case............................................................................................................................................. 43
Flow Chart ..................................................................................................................................................... 43

9.

While Loop .............................................................................................................................................. 47

The while Loop .............................................................................................................................................. 47
The do...while Loop ....................................................................................................................................... 49

10. For Loop .................................................................................................................................................. 52

The for Loop .................................................................................................................................................. 52
11. For-in Loop .............................................................................................................................................. 55
12. Loop Control ........................................................................................................................................... 57
The break Statement ..................................................................................................................................... 57
The continue Statement ................................................................................................................................ 59
Using Labels to Control the Flow ................................................................................................................... 60
13. Functions ................................................................................................................................................ 64
Function Definition ........................................................................................................................................ 64
Calling a Function .......................................................................................................................................... 65
Function Parameters ..................................................................................................................................... 66
The return Statement .................................................................................................................................... 67
Nested Functions ........................................................................................................................................... 68
Function () Constructor ................................................................................................................................. 70
Function Literals ............................................................................................................................................ 71
14. Events ..................................................................................................................................................... 74
What is an Event? .......................................................................................................................................... 74
onclick Event Type ......................................................................................................................................... 74
onsubmit Event Type ..................................................................................................................................... 75
onmouseover and onmouseout .................................................................................................................... 76
HTML 5 Standard Events ............................................................................................................................... 77
15. Cookies ................................................................................................................................................... 82
What are Cookies?......................................................................................................................................... 82
How It Works? ............................................................................................................................................... 82
Storing Cookies .............................................................................................................................................. 83
Reading Cookies ............................................................................................................................................ 84
Setting Cookies Expiry Date ........................................................................................................................... 86
Deleting a Cookie ........................................................................................................................................... 87

iii

16. Page Redirect .......................................................................................................................................... 89

What is Page Redirection? ............................................................................................................................. 89
JavaScript Page Refresh ................................................................................................................................. 89
Auto Refresh .................................................................................................................................................. 89
How Page Re-direction Works? ..................................................................................................................... 90
17. Dialog Box ............................................................................................................................................... 94
Alert Dialog Box ............................................................................................................................................. 94
Confirmation Dialog Box ................................................................................................................................ 95
Prompt Dialog Box ......................................................................................................................................... 96
18. Void Keyword ......................................................................................................................................... 98
19. Page Printing......................................................................................................................................... 101
How to Print a Page? ................................................................................................................................... 102

PART 2: JAVASCRIPT OBJECTS ................................................................................................. 103

20. Objects.................................................................................................................................................. 105
Object Properties......................................................................................................................................... 105
Object Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 105
User-Defined Objects .................................................................................................................................. 106
Defining Methods for an Object .................................................................................................................. 108
The with Keyword ...................................................................................................................................... 109
21. Number................................................................................................................................................. 111
Number Properties ...................................................................................................................................... 111
MAX_VALUE ................................................................................................................................................ 112
MIN_VALUE ................................................................................................................................................. 113
NaN .............................................................................................................................................................. 114
NEGATIVE_INFINITY ..................................................................................................................................... 116
POSITIVE_INFINITY ...................................................................................................................................... 117
Prototype ..................................................................................................................................................... 118
constructor .................................................................................................................................................. 120
Number Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 120
toExponential () ........................................................................................................................................... 121
toFixed ()...................................................................................................................................................... 123
toLocaleString () .......................................................................................................................................... 124
toPrecision () ............................................................................................................................................... 125
toString () ..................................................................................................................................................... 126
valueOf () ..................................................................................................................................................... 127
22. Boolean ................................................................................................................................................ 129
Boolean Properties ...................................................................................................................................... 129
constructor () ............................................................................................................................................... 129
Prototype ..................................................................................................................................................... 130
Boolean Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 131
toSource () ................................................................................................................................................... 132
toString () ..................................................................................................................................................... 133
valueOf () ..................................................................................................................................................... 134

iv

23. String .................................................................................................................................................... 136

String Properties .......................................................................................................................................... 136
constructor .................................................................................................................................................. 136
Length .......................................................................................................................................................... 137
Prototype ..................................................................................................................................................... 138
String Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 139
charAt() ........................................................................................................................................................ 141
charCodeAt ()............................................................................................................................................... 142
contact () ..................................................................................................................................................... 143
indexOf () ..................................................................................................................................................... 144
lastIndexOf () ............................................................................................................................................... 146
localeCompare () ......................................................................................................................................... 147
match () ....................................................................................................................................................... 148
replace () ...................................................................................................................................................... 149
Search () ....................................................................................................................................................... 152
slice () .......................................................................................................................................................... 153
split () ........................................................................................................................................................... 154
substr ()........................................................................................................................................................ 155
substring () ................................................................................................................................................... 156
toLocaleLowerCase() ................................................................................................................................... 157
toLocaleUppereCase () ................................................................................................................................ 158
toLowerCase ()............................................................................................................................................. 159
toString () ..................................................................................................................................................... 160
toUpperCase () ............................................................................................................................................ 161
valueOf () ..................................................................................................................................................... 162
String HTML Wrappers ................................................................................................................................ 163
anchor() ....................................................................................................................................................... 164
big().............................................................................................................................................................. 165
blink () .......................................................................................................................................................... 166
bold () .......................................................................................................................................................... 166
fixed () .......................................................................................................................................................... 167
fontColor () .................................................................................................................................................. 168
fontsize () ..................................................................................................................................................... 169
italics () ........................................................................................................................................................ 170
link () ............................................................................................................................................................ 171
small () ......................................................................................................................................................... 172
strike ()......................................................................................................................................................... 173
sub() ............................................................................................................................................................. 174
sup () ............................................................................................................................................................ 175
24. Arrays ................................................................................................................................................... 177
Array Properties .......................................................................................................................................... 177
constructor .................................................................................................................................................. 178
length........................................................................................................................................................... 179
Prototype ..................................................................................................................................................... 180
Array Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 181
concat () ....................................................................................................................................................... 183
every ()......................................................................................................................................................... 184
filter () .......................................................................................................................................................... 186
forEach () ..................................................................................................................................................... 189

indexOf () ..................................................................................................................................................... 191

join () ........................................................................................................................................................... 194
lastIndexOf () ............................................................................................................................................... 195
map () .......................................................................................................................................................... 198
pop () ........................................................................................................................................................... 200
push () .......................................................................................................................................................... 201
reduce () ...................................................................................................................................................... 203
reduceRight () .............................................................................................................................................. 206
reverse () ..................................................................................................................................................... 210
shift () .......................................................................................................................................................... 211
slice () .......................................................................................................................................................... 212
some () ......................................................................................................................................................... 213
sort () ........................................................................................................................................................... 215
splice () ........................................................................................................................................................ 216
toString () ..................................................................................................................................................... 218
unshift () ...................................................................................................................................................... 218
25. Date ...................................................................................................................................................... 220
Date Properties............................................................................................................................................ 221
constructor .................................................................................................................................................. 221
Prototype ..................................................................................................................................................... 222
Date Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 224
Date() ........................................................................................................................................................... 227
getDate()...................................................................................................................................................... 227
getDay() ....................................................................................................................................................... 228
getFullYear() ................................................................................................................................................ 229
getHours() .................................................................................................................................................... 230
getMilliseconds() ......................................................................................................................................... 231
getMinutes () ............................................................................................................................................... 232
getMonth () ................................................................................................................................................. 233
getSeconds () ............................................................................................................................................... 234
getTime () .................................................................................................................................................... 234
getTimezoneOffset () ................................................................................................................................... 235
getUTCDate () .............................................................................................................................................. 236
getUTCDay () ................................................................................................................................................ 237
getUTCFullYear () ......................................................................................................................................... 238
getUTCHours () ............................................................................................................................................ 239
getUTCMilliseconds () .................................................................................................................................. 240
getUTCMinutes () ........................................................................................................................................ 241
getUTCMonth () ........................................................................................................................................... 241
getUTCSeconds () ........................................................................................................................................ 242
getYear () ..................................................................................................................................................... 243
setDate () ..................................................................................................................................................... 244
setFullYear () ................................................................................................................................................ 245
setHours () ................................................................................................................................................... 246
setMilliseconds ()......................................................................................................................................... 247
setMinutes () ............................................................................................................................................... 248
setMonth () .................................................................................................................................................. 249
setSeconds () ............................................................................................................................................... 250
setTime () ..................................................................................................................................................... 252

vi

setUTCDate () .............................................................................................................................................. 252

setUTCFullYear () ......................................................................................................................................... 253
setUTCHours () ............................................................................................................................................ 255
setUTCMilliseconds () .................................................................................................................................. 256
setUTCMinutes () ......................................................................................................................................... 257
setUTC Month () .......................................................................................................................................... 258
setUTCSeconds () ......................................................................................................................................... 259
setYear () ..................................................................................................................................................... 260
toDateString () ............................................................................................................................................. 261
toGMTString () ............................................................................................................................................. 262
toLocaleDateString () ................................................................................................................................... 263
toLocaleDateString () ................................................................................................................................... 264
toLocaleFormat () ........................................................................................................................................ 264
toLocaleString () .......................................................................................................................................... 265
toLocaleTimeSring () .................................................................................................................................... 266
toSource () ................................................................................................................................................... 267
toString () ..................................................................................................................................................... 268
toTimeString () ............................................................................................................................................. 269
toUTCString () .............................................................................................................................................. 270
valeOf () ....................................................................................................................................................... 271
Date Static Methods .................................................................................................................................... 272
Date.parse ( ) ............................................................................................................................................... 272
Date.UTC ( ) ................................................................................................................................................. 273
26. Math ..................................................................................................................................................... 275
Math Properties .......................................................................................................................................... 275
Math-E ......................................................................................................................................................... 276
Math-LN2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 277
Math-LN10 ................................................................................................................................................... 277
Math-LOG2E ................................................................................................................................................ 278
Math-LOG10E .............................................................................................................................................. 279
Math-PI ........................................................................................................................................................ 280
Math-SQRT1_2 ............................................................................................................................................ 280
Math-SQRT2 ................................................................................................................................................ 281
Math Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 282
abs () ............................................................................................................................................................ 283
acos () .......................................................................................................................................................... 284
asin ( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 286
atan ( ) ......................................................................................................................................................... 287
atan2 ( ) ....................................................................................................................................................... 288
ceil ( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 290
cos ( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 291
exp ( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 292
floor ( ) ......................................................................................................................................................... 294
log ( ) ............................................................................................................................................................ 295
max ( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 296
min ( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 298
pow ( ).......................................................................................................................................................... 299
random ( ) .................................................................................................................................................... 300
round ( ) ....................................................................................................................................................... 301

vii

sin ( ) ............................................................................................................................................................ 303

sqrt ( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 304
tan ( ) ........................................................................................................................................................... 305
toSource ( ) .................................................................................................................................................. 306
27. RegExp .................................................................................................................................................. 308
Brackets ....................................................................................................................................................... 308
Quantifiers ................................................................................................................................................... 309
Literal Characters......................................................................................................................................... 310
Metacharacters ........................................................................................................................................... 311
Modifiers ..................................................................................................................................................... 311
RegExp Properties ....................................................................................................................................... 312
constructor .................................................................................................................................................. 312
global ........................................................................................................................................................... 313
ignoreCase ................................................................................................................................................... 314
lastIndex ...................................................................................................................................................... 316
multiline....................................................................................................................................................... 317
source .......................................................................................................................................................... 318
RegExp Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 319
exec ( ) ......................................................................................................................................................... 320
test ( ) .......................................................................................................................................................... 321
toSource ( ) .................................................................................................................................................. 322
toString ( ) .................................................................................................................................................... 323
28. DOM ..................................................................................................................................................... 325
The Legacy DOM .......................................................................................................................................... 326
The W3C DOM ............................................................................................................................................. 332
The IE 4 DOM ............................................................................................................................................... 336
DOM Compatibility ...................................................................................................................................... 340

PART 3: JAVASCRIPT ADVANCED ............................................................................................. 342

29. Errors and Exceptions ........................................................................................................................... 343
Syntax Errors................................................................................................................................................ 343
Runtime Errors ............................................................................................................................................ 343
Logical Errors ............................................................................................................................................... 344
The try...catch...finally Statement ............................................................................................................... 344
The throw Statement .................................................................................................................................. 348
The onerror( ) Method ................................................................................................................................ 349
30. Form Validation .................................................................................................................................... 352
Basic Form Validation .................................................................................................................................. 354
Data Format Validation ............................................................................................................................... 355
31. Animation ............................................................................................................................................. 357
Manual Animation ....................................................................................................................................... 358
Automated Animation ................................................................................................................................. 359
Rollover with a Mouse Event ....................................................................................................................... 360
32. Multimedia ........................................................................................................................................... 363

viii

Checking for Plug-Ins ................................................................................................................................... 364

Controlling Multimedia ............................................................................................................................... 365
33. Debugging ............................................................................................................................................. 367
Error Messages in IE .................................................................................................................................... 367
Error Messages in Firefox or Mozilla ........................................................................................................... 368
Error Notifications ....................................................................................................................................... 369
How to Debug a Script ................................................................................................................................. 369
Useful Tips for Developers .......................................................................................................................... 370
34. Image Map ............................................................................................................................................ 372
35. Browsers ............................................................................................................................................... 375
Navigator Properties ................................................................................................................................... 375
Navigator Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 376
Browser Detection ....................................................................................................................................... 377

ix

Javascript

Part 1: JavaScript Basics

1. OVERVIEW

Javascript

What is JavaScript?
Javascript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and
most commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow
client-side script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an
interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities.
JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to
JavaScript, possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java.
JavaScript made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the
name LiveScript. The general-purpose core of the language has been
embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web browsers.
The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript
language.

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.

Designed for creating network-centric applications.

Complementary to and integrated with Java.

Complementary to and integrated with HTML.

Open and cross-platform.

Client-Side JavaScript
Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script
should be included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be
interpreted by the browser.
It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs
that interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML
content.
The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over traditional
CGI server-side scripts. For example, you might use JavaScript to check if the
user has entered a valid e-mail address in a form field.
The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all
the entries are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server.
JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link
navigation, and other actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.
2

Javascript

Advantages of JavaScript
The merits of using JavaScript are:

Less server interaction: You can validate user input before sending the
page off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on
your server.

Immediate feedback to the visitors: They don't have to wait for a

page reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something.

Increased interactivity: You can create interfaces that react when the
user hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.

Richer interfaces: You can use JavaScript to include such items as dragand-drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site
visitors.

Limitations of JavaScript
We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the
following important features:

Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This
has been kept for security reason.

JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no

such support available.

JavaScript doesn't have any multithreading or multiprocessor capabilities.

Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that

allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.

JavaScript Development Tools

One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive
development tools. You can start with a simple text editor such as Notepad.
Since it is an interpreted language inside the context of a web browser, you
don't even need to buy a compiler.
To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice
JavaScript editing tools. Some of them are listed here:

Microsoft FrontPage: Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor

called FrontPage. FrontPage also provides web developers with a number
of JavaScript tools to assist in the creation of interactive websites.

Macromedia Dreamweaver MX: Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a

very popular HTML and JavaScript editor in the professional web
development crowd. It provides several handy prebuilt JavaScript
3

Javascript

components, integrates well with databases, and conforms to new

standards such as XHTML and XML.

Macromedia HomeSite 5: HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and

JavaScript editor from Macromedia that can be used to manage personal
websites effectively.

Where is JavaScript Today?

The ECMAScript Edition 5 standard will be the first update to be released in over
four years. JavaScript 2.0 conforms to Edition 5 of the ECMAScript standard, and
the difference between the two is extremely minor.
The specification for JavaScript 2.0 can be found on the following site:
http://www.ecmascript.org/
Today, Netscape's JavaScript and Microsoft's JScript conform to the ECMAScript
standard, although both the languages still support the features that are not a
part of the standard.

2. SYNTAX

Javascript

JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed

within the <script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.
You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within
you web page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within
the <head> tags.
The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text
between these tags as a script. A simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear as
follows.
<script ...>
JavaScript code
</script>
The script tag takes two important attributes:

Language: This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using.
Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML
(and XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this attribute.

Type: This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting

language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".

So your JavaScript syntax will look as follows.

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
JavaScript code
</script>

Your First JavaScript Code

Let us take a sample example to print out "Hello World". We added an optional
HTML comment that surrounds our JavaScript code. This is to save our code
from a browser that does not support JavaScript. The comment ends with a "//->". Here "//" signifies a comment in JavaScript, so we add that to prevent a
browser from reading the end of the HTML comment as a piece of JavaScript
code. Next, we call a function document.write which writes a string into our
HTML document.

Javascript

This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the
following code.
<html>
<body>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!-document.write ("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result:
Hello World!

Whitespace and Line Breaks

JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript
programs. You can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and
you are free to format and indent your programs in a neat and consistent way
that makes the code easy to read and understand.

Semicolons are Optional

Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character,
just as they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit
this semicolon if each of your statements are placed on a separate line. For
example, the following code could be written without semicolons.
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!-var1 = 10
var2 = 20
//-->
</script>

Javascript

But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons:
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!-var1 = 10; var2 = 20;
//-->
</script>
Note: It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

Case Sensitivity
JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords,
variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a
consistent capitalization of letters.
So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.
NOTE: Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in
JavaScript.

Comments in JavaScript
JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments. Thus:

Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and
is ignored by JavaScript.

Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This

may span multiple lines.

JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence <!--.

JavaScript treats this as a single-line comment, just as it does the //
comment.

The HTML comment closing sequence --> is not recognized by JavaScript

so it should be written as //-->.

Example
7

Javascript

The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
<!--

// This is a comment. It is similar to comments in C++

/*
* This is a multiline comment in JavaScript
* It is very similar to comments in C Programming
*/
//-->
</script>

3. ENABLING

Javascript

All the modern browsers come with built-in support for JavaScript. Frequently,
you may need to enable or disable this support manually. This chapter explains
the procedure of enabling and disabling JavaScript support in your browsers:
Internet Explorer, Firefox, chrome, and Opera.

JavaScript in Internet Explorer

Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Internet Explorer:

Follow Tools -> Internet Options from the menu.

Select Security tab from the dialog box.

Click the Custom Level button.

Scroll down till you find the Scripting option.

Select Enable radio button under Active scripting.

Finally click OK and come out.

To disable JavaScript support in your Internet Explorer, you need to select

Disable radio button under Active scripting.

JavaScript in Firefox
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Firefox:

Open a new tab -> type about: config in the address bar.

Then you will find the warning dialog. Select Ill be careful, I promise!

Then you will find the list of configure options in the browser.

In the search bar, type javascript.enabled.

There you will find the option to enable or disable javascript by rightclicking on the value of that option -> select toggle.

If javascript.enabled is true; it converts to false upon clicking toogle. If

javascript is disabled; it gets enabled upon clicking toggle.

Javascript

JavaScript in Chrome
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Chrome:

Click the Chrome menu at the top right hand corner of your browser.

Select Settings.

Click Show advanced settings at the end of the page.

Under the Privacy section, click the Content settings button.

In the "Javascript" section, select "Do not allow any site to run JavaScript"
or "Allow all sites to run JavaScript (recommended)".

JavaScript in Opera
Here are the steps to turn on or turn off JavaScript in Opera:

Follow Tools-> Preferences from the menu.

Select Advanced option from the dialog box.

Select Content from the listed items.

Select Enable JavaScript checkbox.

Finally click OK and come out.

To disable JavaScript support in Opera, you should not select the Enable
JavaScript checkbox.

Warning for Non-JavaScript Browsers

If you have to do something important using JavaScript, then you can display a
warning message to the user using <noscript> tags.
You can add a noscript block immediately after the script block as follows:
<html>
<body>

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

<!-document.write ("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
10

Javascript

<noscript>
Sorry...JavaScript is needed to go ahead.
</noscript>
</body>
</html>
Now, if the user's browser does not support JavaScript or JavaScript is not
enabled, then the message from </noscript> will be displayed on the screen.

11

4. PLACEMENT

Javascript

There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML

document. However the most preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML
file are as follows:

Script in <head>...</head> section.

Script in <body>...</body> section.

Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.

Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.

In the following section, we will see how we can place JavaScript in an HTML file
in different ways.

JavaScript in <head>...</head> Section

If you want to have a script run on some event, such as when a user clicks
somewhere, then you will place that script in the head as follows.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
Click here for the result
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>

12

Javascript

This code will produce the following results:

Click here for the result
Say Hello

JavaScript in <body>...</body> Section

If you need a script to run as the page loads so that the script generates content
in the page, then the script goes in the <body> portion of the document. In this
case, you would not have any function defined using JavaScript. Take a look at
the following code.
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>
<p>This is web page body </p>
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results:
Hello World
This is web page body

JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections

You can put your JavaScript code in <head> and <body> section altogether as
follows.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
13

Javascript

<!-function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result.
HelloWorld
Say Hello

JavaScript in External File

As you begin to work more extensively with JavaScript, you will be likely to find
that there are cases where you are reusing identical JavaScript code on multiple
pages of a site.
You are not restricted to be maintaining identical code in multiple HTML files.
The script tag provides a mechanism to allow you to store JavaScript in an
external file and then include it into your HTML files.

Here is an example to show how you can include an external JavaScript file in
your HTML code using script tag and its src attribute.
14

Javascript

<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="filename.js" ></script>
</head>
<body>
.......
</body>
</html>
To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your
JavaScript source code in a simple text file with the extension ".js" and then
include that file as shown above.
For example, you can keep the following content in filename.js file and then
you can use sayHello function in your HTML file after including the filename.js
file.
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}

15

5. VARIABLES

Javascript

JavaScript Datatypes
One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the
set of data types it supports. These are the type of values that can be
represented and manipulated in a programming language.
JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types:

Numbers, e.g., 123, 120.50 etc.

Strings of text, e.g. "This text string" etc.

Boolean, e.g. true or false.

JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of
which defines only a single value. In addition to these primitive data types,
JavaScript supports a composite data type known as object. We will cover
objects in detail in a separate chapter.
Note: Java does not make a distinction between integer values and floatingpoint values. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-point values.
JavaScript represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-point format defined by
the IEEE 754 standard.

JavaScript Variables
Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables
can be thought of as named containers. You can place data into these containers
and then refer to the data simply by naming the container.
Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables
are declared with the var keyword as follows.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var money;
var name;
//-->
</script>

16

Javascript

You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows:
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var money, name;
//-->
</script>
Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do
variable initialization at the time of variable creation or at a later point in time
when you need that variable.
For instance, you might create a variable named money and assign the value
2000.50 to it later. For another variable, you can assign a value at the time of
initialization as follows.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var name = "Ali";
var money;
money = 2000.50;
//-->
</script>
Note: Use the var keyword only for declaration or initialization, once for the life
of any variable name in a document. You should not re-declare same variable
twice.
JavaScript is untyped language. This means that a JavaScript variable can hold
a value of any data type. Unlike many other languages, you don't have to tell
JavaScript during variable declaration what type of value the variable will hold.
The value type of a variable can change during the execution of a program and
JavaScript takes care of it automatically.

JavaScript Variable Scope

The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined.
JavaScript variables have only two scopes.

Global Variables: A global variable has global scope which means it can
be defined anywhere in your JavaScript code.

Local Variables: A local variable will be visible only within a function

where it is defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.
17

Javascript

Within the body of a function, a local variable takes precedence over a global
variable with the same name. If you declare a local variable or function
parameter with the same name as a global variable, you effectively hide the
global variable. Take a look into the following example.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var myVar = "global"; // Declare a global variable
function checkscope( ) {
var myVar = "local";

// Declare a local variable

document.write(myVar);
}
//-->
</script>
It will produce the following result:
Local

JavaScript Variable Names

While naming your variables in JavaScript, keep the following rules in mind.

You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keywords as a variable
name. These keywords are mentioned in the next section. For example,
break or boolean variable names are not valid.

JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They
must begin with a letter or an underscore character. For
example, 123test is an invalid variable name but _123test is a valid
one.

JavaScript variable names are case-sensitive. For example, Name and

name are two different variables.

18

Javascript

JavaScript Reserved Words

A list of all the reserved words in JavaScript are given in the following table.
They cannot be used as JavaScript variables, functions, methods, loop labels, or
any object names.

abstract

else

Instanceof

switch

boolean

enum

int

synchronized

break

export

interface

this

byte

extends

long

throw

case

false

native

throws

catch

final

new

transient

char

finally

null

true

class

float

package

try

const

for

private

typeof

continue

function

protected

var

debugger

goto

public

void

default

if

return

volatile

delete

implements

short

while

do

import

static

with

double

in

super

19

6. OPERATORS

Javascript

What is an Operator?
Let us take a simple expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are called
operands and + is called the operator. JavaScript supports the following
types of operators.

Arithmetic Operators

Comparison Operators

Logical (or Relational) Operators

Assignment Operators

Conditional (or ternary) Operators

Lets have a look at all the operators one by one.

Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports the following arithmetic operators:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
S. No.

Operator and Description

+ (Addition)

Adds two operands

Ex: A + B will give 30
- (Subtraction)

Subtracts the second operand from the first

Ex: A - B will give -10
* (Multiplication)

Multiply both operands

Ex: A * B will give 200

/ (Division)
20

Javascript

Divide the numerator by the denominator

Ex: B / A will give 2
% (Modulus)
5

Outputs the remainder of an integer division

Ex: B % A will give 0
++ (Increment)

Increases an integer value by one

Ex: A++ will give 11
-- (Decrement)

Decreases an integer value by one

Ex: A-- will give 9

Note: Addition operator (+) works for Numeric as well as Strings. e.g. "a" + 10
will give "a10".

Example
The following code shows how to use arithmetic operators in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var a = 33;
var b = 10;
var c = "Test";
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("a + b = ");
result = a + b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

21

Javascript

document.write("a - b = ");
result = a - b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a / b = ");
result = a / b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a % b = ");
result = a % b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a + b + c = ");
result = a + b + c;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

a = a++;
document.write("a++ = ");
result = a++;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

b = b--;
document.write("b-- = ");
result = b--;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

22

Javascript

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
a +
a a /
a %
a +
a++
b--

b
b
b
b
b
=
=

= 43
= 23
= 3.3
= 3
+ c = 43Test
33
10

Set the variables to different values and then try...

Comparison Operators
JavaScript supports the following comparison operators:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
S.No

Operator and Description

== (Equal)

Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then
the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A == B) is not true.
!= (Not Equal)

Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if the values
are not equal, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A != B) is true.

> (Greater than)

Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of
23

Javascript

the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.

Ex: (A > B) is not true.
< (Less than)
4

Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value of
the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A < B) is true.
>= (Greater than or Equal to)

Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to

the value of the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes
true.
Ex: (A >= B) is not true.
<= (Less than or Equal to)

Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the
value of the right operand, if yes, then the condition becomes
true.
Ex: (A <= B) is true.

Example
The following code shows how to use comparison operators in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a == b) => ");

result = (a == b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
24

Javascript

document.write("(a < b) => ");

result = (a < b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a > b) => ");

result = (a > b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a != b) => ");

result = (a != b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >= b) => ");

result = (a >= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a <= b) => ");

result = (a <= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and

then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
25

Javascript

Output
(a
(a
(a
(a
(a
(a

== b) => false
< b) => true
> b) => false
!= b) => true
>= b) => false
<= b) => true

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...

Logical Operators
JavaScript supports the following logical operators:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
S.No

Operator and Description

&& (Logical AND)

If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A && B) is true.
|| (Logical OR)

If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes
true.
Ex: (A || B) is true.
! (Logical NOT)

Reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the
Logical NOT operator will make it false.
Ex: ! (A && B) is false.

Example
26

Javascript

Try the following code to learn how to implement Logical Operators in

JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var a = true;
var b = false;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a &&

b) => ");

result = (a && b);

document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a || b) => ");

result = (a || b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("!(a && b) => ");

result = (!(a && b));
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and

then try...</p>
27

Javascript

</body>
</html>

Output
(a && b) => false
(a || b) => true
!(a && b) => true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...

Bitwise Operators
JavaScript supports the following bitwise operators:
Assume variable A holds 2 and variable B holds 3, then:
S.No

Operator and Description

& (Bitwise AND)

It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer

arguments.
Ex: (A & B) is 2.
| (BitWise OR)

It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer

arguments.
Ex: (A | B) is 3.
^ (Bitwise XOR)

It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer

arguments. Exclusive OR means that either operand one is true or
operand two is true, but not both.
Ex: (A ^ B) is 1.
~ (Bitwise Not)

It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the

operand.

28

Javascript

Ex: (~B) is -4.

<< (Left Shift)

It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of
places specified in the second operand. New bits are filled with zeros.
Shifting a value left by one position is equivalent to multiplying it by 2,
shifting two positions is equivalent to multiplying by 4, and so on.
Ex: (A << 1) is 4.
>> (Right Shift)

Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by
the number of bits specified by the right operand.
Ex: (A >> 1) is 1.
>>> (Right shift with Zero)

This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted
in on the left are always zero.
Ex: (A >>> 1) is 1.

Example
Try the following code to implement Bitwise operator in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var a = 2;

// Bit presentation 10

var b = 3;

// Bit presentation 11

var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a &

b) => ");

result = (a & b);

document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
29

Javascript

document.write("(a | b) => ");

result = (a | b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a ^ b) => ");

result = (a ^ b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(~b) => ");

result = (~b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a << b) => ");

result = (a << b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >> b) => ");

result = (a >> b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and

then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
30

Javascript

(a & b) => 2
(a | b) => 3
(a ^ b) => 1
(~b) => -4
(a << b) => 16
(a >> b) => 0
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...

Assignment Operators
JavaScript supports the following assignment operators:
S.No

Operator and Description

= (Simple Assignment )

Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand
Ex: C = A + B will assign the value of A + B into C
+= (Add and Assignment)

It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to
the left operand.
Ex: C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-= (Subtract and Assignment)

It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the
result to the left operand.
Ex: C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
*= (Multiply and Assignment)

It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the
result to the left operand.
Ex: C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
/= (Divide and Assignment)

It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result
to the left operand.
31

Javascript

Ex: C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%= (Modules and Assignment)
6

It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left
operand.
Ex: C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A

Note: Same logic applies to Bitwise operators, so they will become <<=, >>=,
>>=, &=, |= and ^=.

Example
Try the following code to implement assignment operator in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var a = 33;
var b = 10;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("Value of a => (a = b) => ");

result = (a = b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a += b) => ");

result = (a += b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a -= b) => ");

result = (a -= b);
document.write(result);
32

Javascript

document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a *=

b) => ");

result = (a *= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a /= b) => ");

result = (a /= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a %= b) => ");

result = (a %= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and

then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Value
Value
Value
Value
Value
Value

of
of
of
of
of
of

a
a
a
a
a
a

=>
=>
=>
=>
=>
=>

(a
(a
(a
(a
(a
(a

= b) => 10
+= b) => 20
-= b) => 10
*= b) => 100
/= b) => 10
%= b) => 0

33

Javascript

Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...

Miscellaneous Operators
We will discuss two operators here that are quite useful in JavaScript: the
conditional operator (? :) and the typeof operator.

Conditional Operator (? :)
The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value
and then executes one of the two given statements depending upon the result of
the evaluation.
S.No

Operator and Description

? : (Conditional )
If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise value Y

Example
Try the following code to understand how the Conditional Operator works in
JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write ("((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => ");

result = (a > b) ? 100 : 200;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write ("((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => ");

34

Javascript

result = (a < b) ? 100 : 200;

document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and

then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => 200
((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => 100
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...

typeof Operator
The typeof operator is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand,
which can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the
operand.
The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand
is a number, string, or boolean value and returns true or false based on the
evaluation.
Here is a list of the return values for the typeof Operator.
Type

String Returned by typeof

Number

"number"

String

"string"

Boolean

"boolean"

Object

"object"
35

Javascript

Function

"function"

Undefined

"undefined"

Null

"object"

Example
The following code shows how to implement typeof operator.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var a = 10;
var b = "String";
var linebreak = "<br />";

result = (typeof b == "string" ? "B is String" : "B is Numeric");

document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

result = (typeof a == "string" ? "A is String" : "A is Numeric");

document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and

then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
36

Javascript

Output
Result => B is String
Result => A is Numeric
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...

37

7. IF-ELSE

Javascript

While writing a program, there may be a situation when you need to adopt one
out of a given set of paths. In such cases, you need to use conditional
statements that allow your program to make correct decisions and perform right
actions.
JavaScript supports conditional statements which are used to perform different
actions
based
on
different
conditions.
Here
we
will
explain the
if..else statement.

Flow Chart of if-else

The following flow chart shows how the if-else statement works.

JavaScript supports the following forms of if..else statement:

if statement

if...else statement

if...else if... statement

38

Javascript

if Statement
The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to
make decisions and execute statements conditionally.

Syntax
The syntax for a basic if statement is as follows:
if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}
Here a JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the
given statement(s) are executed. If the expression is false, then no statement
would be not executed. Most of the times, you will use comparison operators
while making decisions.

Example
Try the following example to understand how the if statement works.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var age = 20;
if( age > 18 ){
document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");
}
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

39

Javascript

Output
Qualifies for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...

if...else Statement
The if...else statement is the next form of control statement that allows
JavaScript to execute statements in a more controlled way.

Syntax
The syntax of an if-else statement is as follows:
if (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}else{
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is false
}
Here JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given
statement(s) in the if block, are executed. If the expression is false, then the
given statement(s) in the else block are executed.

Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else statement in
JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var age = 15;

if( age > 18 ){

document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");
}else{
document.write("<b>Does not qualify for driving</b>");
}
40

Javascript

//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Does not qualify for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...

if...else if... Statement

The if...else if... statement is an advanced form of ifelse that allows
JavaScript to make a correct decision out of several conditions.

Syntax
The syntax of an if-else-if statement is as follows:
if (expression 1){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
}else if (expression 2){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true
}else if (expression 3){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true
}else{
Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true
}
There is nothing special about this code. It is just a series of if statements,
where each if is a part of the else clause of the previous statement.
Statement(s) are executed based on the true condition, if none of the conditions
is true, then the else block is executed.

Example
41

Javascript

Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else-if statement in

JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var book = "maths";
if( book == "history" ){
document.write("<b>History Book</b>");
}else if( book == "maths" ){
document.write("<b>Maths Book</b>");
}else if( book == "economics" ){
document.write("<b>Economics Book</b>");
}else{
document.write("<b>Unknown Book</b>");
}
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Maths Book
Set the variable to different value and then try...

42

8. SWITCH-CASE

Javascript

You can use multiple if...elseif statements, as in the previous chapter, to

perform a multiway branch. However, this is not always the best solution,
especially when all of the branches depend on the value of a single variable.
Starting with JavaScript 1.2, you can use a switch statement which handles
exactly this situation, and it does so more efficiently than repeated if...else
if statements.

Flow Chart
The following flow chart explains a switch-case statement works.

43

Javascript

Syntax
The objective of a switch statement is to give an expression to evaluate and
several different statements to execute based on the value of the expression.
The interpreter checks each case against the value of the expression until a
match is found. If nothing matches, a default condition will be used.
switch (expression)
{
case condition 1: statement(s)
break;
case condition 2: statement(s)
break;
...
case condition n: statement(s)
break;
default: statement(s)
}
The break statements indicate the end of a particular case. If they were
omitted, the interpreter would continue executing each statement in each of the
following cases.
We will explain break statement in Loop Control chapter.

Example
Try the following example to implement switch-case statement.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var grade='A';
document.write("Entering switch block<br />");
switch (grade)
{
case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");
44

Javascript

break;
case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");
break;
case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");
break;
case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");
break;
case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");
break;
default:

document.write("Unknown grade<br />")

}
document.write("Exiting switch block");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Exiting switch block
Set the variable to different value and then try...
Break statements play a major role in switch-case statements. Try the following
code that uses switch-case statement without any break statement.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var grade='A';
document.write("Entering switch block<br />");
45

Javascript

switch (grade)
{
case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");
case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");
case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");
case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");
case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");
default:

document.write("Unknown grade<br />")

}
document.write("Exiting switch block");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Pretty good
Passed
Not so good
Failed
Unknown grade
Exiting switch block
Set the variable to different value and then try...

46

9. WHILE LOOP

Javascript

While writing a program, you may encounter a situation where you need to
perform an action over and over again. In such situations, you would need to
write loop statements to reduce the number of lines.
JavaScript supports all the necessary loops to ease down the pressure of
programming.

The while Loop

The most basic loop in JavaScript is the while loop which would be discussed in
this chapter. The purpose of a while loop is to execute a statement or code
block repeatedly as long as an expression is true. Once the expression
becomes false, the loop terminates.

Flow Chart
The flow chart of while loop looks as follows:

47

Javascript

Syntax
The syntax of while loop in JavaScript is as follows:
while (expression){
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}

Example
Try the following example to implement while loop.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var count = 0;
document.write("Starting Loop ");
while (count < 10){
document.write("Current Count : " + count + "<br />");
count++;
}
document.write("Loop stopped!");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Starting Loop
Current Count
Current Count
Current Count
Current Count

Current Count : 0
: 1
: 2
: 3
: 4
48

Javascript

Current Count
Current Count
Current Count
Current Count
Current Count
Loop stopped!

:
:
:
:
:

5
6
7
8
9

Set the variable to different value and then try...

The do...while Loop

The do...while loop is similar to the while loop except that the condition check
happens at the end of the loop. This means that the loop will always be executed
at least once, even if the condition is false.

Flow Chart
The flow chart of a do-while loop would be as follows:

do{
conditional code;
}while(condition);
Conditional
Code

Condition
If condition is
true

If Condition
is false

Syntax
The syntax for do-while loop in JavaScript is as follows:
49

Javascript

do{
Statement(s) to be executed;
} while (expression);
Note: Dont miss the semicolon used at the end of the do...while loop.

Example
Try the following example to learn how to implement a do-while loop in
JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var count = 0;
document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");
do{
document.write("Current Count : " + count + "<br />");
count++;
}while (count < 5);
document.write ("Loop stopped!");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Starting Loop
Current
Current
Current
Current
Current

Count
Count
Count
Count
Count

:
:
:
:
:

0
1
2
3
4

Loop Stopped!
50

Javascript

Set the variable to different value and then try...

51

10.

FOR LOOP

Javascript

The for Loop

The for loop is the most compact form of looping. It includes the following
three important parts:

The loop initialization where we initialize our counter to a starting

value. The initialization statement is executed before the loop begins.

The test statement which will test if a given condition is true or not. If
the condition is true, then the code given inside the loop will be executed,
otherwise the control will come out of the loop.

The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your

counter.

You can put all the three parts in a single line separated by semicolons.

Flow Chart
The flow chart of a for loop in JavaScript would be as follows:

Conditional
Code
Condition

for condition
is true

for Condition
is false

52

Javascript

Syntax
The syntax of for loop is JavaScript is as follows:
for (initialization; test condition; iteration statement){
Statement(s) to be executed if test condition is true
}

Example
Try the following example to learn how a for loop works in JavaScript.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var count;
document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");
for(count = 0; count < 10; count++){
document.write("Current Count : " + count );
document.write("<br />");
}
document.write("Loop stopped!");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Starting Loop
Current Count
Current Count
Current Count
Current Count
Current Count
Current Count

:
:
:
:
:
:

0
1
2
3
4
5
53

Javascript

Current Count
Current Count
Current Count
Current Count
Loop stopped!

:
:
:
:

6
7
8
9

Set the variable to different value and then try...

54

11.

FOR-IN LOOP

Javascript

The for...in loop is used to loop through an object's properties. As we have not
discussed Objects yet, you may not feel comfortable with this loop. But once you
understand how objects behave in JavaScript, you will find this loop very useful.

Syntax
The syntax of for..in loop is:
for (variablename in object){
statement or block to execute
}
In each iteration, one property from object is assigned to variablename and
this loop continues till all the properties of the object are exhausted.

Example
Try the following example to implement for-in loop. It prints the web browsers
Navigator object.
<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var aProperty;
document.write("Navigator Object Properties<br /> ");
for (aProperty in navigator)
{
document.write(aProperty);
document.write("<br />");
}
document.write ("Exiting from the loop!");
//-->
</script>

55

Javascript

<p>Set the variable to different object and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Navigator Object Properties
serviceWorker
webkitPersistentStorage
webkitTemporaryStorage
geolocation
doNotTrack
onLine
languages
language
userAgent
product
platform
appVersion
appName
appCodeName
hardwareConcurrency
maxTouchPoints
vendorSub
vendor
productSub
cookieEnabled
mimeTypes
plugins
javaEnabled
getStorageUpdates
getGamepads
webkitGetUserMedia
vibrate
getBattery
sendBeacon
registerProtocolHandler
unregisterProtocolHandler
Exiting from the loop!
Set the variable to different object and then try...

56

12.

LOOP CONTROL

Javascript

JavaScript provides full control to handle loops and switch statements. There
may be a situation when you need to come out of a loop without reaching at its
bottom. There may also be a situation when you want to skip a part of your code
block and start the next iteration of the look.
To handle all such situations, JavaScript provides break and continue
statements. These statements are used to immediately come out of any loop or
to start the next iteration of any loop respectively.

The break Statement

The break statement, which was briefly introduced with the switch statement, is
used to exit a loop early, breaking out of the enclosing curly braces.

Flow Chart
The flow chart of a break statement would look as follows:

Condition

true

Conditional Code
Break
statement

false

Example
The following example illustrates the use of a break statement with a while
loop. Notice how the loop breaks out early once x reaches 5 and reaches to
document.write (..) statement just below to the closing curly brace:

57

Javascript

<html>
<body>

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var x = 1;
document.write("Entering the loop<br /> ");
while (x < 20)
{
if (x == 5){
break;

// breaks out of loop completely

}
x = x + 1;
document.write( x + "<br />");
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Entering the loop
2
3
4
5
Exiting the loop!
Set the variable to different value and then try...
We have already seen the usage of break statement inside a switch statement.

58

Javascript

The continue Statement

The continue statement tells the interpreter to immediately start the next
iteration of the loop and skip the remaining code block. When
a continue statement is encountered, the program flow moves to the loop
check expression immediately and if the condition remains true, then it starts
the next iteration, otherwise the control comes out of the loop.

Example
This example illustrates the use of a continue statement with a while loop.
Notice how the continue statement is used to skip printing when the index held
in variable x reaches 5.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var x = 1;
document.write("Entering the loop<br /> ");
while (x < 10)
{
x = x + 1;
if (x == 5){
continue;

// skill rest of the loop body

}
document.write( x + "<br />");
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");
//-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
59

Javascript

Entering the loop

2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
Exiting the loop!

Using Labels to Control the Flow

Starting from JavaScript 1.2, a label can be used with break and continue to
control the flow more precisely. A label is simply an identifier followed by a
colon (:) that is applied to a statement or a block of code. We will see two
different examples to understand how to use labels with break and continue.
Note: Line breaks are not allowed between the continue or break statement
and its label name. Also, there should not be any other statement in between a
label name and associated loop.
Try the following two examples for a better understanding of Labels.

Example 1
The following example shows how to implement Label with a break statement.
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-document.write("Entering the loop!<br /> ");
outerloop:

// This is the label name

for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++)

{
document.write("Outerloop: " + i + "<br />");
innerloop:
for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++)
60

Javascript

{
if (j >

3 ) break ;

// Quit the innermost loop

if (i == 2) break innerloop; // Do the same thing

if (i == 4) break outerloop; // Quit the outer loop
document.write("Innerloop: " + j + "

<br />");

}
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Entering the loop!
Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 2
Outerloop: 3
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Innerloop: 3
Outerloop: 4
Exiting the loop!

Example 2
The following example shows how to implement Label with continue.
<html>
61

Javascript

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-document.write("Entering the loop!<br /> ");
outerloop:

// This is the label name

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{
document.write("Outerloop: " + i + "<br />");
for (var j = 0; j < 5; j++)
{
if (j == 3){
continue outerloop;
}
document.write("Innerloop: " + j + "<br />");
}
}
document.write("Exiting the loop!<br /> ");
//-->
</script>

</body>
</html>

Output
Entering the loop!
Outerloop: 0
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Outerloop: 1
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
Innerloop: 2
Outerloop: 2
Innerloop: 0
Innerloop: 1
62

Javascript

Innerloop: 2
Exiting the loop!

63

13.

FUNCTIONS

Javascript

A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your

program. This eliminates the need of writing the same code again and again. It
helps programmers in writing modular codes. Functions allow a programmer to
divide a big program into a number of small and manageable functions.
Like any other advanced programming language, JavaScript also supports all the
features necessary to write modular code using functions. You must have seen
functions like alert() and write() in the earlier chapters. We were using these
functions again and again, but they had been written in core JavaScript only
once.
JavaScript allows us to write our own functions as well. This section explains
how to write your own functions in JavaScript.

Function Definition
Before we use a function, we need to define it. The most common way to define
a function in JavaScript is by using the function keyword, followed by a unique
function name, a list of parameters (that might be empty), and a statement
block surrounded by curly braces.

Syntax
The basic syntax is shown here.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function functionname(parameter-list)
{
statements
}
//-->
</script>

Example
Try the following example. It defines a function called sayHello that takes no
parameters:

64

Javascript

<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function sayHello()
{
alert("Hello there");
}
//-->
</script>

Calling a Function
To invoke a function somewhere later in the script, you would simply need to
write the name of that function as shown in the following code.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function sayHello()
{
document.write ("Hello there!");
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello">
</form>

<p>Use different text in write method and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
65

Javascript

Click the following button to call the function

Say Hello

Function Parameters
Till now, we have seen functions without parameters. But there is a facility to
pass different parameters while calling a function. These passed parameters can
be captured inside the function and any manipulation can be done over those
parameters. A function can take multiple parameters separated by comma.

Example
Try the following example. We have modified our sayHello function here. Now it
takes two parameters.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function sayHello(name, age)
{
document.write (name + " is " + age + " years old.");
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello('Zara', 7)" value="Say Hello">
</form>

<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

66

Javascript

Output
Click the following button to call the function
Say Hello
Use different parameters inside the function and then try...

The return Statement

A JavaScript function can have an optional return statement. This is required if
you want to return a value from a function. This statement should be the last
statement in a function.
For example, you can pass two numbers in a function and then you can expect
the function to return their multiplication in your calling program.

Example
Try the following example. It defines a function that takes two parameters and
concatenates them before returning the resultant in the calling program.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
function concatenate(first, last)
{
var full;

full = first + last;

return

full;

}
function secondFunction()
{
var result;
result = concatenate('Zara', 'Ali');
document.write (result );
}
</script>
</head>
67

Javascript

<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type="button" onclick="secondFunction()" value="Call Function">
</form>

<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following button to call the function
Call Function

Use different parameters inside the function and then try...

There is a lot to learn about JavaScript functions, however we have covered the
most important concepts in this tutorial.

Nested Functions
Prior to JavaScript 1.2, function definition was allowed only in top level global
code, but JavaScript 1.2 allows function definitions to be nested within other
functions as well. Still there is a restriction that function definitions may not
appear within loops or conditionals. These restrictions on function definitions
apply only to function declarations with the function statement.
As we'll discuss later in the next chapter, function literals (another feature
introduced in JavaScript 1.2) may appear within any JavaScript expression,
which means that they can appear within if and other statements.

Example
Try the following example to learn how to implement nested functions.
<html>

68

Javascript

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function hypotenuse(a, b) {
function square(x) { return x*x; }

return Math.sqrt(square(a) + square(b));

}
function secondFunction(){
var result;
result = hypotenuse(1,2);
document.write ( result );
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>

<form>
<input type="button" onclick="secondFunction()" value="Call Function">
</form>

<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following button to call the function
Call Function
69

Javascript

Use different parameters inside the function and then try...

Function () Constructor
The function statement is not the only way to define a new function; you can
define your function dynamically using Function() constructor along with the
new operator.
Note: Constructor is a terminology from Object Oriented Programming. You may
not feel comfortable for the first time, which is OK.

Syntax
Following is the syntax to create a function using Function() constructor along
with the new operator.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var variablename = new Function(Arg1, Arg2..., "Function Body");
//-->
</script>
The Function() constructor expects any number of string arguments. The last
argument is the body of the function it can contain arbitrary JavaScript
statements, separated from each other by semicolons.
Notice that the Function() constructor is not passed any argument that
specifies a name for the function it creates. The unnamed functions created
with the Function() constructor are called anonymous functions.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var func = new Function("x", "y", "return x*y;");

function secondFunction(){
var result;
result = func(10,20);
70

Javascript

document.write ( result );
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>

<form>
<input type="button" onclick="secondFunction()" value="Call Function">
</form>

<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following button to call the function
Call Function

Use different parameters inside the function and then try...

Function Literals
JavaScript 1.2 introduces the concept of function literals which is another new
way of defining functions. A function literal is an expression that defines an
unnamed function.

Syntax
The syntax for a function literal is much like a function statement, except that
it is used as an expression rather than a statement and no function name is
required.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-71

Javascript

var variablename = function(Argument List){

Function Body
};
//-->
</script>
Syntactically, you can specify a function name while creating a literal function as
follows.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var variablename = function FunctionName(Argument List){
Function Body
};
//-->
</script>
But this name does not have any significance, so it is not worthwhile.

Example
Try the following example. It shows the usage of function literals.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var func = function(x,y){ return x*y };

function secondFunction(){
var result;
result = func(10,20);
document.write ( result );
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
72

Javascript

<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>

<form>
<input type="button" onclick="secondFunction()" value="Call Function">
</form>
<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following button to call the function
Call Function
Use different parameters inside the function and then try...

73

14.

EVENTS

Javascript

What is an Event?
JavaScript's interaction with HTML is handled through events that occur when
the user or the browser manipulates a page.
When the page loads, it is called an event. When the user clicks a button, that
click too is an event. Other examples include events like pressing any key,
closing a window, resizing a window, etc.
Developers can use these events to execute JavaScript coded responses, which
cause buttons to close windows, messages to be displayed to users, data to be
validated, and virtually any other type of response imaginable.
Events are a part of the Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 and every HTML
element contains a set of events which can trigger JavaScript Code.
Please go through this small tutorial for a better understanding HTML Event
Reference. Here we will see a few examples to understand the relation between
Event and JavaScript.

onclick Event Type

This is the most frequently used event type which occurs when a user clicks the
left button of his mouse. You can put your validation, warning etc., against this
event type.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function sayHello() {
document.write ("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
74

Javascript

</head>
<body>
<p> Click the following button and see result</p>
<input type="button" onclick="sayHello()" value="Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following button and see result
Say Hello

onsubmit Event Type

onsubmit is an event that occurs when you try to submit a form. You can put
your form validation against this event type.

Example
The following example shows how to use onsubmit. Here we are calling
a validate() function before submitting a form data to the webserver.
If validate() function returns true, the form will be submitted, otherwise it will
not submit the data.
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function validation() {
all validation goes here
.........
return either true or false
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
75

Javascript

<body>
<form method="POST" action="t.cgi" onsubmit="return validate()">
.......
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

onmouseover and onmouseout

These two event types will help you create nice effects with images or even with
text as well. The onmouseover event triggers when you bring your mouse over
any element and the onmouseout triggers when you move your mouse out
from that element. Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function over() {
document.write ("Mouse Over");
}
function out() {
document.write ("Mouse Out");
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Bring your mouse inside the division to see the result:</p>
<div onmouseover="over()" onmouseout="out()">
<h2> This is inside the division </h2>
</div>
</body>
</html>
76

Javascript

Output
Bring your mouse inside the division to see the result:

This is inside the division

HTML 5 Standard Events

The standard HTML 5 events are listed here for your reference.
Here script indicates a Javascript function to be executed against that event.
Attribute

Value

Description

Offline

script

Triggers when the document goes offline

Onabort

script

Triggers on an abort event

onafterprint

script

Triggers after the document is printed

onbeforeonload

script

Triggers before the document loads

onbeforeprint

script

Triggers before the document is printed

onblur

script

Triggers when the window loses focus

oncanplay

script

Triggers when media can start play, but might

has to stop for buffering

oncanplaythrough

script

Triggers when media can be played to the end,

without stopping for buffering

onchange

script

Triggers when an element changes

onclick

script

Triggers on a mouse click

oncontextmenu

script

Triggers when a context menu is triggered

ondblclick

script

Triggers on a mouse double-click

ondrag

script

Triggers when an element is dragged

ondragend

script

Triggers at the end of a drag operation

77

Javascript

ondragenter

script

Triggers when an element has been dragged to

a valid drop target

ondragleave

script

Triggers when an element leaves a valid drop

target

ondragover

script

Triggers when an element is being dragged

over a valid drop target

ondragstart

script

Triggers at the start of a drag operation

ondrop

script

Triggers when dragged element is being

dropped

ondurationchange

script

Triggers when the length of the media is

changed

onemptied

script

Triggers when a media resource element

suddenly becomes empty.

onended

script

Triggers when media has reach the end

onerror

script

Triggers when an error occur

onfocus

script

Triggers when the window gets focus

onformchange

script

Triggers when a form changes

onforminput

script

Triggers when a form gets user input

onhaschange

script

Triggers when the document has change

oninput

script

Triggers when an element gets user input

oninvalid

script

Triggers when an element is invalid

onkeydown

script

Triggers when a key is pressed

onkeypress

script

Triggers when a key is pressed and released

onkeyup

script

Triggers when a key is released

78

Javascript

onload

script

Triggers when the document loads

onloadeddata

script

Triggers when media data is loaded

onloadedmetadata

script

Triggers when the duration and other media

data of a media element is loaded

onloadstart

script

Triggers when the browser starts to load the

media data

onmessage

script

Triggers when the message is triggered

onmousedown

script

Triggers when a mouse button is pressed

onmousemove

script

Triggers when the mouse pointer moves

onmouseout

script

Triggers when the mouse pointer moves out of

an element

onmouseover

script

Triggers when the mouse pointer moves over

an element

onmouseup

script

Triggers when a mouse button is released

onmousewheel

script

Triggers when the mouse wheel is being

rotated

onoffline

script

Triggers when the document goes offline

onoine

script

Triggers when the document comes online

ononline

script

Triggers when the document comes online

onpagehide

script

Triggers when the window is hidden

onpageshow

script

Triggers when the window becomes visible

onpause

script

Triggers when media data is paused

onplay

script

Triggers when media data is going to start

playing

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Javascript

onplaying

script

Triggers when media data has start playing

onpopstate

script

Triggers when the window's history changes

onprogress

script

Triggers when the browser is fetching the

media data

onratechange

script

Triggers when the media data's playing rate

has changed

onreadystatechange script

Triggers when the ready-state changes

onredo

script

Triggers when the document performs a redo

onresize

script

Triggers when the window is resized

onscroll

script

Triggers when an element's scrollbar is being

scrolled

onseeked

script

Triggers when a media element's seeking

attribute is no longer true, and the seeking has
ended

onseeking

script

Triggers when a media element's seeking

attribute is true, and the seeking has begun

onselect

script

Triggers when an element is selected

onstalled

script

Triggers when there is an error in fetching

media data

onstorage

script

Triggers when a document loads

onsubmit

script

Triggers when a form is submitted

onsuspend

script

Triggers when the browser has been fetching

media data, but stopped before the entire
media file was fetched

ontimeupdate

script

Triggers when media changes its playing

position

onundo

script

Triggers when a document performs an undo

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Javascript

onunload

script

Triggers when the user leaves the document

onvolumechange

script

Triggers when media changes the volume, also

when volume is set to "mute"

onwaiting

script

Triggers when media has stopped playing, but

is expected to resume

81

15.

COOKIES

Javascript

What are Cookies?

Web Browsers and Servers use HTTP protocol to communicate and HTTP is a
stateless protocol. But for a commercial website, it is required to maintain
session information among different pages. For example, one user registration
ends after completing many pages. But how to maintain users' session
information across all the web pages.
In many situations, using cookies is the most efficient method of remembering
and tracking preferences, purchases, commissions, and other information
required for better visitor experience or site statistics.

How It Works?
Your server sends some data to the visitor's browser in the form of a cookie. The
browser may accept the cookie. If it does, it is stored as a plain text record on
the visitor's hard drive. Now, when the visitor arrives at another page on your
site, the browser sends the same cookie to the server for retrieval. Once
retrieved, your server knows/remembers what was stored earlier.
Cookies are a plain text data record of 5 variable-length fields:

Expires: The date the cookie will expire. If this is blank, the cookie will
expire when the visitor quits the browser.

Domain: The domain name of your site.

Path: The path to the directory or web page that set the cookie. This may
be blank if you want to retrieve the cookie from any directory or page.

Secure: If this field contains the word "secure", then the cookie may only
be retrieved with a secure server. If this field is blank, no such restriction
exists.

Name=Value: Cookies are set and retrieved in the form of key-value

pairs.

Cookies were originally designed for CGI programming. The data contained in a
cookie is automatically transmitted between the web browser and the web
server, so CGI scripts on the server can read and write cookie values that are
stored on the client.

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Javascript

JavaScript can also manipulate cookies using the cookie property of

the Document object. JavaScript can read, create, modify, and delete the
cookies that apply to the current web page.

Storing Cookies
The simplest way to create a cookie is to assign a string value to the
document.cookie object, which looks like this.
document.cookie = "key1=value1;key2=value2;expires=date";
Here the expires attribute is optional. If you provide this attribute with a valid
date or time, then the cookie will expire on a given date or time and thereafter,
the cookies' value will not be accessible.
Note: Cookie values may not include semicolons, commas, or whitespace. For
this reason, you may want to use the JavaScript escape() function to encode
the value before storing it in the cookie. If you do this, you will also have to use
the corresponding unescape() function when you read the cookie value.

Example
Try the following. It sets a customer name in an input cookie.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function WriteCookie()
{
if( document.myform.customer.value == "" ){
alert ("Enter some value!");
return;
}

cookievalue= escape(document.myform.customer.value) + ";";

document.cookie="name=" + cookievalue;
document.write ("Setting Cookies : " + "name=" + cookievalue );
}
//-->
</script>
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Javascript

</head>
<body>
<form name="myform" action="">
Enter name: <input type="text" name="customer"/>
<input type="button" value="Set Cookie" onclick="WriteCookie();"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output

Enter name:

Set
Cookie

Now your machine has a cookie called name. You can set multiple cookies using
multiple key=value pairs separated by comma.

Reading Cookies
Reading a cookie is just as simple as writing one, because the value of
the document.cookie object is the cookie. So you can use this string whenever
you want to access the cookie. The document.cookie string will keep a list
of name=value pairs separated by semicolons, where name is the name of a
cookie and value is its string value.
You can use strings' split() function to break a string into key and values as
follows:

Example
Try the following example to get all the cookies.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function ReadCookie()
{
var allcookies = document.cookie;
document.write ("All Cookies : " + allcookies );
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Javascript

// Get all the cookies pairs in an array

cookiearray

= allcookies.split(';');

// Now take key value pair out of this array

for(var i=0; i<cookiearray.length; i++){
name = cookiearray[i].split('=')[0];
value = cookiearray[i].split('=')[1];
document.write ("Key is : " + name + " and Value is : " + value);
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form name="myform" action="">
<p> click the following button and see the result:</p>
<input type="button" value="Get Cookie" onclick="ReadCookie()"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Note: Here length is a method of Array class which returns the length of an
array. We will discuss Arrays in a separate chapter. By that time, please try to
digest it.

Output
click the following button and see the result:
Get Cookie

Note: There may be some other cookies already set on your machine. The
above code will display all the cookies set on your machine.

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Javascript

Setting Cookies Expiry Date

You can extend the life of a cookie beyond the current browser session by
setting an expiration date and saving the expiry date within the cookie. This can
be done by setting the expires attribute to a date and time.

Example
Try the following example. It illustrates how to extend the expiry date of a
cookie by 1 Month.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function WriteCookie()
{
var now = new Date();
now.setMonth( now.getMonth() + 1 );
cookievalue = escape(document.myform.customer.value) + ";"
document.cookie="name=" + cookievalue;
document.cookie = "expires=" + now.toUTCString() + ";"
document.write ("Setting Cookies : " + "name=" + cookievalue );
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form name="formname" action="">
Enter name: <input type="text" name="customer"/>
<input type="button" value="Set Cookie" onclick="WriteCookie()"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>

86

Javascript

Output

Enter Cookie Name:

Set Cookie

Deleting a Cookie
Sometimes you will want to delete a cookie so that subsequent attempts to read
the cookie return nothing. To do this, you just need to set the expiry date to a
time in the past.

Example
Try the following example. It illustrates how to delete a cookie by setting its
expiry date to one month behind the current date.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function WriteCookie()
{
var now = new Date();
now.setMonth( now.getMonth() - 1 );
cookievalue = escape(document.myform.customer.value) + ";"
document.cookie="name=" + cookievalue;
document.cookie = "expires=" + now.toUTCString() + ";"
document.write("Setting Cookies : " + "name=" + cookievalue );
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form name="formname" action="">
Enter name: <input type="text" name="customer"/>
<input type="button" value="Set Cookie" onclick="WriteCookie()"/>
</form>
87

Javascript

</body>
</html>

Output
Set Cookie

Enter Cookie Name:

88

16.

PAGE REDIRECT

Javascript

What is Page Redirection?

You might have encountered a situation where you clicked a URL to reach a page
X but internally you were directed to another page Y. It happens due to page
redirection. This concept is different from JavaScript Page Refresh.
There could be various reasons why you would like to redirect a user from the
original page. We are listing down a few of the reasons:

You did not like the name of your domain and you are moving to a new
one. In such a scenario, you may want to direct all your visitors to the
new site. Here you can maintain your old domain but put a single page
with a page redirection such that all your old domain visitors can come to
your new domain.

You have built-up various pages based on browser versions or their

names or may be based on different countries, then instead of using your
server-side page redirection, you can use client-side page redirection to
land your users on the appropriate page.

The Search Engines may have already indexed your pages. But while
moving to another domain, you would not like to lose your visitors coming
through search engines. So you can use client-side page redirection. But
keep in mind this should not be done to fool the search engine, it could
lead your site to get banned.

JavaScript Page Refresh

You can refresh a web page using JavaScript location.reload method. This code
can be called automatically upon an event or simply when the user clicks on a
link. If you want to refresh a web page using a mouse click, then you can use
the following code:
<a href="javascript:location.reload(true)">Refresh Page</a>

Auto Refresh
You can also use JavaScript to refresh the page automatically after a given time
period. Here setTimeout() is a built-in JavaScript function which can be used to
execute another function after a given time interval.
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Javascript

Example
Try the following example. It shows how to refresh a page after every 5
seconds. You can change this time as per your requirement.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/JavaScript">
<!-function AutoRefresh( t ) {
setTimeout("location.reload(true);", t);
}
//

-->

</script>
</head>
<body onload="JavaScript:AutoRefresh(5000);">
<p>This page will refresh every 5 seconds.</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
This page will refresh every 5 seconds.

How Page Re-direction Works?

The implementations of Page-Redirection are as follows.

Example 1
It is quite simple to do a page redirect using JavaScript at client side. To redirect
your site visitors to a new page, you just need to add a line in your head section
as follows.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function Redirect() {
90

Javascript

window.location="http://www.tutorialspoint.com";
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button, you will be redirected to home page.</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Redirect Me" onclick="Redirect();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output

Click the following button, you will be redirected to home page.

Redirect Me

Example 2
You can show an appropriate message to your site visitors before redirecting
them to a new page. This would need a bit time delay to load a new page. The
following example shows how to implement the same. Here setTimeout() is a
built-in JavaScript function which can be used to execute another function after
a given time interval.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function Redirect() {
window.location="http://www.tutorialspoint.com";
}
document.write ("You will be redirected to our main page in 10
seconds!");
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Javascript

setTimeout('Redirect()', 10000);
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

Output
You will be redirected to tutorialspoint.com main page in 10 seconds!

Example 3
The following example shows how to redirect your site visitors onto a different
page based on their browsers.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var browsername=navigator.appName;
if( browsername == "Netscape" )
{
window.location="http://www.location.com/ns.htm";
}
else if ( browsername =="Microsoft Internet Explorer")
{
window.location="http://www.location.com/ie.htm";
}
else
{
window.location="http://www.location.com/other.htm";
}
//-->
</script>
92

Javascript

</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

93

17.

DIALOG BOX

Javascript

JavaScript supports three important types of dialog boxes. These dialog boxes
can be used to raise and alert, or to get confirmation on any input or to have a
kind of input from the users. Here we will discuss each dialog box one by one.

Alert Dialog Box

An alert dialog box is mostly used to give a warning message to the users. For
example, if one input field requires to enter some text but the user does not
provide any input, then as a part of validation, you can use an alert box to give
a warning message.
Nonetheless, an alert box can still be used for friendlier messages. Alert box
gives only one button "OK" to select and proceed.

Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function Warn() {
alert ("This is a warning message!");
document.write ("This is a warning message!");
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="Warn();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
94

Javascript

Output

Click the following button to see the result:

Click Me

Confirmation Dialog Box

A confirmation dialog box is mostly used to take user's consent on any option. It
displays a dialog box with two buttons: OK and Cancel.
If the user clicks on the OK button, the window method confirm() will return
true. If the user clicks on the Cancel button, then confirm() returns false. You
can use a confirmation dialog box as follows.

Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function getConfirmation(){
var retVal = confirm("Do you want to continue ?");
if( retVal == true ){
document.write ("User wants to continue!");
return true;
}else{
Document.write ("User does not want to continue!");
return false;
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>
<form>
95

Javascript

<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="getConfirmation();" />

</form>
</body>
</html>

Output

Click the following button to see the result:

Click Me

Prompt Dialog Box

The prompt dialog box is very useful when you want to pop-up a text box to get
user input. Thus, it enables you to interact with the user. The user needs to fill
in the field and then click OK.
This dialog box is displayed using a method called prompt() which takes two
parameters: (i) a label which you want to display in the text box and (ii) a
default string to display in the text box.
This dialog box has two buttons: OK and Cancel. If the user clicks the OK
button, the window method prompt() will return the entered value from the
text
box.
If
the
user
clicks
the
Cancel
button,
the
window
method prompt() returns null.

Example
The following example shows how to use a prompt dialog box:
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function getValue(){
var retVal = prompt("Enter your name : ", "your name here");

document.write("You have entered : " +

retVal);

}
//-->
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Javascript

</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following button to see the result: </p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="getValue();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output

Click the following button to see the result:

Click Me

97

18.

VOID KEYWORD

Javascript

void is an important keyword in JavaScript which can be used as a unary

operator that appears before its single operand, which may be of any type. This
operator specifies an expression to be evaluated without returning a value.

Syntax
The syntax of void can be either of the following two:
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-void func()
javascript:void func()
OR
void(func())
javascript:void(func())
//-->
</script>
</head>

Example 1
The most common use of this operator is in a client-side javascript: URL, where
it allows you to evaluate an expression for its side-effects without the browser
displaying the value of the evaluated expression.
Here the expression alert ('Warning!!!') is evaluated but it is not loaded back
into the current document:
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-//-->
</script>
</head>
98

Javascript

<body>
<p>Click the following, This won't react at all...</p>
<a href="javascript:void(document.write(Hello : 0))">Click me!</a>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following, This won't react at all...
Click me!

Example 2
Take a look at the following example. The following link does nothing because
the expression "0" has no effect in JavaScript. Here the expression "0" is
evaluated, but it is not loaded back into the current document.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following, This won't react at all...</p>
<a href="javascript:void(0)">Click me!</a>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following, This won't react at all...
Click me!

Example 3
Another use of void is to purposely generate the undefined value as follows.
<html>
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Javascript

<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function getValue(){
var a,b,c;

a = void ( b = 5, c = 7 );
document.write('a = ' + a + ' b = ' + b +' c = ' + c );
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="getValue();" />
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following button to see the result:
Click Me

100

19.

PAGE PRINTING

Javascript

Many times you would like to place a button on your webpage to print the
content of that web page via an actual printer. JavaScript helps you to
implement this functionality using the print function of window object.
The JavaScript print function window.print() prints the current web page when
executed. You can call this function directly using the onclick event as shown in
the following example.

Example
Try the following example.
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Print" onclick="window.print()" />
</form>
</body>

Output
Print
Although it serves the purpose of getting a printout, it is not a recommended
way. A printer friendly page is really just a page with text, no images, graphics,
or advertising.
You can make a page printer friendly in the following ways:
1. Make a copy of the page and leave out unwanted text and graphics, then
link to that printer friendly page from the original. Check Example.

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Javascript

2. If you do not want to keep an extra copy of a page, then you can mark
your printable text using proper comments like <!-- PRINT STARTS HERE
-->..... <!-- PRINT ENDS HERE --> and then you can use PERL or any
other script in the background to purge printable text and display for final
printing. We at Tutorialspoint use this method to provide print facility to
our site visitors. Check Example.

How to Print a Page?

If you dont find the above facilities on a web page, then you can use the
browser's standard toolbar to get print the web page. Follow the link as follows.
File --> Print --> Click OK button.

102

Javascript

Part 2: JavaScript Objects

103

Javascript

104

20.

OBJECTS

Javascript

JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. A programming

language can be called object-oriented if it provides four basic capabilities to
developers:

Encapsulation: the capability to store related information, whether data

or methods, together in an object.

Aggregation: the capability to store one object inside another object.

Inheritance: the capability of a class to rely upon another class (or

number of classes) for some of its properties and methods.

Polymorphism: the capability to write one function or method that works

in a variety of different ways.

Objects are composed of attributes. If an attribute contains a function, it is

considered to be a method of the object, otherwise the attribute is considered a
property.

Object Properties
Object properties can be any of the three primitive data types, or any of the
abstract data types, such as another object. Object properties are usually
variables that are used internally in the object's methods, but can also be
globally visible variables that are used throughout the page.
The syntax for adding a property to an object is:
objectName.objectProperty = propertyValue;
For example: The following code gets the document title using the "title"
property of the document object.
var str = document.title;

Object Methods
Methods are the functions that let the object do something or let something be
done to it. There is a small difference between a function and a method at a
function is a standalone unit of statements and a method is attached to an
object and can be referenced by the this keyword.
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Javascript

Methods are useful for everything from displaying the contents of the object to
the screen to performing complex mathematical operations on a group of local
properties and parameters.
For example: Following is a simple example to show how to use the
write() method of document object to write any content on the document.
document.write ("This is test");

User-Defined Objects
All user-defined objects and built-in objects are descendants of an object called
Object.

The new Operator

The new operator is used to create an instance of an object. To create an
object, the new operator is followed by the constructor method.
In the following example, the constructor methods are Object(), Array(), and
Date(). These constructors are built-in JavaScript functions.
var employee = new Object();
var books = new Array("C++", "Perl", "Java");
var day = new Date("August 15, 1947");

The Object ( ) Constructor

A constructor is a function that creates and initializes an object. JavaScript
provides a special constructor function called Object() to build the object. The
return value of the Object() constructor is assigned to a variable.
The variable contains a reference to the new object. The properties assigned to
the object are not variables and are not defined with the var keyword.

Example 1
Try the following example; it demonstrates how to create an Object.
<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
var book = new Object();

// Create the object

book.subject = "Perl"; // Assign properties to the object

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Javascript

book.author

= "Mohtashim";

</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Book name is : " + book.subject + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + book.author + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Book name is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim

Example 2
This example demonstrates how to create an object with a User-Defined
Function. Here this keyword is used to refer to the object that has been passed
to a function.
<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function book(title, author){
this.title = title;
this.author

= author;

}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");
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Javascript

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim

Defining Methods for an Object

The previous examples demonstrate how the constructor creates the object and
assigns properties. But we need to complete the definition of an object by
assigning methods to it.

Example
Try the following example; it shows how to add a function along with an object.
<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>
<script type="text/javascript">

// Define a function which will work as a method

function addPrice(amount){
this.price = amount;
}

function book(title, author){

this.title = title;
this.author

= author;

this.addPrice = addPrice; // Assign that method as property.

}

</script>
</head>
<body>
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Javascript

<script type="text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
myBook.addPrice(100);
document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");
document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Book price is : 100

The with Keyword

The with keyword is used as a kind of shorthand for referencing an object's
properties or methods.
The object specified as an argument to with becomes the default object for the
duration of the block that follows. The properties and methods for the object can
be used without naming the object.

Syntax
The syntax for with object is as follows:
with (object){
properties used without the object name and dot
}

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
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Javascript

<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>
<script type="text/javascript">

// Define a function which will work as a method

function addPrice(amount){
with(this){
price = amount;
}
}

function book(title, author){

this.title = title;
this.author

= author;

this.price = 0;
this.addPrice = addPrice; // Assign that method as property.
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
myBook.addPrice(100);
document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");
document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Book price is : 100
110

21.

NUMBER

Javascript

The Number object represents numerical date, either integers or floating-point

numbers. In general, you do not need to worry about Number objects because
the browser automatically converts number literals to instances of the number
class.

Syntax
The syntax for creating a number object is as follows:
var val = new Number(number);
In the place of number, if you provide any non-number argument, then the
argument cannot be converted into a number, it returns NaN (Not-a-Number).

Number Properties
Here is a list of each property and their description.
Property

Description

MAX_VALUE

The largest possible value a number in JavaScript

can have 1.7976931348623157E+308

MIN_VALUE

The smallest possible value a number in JavaScript

can have 5E-324

NaN

Equal to a value that is not a number.

NEGATIVE_INFINITY

A value that is less than MIN_VALUE.

POSITIVE_INFINITY

A value that is greater than MAX_VALUE

prototype

A static property of the Number object. Use the

prototype property to assign new properties and
methods to the Number object in the current
document

constructor

Returns the function that created this object's

instance. By default this is the Number object.

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In the following sections, we will take a few examples to demonstrate the

properties of Number.

MAX_VALUE
The Number.MAX_VALUE property belongs to the static Number object. It
represents constants for the largest possible positive numbers that JavaScript
can work with.
The actual value of this constant is 1.7976931348623157 x 10308.

Syntax
The syntax to use MAX_VALUE is:
var val = Number.MAX_VALUE;

Example
Try the following example to learn how to use MAX_VALUE.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function showValue()
{
var val = Number.MAX_VALUE;

document.write ("Value of Number.MAX_VALUE : " + val );

}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="showValue();" />
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</form>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me

Value of Number.MAX_VALUE : 1.7976931348623157 x 10 308

MIN_VALUE
The Number.MIN_VALUE property belongs to the static Number object. It
represents constants for the smallest possible positive numbers that JavaScript
can work with.
The actual value of this constant is 5 x 10-324.

Syntax
The syntax to use MIN_VALUE is:
var val = Number.MIN_VALUE;

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function showValue()
{
var val = Number.MIN_VALUE;
alert("Value of Number.MIN_VALUE : " + val );

}
//-->
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</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="showValue();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me

Value of Number.MIN_VALUE : 5e-324

NaN
Unquoted literal constant NaN is a special value representing Not-a-Number.
Since NaN always compares unequal to any number, including NaN, it is usually
used to indicate an error condition for a function that should return a valid
number.
Note: Use the isNaN() global function to see if a value is an NaN value.

Syntax
The syntax to use NaN is:
var val = Number.NaN;

Example
Try the following example to learn how to use NaN.
<html>
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<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function showValue()
{
var dayOfMonth = 50;
if (dayOfMonth < 1 || dayOfMonth > 31)
{
dayOfMonth = Number.NaN
alert("Day of Month must be between 1 and 31.")
}
Document.write("Value of dayOfMonth : " + dayOfMonth );

}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="showValue();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me

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Day of the Month must be between 1 and 31.

NEGATIVE_INFINITY
This is a special numeric value representing a value less than
Number.MIN_VALUE. This value is represented as "-Infinity". It resembles an
infinity in its mathematical behavior. For example, anything multiplied by
NEGATIVE_INFINITY is NEGATIVE_INFINITY, and anything divided by
NEGATIVE_INFINITY is zero.
Because NEGATIVE_INFINITY is a constant, it is a read-only property of Number.

Syntax
The syntax to use NEGATIVE_INFINITY is as follows:
var val = Number. NEGATIVE_INFINITY;

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function showValue()
{
var smallNumber = (-Number.MAX_VALUE) * 2
if (smallNumber == Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY) {
alert("Value of smallNumber : " + smallNumber );
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
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<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="showValue();" />

</form>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me

Value of val : -Infinity

POSITIVE_INFINITY
This is a special numeric value representing any value greater than
Number.MAX_VALUE. This value is represented as "Infinity". It resembles an
infinity in its mathematical behavior. For example, anything multiplied by
POSITIVE_INFINITY is POSITIVE_INFINITY, and anything divided by
POSITIVE_INFINITY is zero.
As POSITIVE_INFINITY is a constant, it is a read-only property of Number.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to use POSITIVE_INFINITY.
var val = Number. POSITIVE_INFINITY;

Example
Try the following example to learn how use POSITIVE_INFINITY.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function showValue()
{
var bigNumber = Number.MAX_VALUE * 2
if (bigNumber == Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY) {
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Javascript

alert("Value of bigNumber : " + bigNumber );

}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="showValue();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me

Value of val : Infinity

Prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to any object
(Number, Boolean, String and Date etc.).
Note: Prototype is a global property which is available with almost all the
objects.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to use Prototype.
object.prototype.name = value

Example
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Try the following example to use the prototype property to add a property to an
object.
<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>

<script type="text/javascript">

function book(title, author){

this.title = title;
this.author

= author;

}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
book.prototype.price = null;
myBook.price = 100;
document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");
document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Book price is : 100

119

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constructor
It returns a reference to the Number function that created the instance's
prototype.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
number.constructor()

Return value
Returns the function that created this object's instance.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript constructor() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var num = new Number( 177.1234 );
document.write("num.constructor() is : " + num.constructor);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
num.constructor() is : function Number() { [native code] }

Number Methods
The Number object contains only the default methods that are a part of every
object's definition.
Method

Description

toExponential()

Forces a number to display in exponential notation, even if

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the number is in the range in which JavaScript normally uses

standard notation.
toFixed()

Formats a number with a specific number of digits to the

right of the decimal.

toLocaleString() Returns a string value version of the current number in a

format that may vary according to a browser's local settings.
toPrecision()

Defines how many total digits (including digits to the left and
right of the decimal) to display of a number.

toString()

Returns the string representation of the number's value.

valueOf()

Returns the number's value.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to explain the methods of
Number.

toExponential ()
This method returns a string representing the number object in exponential
notation.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
number.toExponential( [fractionDigits] )

Parameter Details
fractionDigits: An integer specifying the number of digits after the decimal
point. Defaults to as many digits as necessary to specify the number.

Return Value
A string representing a Number object in exponential notation with one digit
before the decimal point, rounded to fractionDigits digits after the decimal
point. If the fractionDigits argument is omitted, the number of digits after the
decimal point defaults to the number of digits necessary to represent the value
uniquely.

Example
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Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>Javascript Method toExponential()</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var num=77.1234;
var val = num.toExponential();
document.write("num.toExponential() is : " + val );
document.write("<br />");

val = num.toExponential(4);
document.write("num.toExponential(4) is : " + val );
document.write("<br />");

val = num.toExponential(2);
document.write("num.toExponential(2) is : " + val);
document.write("<br />");

val = 77.1234.toExponential();
document.write("77.1234.toExponential()is : " + val );
document.write("<br />");

val = 77.1234.toExponential();
document.write("77 .toExponential() is : " + val);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
num.toExponential() is : 7.71234e+1
num.toExponential(4) is : 7.7123e+1
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num.toExponential(2) is : 7.71e+1
77.1234.toExponential()is : 7.71234e+1
77 .toExponential() is : 7.71234e+1

toFixed ()
This method formats a number with a specific number of digits to the right of
the decimal.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
number.toFixed( [digits] )

Parameter Details
digits: The number of digits to appear after the decimal point.

Return Value
A string representation of number that does not use exponential notation and
has the exact number of digits after the decimal place.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toFixed() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var num=177.1234;
document.write("num.toFixed() is : " + num.toFixed());
document.write("<br />");
document.write("num.toFixed(6) is : " + num.toFixed(6));
document.write("<br />");
document.write("num.toFixed(1) is : " + num.toFixed(1));
document.write("<br />");
document.write("(1.23e+20).toFixed(2) is:" +
(1.23e+20).toFixed(2));
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document.write("<br />");
document.write("(1.23e-10).toFixed(2) is : " +
(1.23e-10).toFixed(2));
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
num.toFixed() is : 177
num.toFixed(6) is : 177.123400
num.toFixed(1) is : 177.1
(1.23e+20).toFixed(2) is:123000000000000000000.00
(1.23e-10).toFixed(2) is : 0.00

toLocaleString ()
This method converts a number object into a human
representing the number using the locale of the environment.

readable

string

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
number.toLocaleString()

Return Value
Returns a human readable string representing the number using the locale of
the environment.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toLocaleString() Method </title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
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var num = new Number(177.1234);

document.write( num.toLocaleString());
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
177.123

toPrecision ()
This method returns a string representing the number object to the specified
precision.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
number.toPrecision( [ precision ] )

Parameter Details
precision: An integer specifying the number of significant digits.

Return Value
Returns a string representing a Number object in fixed-point or exponential
notation rounded toprecision significant digits.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toPrecision() Method </title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var num = new Number(7.123456);
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Javascript

document.write("num.toPrecision() is " + num.toPrecision());

document.write("<br />");

document.write("num.toPrecision(4) is " + num.toPrecision(4));

document.write("<br />");

document.write("num.toPrecision(2) is " + num.toPrecision(2));

document.write("<br />");

document.write("num.toPrecision(1) is " + num.toPrecision(1));

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
num.toPrecision() is 7.123456
num.toPrecision(4) is 7.123
num.toPrecision(2) is 7.1
num.toPrecision(1) is 7

toString ()
This method returns a string representing the specified object. The toString()
method parses its first argument, and attempts to return a string representation
in the specified radix (base).

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
number.toString( [radix] )

Parameter Details
radix: An integer between 2 and 36 specifying the base to use for representing
numeric values.

Return Value
Returns a string representing the specified Number object.

Example
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Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toString() Method </title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var num = new Number(15);
document.write("num.toString() is " + num.toString());
document.write("<br />");

document.write("num.toString(2) is " + num.toString(2));

document.write("<br />");

document.write("num.toString(4) is " + num.toString(4));

document.write("<br />");
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
num.toString() is 15
num.toString(2) is 1111
num.toString(4) is 33

valueOf ()
This method returns the primitive value of the specified number object.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
number.valueOf()

Return Value
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Returns the primitive value of the specified number object.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript valueOf() Method </title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var num = new Number(15.11234);
document.write("num.valueOf() is " + num.valueOf());
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
num.valueOf() is 15.11234

128

22.

BOOLEAN

Javascript

The Boolean object represents two values, either "true" or "false".

If value parameter is omitted or is 0, -0, null, false, NaN, undefined, or the
empty string (""), the object has an initial value of false.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to create a boolean object.
var val = new Boolean(value);

Boolean Properties
Here is a list of the properties of Boolean object:
Property

Description

constructor

Returns a reference to the Boolean function that

created the object.

prototype

The prototype property allows you to add properties

and methods to an object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to illustrate the properties
of Boolean object.

constructor ()
Javascript boolean constructor() method returns a reference to the Boolean
function that created the instance's prototype.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to create a Boolean constructor() method.
boolean.constructor()

Return Value
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Returns the function that created this object's instance.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript constructor() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var bool = new Boolean( );
document.write("bool.constructor() is : " + bool.constructor);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
bool.constructor() is : function Boolean() { [native code] }

Prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to any object
(Number, Boolean, String and Date, etc.).
Note: Prototype is a global property which is available with almost all the
objects.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to create a Boolean prototype.
object.prototype.name = value

Example
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Try the following example; it shows how to use the prototype property to add a
property to an object.
<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>

<script type="text/javascript">

function book(title, author){

this.title = title;
this.author

= author;

}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
book.prototype.price = null;
myBook.price = 100;
document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");
document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Book price is : 100

Boolean Methods
Here is a list of the methods of Boolean object and their description.
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Method

Description

toSource()

Returns a string containing the source of the Boolean object;

you can use this string to create an equivalent object.

toString()

Returns a string of either "true" or "false" depending upon the

value of the object.

valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of the Boolean object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of the Boolean methods.

toSource ()
Javascript boolean toSource() method returns a string representing the source
code of the object.
Note: This method is not compatible with all the browsers.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
boolean.toSource()

Return Value
Returns a string representing the source code of the object.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toSource() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
function book(title, publisher, price)
{
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Javascript

this.title = title;
this.publisher = publisher;
this.price = price;
}
var newBook = new book("Perl","Leo Inc",200);
document.write("newBook.toSource() is : "+ newBook.toSource());
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
({title:"Perl", publisher:"Leo Inc", price:200})

toString ()
This method returns a string of either "true" or "false" depending upon the value
of the object.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
boolean.toString()

Return Value
Returns a string representing the specified Boolean object.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toString() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var flag = new Boolean(false);
document.write( "flag.toString is : " + flag.toString() );
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</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
flag.toString is : false

valueOf ()
Javascript boolean valueOf() method returns the primitive value of the
specified boolean object.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
boolean.valueOf()

Return Value
Returns the primitive value of the specified boolean object.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toString() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var flag = new Boolean(false);
document.write( "flag.valueOf is : " + flag.valueOf() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
flag.valueOf is : false
134

Javascript

135

23.

STRING

Javascript

The String object lets you work with a series of characters; it wraps Javascript's
string primitive data type with a number of helper methods.
As JavaScript automatically converts between string primitives and String
objects, you can call any of the helper methods of the String object on a string
primitive.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to create a String object:
var val = new String(string);
The string parameter is a series of characters that has been properly encoded.

String Properties
Here is a list of the properties of String object and their description.
Property

Description

constructor

Returns a reference to the String function that created the

object.

length

Returns the length of the string.

prototype

The prototype property allows you to add properties and

methods to an object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of String properties.

constructor
A constructor returns a reference to the string function that created the
instance's prototype.

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Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.constructor

Return Value
Returns the function that created this object's instance.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String constructor property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String( "This is string" );
document.write("str.constructor is:" + str.constructor);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
str.constructor is:function String() { [native code] }

Length
This property returns the number of characters in a string.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to find the length of a string:
string.length

Return Value
Returns the number of characters in the string.

Example
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Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String length Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String( "This is string" );
document.write("str.length is:" + str.length);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
str.length is:14

Prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to any object
(Number, Boolean, String, Date, etc.).
Note: Prototype is a global property which is available with almost all the
objects.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
object.prototype.name = value

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>

<script type="text/javascript">
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function book(title, author){

this.title = title;
this.author

= author;

}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
book.prototype.price = null;
myBook.price = 100;
document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");
document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Book price is : 100

String Methods
Here is a list of the methods available in String object along with their
description.
Method

Description

charAt()

Returns the character at the specified index.

charCodeAt()

Returns a number indicating the Unicode value of the

character at the given index.

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concat()

Combines the text of two strings and returns a new

string.

indexOf()

Returns the index within the calling String object of the

first occurrence of the specified value, or -1 if not found.

lastIndexOf()

Returns the index within the calling String object of the

last occurrence of the specified value, or -1 if not found.

localeCompare()

Returns a number indicating whether a reference string

comes before or after or is the same as the given string
in sorted order.

match()

Used to match a regular expression against a string.

replace()

Used to find a match between a regular expression and

a string, and to replace the matched substring with a
new substring.

search()

Executes the search for a match between a regular

expression and a specified string.

slice()

Extracts a section of a string and returns a new string.

split()

Splits a String object into an array of strings by

separating the string into substrings.

substr()

Returns the characters in a string beginning at the

specified location through the specified number of
characters.

substring()

Returns the characters in a string between two indexes

into the string.

toLocaleLowerCase() The characters within a string are converted to lower

case while respecting the current locale.
toLocaleUpperCase() The characters within a string are converted to upper
case while respecting the current locale.
toLowerCase()

Returns the calling string value converted to lower case.

toString()

Returns a string representing the specified object.

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toUpperCase()

Returns the calling string value converted to uppercase.

valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of the specified object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of String methods.

charAt()
charAt() is a method that returns the character from the specified index.
Characters in a string are indexed from left to right. The index of the first
character is 0, and the index of the last character in a string, called
stringName, is stringName.length 1.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to find the character at a particular index.
string.charAt(index)

Argument Details
index: An integer between 0 and 1 less than the length of the string.

Return Value
Returns the character from the specified index.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String charAt() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String( "This is string" );
document.writeln("str.charAt(0) is:" + str.charAt(0));
document.writeln("<br />str.charAt(1) is:" + str.charAt(1));
document.writeln("<br />str.charAt(2) is:" + str.charAt(2));
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document.writeln("<br />str.charAt(3) is:" + str.charAt(3));

document.writeln("<br />str.charAt(4) is:" + str.charAt(4));
document.writeln("<br />str.charAt(5) is:" + str.charAt(5));
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
str.charAt(0)
str.charAt(1)
str.charAt(2)
str.charAt(3)
str.charAt(4)
str.charAt(5)

is:T
is:h
is:i
is:s
is:
is:i

charCodeAt ()
This method returns a number indicating the Unicode value of the character at
the given index.
Unicode code points range from 0 to 1,114,111. The first 128 Unicode code
points
are
a
direct
match
of
the
ASCII
character
encoding.
charCodeAt() always returns a value that is less than 65,536.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to find the character code at a particular index.
string.charCodeAt(index)

Argument Details
index: An integer between 0 and 1 less than the length of the string; if
unspecified, defaults to 0.

Return Value
Returns a number indicating the Unicode value of the character at the given
index. It returns NaN if the given index is not between 0 and 1 less than the
length of the string.

Example
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Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String charCodeAt() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String( "This is string" );
document.write("str.charCodeAt(0) is:" + str.charCodeAt(0));
document.write("<br />str.charCodeAt(1) is:" + str.charCodeAt(1));
document.write("<br />str.charCodeAt(2) is:" + str.charCodeAt(2));
document.write("<br />str.charCodeAt(3) is:" + str.charCodeAt(3));
document.write("<br />str.charCodeAt(4) is:" + str.charCodeAt(4));
document.write("<br />str.charCodeAt(5) is:" + str.charCodeAt(5));
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
str.charCodeAt(0)
str.charCodeAt(1)
str.charCodeAt(2)
str.charCodeAt(3)
str.charCodeAt(4)
str.charCodeAt(5)

is:84
is:104
is:105
is:115
is:32
is:105

contact ()
This method adds two or more strings and returns a new single string.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.concat(string2, string3[, ..., stringN]);
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Argument Details
string2...stringN: These are the strings to be concatenated.

Return Value
Returns a single concatenated string.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String concat() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str1 = new String( "This is string one" );
var str2 = new String( "This is string two" );
var str3 = str1.concat( str2 );

document.write("Concatenated String :" + str3);

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Concatenated String :This is string one This is string two

indexOf ()
This method returns the index within the calling String object of the first
occurrence of the specified value, starting the search at fromIndex or -1 if the
value is not found.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to use the indexOf() method.
string.indexOf(searchValue[, fromIndex])

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Argument Details

searchValue: A string representing the value to search for.

fromIndex: The location within the calling string to start the search from.
It can be any integer between 0 and the length of the string. The default
value is 0.

Return Value
Returns the index of the found occurrence, otherwise -1 if not found.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String indexOf() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str1 = new String( "This is string one" );
var index = str1.indexOf( "string" );
document.write("indexOf found String :" + index );

document.write("<br />");

var index = str1.indexOf( "one" );

document.write("indexOf found String :" + index );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
indexOf found String :8
indexOf found String :15

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lastIndexOf ()
This method returns the index within the calling String object of the last
occurrence of the specified value, starting the search at fromIndex or -1 if the
value is not found.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.lastIndexOf(searchValue[, fromIndex])

Argument Details

searchValue : A string representing the value to search for.

fromIndex : The location within the calling string to start the search
from. It can be any integer between 0 and the length of the string. The
default value is 0.

Return Value
Returns the index of the last found occurrence, otherwise -1 if not found.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String lastIndexOf() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str1 = new String( "This is string one and again string" );
var index = str1.lastIndexOf( "string" );
document.write("lastIndexOf found String :" + index );

document.write("<br />");

var index = str1.lastIndexOf( "one" );

document.write("lastIndexOf found String :" + index );

</script>
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</body>
</html>

Output
lastIndexOf found String :29
lastIndexOf found String :15

localeCompare ()
This method returns a number indicating whether a reference string comes
before or after or is the same as the given string in sorted order.

Syntax
The syntax of localeCompare() method is:
string.localeCompare( param )

Argument Details
param : A string to be compared with string object.

Return Value

0 : If the string matches 100%.

1 : no match, and the parameter value comes before the string object's
value in the locale sort order

-1 : no match, and the parameter value comes after the string object's
value in the local sort order

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String localeCompare() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str1 = new String( "This is beautiful string" );
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var index = str1.localeCompare( "XYZ" );

document.write("localeCompare first :" + index );

document.write("<br />" );

var index = str1.localeCompare( "AbCD ?" );

document.write("localeCompare second :" + index );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
localeCompare first :-1
localeCompare second :1

match ()
This method is used to retrieve the matches when matching a string against a
regular expression.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to use the match() method.
string.match ( param )

Argument Details
param : A regular expression object.

Return Value

If the regular expression does not include the g flag, it returns the same
result as regexp.exec(string).

If the regular expression includes the g flag, the method returns an Array
containing all the matches.

Example
Try the following example.
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<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String match() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "For more information, see Chapter 3.4.5.1";
var re = /(chapter \d+(\.\d)*)/i;
var found = str.match( re );

document.write(found );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Chapter 3.4.5.1,Chapter 3.4.5.1,.1

replace ()
This method finds a match between a regular expression and a string, and
replaces the matched substring with a new substring.
The replacement string can include the following special replacement patterns:
Pattern

Inserts

$$

Inserts a "$".

$&

Inserts the matched substring.

$`

Inserts the portion of the string that precedes the matched

substring.

$'

Inserts the portion of the string that follows the matched

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substring.
$n or $nn

Where n or nn are decimal digits, inserts the nth parenthesized

submatch string, provided the first argument was a RegExp
object.

Syntax
The syntax to use the replace() method is as follows:
string.replace(regexp/substr, newSubStr/function[, flags]);

Argument Details

regexp : A RegExp object. The match is replaced by the return value of

parameter #2.

substr : A String that is to be replaced by newSubStr.

newSubStr : The String that replaces the substring received from

parameter #1.

function : A function to be invoked to create the new substring.

flags : A String containing any combination of the RegExp flags: g global match, i - ignore case, m - match over multiple lines. This
parameter is only used if the first parameter is a string.

Return Value
It simply returns a new changed string.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String replace() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var re = /apples/gi;
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var str = "Apples are round, and apples are juicy.";

var newstr = str.replace(re, "oranges");

document.write(newstr );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
oranges are round, and oranges are juicy.

Example
Try the following example; it shows how to switch words in a string.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String replace() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var re = /(\w+)\s(\w+)/;
var str = "zara ali";
var newstr = str.replace(re, "$2, $1");
document.write(newstr);

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
ali, zara

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Search ()
This method executes the search for a match between a regular expression and
this String object.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.search(regexp);

Argument Details
regexp : A regular expression object. If a non-RegExp object obj is passed, it is
implicitly converted to a RegExp by using new RegExp(obj).

Return Value
If successful, the search returns the index of the regular expression inside the
string. Otherwise, it returns -1.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String search() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var re = /apples/gi;
var str = "Apples are round, and apples are juicy.";

if ( str.search(re) == -1 ){
document.write("Does not contain Apples" );
}else{
document.write("Contains Apples" );
}

</script>
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</body>
</html>

Output
Contains Apples

slice ()
This method extracts a section of a string and returns a new string.

Syntax
The syntax for slice() method is:
string.slice( beginslice [, endSlice] );

Argument Details

beginSlice : The zero-based index at which to begin extraction.

endSlice : The zero-based index at which to end extraction. If omitted, slice

extracts to the end of the string.

Return Value
If successful, slice returns the index of the regular expression inside the string.
Otherwise, it returns -1.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String slice() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var str = "Apples are round, and apples are juicy.";

var sliced = str.slice(3, -2);

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document.write( sliced );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
les are round, and apples are juic

split ()
This method splits a String object into an array of strings by separating the
string into substrings.
Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.split([separator][, limit]);

Argument Details

separator : Specifies the character to use for separating the string.

If separator is omitted, the array returned contains one element consisting of
the entire string.

limit : Integer specifying a limit on the number of splits to be found.

Return Value
The split method returns the new array. Also, when the string is empty, split
returns an array containing one empty string, rather than an empty array.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
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Javascript

<title>JavaScript String split() Method</title>

</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var str = "Apples are round, and apples are juicy.";

var splitted = str.split(" ", 3);
document.write( splitted );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Apples,are,round,

substr ()
This method returns the characters in a string beginning at the specified location
through the specified number of characters.

Syntax
The syntax to use substr() is as follows:
string.substr(start[, length]);

Argument Details

start : Location at which to start extracting characters (an integer between 0

and one less than the length of the string).

length : The number of characters to extract.

Note: If start is negative, substr uses it as a character index from the end of the
string.

Return Value
The substr() method returns the new sub-string based on given parameters.

Example
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Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String substr() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var str = "Apples are round, and apples are juicy.";

document.write("(1,2): "

+ str.substr(1,2));

document.write("<br />(-2,2): "

+ str.substr(-2,2));

document.write("<br />(1): "

+ str.substr(1));

document.write("<br />(-20, 2): " + str.substr(-20,2));

document.write("<br />(20, 2): "

+ str.substr(20,2));

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
(1,2): pp
(-2,2): y.
(1): pples are round, and apples are juicy.
(-20, 2): nd
(20, 2): d

substring ()
This method returns a subset of a String object.

Syntax
The syntax to use substr() is as follows:
string.substring(indexA, [indexB])

Argument Details
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indexA : An integer between 0 and one less than the length of the string.

indexB : (optional) An integer between 0 and the length of the string.

Return Value
The substring method returns the new sub-string based on given parameters.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String substring() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Apples are round, and apples are juicy.";
document.write("(1,2): "

+ str.substring(1,2));

document.write("<br />(0,10): "

+ str.substring(0, 10));

document.write("<br />(5): "

+ str.substring(5));

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
(1,2): p
(0,10): Apples are
(5): s are round, and apples are juicy.

toLocaleLowerCase()
This method is used to convert the characters within a string to lowercase while
respecting the current locale. For most languages, it returns the same output as
toLowerCase.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.toLocaleLowerCase( )
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Return Value
Returns a string in lowercase with the current locale.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String toLocaleLowerCase() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Apples are round, and Apples are Juicy.";
document.write(str.toLocaleLowerCase( ));
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
apples are round, and apples are juicy.

toLocaleUppereCase ()
This method is used to convert the characters within a string to uppercase while
respecting the current locale. For most languages, it returns the same output as
toUpperCase.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.toLocaleUpperCase( )

Return Value
Returns a string in uppercase with the current locale.

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Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String toLocaleUpperCase() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Apples are round, and Apples are Juicy.";
document.write(str.toLocaleUpperCase( ));
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
APPLES ARE ROUND, AND APPLES ARE JUICY.

toLowerCase ()
This method returns the calling string value converted to lowercase.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.toLowerCase( )

Return Value
Returns the calling string value converted to lowercase.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
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<head>
<title>JavaScript String toLowerCase() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Apples are round, and Apples are Juicy.";
document.write(str.toLowerCase( ));
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
apples are round, and apples are juicy.

toString ()
This method returns a string representing the specified object.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.toString( )

Return Value
Returns a string representing the specified object.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String toString() Method</title>
</head>
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Javascript

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Apples are round, and Apples are Juicy.";
document.write(str.toString( ));
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Apples are round, and Apples are Juicy.

toUpperCase ()
This method returns the calling string value converted to uppercase.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.toUpperCase( )

Return Value
Returns a string representing the specified object.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String toUpperCase() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
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<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Apples are round, and Apples are Juicy.";
document.write(str.toUpperCase( ));
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
APPLES ARE ROUND, AND APPLES ARE JUICY.

valueOf ()
This method returns the primitive value of a String object.
Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.valueOf( )

Return Value
Returns the primitive value of a String object.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String valueOf() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String("Hello world");
document.write(str.valueOf( ));
</script>
</body>
</html>
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Output
Hello world

String HTML Wrappers

Here is a list of the methods that return a copy of the string wrapped inside an
appropriate HTML tag.
Method

Description

anchor()

Creates an HTML anchor that is used as a hypertext

target.

big()

Creates a string to be displayed in a big font as if it

were in a <big> tag.

blink()

Creates a string to blink as if it were in a <blink> tag.

bold()

Creates a string to be displayed as bold as if it were in a

<b> tag.

fixed()

Causes a string to be displayed in fixed-pitch font as if

it were in a <tt> tag

fontcolor()

Causes a string to be displayed in the specified color as

if it were in a <font color="color"> tag.

fontsize()

Causes a string to be displayed in the specified font size

as if it were in a <font size="size"> tag.

italics()

Causes a string to be italic, as if it were in an <i> tag.

link()

Creates an HTML hypertext link that requests another

URL.

small()

Causes a string to be displayed in a small font, as if it

were in a <small> tag.

strike()

Causes a string to be displayed as struck-out text, as if

it were in a <strike> tag.

sub()

Causes a string to be displayed as a subscript, as if it

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were in a <sub> tag

sup()

Causes a string to be displayed as a superscript, as if it

were in a <sup> tag

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of string HTML wrappers.

anchor()
This method creates an HTML anchor that is used as a hypertext target.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.anchor( anchorname )

Attribute details
anchorname: Defines a name for the anchor.

Return Value
Returns the string having the anchor tag.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String anchor() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String("Hello world");
alert (str.anchor( "myanchor" ));
</script>
</body>
</html>
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Output
<a name="myanchor">Hello world</a>

big()
This method causes a string to be displayed in a big font as if it were in a BIG
tag.

Syntax
The syntax to use big() is as follows:
string.big()

Return Value
Returns the string having <big> tag.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String big() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String("Hello world");
alert(str.big());
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
<big>Hello world</big>

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blink ()
This method causes a string to blink as if it were in a BLINK tag.

Syntax
The syntax for blink() method is as follows:
string.blink( )

Return Value
Returns the string having <blink> tag.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String blink() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String("Hello world");
alert(str.blink());
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
<blink>Hello world</blink>

bold ()
This method causes a string to be displayed as bold as if it were in a <b> tag.

Syntax
The syntax for bold() method is as follows:
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Javascript

string.bold( )

Return Value
Returns the string having <bold> tag.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String bold() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String("Hello world");
alert(str.bold());
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
<b>Hello world</b>

fixed ()
This method causes a string to be displayed in fixed-pitch font as if it were in a
<tt> tag.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.fixed( )

Return Value
Returns the string having <tt> tag.

Example
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Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String fixed() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String("Hello world");
alert(str.fixed());
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
<tt>Hello world</tt>

fontColor ()
This method causes a string to be displayed in the specified color as if it were in
a <font color="color"> tag.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.fontColor( color)

Attribute Details
color: A string expressing the color as a hexadecimal RGB triplet or as a string
literal.

Return Value
Returns the string with <font color="color"> tag.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
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<head>
<title>JavaScript String fontcolor() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String("Hello world");
alert(str.fontcolor( "red" ));
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
<font color="red">Hello world</font>

fontsize ()
This method causes a string to be displayed in the specified size as if it were in a
<font size="size"> tag.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.fontsize( size )

Attribute Details
size: An integer between 1 and 7, a string representing a signed integer
between 1 and 7.

Return Value
Returns the string with <font size="size"> tag.

Example
Try the following example.

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Javascript

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String fontsize() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var str = new String("Hello world");

alert(str.fontsize( 3 ));

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
<font size="3">Hello world</font>

italics ()
This method causes a string to be italic, as if it were in an <i> tag.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.italics ( )

Return Value
Returns the string with <i> tag.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
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<head>
<title>JavaScript String italics() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String("Hello world");
alert(str.italics( ));
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
<i>Hello world</i>

link ()
This method creates an HTML hypertext link that requests another URL.

Syntax
The syntax for link() method is as follows:
string.link ( hrefname )

Attribute Details
hrefname: Any string that specifies the HREF of the A tag; it should be a valid
URL.

Return Value
Returns the string with <a> tag.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
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<head>
<title>JavaScript String link() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String("Hello world");
var URL = "http://www.tutorialspoint.com";

alert(str.link( URL ));

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
<a href = http://www.tutorialspoint.com>Hello world</a>

small ()
This method causes a string to be displayed in a small font, as if it were in a
<small> tag.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.small ( )

Return Value
Returns the string with <small> tag.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
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<head>
<title>JavaScript String small() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = new String("Hello world");
alert(str.small());
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
<small>Hello world</small>

strike ()
This method causes a string to be displayed as struck-out text, as if it were in a
<strike> tag.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.strike ( )

Return Value
Returns the string with <strike> tag.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
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<head>
<title>JavaScript String strike() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var str = new String("Hello world");

alert(str.strike());

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
<strike>Hello world</strike>

sub()
This method causes a string to be displayed as a subscript, as if it were in a
<sub> tag.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.sub ( )

Return Value
Returns the string with <sub> tag.

Example
Try the following example.
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Javascript

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String sub() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var str = new String("Hello world");

alert(str.sub());

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
_{Hello world}

sup ()
This method causes a string to be displayed as a superscript, as if it were in a
<sup> tag.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
string.sup()

Return Value
Returns the string with <sup> tag.

Example
Try the following example.

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Javascript

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript String sup() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var str = new String("Hello world");

alert(str.sup());

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
^{Hello world}

176

24.

ARRAYS

Javascript

The Array object lets you store multiple values in a single variable. It stores a
fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to
store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a
collection of variables of the same type.

Syntax
Use the following syntax to create an Array Object.
var fruits = new Array( "apple", "orange", "mango" );
The Array parameter is a list of strings or integers. When you specify a single
numeric parameter with the Array constructor, you specify the initial length of
the array. The maximum length allowed for an array is 4,294,967,295.
You can create array by simply assigning values as follows:
var fruits = [ "apple", "orange", "mango" ];
You will use ordinal numbers to access and to set values inside an array as
follows.
fruits[0] is the first element
fruits[1] is the second element
fruits[2] is the third element

Array Properties
Here is a list of the properties of the Array object along with their description.
Property

Description

constructor

Returns a reference to the array function that created

the object.

index

The property represents the zero-based index of the

match in the string
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input

This property is only present in arrays created by

regular expression matches.

length

Reflects the number of elements in an array.

prototype

The prototype property allows you to add properties

and methods to an object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to illustrate the usage of
Array properties.

constructor
Javascript array constructor property returns a reference to the array function
that created the instance's prototype.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.constructor

Return Value
Returns the function that created this object's instance.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array constructor Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = new Array( 10, 20, 30 );
document.write("arr.constructor is:" + arr.constructor);
</script>
</body>
</html>
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Output
arr.constructor is:function Array() { [native code] }

length
Javascript array length property returns an unsigned, 32-bit integer that
specifies the number of elements in an array.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.length

Return Value
Returns the length of an array.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array length Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = new Array( 10, 20, 30 );
document.write("arr.length is:" + arr.length);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
arr.length is:3

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Prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to any object
(Number, Boolean, String, Date, etc.).
Note: Prototype is a global property which is available with almost all the
objects.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
object.prototype.name = value

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>

<script type="text/javascript">

function book(title, author){

this.title = title;
this.author

= author;

}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
book.prototype.price = null;
myBook.price = 100;
document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");
document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");
</script>
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</body>
</html>

Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Book price is : 100

Array Methods
Here is a list of the methods of the Array object along with their description.
Method

Description

concat()

Returns a new array comprised of this array

joined with other array(s) and/or value(s).

every()

Returns true if every element in this array

satisfies the provided testing function.

filter()

Creates a new array with all of the elements of

this array for which the provided filtering function
returns true.

forEach()

Calls a function for each element in the array.

indexOf()

Returns the first (least) index of an element

within the array equal to the specified value, or 1 if none is found.

join()

Joins all elements of an array into a string.

lastIndexOf()

Returns the last (greatest) index of an element

within the array equal to the specified value, or 1 if none is found.

map()

Creates a new array with the results of calling a

provided function on every element in this array.

pop()

Removes the last element from an array and

returns that element.

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push()

Adds one or more elements to the end of an

array and returns the new length of the array.

reduce()

Apply a function simultaneously against two

values of the array (from left-to-right) as to
reduce it to a single value.

reduceRight()

Apply a function simultaneously against two

values of the array (from right-to-left) as to
reduce it to a single value.

reverse()

Reverses the order of the elements of an array -the first becomes the last, and the last becomes
the first.

shift()

Removes the first element from an array and

returns that element.

slice()

Extracts a section of an array and returns a new

array.

some()

Returns true if at least one element in this array

satisfies the provided testing function.

toSource()

Represents the source code of an object

sort()

Sorts the elements of an array.

splice()

Adds and/or removes elements from an array.

toString()

Returns a string representing the array and its

elements.

unshift()

Adds one or more elements to the front of an

array and returns the new length of the array.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of Array methods.

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concat ()
Javascript array concat() method returns a new array comprised of this array
joined with two or more arrays.

Syntax
The syntax of concat() method is as follows:
array.concat(value1, value2, ..., valueN);

Parameter Details
valueN : Arrays and/or values to concatenate to the resulting array.

Return Value
Returns the length of the array.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array concat Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var alpha = ["a", "b", "c"];
var numeric = [1, 2, 3];

var alphaNumeric = alpha.concat(numeric);

document.write("alphaNumeric : " + alphaNumeric );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
alphaNumeric : a,b,c,1,2,3

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every ()
Javascript array every method tests whether all the elements in an array passes
the test implemented by the provided function.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.every(callback[, thisObject]);

Parameter Details

callback : Function to test for each element.

thisObject : Object to use as this when executing callback.

Return Value
Returns true if every element in this array satisfies the provided testing function.

Compatibility
This method is a JavaScript extension to the ECMA-262 standard; as such it may
not be present in other implementations of the standard. To make it work, you
need to add the following code at the top of your script.
if (!Array.prototype.every)
{
Array.prototype.every = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

var thisp = arguments[1];

for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this &&
!fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this))
return false;
}

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return true;
};
}

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array every Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
if (!Array.prototype.every)
{
Array.prototype.every = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

var thisp = arguments[1];

for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this &&
!fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this))
return false;
}

return true;
};
}
function isBigEnough(element, index, array) {
return (element >= 10);
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var passed = [12, 5, 8, 130, 44].every(isBigEnough);

document.write("First Test Value : " + passed );

passed = [12, 54, 18, 130, 44].every(isBigEnough);

document.write("Second Test Value : " + passed );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : falseSecond Test Value : true

filter ()
Javascript array filter() method creates a new array with all elements that pass
the test implemented by the provided function.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.filter (callback[, thisObject]);

Parameter Details

callback : Function to test for each element of an array.

thisObject : Object to use as this when executing callback.

Return Value
Returns created array.

Compatibility
This method is a JavaScript extension to the ECMA-262 standard; as such it may
not be present in other implementations of the standard. To make it work, you
need to add the following code at the top of your script.

if (!Array.prototype.filter)
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{
Array.prototype.filter = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

var res = new Array();

var thisp = arguments[1];
for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this)
{
var val = this[i]; // in case fun mutates this
if (fun.call(thisp, val, i, this))
res.push(val);
}
}

return res;
};
}

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array filter Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
if (!Array.prototype.filter)
{
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Javascript

Array.prototype.filter = function(fun /*, thisp*/)

{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

var res = new Array();

var thisp = arguments[1];
for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this)
{
var val = this[i]; // in case fun mutates this
if (fun.call(thisp, val, i, this))
res.push(val);
}
}

return res;
};
}

function isBigEnough(element, index, array) {

return (element >= 10);
}

var filtered

= [12, 5, 8, 130, 44].filter(isBigEnough);

document.write("Filtered Value : " + filtered );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
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Filtered Value : 12,130,44

forEach ()
Javascript array forEach() method calls a function for each element in the
array.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.forEach(callback[, thisObject]);

Parameter Details

callback : Function to test for each element of an array.

thisObject : Object to use as this when executing callback.

Return Value
Returns the created array.

Compatibility
This method is a JavaScript extension to the ECMA-262 standard; as such it may
not be present in other implementations of the standard. To make it work, you
need to add following code at the top of your script.
if (!Array.prototype.forEach)
{
Array.prototype.forEach = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

var thisp = arguments[1];

for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this)
fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this);
}
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};
}

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array forEach Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
if (!Array.prototype.forEach)
{
Array.prototype.forEach = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

var thisp = arguments[1];

for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this)
fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this);
}
};
}

function printBr(element, index, array) {

document.write("<br />[" + index + "] is " + element );
}

[12, 5, 8, 130, 44].forEach(printBr);

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</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

is
is
is
is
is

12
5
8
130
44

indexOf ()
Javascript array indexOf() method returns the first index at which a given
element can be found in the array, or -1 if it is not present.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.indexOf(searchElement[, fromIndex]);

Parameter Details

searchElement : Element to locate in the array.

fromIndex : The index at which to begin the search. Defaults to 0, i.e.

the whole array will be searched. If the index is greater than or equal to
the length of the array, -1 is returned.

Return Value
Returns the index of the found element.

Compatibility
This method is a JavaScript extension to the ECMA-262 standard; as such it may
not be present in other implementations of the standard. To make it work, you
need to add the following code at the top of your script.
if (!Array.prototype.indexOf)
{
Array.prototype.indexOf = function(elt /*, from*/)
{
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var len = this.length;

var from = Number(arguments[1]) || 0;

from = (from < 0)
? Math.ceil(from)
: Math.floor(from);
if (from < 0)
from += len;

for (; from < len; from++)

{
if (from in this &&
this[from] === elt)
return from;
}
return -1;
};
}

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array indexOf Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
if (!Array.prototype.indexOf)
{
Array.prototype.indexOf = function(elt /*, from*/)
{
var len = this.length;

192

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var from = Number(arguments[1]) || 0;

from = (from < 0)
? Math.ceil(from)
: Math.floor(from);
if (from < 0)
from += len;

for (; from < len; from++)

{
if (from in this &&
this[from] === elt)
return from;
}
return -1;
};
}

function printBr(element, index, array) {

document.write("<br />[" + index + "] is " + element );
}

var index = [12, 5, 8, 130, 44].indexOf(8);

document.write("index is : " + index );

var index = [12, 5, 8, 130, 44].indexOf(13);

document.write("<br />index is : " + index );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
index is : 2
index is : -1
193

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join ()
Javascript array join() method joins all the elements of an array into a string.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.join(separator);

Parameter Details
separator : Specifies a string to separate each element of the array. If omitted,
the array elements are separated with a comma.

Return Value
Returns a string after joining all the array elements.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array join Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var arr = new Array("First","Second","Third");

var str = arr.join();

document.write("str : " + str );

var str = arr.join(", ");

document.write("<br />str : " + str );

var str = arr.join(" + ");

document.write("<br />str : " + str );
</script>
</body>
194

Javascript

</html>

Output
str : First,Second,Third
str : First, Second, Third
str : First + Second + Third

lastIndexOf ()
Javascript array lastIndexOf() method returns the last index at which a given
element can be found in the array, or -1 if it is not present. The array is
searched backwards, starting at fromIndex.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.join(separator);

Parameter Details

searchElement : Element to locate in the array.

fromIndex : The index at which to start searching backwards. Defaults to

the array's length, i.e., the whole array will be searched. If the index is
greater than or equal to the length of the array, the whole array will be
searched. If negative, it is taken as the offset from the end of the array.

Return Value
Returns the index of the found element from the last.

Compatibility
This method is a JavaScript extension to the ECMA-262 standard; as such it may
not be present in other implementations of the standard. To make it work, you
need to add the following code at the top of your script.
if (!Array.prototype.lastIndexOf)
{
Array.prototype.lastIndexOf = function(elt /*, from*/)
{
var len = this.length;

195

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var from = Number(arguments[1]);

if (isNaN(from))
{
from = len - 1;
}
else
{
from = (from < 0)
? Math.ceil(from)
: Math.floor(from);
if (from < 0)
from += len;
else if (from >= len)
from = len - 1;
}

for (; from > -1; from--)

{
if (from in this &&
this[from] === elt)
return from;
}
return -1;
};
}

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array lastIndexOf Method</title>
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Javascript

</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
if (!Array.prototype.lastIndexOf)
{
Array.prototype.lastIndexOf = function(elt /*, from*/)
{
var len = this.length;

var from = Number(arguments[1]);

if (isNaN(from))
{
from = len - 1;
}
else
{
from = (from < 0)
? Math.ceil(from)
: Math.floor(from);
if (from < 0)
from += len;
else if (from >= len)
from = len - 1;
}

for (; from > -1; from--)

{
if (from in this &&
this[from] === elt)
return from;
}
return -1;
};
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var index = [12, 5, 8, 130, 44].lastIndexOf(8);

document.write("index is : " + index );

var index = [12, 5, 8, 130, 44, 5].lastIndexOf(5);

document.write("<br />index is : " + index );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
index is : 2
index is : 5

map ()
Javascript array map() method creates a new array with the results of calling a
provided function on every element in this array.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.map(callback[, thisObject]);

Parameter Details

callback : Function that produces an element of the new Array from an

element of the current one.

thisObject : Object to use as this when executing callback.

Return Value
Returns the created array.

Compatibility

198

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This method is a JavaScript extension to the ECMA-262 standard; as such it may

not be present in other implementations of the standard. To make it work, you
need to add the following code at the top of your script.
if (!Array.prototype.map)
{
Array.prototype.map = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

var res = new Array(len);

var thisp = arguments[1];
for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this)
res[i] = fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this);
}

return res;
};
}

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array map Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
if (!Array.prototype.map)
{
199

Javascript

Array.prototype.map = function(fun /*, thisp*/)

{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

var res = new Array(len);

var thisp = arguments[1];
for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this)
res[i] = fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this);
}

return res;
};
}

var numbers = [1, 4, 9];

var roots = numbers.map(Math.sqrt);

document.write("roots is : " + roots );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
roots is : 1,2,3

pop ()
Javascript array pop() method removes the last element from an array and
returns that element.
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Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Array.pop();

Return Value
Returns the removed element from the array.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array pop Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var numbers = [1, 4, 9];

var element = numbers.pop();

document.write("element is : " + element );

var element = numbers.pop();

document.write("<br />element is : " + element );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
element is : 9
element is : 4

push ()
Javascript array push() method appends the given element(s) in the last of the
array and returns the length of the new array.

Syntax
201

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Its syntax is as follows:

Array.push();

Parameter Details
element1, ..., elementN: The elements to add to the end of the array.

Return Value
Returns the length of the new array.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array push Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var numbers = new Array(1, 4, 9);

var length = numbers.push(10);

document.write("new numbers is : " + numbers );

length = numbers.push(20);
document.write("<br />new numbers is : " + numbers );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
new numbers is : 1,4,9,10
new numbers is : 1,4,9,10,20

202

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reduce ()
Javascript array reduce() method applies a function simultaneously against two
values of the array (from left-to-right) as to reduce it to a single value.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.reduce(callback[, initialValue]);

Parameter Details

callback : Function to execute on each value in the array.

initialValue : Object to use as the first argument to the first call of the
callback.

Return Value
Returns the reduced single value of the array.

Compatibility
This method is a JavaScript extension to the ECMA-262 standard; as such it may
not be present in other implementations of the standard. To make it work, you
need to add the following code at the top of your script.
if (!Array.prototype.reduce)
{
Array.prototype.reduce = function(fun /*, initial*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

// no value to return if no initial value and an empty array

if (len == 0 && arguments.length == 1)
throw new TypeError();

var i = 0;
if (arguments.length >= 2)
{
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var rv = arguments[1];
}
else
{
do
{
if (i in this)
{
rv = this[i++];
break;
}

// if array contains no values, no initial value to return

if (++i >= len)
throw new TypeError();
}
while (true);
}

for (; i < len; i++)

{
if (i in this)
rv = fun.call(null, rv, this[i], i, this);
}

return rv;
};
}

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
204

Javascript

<title>JavaScript Array reduce Method</title>

</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
if (!Array.prototype.reduce)
{
Array.prototype.reduce = function(fun /*, initial*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

// no value to return if no initial value and an empty array

if (len == 0 && arguments.length == 1)
throw new TypeError();

var i = 0;
if (arguments.length >= 2)
{
var rv = arguments[1];
}
else
{
do
{
if (i in this)
{
rv = this[i++];
break;
}

// if array contains no values, no initial value to return

if (++i >= len)
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throw new TypeError();

}
while (true);
}

for (; i < len; i++)

{
if (i in this)
rv = fun.call(null, rv, this[i], i, this);
}

return rv;
};
}

var total = [0, 1, 2, 3].reduce(function(a, b){ return a + b; });

document.write("total is : " + total );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
total is : 6

reduceRight ()
Javascript array reduceRight() method applies a function simultaneously
against two values of the array (from right-to-left) as to reduce it to a single
value.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.reduceRight(callback[, initialValue]);

Parameter Details
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callback : Function to execute on each value in the array.

initialValue : Object to use as the first argument to the first call of the
callback.

Return Value
Returns the reduced right single value of the array.

Compatibility
This method is a JavaScript extension to the ECMA-262 standard; as such it may
not be present in other implementations of the standard. To make it work, you
need to add the following code at the top of your script.
if (!Array.prototype.reduceRight)
{
Array.prototype.reduceRight = function(fun /*, initial*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

// no value to return if no initial value, empty array

if (len == 0 && arguments.length == 1)
throw new TypeError();

var i = len - 1;
if (arguments.length >= 2)
{
var rv = arguments[1];
}
else
{
do
{
if (i in this)
{
207

Javascript

rv = this[i--];
break;
}

// if array contains no values, no initial value to return

if (--i < 0)
throw new TypeError();
}
while (true);
}

for (; i >= 0; i--)

{
if (i in this)
rv = fun.call(null, rv, this[i], i, this);
}

return rv;
};
}

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array reduceRight Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
if (!Array.prototype.reduceRight)
{
Array.prototype.reduceRight = function(fun /*, initial*/)
{
208

Javascript

var len = this.length;

if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

// no value to return if no initial value, empty array

if (len == 0 && arguments.length == 1)
throw new TypeError();

var i = len - 1;
if (arguments.length >= 2)
{
var rv = arguments[1];
}
else
{
do
{
if (i in this)
{
rv = this[i--];
break;
}

// if array contains no values, no initial value to return

if (--i < 0)
throw new TypeError();
}
while (true);
}

for (; i >= 0; i--)

{
if (i in this)
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Javascript

rv = fun.call(null, rv, this[i], i, this);

}

return rv;
};
}

var total = [0, 1, 2, 3].reduceRight(function(a, b){ return a + b; });

document.write("total is : " + total );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
total is : 6

reverse ()
Javascript array reverse() method reverses the element of an array. The first
array element becomes the last and the last becomes the first.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.reverse();

Return Value
Returns the reversed single value of the array.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array reverse Method</title>
</head>
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<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = [0, 1, 2, 3].reverse();
document.write("Reversed array is : " + arr );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Reversed array is : 3,2,1,0

shift ()
Javascript array shift() method removes the first element from an array and
returns that element.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.shift();

Return Value
Returns the removed single value of the array.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array shift Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var element = [105, 1, 2, 3].shift();
document.write("Removed element is : " + element );
</script>
</body>
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Javascript

</html>

Output
Removed element is : 105

slice ()
Javascript array slice() method extracts a section of an array and returns a new
array.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.slice( begin [,end] );

Parameter Details

begin : Zero-based index at which to begin extraction. As a negative

index, start indicates an offset from the end of the sequence.

end : Zero-based index at which to end extraction.

Return Value
Returns the extracted array based on the passed parameters.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array slice Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = ["orange", "mango", "banana", "sugar", "tea"];
document.write("arr.slice( 1, 2) : " + arr.slice( 1, 2) );
document.write("<br />arr.slice( 1, 2) : " + arr.slice( 1, 3) );
</script>
</body>
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</html>

Output
arr.slice( 1, 2) : mango
arr.slice( 1, 2) : mango,banana

some ()
Javascript array some() method tests whether some element in the array
passes the test implemented by the provided function.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.some(callback[, thisObject]);

Parameter Details

callback : Function to test for each element.

thisObject : Object to use as this when executing callback.

Return Value
If some element pass the test, then it returns true, otherwise false.

Compatibility
This method is a JavaScript extension to the ECMA-262 standard; as such it may
not be present in other implementations of the standard. To make it work, you
need to add the following code at the top of your script.
if (!Array.prototype.some)
{
Array.prototype.some = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

var thisp = arguments[1];

for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
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{
if (i in this &&
fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this))
return true;
}

return false;
};
}

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array some Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
if (!Array.prototype.some)
{
Array.prototype.some = function(fun /*, thisp*/)
{
var len = this.length;
if (typeof fun != "function")
throw new TypeError();

var thisp = arguments[1];

for (var i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (i in this &&
fun.call(thisp, this[i], i, this))
return true;
}
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Javascript

return false;
};
}

function isBigEnough(element, index, array) {

return (element >= 10);
}

var retval = [2, 5, 8, 1, 4].some(isBigEnough);

document.write("Returned value is : " + retval );

var retval = [12, 5, 8, 1, 4].some(isBigEnough);

document.write("<br />Returned value is : " + retval );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Returned value is : false
Returned value is : true

sort ()
Javascript array sort() method sorts the elements of an array.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.sort( compareFunction );

Parameter Details
compareFunction: Specifies a function that defines the sort order. If omitted,
the array is sorted lexicographically.
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Return Value
Returns a sorted array.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array sort Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = new Array("orange", "mango", "banana", "sugar");

var sorted = arr.sort();

document.write("Returned string is : " + sorted );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Returned string is : banana,mango,orange,sugar

splice ()
Javascript array splice() method changes the content of an array, adding new
elements while removing old elements.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.splice(index, howMany, [element1][, ..., elementN]);

Parameter Details

index: Index at which to start changing the array.

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howMany: An integer indicating the number of old array elements to

remove. If howMany is 0, no elements are removed.

element1, ..., elementN: The elements to add to the array. If you don't
specify any elements, splice simply removes the elements from the array.

Return Value
Returns the extracted array based on the passed parameters.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array splice Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = ["orange", "mango", "banana", "sugar", "tea"];

var removed = arr.splice(2, 0, "water");

document.write("After adding 1: " + arr );
document.write("<br />removed is: " + removed);

removed = arr.splice(3, 1);

document.write("<br />After adding 1: " + arr );
document.write("<br />removed is: " + removed);

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
After adding 1: orange,mango,water,banana,sugar,tea
removed is:
After adding 1: orange,mango,water,sugar,tea
removed is: banana
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Javascript

toString ()
Javascript array toString() method returns a string representing the source
code of the specified array and its elements.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.toString( );

Return Value
Returns a string representing the array.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array toString Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = new Array("orange", "mango", "banana", "sugar");

var str = arr.toString();

document.write("Returned string is : " + str );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Returned string is : orange,mango,banana,sugar

unshift ()
Javascript array unshift() method adds one or more elements to the beginning
of an array and returns the new length of the array.
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Javascript

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
array.unshift( element1, ..., elementN );

Parameter Details
element1, ..., elementN : The elements to add to the front of the array.

Return Value
Returns the length of the new array. It returns undefined in IE browser.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Array unshift Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var arr = new Array("orange", "mango", "banana", "sugar");

var length = arr.unshift("water");

document.write("Returned array is : " + arr );
document.write("<br /> Length of the array is : " + length );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Returned array is : water,orange,mango,banana,sugar
Length of the array is : 5

219

25.

DATE

Javascript

The Date object is a datatype built into the JavaScript language. Date objects
are created with the new Date() as shown below.
Once a Date object is created, a number of methods allow you to operate on it.
Most methods simply allow you to get and set the year, month, day, hour,
minute, second, and millisecond fields of the object, using either local time or
UTC (universal, or GMT) time.
The ECMAScript standard requires the Date object to be able to represent any
date and time, to millisecond precision, within 100 million days before or after
1/1/1970. This is a range of plus or minus 273,785 years, so JavaScript can
represent date and time till the year 275755.

Syntax
You can use any of the following syntaxes to create a Date object using Date()
constructor.
new Date( )
new Date(milliseconds)
new Date(datestring)
new Date(year,month,date[,hour,minute,second,millisecond ])
Note: Parameters in the brackets are always optional.
Here is a description of the parameters:

No Argument: With no arguments, the Date() constructor creates a Date

object set to the current date and time.

milliseconds: When one numeric argument is passed, it is taken as the

internal numeric representation of the date in milliseconds, as returned by
the getTime() method. For example, passing the argument 5000 creates a
date that represents five seconds past midnight on 1/1/70.

datestring: When one string argument is passed, it is a string

representation of a date, in the format accepted by the Date.parse()
method.

7 agruments: To use the last form of the constructor shown above. Here
is a description of each argument:

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Javascript

year: Integer value representing the year. For compatibility (in order
to avoid the Y2K problem), you should always specify the year in full;
use 1998, rather than 98.

month: Integer value representing the month, beginning with 0 for

January to 11 for December.

date: Integer value representing the day of the month.

hour: Integer value representing the hour of the day (24-hour scale).

minute: Integer value representing the minute segment of a time

reading.

second: Integer value representing the second segment of a time

reading.

millisecond: Integer value representing the millisecond segment of a

time reading.

Date Properties
Here is a list of the properties of the Date object along with their description.
Property

Description

constructor

Specifies the
prototype.

prototype

The prototype property allows you to add properties

and methods to an object.

function

that

creates

an

object's

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of different Date properties.

constructor
Javascript date constructor property returns a reference to the array function
that created the instance's prototype.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
date.constructor

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Javascript

Return Value
Returns the function that created this object's instance.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Date constructor Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date();
document.write("dt.constructor is : " + dt.constructor);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
dt.constructor is : function Date() { [native code] }

Prototype
The prototype property allows you to add properties and methods to any object
(Number, Boolean, String, Date, etc.).
Note: Prototype is a global property which is available with almost all the
objects.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
object.prototype.name = value

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Javascript

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>User-defined objects</title>

<script type="text/javascript">

function book(title, author){

this.title = title;
this.author

= author;

}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var myBook = new book("Perl", "Mohtashim");
book.prototype.price = null;
myBook.price = 100;
document.write("Book title is : " + myBook.title + "<br>");
document.write("Book author is : " + myBook.author + "<br>");
document.write("Book price is : " + myBook.price + "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Book title is : Perl
Book author is : Mohtashim
Book price is : 100

223

Javascript

Date Methods
Here is a list of the methods used with Date and their description.
Method

Description

Date()

Returns today's date and time

getDate()

Returns the day of the month for the specified date

according to local time.

getDay()

Returns the day of the week for the specified date

according to local time.

getFullYear()

Returns the year of the specified date according to

local time.

getHours()

Returns the hour in the specified date according to

local time.

getMilliseconds()

Returns the milliseconds in the specified date

according to local time.

getMinutes()

Returns the minutes in the specified date according

to local time.

getMonth()

Returns the month in the specified date according to

local time.

getSeconds()

Returns the seconds in the specified date according

to local time.

getTime()

Returns the numeric value of the specified date as

the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970,
00:00:00 UTC.

getTimezoneOffset()

Returns the time-zone offset in minutes for the

current locale.

getUTCDate()

Returns the day (date) of the month in the specified

date according to universal time.

getUTCDay()

Returns the day of the week in the specified date

according to universal time.

getUTCFullYear()

Returns the year in the specified date according to

universal time.

getUTCHours()

Returns the hours in the specified date according to

universal time.

getUTCMilliseconds()

Returns the milliseconds in the specified date

224

Javascript

according to universal time.

getUTCMinutes()

Returns the minutes in the specified date according

to universal time.

getUTCMonth()

Returns the month in the specified date according to

universal time.

getUTCSeconds()

Returns the seconds in the specified date according

to universal time.

getYear()

Deprecated - Returns the year in the specified date

according to local time. Use getFullYear instead.

setDate()

Sets the day of the month for a specified date

according to local time.

setFullYear()

Sets the full year for a specified date according to

local time.

setHours()

Sets the hours for a specified date according to local

time.

setMilliseconds()

Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according

to local time.

setMinutes()

Sets the minutes for a specified date according to

local time.

setMonth()

Sets the month for a specified date according to

local time.

setSeconds()

Sets the seconds for a specified date according to

local time.

setTime()

Sets the Date object to the time represented by a

number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970,
00:00:00 UTC.

setUTCDate()

Sets the day of the month for a specified date

according to universal time.

setUTCFullYear()

Sets the full year for a specified date according to

universal time.

setUTCHours()

Sets the hour for a specified date according to

universal time.

setUTCMilliseconds()

Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according

to universal time.

setUTCMinutes()

Sets the minutes for a specified date according to

225

Javascript

universal time.
setUTCMonth()

Sets the month for a specified date according to

universal time.

setUTCSeconds()

Sets the seconds for a specified date according to

universal time.

setYear()

Deprecated - Sets the year for a specified date

according to local time. Use setFullYear instead.

toDateString()

Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a humanreadable string.

toGMTString()

Deprecated - Converts a date to a string, using the

Internet GMT conventions. Use toUTCString instead.

toLocaleDateString()

Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a string,

using the current locale's conventions.

toLocaleFormat()

Converts a date to a string, using a format string.

toLocaleString()

Converts a date to a string, using the current

locale's conventions.

toLocaleTimeString()

Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a string,

using the current locale's conventions.

toSource()

Returns a string representing the source for an

equivalent Date object; you can use this value to
create a new object.

toString()

Returns a string representing the specified Date

object.

toTimeString()

Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a humanreadable string.

toUTCString()

Converts a date to a string, using the universal time

convention.

valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of a Date object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of Date methods.

226

Javascript

Date()
Javascript Date() method returns today's date and time and does not need any
object to be called.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date()

Return Value
Returns today's date and time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Date Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = Date();
document.write("Date and Time : " + dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Date and Time : Wed Mar 25 2015 15:00:57 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

getDate()
Javascript date getDate() method returns the day of the month for the
specified date according to local time. The value returned by getDate is an
integer between 1 and 31.

227

Javascript

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getDate()

Return Value
Returns today's date and time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getDate Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date("December 25, 1995 23:15:00");
document.write("getDate() : " + dt.getDate() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getDate() : 25

getDay()
Javascript date getDay() method returns the day of the week for the specified
date according to local time. The value returned by getDay is an integer
corresponding to the day of the week: 0 for Sunday, 1 for Monday, 2 for
Tuesday, and so on.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getDay()

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Javascript

Return Value
Returns the day of the week for the specified date according to local time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getDay Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date("December 25, 1995 23:15:00");
document.write("getDay() : " + dt.getDay() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getDay() : 1

getFullYear()
Javascript date getFullYear() method returns the year of the specified date
according to local time. The value returned by getFullYear is an absolute
number. For dates between the years 1000 and 9999, getFullYear returns a
four-digit number, for example, 2008.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getFullYear()

Return Value
Returns the year of the specified date according to local time.

229

Javascript

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getFullYear Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date("December 25, 1995 23:15:00");
document.write("getFullYear() : " + dt.getFullYear() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getFullYear() : 1995

getHours()
Javascript Date getHours() method returns the hour in the specified date
according to local time. The value returned by getHours is an integer between 0
and 23.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getHours()

Return Value
Returns the hour in the specified date according to local time.

Example
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Javascript

Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getHours Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date("December 25, 1995 23:15:00");
document.write("getHours() : " + dt.getHours() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getHours() : 23

getMilliseconds()
Javascript date getMilliseconds() method returns the milliseconds in the
specified date according to local time. The value returned by getMilliseconds is
a number between 0 and 999.
Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getMilliseconds ()

Return Value
Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according to local time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getMilliseconds Method</title>
</head>
231

Javascript

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date();
document.write("getMilliseconds() : " + dt.getMilliseconds() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getMilliseconds() : 641

getMinutes ()
Javascript date getMinutes() method returns the minutes in the specified date
according to local time. The value returned by getMinutes is an integer
between 0 and 59.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getMinutes ()

Return Value
Returns the minutes in the specified date according to local time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getMinutes Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "December 25, 1995 23:15:00" );
document.write("getMinutes() : " + dt.getMinutes() );
</script>
232

Javascript

</body>
</html>

Output
getMinutes() : 15

getMonth ()
Javascript date getMonth() method returns the month in the specified date
according to local time. The value returned by getMonth is an integer between
0 and 11. 0 corresponds to January, 1 to February, and so on.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getMonth ()

Return Value
Returns the Month in the specified date according to local time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getMonth Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "December 25, 1995 23:15:00" );
document.write("getMonth() : " + dt.getMonth() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
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Javascript

getMonth() : 11

getSeconds ()
Javascript date getSeconds() method returns the seconds in the specified date
according to local time. The value returned by getSeconds is an integer
between 0 and 59.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getSeconds ()

Return Value
Returns the seconds in the specified date according to local time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getSeconds Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "December 25, 1995 23:15:20" );
document.write("getSeconds() : " + dt.getSeconds() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getSeconds () : 20

getTime ()
Javascript date getTime() method returns the numeric value corresponding to
the time for the specified date according to universal time. The value returned
234

Javascript

by the getTime method is the number of milliseconds since 1 January 1970

00:00:00.
You can use this method to help assign a date and time to another Date object.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getTime ()

Return Value
Returns the numeric value corresponding to the time for the specified date
according to universal time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getTime Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "December 25, 1995 23:15:20" );
document.write("getTime() : " + dt.getTime() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getTime() : 819913520000

getTimezoneOffset ()
Javascript date getTimezoneOffset() method returns the time-zone offset in
minutes for the current locale. The time-zone offset is the minutes in difference,
the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is relative to your local time.
For example, if your time zone is GMT+10, -600 will be returned. Daylight
savings time prevents this value from being a constant.
235

Javascript

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getTimezoneOffset ()

Return Value
Returns the time-zone offset in minutes for the current locale.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getTimezoneOffset Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date();
var tz = dt.getTimezoneOffset();
document.write("getTimezoneOffset() : " + tz );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getTimezoneOffset() : -330

getUTCDate ()
Javascript date getUTCDate() method returns the day of the month in the
specified date according to universal time. The value returned by getUTCDate is
an integer between 1 and 31.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getUTCDate ()

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Javascript

Return Value
Returns the day of the month in the specified date according to universal time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getUTCDate Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "December 25, 1995 23:15:20" );
document.write("getUTCDate() : " + dt.getUTCDate() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getUTCDate() : 25

getUTCDay ()
Javascript date getUTCDay() method returns the day of the week in the
specified date according to universal time. The value returned by getUTCDay is
an integer corresponding to the day of the week: 0 for Sunday, 1 for Monday, 2
for Tuesday, and so on.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getUTCDay ()

Return Value
Returns the day of the week in the specified date according to universal time.

Example
237

Javascript

Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getUTCDay Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "December 25, 1995 23:15:20" );
document.write("getUTCDay() : " + dt.getUTCDay() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getUTCDay() : 1

getUTCFullYear ()
Javascript date getUTCFullYear() method returns the year in the specified date
according to universal time. The value returned by getUTCFullYear is an
absolute number that is compliant with year-2000, for example, 2008.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getUTCFullYear ()

Return Value
Returns the year in the specified date according to universal time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getUTCFullYear Method</title>
</head>
238

Javascript

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "December 25, 1995 23:15:20" );
document.write("getUTCFullYear() : " + dt.getUTCFullYear() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getUTCFullYear() : 1995

getUTCHours ()
Javascript date getUTCHours() method returns the hours in the specified date
according to universal time. The value returned by getUTCHours is an integer
between 0 and 23.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getUTCHours ()

Return Value
Returns the hours in the specified date according to universal time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getUTCHours Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date();
document.write("getUTCHours() : " + dt.getUTCHours() );
</script>
239

Javascript

</body>
</html>

Output
getUTCHours() : 11

getUTCMilliseconds ()
Javascript date getUTCMilliseconds() method returns the milliseconds in the
specified date according to universal time. The value returned by
getUTCMilliseconds is an integer between 0 and 999.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getUTCMilliseconds ()

Return Value
Returns the milliseconds in the specified date according to universal time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getUTCMilliseconds Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date();
document.write("getUTCMilliseconds() : " + dt.getUTCMilliseconds() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getUTCMilliseconds() : 206
240

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getUTCMinutes ()
Javascript date getUTCMinutes() method returns the minutes in the specified
date according to universal time. The value returned by getUTCMinutes is an
integer between 0 and 59.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getUTCMinutes ()

Return Value
Returns the minutes in the specified date according to universal time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getUTCMinutes Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date();
document.write("getUTCMinutes() : " + dt.getUTCMinutes() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getUTCMinutes() : 18

getUTCMonth ()
Javascript date getUTCMonth() method returns the month in the specified date
according to universal time. The value returned by getUTCMonth is an integer
between 0 and 11 corresponding to the month. 0 for January, 1 for February, 2
for March, and so on.
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Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getUTCMonth ()

Return Value
Returns the month in the specified date according to universal time.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getUTCMonth Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date();
document.write("getUTCMonth() : " + dt.getUTCMonth() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getUTCMonth() : 2

getUTCSeconds ()
Javascript date getUTCSeconds() method returns the seconds in the specified
date according to universal time. The value returned by getUTCSeconds is an
integer between 0 and 59.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getUTCSeconds ()

Return Value
Returns the month in the specified date according to universal time.
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Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getUTCSeconds Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date();
document.write("getUTCSeconds() : " + dt.getUTCSeconds() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getUTCSeconds() : 24

getYear ()
Javascript date getYear() method returns the year in the specified date
according to universal time. The getYear is no longer used and has been
replaced by the getFullYear method.
The value returned by getYear is the current year minus 1900. JavaScript 1.2
and earlier versions return either a 2-digit or 4-digit year. For example, if the
year is 2026, the value returned is 2026. So before testing this function, you
need to be sure of the javascript version you are using.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.getYear ()

Return Value
Returns the year in the specified date according to universal time.

Example
Try the following example.
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<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getYear Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date();
document.write("getYear() : " + dt.getYear() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
getYear() : 115

setDate ()
Javascript date setDate() method sets the day of the month for a specified date
according to local time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setDate( dayValue )

Parameter Detail
dayValue : An integer from 1 to 31, representing the day of the month.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setDate Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
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var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );

dt.setDate( 24 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Sun Aug 24 2008 23:30:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setFullYear ()
Javascript date setFullYear() method sets the full year for a specified date
according to local time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setFullYear(yearValue[, monthValue[, dayValue]])

Parameter Detail

yearValue : An integer specifying the numeric value of the year, for

example, 2008.

monthValue : An integer between 0 and 11 representing the months

January through December.

dayValue : An integer between 1 and 31 representing the day of the

month. If you specify the dayValue parameter, you must also specify the
monthValue.

If you do not specify the monthValue and dayValue parameters, the values
returned from the getMonth and getDate methods are used.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
245

Javascript

<head>
<title>JavaScript setFullYear Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setFullYear( 2000 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Mon Aug 28 2000 23:30:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setHours ()
Javascript date setHours() method sets the hours for a specified date according
to local time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setHours(hoursValue[, minutesValue[, secondsValue[, msValue]]])
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail

hoursValue : An integer between 0 and 23, representing the hour.

minutesValue : An integer between 0 and 59, representing the minutes.

secondsValue : An integer between 0 and 59, representing the seconds.

If you specify the secondsValue parameter, you must also specify the
minutesValue.

msValue : A number between 0 and 999, representing the milliseconds.

If you specify the msValue parameter, you must also specify the
minutesValue and secondsValue.

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If you do not specify the minutesValue, secondsValue, and msValue parameters,

the values returned from the getUTCMinutes, getUTCSeconds, and
getMilliseconds methods are used.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setHours Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setHours( 02 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Thu Aug 28 2008 02:30:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setMilliseconds ()
Javascript date setMilliseconds() method sets the milliseconds for a specified
date according to local time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setMilliseconds(millisecondsValue)
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail
millisecondsValue :
milliseconds.

number

between

and

999,

representing

the
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If you specify a number outside the expected range, the date information in the
Date object is updated accordingly. For example, if you specify 1010, the
number of seconds is incremented by 1, and 10 is used for the milliseconds.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setMilliseconds Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setMilliseconds( 1010 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Thu Aug 28 2008 23:30:01 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setMinutes ()
Javascript date setMinutes() method sets the minutes for a specified date
according to local time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setMinutes(minutesValue[, secondsValue[, msValue]])
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail

minutesValue : An integer between 0 and 59, representing the minutes.

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secondsValue : An integer between 0 and 59, representing the seconds. If

you specify the secondsValue parameter, you must also specify the
minutesValue.

msValue : A number between 0 and 999, representing the milliseconds. If

you specify the msValue parameter, you must also specify the minutesValue
and secondsValue.

If you do not specify the secondsValue and msValue parameters, the values
returned from getSeconds and getMilliseconds methods are used.
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setMinutes Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setMinutes( 45 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Thu Aug 28 2008 23:45:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setMonth ()
Javascript date setMonth() method sets the month for a specified date
according to local time.

Syntax
The following syntax for setMonth () Method.
Date.setMonth(monthValue[, dayValue])
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail
249

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monthValue : An integer between 0 and 11 (representing the months

January through December).

dayValue : An integer from 1 to 31, representing the day of the month.

msValue : A number between 0 and 999, representing the milliseconds.

If you specify the msValue parameter, you must also specify the
minutesValue and secondsValue.

If you do not specify the dayValue parameter, the value returned from the
getDate method is used. If a parameter you specify is outside of the expected
range, setMonth attempts to update the date information in the Date object
accordingly. For example, if you use 15 for monthValue, the year will be
incremented by 1 (year + 1), and 3 will be used for month.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setMonth Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setMonth( 2 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Fri Mar 28 2008 23:30:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setSeconds ()
Javascript date setSeconds() method sets the seconds for a specified date
according to local time.

Syntax
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Its syntax is as follows:

Date.setSeconds(secondsValue[, msValue])
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail

secondsValue : An integer between 0 and 59.

msValue : A number between 0 and 999, representing the milliseconds.

If you do not specify the msValue parameter, the value returned from the
getMilliseconds method is used. If a parameter you specify is outside of the
expected range, setSeconds attempts to update the date information in the Date
object accordingly. For example, if you use 100 for secondsValue, the minutes
stored in the Date object will be incremented by 1, and 40 will be used for
seconds.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setSeconds Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setSeconds( 80 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Thu Aug 28 2008 23:31:20 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

251

Javascript

setTime ()
Javascript date setTime() method sets the Date object to the time represented
by a number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setTime(timeValue)
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail
timeValue :An integer representing the number of milliseconds since 1 January
1970, 00:00:00 UTC.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setTime Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setTime( 5000000 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Thu Jan 01 1970 06:53:20 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setUTCDate ()
Javascript date setUTCDate() method sets the day of the month for a specified
date according to universal time.
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Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setUTCDate(dayValue)
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail
dayValue : An integer from 1 to 31, representing the day of the month.
If a parameter you specify is outside the expected range, setUTCDate attempts
to update the date information in the Date object accordingly.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setUTCDate Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setUTCDate( 20 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Wed Aug 20 2008 23:30:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setUTCFullYear ()
Javascript date setUTCFullYear() method sets the full year for a specified date
according to universal time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
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Javascript

Date.setUTCFullYear(yearValue[, monthValue[, dayValue]])

Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail

yearValue : An integer specifying the numeric value of the year, for

example, 2008.

monthValue : An integer between 0 and 11 representing the months

January through December.

dayValue : An integer between 1 and 31 representing the day of the

month. If you specify the dayValue parameter, you must also specify the
monthValue.

If you do not specify the monthValue and dayValue parameters, the values
returned from the getMonth and getDate methods are used. If a parameter you
specify is outside of the expected range, setUTCFullYear attempts to update the
other parameters and the date information in the Date object accordingly. For
example, if you specify 15 for monthValue, the year is incremented by 1 (year +
1), and 3 is used for the month.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setUTCFullYear Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setUTCFullYear( 2006 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Mon Aug 28 2006 23:30:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

254

Javascript

setUTCHours ()
Javascript date setUTCHours() method sets the hour for a specified date
according to universal time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setUTCHours(hoursValue[, minutesValue[, secondsValue[, msValue]]])
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail

hoursValue : An integer between 0 and 23, representing the hour.

minutesValue : An integer between 0 and 59, representing the minutes.

secondsValue : An integer between 0 and 59, representing the seconds.

If you specify the secondsValue parameter, you must also specify the
minutesValue.

msValue : A number between 0 and 999, representing the milliseconds.

If you specify the msValue parameter, you must also specify the
minutesValue and secondsValue.

If you do not specify the minutesValue, secondsValue, and msValue parameters,

the values returned from the getUTCMinutes, getUTCSeconds, and
getUTCMilliseconds methods are used.
If a parameter you specify is outside the expected range, setUTCHours attempts
to update the date information in the Date object accordingly. For example, if
you use 100 for secondsValue, the minutes will be incremented by 1 (min + 1),
and 40 will be used for seconds.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setUTCHours Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setUTCHours( 15 );
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Javascript

document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Thu Aug 28 2008 20:30:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setUTCMilliseconds ()
Javascript date setUTCMilliseconds() method sets the milliseconds for a
specified date according to universal time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setUTCMilliseconds(millisecondsValue)
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail
millisecondsValue :
milliseconds.

number

between

and

999,

representing

the

If a parameter you specify is outside the expected range, setUTCMilliseconds

attempts to update the date information in the Date object accordingly. For
example, if you use 1100 for millisecondsValue, the seconds stored in the Date
object will be incremented by 1, and 100 will be used for milliseconds.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setUTCMilliseconds Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
dt.setUTCMilliseconds( 1100 );
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document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Thu Aug 28 2008 23:30:01 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setUTCMinutes ()
Javascript date setUTCMinutes() method sets the minutes for a specified date
according to universal time.
Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setUTCMinutes(minutesValue[, secondsValue[, msValue]])
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail

minutesValue : An integer between 0 and 59, representing the minutes.

secondsValue : An integer between 0 and 59, representing the seconds.

If you specify the secondsValue parameter, you must also specify the
minutesValue.

msValue : A number between 0 and 999, representing the milliseconds.

If you specify the msValue parameter, you must also specify the
minutesValue and secondsValue.

If you do not specify the secondsValue and msValue parameters, the values
returned from getUTCSeconds and getUTCMilliseconds methods are used.
If a parameter you specify is outside of the expected range, setUTCMinutes
attempts to update the date information in the Date object accordingly. For
example, if you use 100 for secondsValue, the minutes (minutesValue) will be
incremented by 1 (minutesValue + 1), and 40 will be used for seconds.

Example
257

Javascript

Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setUTCMinutes Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 13:30:00" );
dt.setUTCMinutes( 65 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>
Output
Thu Aug 28 2008 14:35:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setUTC Month ()
Javascript date setUTCMonth ( ) method sets the month for a specified date
according to universal time.

Syntax
The following syntax for setUTCMonth ( ) Method.
Date.setUTCMonth ( monthvalue )
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail
monthValue : An integer between 0 and 11, representing the month.

Example
Try the following example.
258

Javascript

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript getUTCSeconds Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 13:30:00" );
dt.setUTCMonth( 2 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Fri Mar 28 2008 13:30:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setUTCSeconds ()
Javascript date setUTCSeconds() method sets the seconds for a specified date
according to universal time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setUTCSeconds(secondsValue[, msValue])
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail

secondsValue : An integer between 0 and 59, representing the seconds.

msValue : A number between 0 and 999, representing the milliseconds.

If you do not specify the msValue parameter, the value returned from the
getUTCMilliseconds methods is used.
If a parameter you specify is outside the expected range, setUTCSeconds
attempts to update the date information in the Date object accordingly. For
example, if you use 100 for secondsValue, the minutes stored in the Date object
will be incremented by 1, and 40 will be used for seconds.
259

Javascript

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript setUTCSeconds Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 13:30:00" );
dt.setUTCSeconds( 65 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Thu Aug 28 2008 13:31:05 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

setYear ()
Javascript date setYear() method sets the year for a specified date according to
universal time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.setYear(yearValue)
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Detail
yearValue: An integer value.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
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Javascript

<head>
<title>JavaScript setYear Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date( "Aug 28, 2008 13:30:00" );
dt.setYear( 2000 );
document.write( dt );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Mon Aug 28 2000 13:30:00 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

toDateString ()
Javascript date toDateString() method returns the date portion of a Date
object in human readable form.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.toDateString()

Return Value
Returns the date portion of a Date object in human readable form.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toDateString Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
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var dt = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);

document.write( "Formated Date : " + dt.toDateString() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Formated Date : Wed Jul 28 1993

toGMTString ()
Javascript date toGMTString() method converts a date to a string, using
Internet GMT conventioins.
This method is no longer used and has been replaced by the toUTCString
method.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.toGMTString()

Return Value
Returns a date to a string, using Internet GMT conventioins.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toGMTString Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
document.write( "Formated Date : " + dt.toGMTString() );
</script>
</body>
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</html>

Output
Formated Date : Wed, 28 Jul 1993 09:09:07 GMT

toLocaleDateString ()
Javascript date toLocaleDateString() method converts a date to a string,
returning the "date" portion using the operating system's locale's conventions.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.toGMTString()

Return Value
Returns a date to a string, using Internet GMT conventioins.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toGMTString Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
document.write( "Formated Date : " + dt.toGMTString() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Formated Date : Wed, 28 Jul 1993 09:09:07 GMT

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toLocaleDateString ()
Javascript date toLocaleDateString() method converts a date to a string,
returning the "date" portion using the operating system's locale's conventions.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.toLocaleString()

Return Value
Returns the "date" portion using the operating system's locale's conventions.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toLocaleDateString Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
document.write( "Formated Date : " + dt.toLocaleDateString() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Formated Date : 7/28/1993

toLocaleFormat ()
Javascript date toLocaleFormat() method converts a date to a string using the
specified formatting.
Note: This method may not compatible with all the browsers.
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Javascript

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.toLocaleFormat()

Parameter Details
formatString: A format string in the same format expected by the strftime()
function in C.

Return Value
Returns the formatted date.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toLocaleFormat Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
document.write( "Formated Date : " + dt.toLocaleFormat( "%A, %B %e, %Y" ));

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Formated Date : Wed Jul 28 1993 14:39:07 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

toLocaleString ()
Javascript date toLocaleString() method converts a date to a string, using the
operating system's local conventions.
The toLocaleString method relies on the underlying operating system in
formatting dates. It converts the date to a string using the formatting
convention of the operating system where the script is running. For example, in
the United States, the month appears before the date (04/15/98), whereas in
Germany the date appears before the month (15.04.98).
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Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.toLocaleString ()

Return Value
Returns the formatted date in a string fromat.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toLocaleString Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
document.write( "Formated Date : " + dt.toLocaleString() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Formated Date : 7/28/1993, 2:39:07 PM

toLocaleTimeSring ()
Javascript date toLocaleTimeString() method converts a date to a string,
returning the "date" portion using the current locale's conventions.
The toLocaleTimeString method relies on the underlying operating system in
formatting dates. It converts the date to a string using the formatting
convention of the operating system where the script is running. For example, in
the United States, the month appears before the date (04/15/98), whereas in
Germany, the date appears before the month (15.04.98).

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
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Javascript

Date.toLocaleTimeString ()

Return Value
Returns the formatted date in a string fromat.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toLocaleTimeString Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
document.write( "Formated Date : " + dt.toLocaleTimeString() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Formated Date : 2:39:07 PM

toSource ()
This method returns a string representing the source code of the object.
Note: This method may not be compatible with all the browsers.

Syntax
The following syntax for toSource () Method.
Date.toSource ()

Return Value

For the built-in Date object, toSource returns

Date(...))indicating that the source code is not available

string

(new

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Javascript

For instances of Date, toSource returns a string representing the source

code.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toSource Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dt = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
document.write( "Formated Date : " + dt.toSource() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Formated Date : (new Date(743850547000))

toString ()
This method returns a string representing the specified Date object.

Syntax
The following syntax for toString () Method.
Date.toString ()

Return Value
Returns a string representing the specified Date object.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
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<head>
<title>JavaScript toString Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dateobject = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
stringobj = dateobject.toString();
document.write( "String Object : " + stringobj );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
String Object : Wed Jul 28 1993 14:39:07 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

toTimeString ()
This method returns the time portion of a Date object in human readable form.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.toTimeString ()

Return Value
Returns the time portion of a Date object in human readable form.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toTimeString Method</title>
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</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dateobject = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
document.write( dateobject.toTimeString() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
14:39:07 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)

toUTCString ()
This method converts a date to a string, using the universal time convention.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.toTimeString ()

Return Value
Returns converted date to a string, using the universal time convention.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript toUTCString Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dateobject = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
document.write( dateobject.toUTCString() );
</script>
</body>
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</html>

Output
Wed, 28 Jul 1993 09:09:07 GMT

valeOf ()
This method returns the primitive value of a Date object as a number data type,
the number of milliseconds since midnight 01 January, 1970 UTC.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.valueOf ()

Return Value
Returns the primitive value of a Date object.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript valueOf Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var dateobject = new Date(1993, 6, 28, 14, 39, 7);
document.write( dateobject.valueOf() );
</script>
</body>
</html>

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Output
743850547000

Date Static Methods

In addition to the many instance methods listed previously, the Date object also
defines two static methods. These methods are invoked through the Date()
constructor itself.
Method

Description

Date.parse( )

Parses a string representation of a date and time and

returns the internal millisecond representation of that
date.

Date.UTC( )

Returns the millisecond representation of the specified

UTC date and time.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the

usages of Date Static methods.

Date.parse ( )
Javascript date parse() method takes a date string and returns the number of
milliseconds since midnight of January 1, 1970.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.parse(datestring)
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Details
datestring: A string representing a date.

Return Value
Number of milliseconds since midnight of January 1, 1970.

Example
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Try the following example.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript parse Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var msecs = Date.parse( "Aug 28, 2008 23:30:00" );
document.write( "Number of milliseconds from 1970: " + msecs );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Number of milliseconds from 1970: 1219946400000

Date.UTC ( )
This method takes a date and returns the number of milliseconds since midnight
of January 1, 1970 according to universal time.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Date.year,month,day,[hours,[minutes,[seconds,[ms]]])
Note: Parameters in the bracket are always optional.

Parameter Details

year : A four digit number representing the year.

month : An integer between 0 and 11 representing the month.

day : An integer between 1 and 31 representing the date.

hours : An integer between 0 and 23 representing the hour.

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minutes : An integer between 0 and 59 representing the minutes.

seconds : An integer between 0 and 59 representing the seconds.

ms : An integer between 0 and 999 representing the milliseconds.

Return Value
Number of milliseconds since midnight of January 1, 1970.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript UTC Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var msecs = Date.UTC(2008,9,6);
document.write( "Number of milliseconds from 1970: " + msecs );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Number of milliseconds from 1970: 1223251200000

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MATH

Javascript

The math object provides you properties and methods for mathematical
constants and functions. Unlike other global objects, Math is not a constructor.
All the properties and methods of Math are static and can be called by
using Math as an object without creating it.
Thus, you refer to the constant pi as Math.PI and you call the sine function
as Math.sin(x), where x is the method's argument.

Syntax
The syntax to call the properties and methods of Math are as follows:
var pi_val = Math.PI;
var sine_val = Math.sin(30);

Math Properties
Here is a list of all the properties of Math and their description.
Property

Description

Euler's constant and the base of natural logarithms,

approximately 2.718.

LN2

Natural logarithm of 2, approximately 0.693.

LN10

Natural logarithm of 10, approximately 2.302.

LOG2E

Base 2 logarithm of E, approximately 1.442.

LOG10E

Base 10 logarithm of E, approximately 0.434.

PI

Ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter,

approximately 3.14159.

SQRT1_2

Square root of 1/2; equivalently, 1 over the square root of

2, approximately 0.707.

SQRT2

Square root of 2, approximately 1.414.

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In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of Math properties.

Math-E
This is an Euler's constant and the base of natural logarithms, approximately
2.718.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.E

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math E Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var property_value = Math.E
document.write("Property Value is :" + property_value);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Property Value is :2.718281828459045

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Math-LN2
It returns the natural logarithm of 2 which is approximately 0.693.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.LN2

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math LN2 Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var property_value = Math.LN2
document.write("Property Value is : " + property_value);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Property Value is : 0.6931471805599453

Math-LN10
It returns the natural logarithm of 10 which is approximately 2.302.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.LN10

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Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math LN10 Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var property_value = Math.LN10
document.write("Property Value is : " + property_value);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Property Value is : 2.302585092994046

Math-LOG2E
It returns the base 2 logarithm of E which is approximately 1.442.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.LOG2E

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math LOG2E Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
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var property_value = Math.LOG2E

document.write("Property Value is : " + property_value);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Property Value is : 1.4426950408889634

Math-LOG10E
It returns the base 10 logarithm of E which is approximately 0.434.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.LOG10E

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math LOG10E Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var property_value = Math.LOG10E
document.write("Property Value is : " + property_value);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
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Property Value is : 0.4342944819032518

Math-PI
It returns the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter which is
approximately 3.14159.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.PI

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math PI Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var property_value = Math.PI
document.write("Property Value is : " + property_value);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Property Value is : 3.141592653589793

Math-SQRT1_2
It returns the square root of 1/2; equivalently, 1 over the square root of 2 which
is approximately 0.707.
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Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.SQRT1_2

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math SQRT1_2 Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var property_value = Math.SQRT1_2
document.write("Property Value is : " + property_value);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Property Value is : 0.7071067811865476

Math-SQRT2
It returns the square root of 2 which is approximately 1.414.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.SQRT2

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
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Javascript

<head>
<title>JavaScript Math SQRT2 Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var property_value = Math.SQRT2
document.write("Property Value is : " + property_value);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Property Value is : 1.4142135623730951

Math Methods
Here is a list of the methods associated with Math object and their description.
Method

Description

abs()

Returns the absolute value of a number.

acos()

Returns the arccosine (in radians) of a number.

asin()

Returns the arcsine (in radians) of a number.

atan()

Returns the arctangent (in radians) of a number.

atan2()

Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments.

ceil()

Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a

number.

cos()

Returns the cosine of a number.

exp()

Returns EN, where N is the argument, and E is Euler's

constant, the base of the natural logarithm.

floor()

Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a

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number.
log()

Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of a number.

max()

Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.

min()

Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.

pow()

Returns base to the exponent power, that is, base

exponent.

random()

Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1.

round()

Returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest

integer.

sin()

Returns the sine of a number.

sqrt()

Returns the square root of a number.

tan()

Returns the tangent of a number.

toSource()

Returns the string "Math".

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of the methods associated with Math.

abs ()
This method returns the absolute value of a number.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.abs( x ) ;

Parameter Details
x: A number.

Return Value
Returns the absolute value of a number.

Example
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Try the following example program.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math abs() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.abs(-1);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.abs(null);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.abs(20);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.abs("string");

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 1
Second Test Value : 0
Third Test Value : 20
Fourth Test Value : NaN

acos ()
This method returns the arccosine in radians of a number. The acos method
returns a numeric value between 0 and pi radians for x between -1 and 1. If the
value of number is outside this range, it returns NaN.

Syntax
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Its syntax is as follows:

Math.cos( x ) ;

Parameter Details
x: A number.

Return Value
Returns the arccosine in radians of a number.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math acos() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.acos(-1);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.acos(null);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.acos(30);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.acos("string");

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
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First Test Value : 3.141592653589793

Second Test Value : 1.5707963267948966
Third Test Value : NaN
Fourth Test Value : NaN

asin ( )
This method returns the arcsine in radians of a number. The asin method returns
a numeric value between -pi/2 and pi/2 radians for x between -1 and 1. If the
value of number is outside this range, it returns NaN.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.asin( x ) ;

Parameter Details
x: A number.

Return Value
Returns the arcsine in radians of a number.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math asin() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.asin(-1);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.asin(null);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

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Javascript

var value = Math.asin(30);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.asin("string");

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : -1.5707963267948966
Second Test Value : 0
Third Test Value : NaN
Fourth Test Value : NaN

atan ( )
This method returns the arctangent in radians of a number. The atan method
returns a numeric value between -pi/2 and pi/2 radians.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.atan( x ) ;

Parameter Details
x: A number.

Return Value
Returns the arctangent in radians of a number.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
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Javascript

<title>JavaScript Math atan() Method</title>

</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.atan(-1);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.atan(.5);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.atan(30);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.atan("string");

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : -0.7853981633974483
Second Test Value : 0.4636476090008061
Third Test Value : 1.5374753309166493
Fourth Test Value : NaN

atan2 ( )
This method returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments. The atan2
method returns a numeric value between -pi and pi representing the angle theta
of an (x, y) point.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.atan2 ( x, y ) ;
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Parameter Details
X and y: numbers.

Return Value
Returns the arctangent in radians of a number.
Math.atan2 ( 0, -0 ) returns PI.
Math.atan2 ( 0, +0 ) returns 0.
Math.atan2 ( 0, -x ) returns PI for x < 0.
Math.atan2 ( 0, x ) returns 0 for x > 0.
Math.atan2 ( y, 0 ) returns -PI/2 for y > 0.
Math.atan2 ( y, -Infinity ) returns PI for finite y > 0.
Math.atan2 ( y, +Infinity ) returns 0 for finite y > 0.
Math.atan2 ( Infinity, +x ) returns PI/2 for finite x.
Math.atan2 ( Infinity, -Infinity ) returns 3*PI/4.
Math.atan2 ( Infinity, +Infinity ) returns PI/4.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math atan2() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var value = Math.atan2(90,15);
document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.atan2(15,90);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.atan2(0, -0);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

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Javascript

var value = Math.atan2(+Infinity, -Infinity);

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 1.4056476493802699
Second Test Value : 0.16514867741462683
Third Test Value : 3.141592653589793
Fourth Test Value : 2.356194490192345

ceil ( )
This method returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.ceil ( x ) ;

Parameter Details
x: a number.

Return Value
Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math ceil() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
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Javascript

var value = Math.ceil(45.95);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.ceil(45.20);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.ceil(-45.95);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.ceil(-45.20);

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 46
Second Test Value : 46
Third Test Value : -45
Fourth Test Value : -45

cos ( )
This method returns the cosine of a number. The cos method returns a numeric
value between -1 and 1, which represents the cosine of the angle.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.cos ( x ) ;

Parameter Details
x: a number.

Return Value
Returns the cosine of a number.
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Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math cos() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.cos(90);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.cos(30);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.cos(-1);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.cos(2*Math.PI);

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : -0.4480736161291702
Second Test Value : 0.15425144988758405
Third Test Value : 0.5403023058681398
Fourth Test Value : 1

exp ( )
This method returns Ex, where x is the argument, and E is the Euler's constant,
the base of the natural logarithms.
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Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.exp ( x ) ;

Parameter Details
x: a number.

Return Value
Returns the exponential value of the variable x.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math exp() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.exp(1);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.exp(30);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.exp(-1);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.exp(.5);

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>
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Output
First Test Value : 2.718281828459045
Second Test Value : 10686474581524.482
Third Test Value : 0.3678794411714424
Fourth Test Value : 1.6487212707001282

floor ( )
This method returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.floor ( x ) ;

Parameter Details
x: a number.

Return Value
Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number x.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math floor() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.floor(10.3);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.floor(30.9);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.floor(-2.9);

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Javascript

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.floor(-2.2);

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 10
Second Test Value : 30
Third Test Value : -3
Fourth Test Value : -3

log ( )
This method returns the natural logarithm (base E) of a number. If the value of
number is negative, the return value is always NaN.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.log ( x ) ;

Parameter Details
x: a number.

Return Value
Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of a number.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math log() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
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Javascript

<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.log(10);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.log(0);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.log(-1);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.log(100);

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 2.302585092994046
Second Test Value : -Infinity
Third Test Value : NaN
Fourth Test Value : 4.605170185988092

max ( )
This method returns the largest of zero or more numbers. If no arguments are
given, the results is Infinity.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.max(value1, value2, ... valueN ) ;

Parameter Details
value1, value2, ... valueN : Numbers.

Return Value
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Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math max() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.max(10, 20, -1, 100);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.max(-1, -3, -40);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.max(0, -1);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.max(100);

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 100
Second Test Value : -1
Third Test Value : 0
Fourth Test Value : 100

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min ( )
This method returns the smallest of zero or more numbers. If no arguments are
given, the results is +Infinity.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.min (value1, value2, ... valueN ) ;

Parameter Details
value1, value2, ... valueN : Numbers.

Return Value
Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math min() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.min(10, 20, -1, 100);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.min(-1, -3, -40);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.min(0, -1);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.min(100);

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
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Javascript

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : -1
Second Test Value : -40
Third Test Value : -1
Fourth Test Value : 100

pow ( )
This method returns the base to the exponent power, that is, baseexponent.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.pow(base, exponent );

Parameter Details

base : The base number.

exponents : The exponent to which to raise the base.

Return Value
Returns the base to the exponent power, that is, baseexponent.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math pow() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
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var value = Math.pow(7, 2);

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.pow(8, 8);

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.pow(-1, 2);

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.pow(0, 10);

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 49
Second Test Value : 16777216
Third Test Value : 1
Fourth Test Value : 0

random ( )
This method returns a random number between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive).

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.random ( );

Return Value
Returns a random number between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive).

Example
Try the following example program.
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Javascript

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math random() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.random( );

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.random( );

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.random( );

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.random( );

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 0.4093269258737564
Second Test Value : 0.023646741174161434
Third Test Value : 0.2672571325674653
Fourth Test Value : 0.38755513448268175

round ( )
This method returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest integer.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.round ( );
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Return Value
Returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest integer.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math round() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.round( 0.5 );

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.round( 20.7 );

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.round( 20.3 );

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.round( -20.3 );

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 1
Second Test Value : 21
Third Test Value : 20
Fourth Test Value : -20

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sin ( )
This method returns the sine of a number. The sin method returns a numeric
value between -1 and 1, which represents the sine of the argument.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.sin ( x );

Parameter Details
x: A number.

Return Value
Returns the sine of a number.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math sin() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.sin( 0.5 );

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.sin( 90 );

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.sin( 1 );

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.sin( Math.PI/2 );

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
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</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 0.479425538604203
Second Test Value : 0.8939966636005579
Third Test Value : 0.8414709848078965
Fourth Test Value : 1

sqrt ( )
This method returns the square root of a number. If the value of a number is
negative, sqrt returns NaN.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.sqrt ( x );

Parameter Details
x: A number.

Return Value
Returns the square root of a given number.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math sqrt() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

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var value = Math.sqrt( 0.5 );

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.sqrt( 81 );

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.sqrt( 13 );

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.sqrt( -4 );

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 0.7071067811865476
Second Test Value : 9
Third Test Value : 3.605551275463989
Fourth Test Value : NaN

tan ( )
This method returns the tangent of a number. The tan method returns a numeric
value that represents the tangent of the angle.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.tan ( x );

Parameter Details
x: A number representing an angle in radians.

Return Value
Returns the tangent of a number.
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Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math tan() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.tan( -30 );

document.write("First Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.tan( 90 );

document.write("<br />Second Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.tan( 45 );

document.write("<br />Third Test Value : " + value );

var value = Math.tan( Math.PI/180 );

document.write("<br />Fourth Test Value : " + value );
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
First Test Value : 1
Second Test Value : 21
Third Test Value : 20
Fourth Test Value : -20

toSource ( )
This method returns the string "Math". But this method does not work with IE.
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Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
Math.toSource ( );

Return Value
Returns the string Math.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Math toSource() Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

var value = Math.toSource( );

document.write("Value : " +

value );

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Value : Math

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27.

REGEXP

Javascript

A regular expression is an object that describes a pattern of characters.

The JavaScript RegExp class represents regular expressions, and both String
and RegExp define methods that use regular expressions to perform powerful
pattern-matching and search-and-replace functions on text.

Syntax
A regular expression could be defined with the RegExp() constructor, as
follows:
var pattern = new RegExp(pattern, attributes);

or simply

var pattern = /pattern/attributes;

Here is the description of the parameters:

pattern: A string that specifies the pattern of the regular expression or

another regular expression.

attributes: An optional string containing any of the "g", "i", and "m"
attributes that specify global, case-insensitive, and multiline matches,
respectively.

Brackets
Brackets ([]) have a special meaning when used in the context of regular
expressions. They are used to find a range of characters.
Expression

Description

[...]

Any one character between the brackets.

[^...]

Any one character not between the brackets.

[0-9]

It matches any decimal digit from 0 through 9.

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[a-z]

It matches any
lowercase z.

[A-Z]

It matches any character from uppercase

uppercase Z.

A through

[a-Z]

It matches any
uppercase Z.

character

character

from

from

lowercase

lowercase

through

through

The ranges shown above are general; you could also use the range [0-3] to
match any decimal digit ranging from 0 through 3, or the range [b-v] to match
any lowercase character ranging from b through v.

Quantifiers
The frequency or position of bracketed character sequences and single
characters can be denoted by a special character. Each special character has a
specific connotation. The +, *, ?, and $ flags all follow a character sequence.
Expression

Description

p+

It matches any string containing at least one p.

p*

It matches any string containing zero or more p's.

p?

It matches any string containing one or more p's.

p{N}

It matches any string containing a sequence of N p's

p{2,3}

It matches any string containing a sequence of two or three p's.

p{2, }

It matches any string containing a sequence of at least two p's.

p$

It matches any string with p at the end of it.

^p

It matches any string with p at the beginning of it.

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Examples
Following examples explain more about matching characters.
Expression

Description

[^a-zA-Z]

It matches any string not containing any of the characters

ranging from a through z and A through Z.

p.p
^.{2}$
<b>(.*)</b>
p(hp)*

It matches any string containing p,

character, in turn followed by another p.

followed

by

any

It matches any string containing exactly two characters.

It matches any string enclosed within <b> and </b>.
It matches any string containing a p followed by zero or more
instances of the sequence hp.

Literal Characters
Character

Description

Alphanumeric Itself
\0

The NUL character (\u0000)

\t

Tab (\u0009)

\n

Newline (\u000A)

\v

Vertical tab (\u000B)

\f

Form feed (\u000C)

\r

Carriage return (\u000D)

\xnn

The Latin character specified by the hexadecimal number nn;

for example, \x0A is the same as \n

\uxxxx

The Unicode character specified by the hexadecimal number

xxxx; for example, \u0009 is the same as \t

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\cX

The control character ^X; for example, \cJ is equivalent to the

newline character \n

Metacharacters
A metacharacter is simply an alphabetical character preceded by a backslash
that acts to give the combination a special meaning.
For instance, you can search for a large sum of money using the '\d'
metacharacter: /([\d]+)000/. Here \d will search for any string of numerical
character.
The following table lists a set of metacharacters which can be used in PERL Style
Regular Expressions.
Character

Description

a single character

\s

a whitespace character (space, tab, newline)

\S

non-whitespace character

\d

a digit (0-9)

\D

a non-digit

\w

a word character (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, _)

\W

a non-word character

[\b]

a literal backspace (special case).

[aeiou]

matches a single character in the given set

[^aeiou]

matches a single character outside the given set

(foo|bar|baz)

matches any of the alternatives specified

Modifiers
Several modifiers are available that can simplify the way you work with
regexps, like case sensitivity, searching in multiple lines, etc.
Modifier
i

Description
Performs case-insensitive matching.

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Specifies that if the string has newline or carriage return

characters, the ^ and $ operators will now match against a newline
boundary, instead of a string boundary

Performs a global matchthat is, find all matches rather than

stopping after the first match.

RegExp Properties
Here is a list of the properties associated with RegExp and their description.
Property

Description

constructor

Specifies the
prototype.

global

Specifies if the "g" modifier is set.

ignoreCase

Specifies if the "i" modifier is set.

lastIndex

The index at which to start the next match.

multiline

Specifies if the "m" modifier is set.

source

The text of the pattern.

function

that

creates

an

object's

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of RegExp properties.

constructor
It returns a reference to the array function that created the instance's prototype.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExp.constructor

Return Value
Returns the function that created this object's instance.

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Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp constructor Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var re = new RegExp( "string" );
document.write("re.constructor is:" + re.constructor);
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
re.constructor is:function RegExp() { [native code]

global
global is a read-only boolean property of RegExp objects. It specifies whether a
particular regular expression performs global matching, i.e., whether it was
created with the "g" attribute.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.global

Return Value
Returns "TRUE" if the "g" modifier is set, "FALSE" otherwise.

Example
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Try the following example program.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp global Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var re = new RegExp( "string" );

if ( re.global ){
document.write("Test1 - Global property is set");
}else{
document.write("Test1 - Global property is not set");
}
re = new RegExp( "string", "g" );

if ( re.global ){
document.write("<br />Test2 - Global property is set");
}else{
document.write("<br />Test2 - Global property is not set");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Test1 - Global property is not set
Test2 - Global property is set

ignoreCase
ignoreCase is a read-only boolean property of RegExp objects. It specifies
whether a particular regular expression performs case-insensitive matching, i.e.,
whether it was created with the "i" attribute.
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Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.ignoreCase

Return Value
Returns "TRUE" if the "i" modifier is set, "FALSE" otherwise.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp ignoreCase Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var re = new RegExp( "string" );

if ( re.ignoreCase ){
document.write("Test1 - ignoreCase property is set");
}else{
document.write("Test1 - ignoreCase property is not set");
}
re = new RegExp( "string", "i" );

if ( re.ignoreCase ){
document.write("<br />Test2 - ignoreCase property is set");
}else{
document.write("<br />Test2 - ignoreCase property is not set");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
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Test1 - ignoreCase property is not set

Test2 - ignoreCase property is set

lastIndex
lastIndex is a read/write property of RegExp objects. For regular expressions
with the "g" attribute set, it contains an integer that specifies the character
position
immediately
following
the
last
match
found
by
the RegExp.exec() and RegExp.test() methods. These methods use this
property as the starting point for the next search they conduct.
This property allows you to call those methods repeatedly, to loop through all
matches in a string and works only if the "g" modifier is set.
This property is read/write, so you can set it at any time to specify where in the
target string, the next search should begin. exec() and test() automatically
reset the lastIndex to 0 when they fail to find a match (or another match).

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.lastIndex

Return Value
Returns an integer that specifies the character position immediately following
the last match.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp lastIndex Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Javascript is an interesting scripting language";
var re = new RegExp( "script", "g" );

re.test(str);
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document.write("Test 1 - Current Index: " +

re.lastIndex);

re.test(str);
document.write("<br />Test 2 - Current Index: " + re.lastIndex);

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Test 1 - Current Index: 10
Test 2 - Current Index: 35

multiline
multiline is a read-only boolean property of RegExp objects. It specifies
whether a particular regular expression performs multiline matching, i.e.,
whether it was created with the "m" attribute.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.multiline

Return Value
Returns "TRUE" if the "m" modifier is set, "FALSE" otherwise.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp multiline Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var re = new RegExp( "string" );
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if ( re.multiline ){
document.write("Test1-multiline property is set");
}else{
document.write("Test1-multiline property is not set");
}
re = new RegExp( "string", "m" );
if ( re.multiline ){
document.write("<br/>Test2-multiline property is set");
}else{
document.write("<br/>Test2-multiline property is not set");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Test1-multiline property is not set
Test2-multiline property is set

source
source is a read-only string property of RegExp objects. It contains the text of
the RegExp pattern. This text does not include the delimiting slashes used in
regular-expression literals, and it does not include the "g", "i", and "m"
attributes.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.source

Return Value
Returns the text used for pattern matching.

Example
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Try the following example program.

<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp source Property</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Javascript is an interesting scripting language";
var re = new RegExp( "script", "g" );

re.test(str);
document.write("The regular expression is : " +

re.source);

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
The regular expression is : script

RegExp Methods
Here is a list of the methods associated with RegExp along with their description.
Method

Description

exec()

Executes a search for a match in its string parameter.

test()

Tests for a match in its string parameter.

toSource()

Returns an object literal representing the specified

object; you can use this value to create a new object.

toString()

Returns a string representing the specified object.

In the following sections, we will have a few examples to demonstrate the usage
of RegExp methods.
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exec ( )
The exec method searches string for text that matches regexp. If it finds a
match, it returns an array of results; otherwise, it returns null.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.exec( string );

Parameter Details
string: The string to be searched.

Return Value
Returns the matched text if a match is found, and null if not.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp exec Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Javascript is an interesting scripting language";
var re = new RegExp( "script", "g" );

var result = re.exec(str);

document.write("Test 1 - returned value : " +

result);

re = new RegExp( "pushing", "g" );

var result = re.exec(str);
document.write("<br />Test 2 - returned value : " +

result);

</script>
</body>
</html>
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Output
Test 1 - returned value : script
Test 2 - returned value : null

test ( )
The test method searches string for text that matches regexp. If it finds a
match, it returns true; otherwise, it returns false.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.test( string );

Parameter Details
string: The string to be searched.

Return Value
Returns the matched text if a match is found, and null if not.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp test Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Javascript is an interesting scripting language";
var re = new RegExp( "script", "g" );

var result = re.test(str);

document.write("Test 1 - returned value : " +

result);

re = new RegExp( "pushing", "g" );

var result = re.test(str);
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document.write("<br />Test 2 - returned value : " +

result);

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Test 1 - returned value : true
Test 2 - returned value : false

toSource ( )
The toSource method string represents the source code of the object. This
method does not work with all the browsers.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.toSource ( string );

Return Value
Returns the string representing the source code of the object.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp toSource Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Javascript is an interesting scripting language";
var re = new RegExp( "script", "g" );

var result = re.toSource(str);

document.write("Test 1 - returned value : " +

result);
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re = new RegExp( "/", "g" );

var result = re.toSource(str);
document.write("<br />Test 2 - returned value : " +

result);

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Test 1 - returned value : /script/g
Test 2 - returned value : /\//g

toString ( )
The toString method returns a string representation of a regular expression in
the form of a regular-expression literal.

Syntax
Its syntax is as follows:
RegExpObject.toString ( );

Return Value
Returns the string representing of a regular expression.

Example
Try the following example program.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript RegExp toString Method</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
var str = "Javascript is an interesting scripting language";
var re = new RegExp( "script", "g" );

var result = re.toString(str);

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document.write("Test 1 - returned value : " +

result);

re = new RegExp( "/", "g" );

var result = re.toString(str);
document.write("<br />Test 2 - returned value : " +

result);

</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Test 1 - returned value : /script/g
Test 2 - returned value : /\//g

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28.

DOM

Javascript

Every web page resides inside a browser window which can be considered as an
object.
A Document object represents the HTML document that is displayed in that
window. The Document object has various properties that refer to other objects
which allow access to and modification of document content.
The way a document content is accessed and modified is called the Document
Object Model, or DOM. The Objects are organized in a hierarchy. This
hierarchical structure applies to the organization of objects in a Web document.

Window object: Top of the hierarchy. It is the outmost element of the

object hierarchy.

Document object: Each HTML document that gets loaded into a window
becomes a document object. The document contains the contents of the
page.

Form object: Everything enclosed in the <form>...</form> tags sets the

form object.

Form control elements: The form object contains all the elements
defined for that object such as text fields, buttons, radio buttons, and
checkboxes.

Here is a simple hierarchy of a few important objects:

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There are several DOMs in existence. The following sections explain each of
these DOMs in detail and describe how you can use them to access and modify
document content.

The Legacy DOM: This is the model which was introduced in early versions
of JavaScript language. It is well supported by all browsers, but allows access
only to certain key portions of documents, such as forms, form elements, and
images.

The W3C DOM: This document object model allows access and modification
of all document content and is standardized by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C). This model is supported by almost all the modern
browsers.

The IE4 DOM: This document object model was introduced in Version 4 of
Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser. IE 5 and later versions include support
for most basic W3C DOM features.

The Legacy DOM

This is the model which was introduced in early versions of JavaScript language.
It is well supported by all browsers, but allows access only to certain key
portions of documents, such as forms, form elements, and images.
This model provides several read-only properties, such as title, URL, and
lastModified provide information about the document as a whole. Apart from
that, there are various methods provided by this model which can be used to set
and get document property values.

Document Properties in Legacy DOM

Here is a list of the document properties which can be accessed using Legacy
DOM.
S.No

Property and Description

alinkColor

Deprecated - A string that specifies the color of activated links.

Ex: document.alinkColor
anchors[ ]

An array of Anchor objects, one for each anchor that appears in

the document

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Ex: document.anchors[0], document.anchors[1] and so on

applets[ ]
3

An array of Applet objects, one for each applet that appears in

the document
Ex: document.applets[0], document.applets[1] and so on
bgColor

Deprecated - A string that specifies the background color of the

document.
Ex: document.bgColor
Cookie

A string valued property with special behavior that allows the

cookies associated with this document to be queried and set.
Ex: document.cookie
Domain

A string that specifies the Internet domain the document is

from. Used for security purpose.
Ex: document.domain
embeds[ ]

An array of objects that represent data embedded in the

document with the <embed> tag. A synonym for plugins [].
Some plugins and ActiveX controls can be controlled with
JavaScript code.
Ex: document.embeds[0], document.embeds[1] and so on
fgColor

A string that specifies the default text color for the document
Ex: document.fgColor
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forms[ ]
9

An array of Form objects, one for each HTML form that appears
in the document.
Ex: document.forms[0], document.forms[1] and so on
images[ ]

10

An array of Image objects, one for each image that is

embedded in the document with the HTML <img> tag.
Ex: document.images[0], document.images[1] and so on
lastModified

11

A read-only string that specifies the date of the most recent

change to the document
Ex: document.lastModified
linkColor

12

Deprecated - A string that specifies the color of unvisited links

Ex: document.linkColor
links[ ]

13

It is a document link array.

Ex: document.links[0], document.links[1] and so on
Location

14

The URL of the document. Deprecated in favor of the URL

property.
Ex: document.location
plugins[ ]

15

A synonym for the embeds[ ]

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Javascript

Ex: document.plugins[0], document.plugins[1] and so on

Referrer
16

A read-only string that contains the URL of the document, if

any, from which the current document was linked.
Ex: document.referrer
Title

17

The text contents of the <title> tag.

Ex: document.title
URL

18

A read-only string that specifies the URL of the document.

Ex: document.URL
vlinkColor

19

Deprecated - A string that specifies the color of visited links.

Ex: document.vlinkColor

Document Methods in Legacy DOM

Here is a list of methods supported by Legacy DOM.
S.No

Property and Description

clear( )

Deprecated - Erases the contents of the document and

returns nothing.
Ex: document.clear( )
close( )

Closes a document stream opened with the open( ) method

and returns nothing.
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Ex: document.close( )
open( )

Deletes existing document content and opens a stream to

which new document contents may be written. Returns
nothing.
Ex: document.open( )
write( value, ...)

Inserts the specified string or strings into the document

currently being parsed or appends to document opened with
open( ). Returns nothing.
Ex: document.write( value, ...)
writeln( value, ...)

Identical to write( ), except that it appends a newline

character to the output. Returns nothing.
Ex: document.writeln( value, ...)

Example
We can locate any HTML element within any HTML document using HTML DOM.
For instance, if a web document contains a form element, then using JavaScript,
we can refer to it as document.forms[0]. If your Web document includes two
form elements, the first form is referred to as document.forms[0] and the
second as document.forms[1].
Using the hierarchy and properties given above, we can access the first form
element using document.forms[0].elements[0] and so on.
Here is an example to access document properties using Legacy DOM method.
<html>
<head>
<title> Document Title </title>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function myFunc()
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{
var ret = document.title;
alert("Document Title : " + ret );

var ret = document.URL;

alert("Document URL : " + ret );

var ret = document.forms[0];

alert("Document First Form : " + ret );

var ret = document.forms[0].elements[1];

alert("Second element : " + ret );

}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="title">This is main title</h1>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form name="FirstForm">
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
<input type="button" value="Cancel">
</form>

<form name="SecondForm">
<input type="button" value="Don't ClickMe"/>
</form>

</body>
</html>

Output
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Javascript

This is main title

Click the following to see the result:

Click Me

Cancel

Dont Click Me
NOTE: This example returns objects for forms and elements and we would have
to access their values by using those object properties which are not discussed
in this tutorial.

The W3C DOM

This document object model allows access and modification of all document
content and is standardized by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). This
model is supported by almost all the modern browsers.
The W3C DOM standardizes most of the features of the legacy DOM and adds
new ones as well. In addition to supporting forms[ ], images[ ], and other array
properties of the Document object, it defines methods that allow scripts to
access and manipulate any document element and not just special-purpose
elements like forms and images.

Document Properties in W3C DOM

This model supports all the properties available in Legacy DOM. Additionally,
here is a list of document properties which can be accessed using W3C DOM.
S.No

Property and Description

Body

A reference to the Element object that represents the <body> tag

of this document.
Ex: document.body
defaultView

It is a read-only property and represents the window in which the

document is displayed.
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Javascript

Ex: document.defaultView
documentElement
3

A read-only reference to the <html> tag of the document.

Ex: document.documentElement8/31/2008
Implementation

It is a read-only property and represents the DOMImplementation

object that represents the implementation that created this
document.
Ex: document.implementation

Document Methods in W3C DOM

This model supports all the methods available in Legacy DOM. Additionally, here
is a list of methods supported by W3C DOM.
S.No

Property and Description

createAttribute( name)

Returns a newly-created Attr node with the specified name.

Ex: document.createAttribute( name)
createComment( text)

Creates and returns a new Comment node containing the specified

text.
Ex: document.createComment( text)
createDocumentFragment( )

Creates and returns an empty DocumentFragment node.

Ex: document.createDocumentFragment( )
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Javascript

createElement( tagName)
4

Creates and returns a new Element node with the specified tag
name.
Ex: document.createElement( tagName)
createTextNode( text)

Creates and returns a new Text node that contains the specified
text.
Ex: document.createTextNode( text)
getElementById( id)

Returns the Element of this document that has the specified value
for its id attribute, or null if no such Element exists in the document.
Ex: document.getElementById( id)
getElementsByName( name)

Returns an array of nodes of all elements in the document that have

a specified value for their name attribute. If no such elements are
found, returns a zero-length array.
Ex: document.getElementsByName( name)
getElementsByTagName( tagname)

Returns an array of all Element nodes in this document that have

the specified tag name. The Element nodes appear in the returned
array in the same order they appear in the document source.
Ex: document.getElementsByTagName( tagname)
importNode( importedNode, deep)

Creates and returns a copy of a node from some other document

that is suitable for insertion into this document. If the deep
argument is true, it recursively copies the children of the node too.
Supported in DOM Version 2

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Javascript

Ex: document.importNode( importedNode, deep)

Example
This is very easy to manipulate ( Accessing and Setting ) document element
using W3C DOM. You can use any of the methods like getElementById,
getElementsByName, or getElementsByTagName.
Here is an example to access document properties using W3C DOM method.
<html>
<head>
<title> Document Title </title>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function myFunc()
{
var ret = document.getElementsByTagName("title");
alert("Document Title : " + ret[0].text );

var ret = document.getElementById("heading");

alert("Document URL : " + ret.innerHTML );
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="heading">This is main title</h1>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form id="form1" name="FirstForm">

<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
<input type="button" value="Cancel">
</form>

<form d="form2" name="SecondForm">

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Javascript

<input type="button" value="Don't ClickMe"/>

</form>

</body>
</html>
NOTE: This example returns objects for forms and elements and we would have
to access their values by using those object properties which are not discussed
in this tutorial.

Output

This is main title

Click the following to see the result:
Click Me

Cancel

Dont Click Me

The IE 4 DOM
This document object model was introduced in Version 4 of Microsoft's Internet
Explorer browser. IE 5 and later versions include support for most basic W3C
DOM features.

Document Properties in IE 4 DOM

The following non-standard (and non-portable) properties are defined by
Internet Explorer 4 and later versions.
S.No

Property and Description

activeElement

A read-only property that refers to the input element that is currently

active (i.e., has the input focus).
Ex: document.activeElement

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Javascript

all[ ]

An array of all Element objects within the document. This array may
be indexed numerically to access elements in source order, or it may
be indexed by element id or name.
Ex: document.all[ ]
Charset

The character set of the document.

Ex: document.charset
children[ ]

An array that contains the HTML elements that are the direct children
of the document. Note that this is different from the all [ ] array that
contains all the elements in the document, regardless of their
position in the containment hierarchy.
Ex: document.children[ ]
defaultCharset

The default character set of the document.

Ex: document.defaultCharset
expand

This property, if set to false, prevents client-side objects from being

expanded.
Ex: document.expando
parentWindow

The window that contains the document.

Ex: document.parentWindow

readyState
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Javascript

Specifies the loading status of a document. It has one of the

following four string values:
Ex: document.readyState
Uninitialized
9

The document has not started loading.

Example: document.uninitialized
Loading

10

The document is loading.

Ex: document.loading
interactive

11

The document has loaded sufficiently for the user to interact with it.
Ex: document.interactive
complete

12

The document is completely loaded.

Ex: document.complete

Document Methods in IE4 DOM

This model supports all the methods available in Legacy DOM. Additionally, here
is a list of methods supported by IE4 DOM.
S.No

Property and Description

elementFromPoint(x,y)

Returns the Element located at a specified point.

Ex: document.elementFromPoint(x,y)

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Javascript

Example
The IE 4 DOM does not support the getElementById() method. Instead, it
allows you to look up arbitrary document elements by id attribute within the
all [] array of the document object.
Here's how to find all <li> tags within the first <ul> tag. Note that you must
specify the desired HTML tag name in uppercase with the all.tags() method.
var lists = document.all.tags("UL");
var items = lists[0].all.tags("LI");
Here is another example to access document properties using IE4 DOM method.
<html>
<head>
<title> Document Title </title>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function myFunc()
{
var ret = document.all["heading"];
alert("Document Heading : " + ret.innerHTML );

var ret = document.all.tags("P");;

alert("First Paragraph : " + ret[0].innerHTML);
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="heading">This is main title</h1>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form id="form1" name="FirstForm">

<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
<input type="button" value="Cancel">
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Javascript

</form>

<form d="form2" name="SecondForm">

<input type="button" value="Don't ClickMe"/>
</form>

</body>
</html>
NOTE: This example returns objects for forms and elements and we would have
to access their values by using those object properties which are not discussed
in this tutorial.

Output

This is main title

Click the following to see the result:
Click Me

Cancel

Dont Click Me

DOM Compatibility
If you want to write a script with the flexibility to use either W3C DOM or IE 4
DOM depending on their availability, then you can use a capability-testing
approach that first checks for the existence of a method or property to
determine whether the browser has the capability you desire. For example:
if (document.getElementById) {
// If the W3C method exists, use it
}
else if (document.all) {
// If the all[] array exists, use it
}
else {
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Javascript

// Otherwise use the legacy DOM

}

341

Javascript

Part 3: JavaScript Advanced

342

29.

Javascript

ERRORS AND EXCEPTIONS

There are three types of errors in programming: (a) Syntax Errors, (b) Runtime
Errors, and (c) Logical Errors.

Syntax Errors
Syntax errors, also called parsing errors, occur at compile time in traditional
programming languages and at interpret time in JavaScript.
For example, the following line causes a syntax error because it is missing a
closing parenthesis.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-window.print(;
//-->
</script>
When a syntax error occurs in JavaScript, only the code contained within the
same thread as the syntax error is affected and the rest of the code in other
threads gets executed assuming nothing in them depends on the code
containing the error.

Runtime Errors
Runtime errors, also called
compilation/interpretation).

exceptions,

occur

during

execution

(after

For example, the following line causes a runtime error because here the syntax
is correct, but at runtime, it is trying to call a method that does not exist.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-window.printme();
//-->
</script>
Exceptions also affect the thread in which they occur, allowing other JavaScript
threads to continue normal execution.
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Javascript

Logical Errors
Logic errors can be the most difficult type of errors to track down. These errors
are not the result of a syntax or runtime error. Instead, they occur when you
make a mistake in the logic that drives your script and you do not get the result
you expected.
You cannot catch those errors, because it depends on your business requirement
what type of logic you want to put in your program.

The try...catch...finally Statement

The latest versions of JavaScript added exception handling capabilities.
JavaScript implements the try...catch...finally construct as well as
the throw operator to handle exceptions.
You can catch programmer-generated and runtime exceptions, but you cannot
catch JavaScript syntax errors.
Here is the try...catch...finally block syntax:
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-try {
// Code to run
[break;]
} catch ( e ) {
// Code to run if an exception occurs
[break;]
}[ finally {
// Code that is always executed regardless of
// an exception occurring
}]
//-->
</script>
The try block must be followed by either exactly one catch block or one finally
block (or one of both). When an exception occurs in the try block, the exception
is placed in e and the catch block is executed. The optional finally block
executes unconditionally after try/catch.

344

Javascript

Example
Here is an example where we are trying to call a non-existing function which in
turn is raising an exception. Let us see how it behaves without try...catch.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function myFunc()
{
var a = 100;

document.write ("Value of variable a is : " + a );

}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
<p>Error will happen and depending on your browser it will give
different result.</p>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me
Error will happen and depending on your browser it will give different
result.

345

Javascript

Now let us try to catch this exception using try...catch and display a userfriendly message. You can also suppress this message, if you want to hide this
error from a user.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function myFunc()
{
var a = 100;

try {
document.write ("Value of variable a is : " + a );
} catch ( e ) {
document.write ("Error: " + e.description );
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me

346

Javascript

You can use a finally block which will always execute unconditionally after the
try/catch. Here is an example.

Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function myFunc()
{
var a = 100;

try {
document.write ("Value of variable a is : " + a );
}catch ( e ) {
document.write ("Error: " + e.description );
}finally {
document.write ("Finally block will always execute!" );
}
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
<p>Try running after fixing the problem with method name.</p>
</body>
</html>

347

Javascript

Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me
Try running after fixing the problem with method name.

The throw Statement

You can use a throw statement to raise your built-in exceptions or your
customized exceptions. Later these exceptions can be captured and you can take
an appropriate action.

Example
The following example demonstrates how to use a throw statement.
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function myFunc()
{
var a = 100;
var b = 0;

try{
if ( b == 0 ){
throw( "Divide by zero error." );
}else{
var c = a / b;
}
}catch ( e ) {
document.write ("Error: " + e );
}
}
//-->
</script>
348

Javascript

</head>
<body>
<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me
You can raise an exception in one function using a string, integer, Boolean, or an
object and then you can capture that exception either in the same function as
we did above, or in another function using a try...catch block.

The onerror( ) Method

The onerror event handler was the first feature to facilitate error handling in
JavaScript. The error event is fired on the window object whenever an exception
occurs on the page.

Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-window.onerror = function () {
document.write ("An error occurred.");
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
349

Javascript

<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me
The onerror event handler provides three pieces of information to identify the
exact nature of the error:

Error message: The same message that the browser would display for
the given error

URL: The file in which the error occurred

Line number: The line number in the given URL that caused the error

Here is the example to show how to extract this information.

Example
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-window.onerror = function (msg, url, line) {
document.write ("Message : " + msg );
document.write ("url : " + url );
document.write ("Line number : " + line );
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
350

Javascript

<p>Click the following to see the result:</p>

<form>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="myFunc();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Output
Click the following to see the result:
Click Me

You can display extracted information in whatever way you think it is better.
You can use an onerror method, as shown below, to display an error message
in case there is any problem in loading an image.
<img src="myimage.gif"
onerror = "alert('An error occurred loading the image.')" />
You can use onerror with many HTML tags to display appropriate messages in
case of errors.

351

30.

FORM VALIDATION

Javascript

Form validation normally used to occur at the server, after the client had
entered all the necessary data and then pressed the Submit button. If the data
entered by a client was incorrect or was simply missing, the server would have
to send all the data back to the client and request that the form be resubmitted
with correct information. This was really a lengthy process which used to put a
lot of burden on the server.
JavaScript provides a way to validate form's data on the client's computer before
sending it to the web server. Form validation generally performs two functions.

Basic Validation - First of all, the form must be checked to make sure all
the mandatory fields are filled in. It would require just a loop through
each field in the form and check for data.

Data Format Validation - Secondly, the data that is entered must be

checked for correct form and value. Your code must include appropriate
logic to test correctness of data.

Example
We will take an example to understand the process of validation. Here is a
simple form in html format.
<html>
<head>
<title>Form Validation</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-// Form validation code will come here.
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/test.cgi" name="myForm"
onsubmit="return(validate());">
<table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="1">
<tr>
<td align="right">Name</td>
352

Javascript

<td><input type="text" name="Name" /></td>

</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">EMail</td>
<td><input type="text" name="EMail" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">Zip Code</td>
<td><input type="text" name="Zip" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">Country</td>
<td>
<select name="Country">
<option value="-1" selected>[choose yours]</option>
<option value="1">USA</option>
<option value="2">UK</option>
<option value="3">INDIA</option>
</select>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="right"></td>
<td><input type="submit" value="Submit" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output
353

Javascript

Basic Form Validation

First let us see how to do a basic form validation. In the above form, we are
calling validate() to validate data when onsubmit event is occurring. The
following code shows the implementation of this validate() function.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-// Form validation code will come here.
function validate()
{

if( document.myForm.Name.value == "" )

{
alert( "Please provide your name!" );
document.myForm.Name.focus() ;
return false;
}
if( document.myForm.EMail.value == "" )
{
alert( "Please provide your Email!" );
document.myForm.EMail.focus() ;
return false;
354

Javascript

}
if( document.myForm.Zip.value == "" ||
isNaN( document.myForm.Zip.value ) ||
document.myForm.Zip.value.length != 5 )
{
alert( "Please provide a zip in the format #####." );
document.myForm.Zip.focus() ;
return false;
}
if( document.myForm.Country.value == "-1" )
{
alert( "Please provide your country!" );
return false;
}
return( true );
}
//-->
</script>

Data Format Validation

Now we will see how we can validate our entered form data before submitting it
to the web server.
The following example shows how to validate an entered email address. An
email address must contain at least a @ sign and a dot (.). Also, the @ must
not be the first character of the email address, and the last dot must at least be
one character after the @ sign.

Example
Try the following code for email validation.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function validateEmail()
{

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Javascript

var emailID = document.myForm.EMail.value;

atpos = emailID.indexOf("@");
dotpos = emailID.lastIndexOf(".");
if (atpos < 1 || ( dotpos - atpos < 2 ))
{
alert("Please enter correct email ID")
document.myForm.EMail.focus() ;
return false;
}
return( true );
}
//-->
</script>

356

31.

Javascript

ANIMATION

You can use JavaScript to create a complex animation having, but not limited to,
the following elements:

Fireworks

Fade Effect

Roll-in or Roll-out

Page-in or Page-out

Object movements

You might be
interested
library: Script.Aculo.us.

in

existing

JavaScript

based

animation

This tutorial provides a basic understanding of how to use JavaScript to create

an animation.
JavaScript can be used to move a number of DOM elements (<img />, <div>, or
any other HTML element) around the page according to some sort of pattern
determined by a logical equation or function.
JavaScript provides the following two functions to be frequently used in
animation programs.

setTimeout (function, duration) - This function calls function after

duration milliseconds from now.

setInterval (function, duration) - This function calls function after

every duration milliseconds.

clearTimeout (setTimeout_variable) - This function clears any timer

set by the setTimeout() function.

JavaScript can also set a number of attributes of a DOM object including its
position on the screen. You can set top and left attribute of an object to position
it anywhere on the screen. Here is its syntax.
// Set distance from left edge of the screen.
object.style.left = distance in pixels or points;
or
// Set distance from top edge of the screen.
object.style.top = distance in pixels or points;
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Javascript

Manual Animation
So let's implement one simple animation using DOM object properties and
JavaScript functions as follows. The following list contains different DOM
methods.

We are using the JavaScript function getElementById() to get a DOM

object and then assigning it to a global variable imgObj.

We have defined an initialization function init() to initialize imgObj where

we have set its position and left attributes.

We are calling initialization function at the time of window load.

Finally, we are calling moveRight() function to increase the left distance

by 10 pixels. You could also set it to a negative value to move it to the left
side.

Example
Try the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Animation</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var imgObj = null;
function init(){
imgObj = document.getElementById('myImage');
imgObj.style.position= 'relative';
imgObj.style.left = '0px';
}
function moveRight(){
imgObj.style.left = parseInt(imgObj.style.left) + 10 + 'px';
}
window.onload =init;
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
358

Javascript

<form>
<img id="myImage" src="/images/html.gif" />
<p>Click button below to move the image to right</p>
<input type="button" value="Click Me" onclick="moveRight();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output
It is not possible to show animation in this tutorial. But you can

Try it here.

Automated Animation
In the above example, we saw how an image moves to right with every click. We
can automate this process by using the JavaScript function setTimeout() as
follows.
Here we have added more methods. So let's see what is new here:

The moveRight() function is calling setTimeout() function to set the

position of imgObj.

We have added a new function stop() to clear the timer

by setTimeout() function and to set the object at its initial position.

set

Example
Try the following example code.
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Animation</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var imgObj = null;
var animate ;
function init(){
imgObj = document.getElementById('myImage');
imgObj.style.position= 'relative';
imgObj.style.left = '0px';
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Javascript

}
function moveRight(){
imgObj.style.left = parseInt(imgObj.style.left) + 10 + 'px';
animate = setTimeout(moveRight,20); // call moveRight in 20msec
}
function stop(){
clearTimeout(animate);
imgObj.style.left = '0px';
}
window.onload =init;
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<img id="myImage" src="/images/html.gif" />
<p>Click the buttons below to handle animation</p>
<input type="button" value="Start" onclick="moveRight();" />
<input type="button" value="Stop" onclick="stop();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
It is not possible to show animation in this tutorial. But you can

Try it here.

Rollover with a Mouse Event

Here is a simple example showing image rollover with a mouse event.
Let's see what we are using in the following example:

At the time of loading this page, the if statement checks for the
existence of the image object. If the image object is unavailable, this
block will not be executed.

The Image() constructor creates and preloads a new image object called
image1.

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Javascript

The src property is assigned the name of the external image file called
/images/html.gif.

Similarly, we have created image2 object and assigned /images/http.gif

in this object.

The # (hash mark) disables the link so that the browser does not try to go
to a URL when clicked. This link is an image.

The onMouseOver event handler is triggered when the user's mouse

moves onto the link, and the onMouseOut event handler is triggered
when the user's mouse moves away from the link (image).

When the mouse moves over the image, the HTTP image changes from
the first image to the second one. When the mouse is moved away from
the image, the original image is displayed.

When the mouse is moved away from the link, the initial image html.gif
will reappear on the screen.

<html>
<head>
<title>Rollover with a Mouse Events</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-if(document.images){
var image1 = new Image();

// Preload an image

image1.src = "/images/html.gif";
var image2 = new Image();

// Preload second image

image2.src = "/images/http.gif";
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Move your mouse over the image to see the result</p>
<a href="#" onMouseOver="document.myImage.src=image2.src;"
onMouseOut="document.myImage.src=image1.src;">
<img name="myImage" src="/images/html.gif" />
</a>
</body>
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Javascript

</html>
It is not possible to show animation in this tutorial. But you can

Try it here.

362

32.

MULTIMEDIA

Javascript

The JavaScript navigator object includes a child object called plugins. This
object is an array, with one entry for each plug-in installed on the browser. The
navigator.plugins object is supported only by Netscape, Firefox, and Mozilla only.

Example
Here is an example that shows how to list down all the plug-on installed in your
browser:
<html>
<head>
<title>List of Plug-Ins</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Plug-in Name</th><th>Filename</th><th>Description</th></tr>
<script LANGUAGE="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
for (i=0; i<navigator.plugins.length; i++) {
document.write("<tr><td>");
document.write(navigator.plugins[i].name);
document.write("</td><td>");
document.write(navigator.plugins[i].filename);
document.write("</td><td>");
document.write(navigator.plugins[i].description);
document.write("</td></tr>");
}
</script>
</table>
</body>
</html>

363

Javascript

Output

Checking for Plug-Ins

Each plug-in has an entry in the array. Each entry has the following properties:

name - is the name of the plug-in.

filename - is the executable file that was loaded to install the plug-in.

description - is a description of the plug-in, supplied by the developer.

mimeTypes - is an array with one entry for each MIME type supported by
the plug-in.

You can use these properties in a script to find out the installed plug-ins, and
then using JavaScript, you can play appropriate multimedia file. Take a look at
the following example.
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Plug-Ins</title>
</head>
<body>
<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
media = navigator.mimeTypes["video/quicktime"];
if (media){
document.write("<embed src='quick.mov' height=100 width=100>");
}
else{
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Javascript

document.write("<img src='quick.gif' height=100 width=100>");

}
</script>
</body>
</html>
NOTE: Here we are using HTML <embed> tag to embed a multimedia file.

Controlling Multimedia
Let us take a real example which works in almost all the browsers.
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Embeded Object</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function play()
{
if (!document.demo.IsPlaying()){
document.demo.Play();
}
}
function stop()
{
if (document.demo.IsPlaying()){
document.demo.StopPlay();
}
}
function rewind()
if (document.demo.IsPlaying()){
document.demo.StopPlay();
}
document.demo.Rewind();
}
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Javascript

//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<embed id="demo" name="demo"
src="http://www.amrood.com/games/kumite.swf"
width="318" height="300" play="false" loop="false"
pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"
swliveconnect="true">
</embed>
<form name="form" id="form" action="#" method="get">
<input type="button" value="Start" onclick="play();" />
<input type="button" value="Stop" onclick="stop();" />
<input type="button" value="Rewind" onclick="rewind();" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
If you are using Mozilla, Firefox or Netscape, then Try it yourself.

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33.

DEBUGGING

Javascript

Every now and then, developers commit mistakes while coding. A mistake in a
program or a script is referred to as a bug.
The process of finding and fixing bugs is called debugging and is a normal part
of the development process. This section covers tools and techniques that can
help you with debugging tasks.

Error Messages in IE
The most basic way to track down errors is by turning on error information in
your browser. By default, Internet Explorer shows an error icon in the status bar
when an error occurs on the page.

Double-clicking this icon takes you to a dialog box showing information about
the specific error that occurred.
Since this icon is easy to overlook, Internet Explorer gives you the option to
automatically show the Error dialog box whenever an error occurs.
To enable this option, select Tools --> Internet Options --> Advanced
tab and then finally check the Display a Notification about Every Script
Error box option as shown below.

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Javascript

Error Messages in Firefox or Mozilla

Other browsers like Firefox, Netscape, and Mozilla send error messages to a
special window called the JavaScript Console or Error Console. To view the
console, select Tools --> Error Console or Web Development.
Unfortunately, since these browsers give no visual indication when an error
occurs, you must keep the Console open and watch for errors as your script
executes.

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Javascript

Error Notifications
Error notifications that show up on Console or through Internet Explorer dialog
boxes are the result of both syntax and runtime errors. These error notification
include the line number at which the error occurred.
If you are using Firefox, then you can click on the error available in the error
console to go to the exact line in the script having error.

How to Debug a Script

There are various ways to debug your JavaScript:

Use a JavaScript Validator

One way to check your JavaScript code for strange bugs is to run it through a
program that checks it to make sure it is valid and that it follows the official
syntax rules of the language. These programs are called validating parsers or
just validators for short, and often come with commercial HTML and JavaScript
editors.
The most convenient validator for JavaScript is Douglas Crockford's JavaScript
Lint, which is available for free at Douglas Crockford's JavaScript Lint.
Simply visit that web page, paste your JavaScript (Only JavaScript) code into the
text area provided, and click the jslint button. This program will parse through
your JavaScript code, ensuring that all the variable and function definitions
follow the correct syntax. It will also check JavaScript statements, such as if and
while, to ensure they too follow the correct format

Add Debugging Code to Your Programs

You can use the alert() or document.write() methods in your program to
debug your code. For example, you might write something as follows:
ar debugging = true;
var whichImage = "widget";
if( debugging )
alert( "Calls swapImage() with argument: " + whichImage );
var swapStatus = swapImage( whichImage );
if( debugging )
alert( "Exits swapImage() with swapStatus=" + swapStatus );
By examining the content and order of the alert() as they appear, you can
examine the health of your program very easily.
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Javascript

Use a JavaScript Debugger

A debugger is an application that places all aspects of script execution under the
control of the programmer. Debuggers provide fine-grained control over the
state of the script through an interface that allows you to examine and set
values as well as control the flow of execution.
Once a script has been loaded into a debugger, it can be run one line at a time
or instructed to halt at certain breakpoints. Once execution is halted, the
programmer can examine the state of the script and its variables in order to
determine if something is amiss. You can also watch variables for changes in
their values.
The latest version of the Mozilla JavaScript Debugger (code-named Venkman)
for both Mozilla and Netscape browsers can be downloaded at
http://www.hacksrus.com/~ginda/venkman.

Useful Tips for Developers

You can keep the following tips in mind to reduce the number of errors in your
scripts and simplify the debugging process:

Use plenty of comments. Comments enable you to explain why you

wrote the script the way you did and to explain particularly difficult
sections of code.

Always use indentation to make your code easy to read. Indenting

statements also makes it easier for you to match up beginning and ending
tags, curly braces, and other HTML and script elements.

Write modular code. Whenever possible, group your statements into

functions. Functions let you group related statements, and test and reuse
portions of code with minimal effort.

Be consistent in the way you name your variables and functions. Try using
names that are long enough to be meaningful and that describe the
contents of the variable or the purpose of the function.

Use consistent syntax when naming variables and functions. In other

words, keep them all lowercase or all uppercase; if you prefer Camel-Back
notation, use it consistently.

Test long scripts in a modular fashion. In other words, do not try to

write the entire script before testing any portion of it. Write a piece and
get it to work before adding the next portion of code.

Use descriptive variable and function names and avoid using singlecharacter names.

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Javascript

Watch your quotation marks. Remember that quotation marks are

used in pairs around strings and that both quotation marks must be of the
same style (either single or double).

Watch your equal signs. You should not used a single = for comparison
purpose.

Declare variables explicitly using the var keyword.

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34.

IMAGE MAP

Javascript

You can use JavaScript to create client-side image map. Client-side image maps
are enabled by the usemap attribute for the <img /> tag and defined by special
<map> and <area> extension tags.
The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the
<img /> element as normal, except that it carries an extra attribute called
usemap. The value of the usemap attribute is the value of the name attribute
on the <map> element, which you are about to meet, preceded by a pound or
hash sign.
The <map> element actually creates the map for the image and usually follows
directly after the <img /> element. It acts as a container for the <area />
elements that actually define the clickable hotspots. The <map> element carries
only one attribute, the name attribute, which is the name that identifies the
map. This is how the <img /> element knows which <map> element to use.
The <area> element specifies the shape and the coordinates that define the
boundaries of each clickable hotspot.
The following code combines imagemaps and JavaScript to produce a message
in a text box when the mouse is moved over different parts of an image.
<html>
<head>
<title>Using JavaScript Image Map</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-function showTutorial(name){
document.myform.stage.value = name
}
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form name="myform">
<input type="text" name="stage" size="20" />
</form>
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Javascript

<!-- Create

Mappings -->

<img src="/images/usemap.gif" alt="HTML Map"

border="0" usemap="#tutorials"/>

<map name="tutorials">
<area shape="poly"
coords="74,0,113,29,98,72,52,72,38,27"
href="/perl/index.htm" alt="Perl Tutorial"
target="_self"
onMouseOver="showTutorial('perl')"
onMouseOut="showTutorial('')"/>

<area shape="rect"
coords="22,83,126,125"
href="/html/index.htm" alt="HTML Tutorial"
target="_self"
onMouseOver="showTutorial('html')"
onMouseOut="showTutorial('')"/>

<area shape="circle"
coords="73,168,32"
href="/php/index.htm" alt="PHP Tutorial"
target="_self"
onMouseOver="showTutorial('php')"
onMouseOut="showTutorial('')"/>
</map>
</body>
</html>

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Javascript

Output
You can feel the map concept by placing the mouse cursor on the image object.

PERL

HTML

PHP

374

35.

BROWSERS

Javascript

It is important to understand the differences between different browsers in order

to handle each in the way it is expected. So it is important to know which
browser your web page is running in.
To get information about the browser your webpage is currently running in, use
the built-in navigator object.

Navigator Properties
There are several Navigator related properties that you can use in your Web
page. The following is a list of the names and descriptions of each.
S.No

Property and Description

appCodeName

This property is a string that contains the code name of the

browser, Netscape for Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer for
Internet Explorer.
appVersion

This property is a string that contains the version of the browser as

well as other useful information such as its language and
compatibility.
language

This property contains the two-letter abbreviation for the language

that is used by the browser. Netscape only.
mimTypes[]

This property is an array that contains all MIME types supported by

the client. Netscape only.
platform[]

This property is a string that contains the platform for which the
browser was compiled."Win32" for 32-bit Windows operating
systems

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plugins[]
6

This property is an array containing all the plug-ins that have been
installed on the client. Netscape only.
userAgent[]

This property is a string that contains the code name and version of
the browser. This value is sent to the originating server to identify
the client.

Navigator Methods
There are several Navigator-specific methods. Here is a list of their names and
descriptions.
S.No

Method and Description

javaEnabled()

This method determines if JavaScript is enabled in the client. If

JavaScript is enabled, this method returns true; otherwise, it
returns false.
plugings.refresh

This method makes newly installed plug-ins available and

populates the plugins array with all new plug-in names. Netscape
only.
preference(name,value)

This method allows a signed script to get and set some Netscape
preferences. If the second parameter is omitted, this method will
return the value of the specified preference; otherwise, it sets the
value. Netscape only.
taintEnabled()

This method returns true if data tainting is enabled; false

otherwise.

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Javascript

Browser Detection
There is a simple JavaScript which can be used to find out the name of a
browser and then accordingly an HTML page can be served to the user.
<html>
<head>
<title>Browser Detection Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!-var userAgent

= navigator.userAgent;

var opera

= (userAgent.indexOf('Opera') != -1);

var ie

= (userAgent.indexOf('MSIE') != -1);

var gecko

= (userAgent.indexOf('Gecko') != -1);

var netscape

= (userAgent.indexOf('Mozilla') != -1);

var version

= navigator.appVersion;

if (opera){
document.write("Opera based browser");
// Keep your opera specific URL here.
}else if (gecko){
document.write("Mozilla based browser");
// Keep your gecko specific URL here.
}else if (ie){
document.write("IE based browser");
// Keep your IE specific URL here.
}else if (netscape){
document.write("Netscape based browser");
// Keep your Netscape specific URL here.
}else{
document.write("Unknown browser");
}
// You can include version to along with any above condition.
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Javascript

document.write("<br /> Browser version info : " + version );

//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>

Output
Mozilla based browser
Browser version info : 5.0
(Windows NT 6.3; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko)
Chrome/41.0.2272.101 Safari/537.36

378