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N THI TT NGHIP
MN TON RI RC
Mc ch
1) Nhc li nhng cng thc c bn trong mt s chng quan
trng nh chng 2,4, 6 v 7 trong tp 1 Ton ri rc ( Nguyn
ch, nxb Khoa hc v k thut H ni 2010 )
2) Hng dn gii mt lp bi tp quan trng nhm cung cp cc
phng php gii cc bi tp c th c trong cc thi tt
nghip.
Ti liu tham kho: Ton ri rc, tp 1(l thuyt) v tp 2 ( bi
tp v li gii) nxb Khoa hc v k thut, H ni 2010.
Phn 1. Chng 2.Bi ton m
Cc cng thc c bn trong l thuyt t hp:
Chnh hp khng A kn n(n 1)(n 2)...(n k 1)
lp
- Chnh hp lp
Lkn n k
- Hon v khng lp
Pn
= n!
- Hon v lp
n!
Pn (n1 , n 2 , ...., n k )
T hp khng
n!n1 !n 2 !...n k !
Ckn
lp
k!(n k)!
k
- T hp lp
R n Ckn k 1
Nh
thc (1 x) n C0n C1n x C n2 x 2 ... C nn x n
Newton
Cho x=1 s c:
2n C0n C1n C 2n ... C nn
Cho x=-1 s c:
0
Cn + Cn2 + = Cn1 + Cn3 + = 2n-1
Cc nguyn l m.
1) Nguyn l cng: B B1 B2 ... Bm
Bi B j , i j
Nu v
m

th
B B1 B
2 ... B m

Bi
2) Nguyn l nhn : BB B
Bx...x
... BBmm
BB1 x1 .B
i 12 2
Nu th

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3) Nguyn l loi tr: Nu BBA
\ BB
A B
th v ta c
4) Nguyn l b tr: B B1 B2 ... Bm
Nu th
m
5)
B Bi Bi B j Bi B j Bk ... ( 1) m1 B1 B2 ... Bm
i 1

i j

i j k

Nguyn l quy v n gin.

6) Nguyn l truy hi.
Phn 2. Chng 4. Bi ton tn ti.
nh l Dirichlet
a) Dng gin n: Nht n+1 con chim vo n chic lng (n nguyn,
dng)
th c t nht 1 lng cha t nht 2 con chim.
b) Dng tng qut: Nht n con chim vo k chic lng th c t
nht 1 lng
cha t nht con chim (n nn

v k nguyn dng). Trong kk

l s nguyn nh nht trong
cc s nguyn
Th d + Nu n = 21 v k = n
k
3 th = 7 =
+ Nu n = 22 v k = n
3 th = 8 > , l s lm k
trn ln.
Phn 3.Chng 6. th hu hn v ng dng.
Mt s khi nim quan trng
1) th v hng.
a) thi v hng G( X, V) (c n nh, m cnh) : mi cp nh
u c
canh ni.Khi c cc cng thc sau:
m=
n!
n(n 1)
C2n

+ S th con
2!(n 2)!
2
(bt 1 s nh):

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s C1n C 2n ... C nn 1 2n 2
+ S th b phn( bt 1 s cnh):
r C1m C m2 ... Cmm 2m 1

b) Cy v cy bao
trm( cy khung)
Cy l th v hng lin thng v khng cha chu trnh, khi
m=n-1. Cy cha mo nh ca th l cy bao trm.
- nh l Kelly: S cy bao Tn n n 2
trm cha trong mt th
v hng c n nh l:
c) th Euler l th cha chu trnh Euler, l chu trnh i
qua tt cc cnh mi cnh 1 ln.
- nh l Euler: iu kin cn v mt th v hng, lin
thng l th Euler l bc ca tt c cc nh u l cc s
chn.
- Ch : th n nh th bc ca mi nh u bng n-1,
nu th ny l th Euler th n-1 phi l s chn, nghi l
n phi l s l. S dng kin thc ny gii bi tp s 17 v 18.
2) th c hng.
a) Bi ton tm ng i ngn nht v thut ton Dijkstra.
+ Pht biu bi ton. Cho th c hng, lin thng. C 1
nh S m
F-1S = v 1 nh Z m FZ = ngha l khng c cung
i n S v
khng c cung i t Z u U
(S l nh xut pht, Z l chphi n)
ta gn cho n mt s l(u) > 0 gi l di ca cung u. T l
1 ng i
t S n Z, di ca
l(u)
T l l(T) = . K hiu l tp
uT
mi ng
i t S n Z. Vn t ra l tm ng i T* sao cho:
l ng i ngn nht.
l(T*) l(T) . T* T
+ Thut ton Dijkstra.

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Bc 1. L1 = {S} gn cho (S) S mt s 0
2
L
Bc 2. L2 = {xX: F-1x = x(x)
S}, ta gn cho n s: l(S,x)
..
Bc k. Lk = {xX: L1 L 2 ... L k 1
-1
F x }
(y)
k
ta gn cho n s: x(x)
L
min{+ l(y,x)}
y F-1x
Thut ton kt thc (Z) khi tm c , chnh l
di ca T*.
2) Bi ton tm lung vn ti cc i v thut ton FordFulkerson.
+ Pht biu bi ton. Cho th c hng, lin thng. C 1
nh S m
U
F-1S = v 1 nh Z m u
FZ = ta gn cho n mt s t(u) > 0
gi l ti nng ca cung u, l lng hng ti a c php
chuyn qua
cung u trong 1 n v thi gian.Tm lng hng ln nht c
th chuyn
t S n Z trong mt n v thi gian, ta gi l lung
vn ti cc i.
Hm xc nh trn U (u) tho mn cc iu kin sau
y c gi l
U
lung: + 0
(lng u(u)
hng qua cung u l 1 s khng
m).
U
+ t(u) (lng u(u)
hng qua u khng vt qu t(u).
x
X (u)
+ \{S,Z}
(u)

Trong v tng uU x
U x uUx
ng vi tp cc cung n
x v tp cc cung
i khi x, ngha l ti cc nh trung gian tng lng hng
n bng
tng lng hng i. T suy ra:

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= f () (u) (u)
uU Z
gi l cng ca lung uUS
.
K hiu l tp mi lung c th c. Bi ton t ra l
tm lung *

sao cho f(* ) f( )

+ Thut ton Ford- Fulkerson.
Bc 1. Tm ng T1 t S n Z , lm cho T1 y,khi
f(T1) = min t(u) = t(u*) ,u* l cung bo ho, sau
tm
u T1
th b phn G1(X, U1) trong U1= {U\U1*}, U1* l tp cc
cung bo
ho ca T1, ti nng ca cc cung thuc U1 c xc nh
nh sau:
t1(u) = t(u) f(T1) nu u T1
t(u) nu u T1
Bc 2. Lp li bc 1 vi th G1(X, U1).
Thut ton kt thc khi S v Z mt lin thng.

Phn 4. Chng 7. Mt s vn v logic ton.

1. Cc php ton i vi bin logic:
Cho cc bin logic : x,y ly gi tr 0 hoc 1, C cc php ton sau:
Php ph nh: Ph nh ca x x k hiu l ly gi tr tri vi x:
x

0
1

1
0

Cc php ton khc ly gi tr nh sau:

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x

y
y

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
Trong :

x
y

0
1
1
1

x
y

0
0
0
1

0
1
1
0

xy

x|y

1
1
0
1

y
1
1
1
0

x
1
0
0
0

x y l x tuyn y
( x hoc y)

x y l x hi y
( x v y )
x y l x tuyn loi y ( x khc y)
x y l x ko theo y ( nu x th y)

x | yx
hm Sheffer ca x v
xy y = =

xy = x
hm Vebb ca x v y

xy y =
1) Dng chun tc
ca hm i s logic F(x,y,z)
a) Tuyn chun tc l tuyn ca cc hi s cp khc
nhau. Hi s cp l hi m trong mi bin logic
hoc ph nh ca n ch xut hin ti a 1 ln,
iu bo m cho s php ton ca hi s cp l
t nht. Khi tm hi s cp th cn c vo gi tr 1
ca hm F(x,y,z).
b) Hi chun tc l hi ca cc tuyn s cp khc
nhau.Khi tm tuyn s cp th cn c vo gi tr 0
ca hm F(x,y,z).Ni dung
C th s trnh by khi gii cc bi tp trong phn 4.
Ngi thc hin

PGS.TS . Nguyn ch

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Phn 1. Cc bi tp chng 2 : Bi ton m.

Bi 1. Cho A l mt tp gm cc ch s : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Hi
c th lp c
bao nhiu con s hng trm trong cc trng hp sau y:
1. Cc ch s to thnh mt dy tng? to thnh mt dy
gim?
2. Cc ch s khng lp, cc ch s c th lp ?
Bi 2. C bao nhiu cch chia mt b bi c 52 qun cho 4 ngi:
1. Mi ngi u c s qun bng nhau.
2. Mt ngi 10 qun, mt ngi 12 qun, mt ngi 14
qun v mt ngi 16 qun.
Bi 3.
1. C bao nhiu cch chia 7 quyn v cho 5 em b sao
cho em no cng
c nhn v?
2. C bao nhiu cch gi 5 sinh vin tr li 7 cu
hi khc nhau sao
cho sinh vin no cng c gi tr li cu hi?
Bi 4. Phng trnh x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 8 c bao nhiu nghim
nu:
1. xi 0 ( i = 1,4 ) v nguyn.
2. xi nguyn ( i = 1, 4 ); x1 1, x2 1, x3 1, x4 2
Bi 5. C bao nhiu cch xp ch cho 4 gia nh, mi gia nh
c 3 ngi quanh
mt bn tic trn c 12 gh c ghi s trong cc iu kin
sau y :
1. Nhng ngi trong mi gia nh ngi gn nhau.
2. Gii bi ton trn trong trng hp 12 gh xp thnh
mt dy ngang.

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Bi 6. Nhm A c 7 sinh vin, nhm B c 6 sinh vin, nhm C c 5
sinh vin.
Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ra 4 sinh vin m :
1. Thuc 2 nhm A v B, B v C, C v A?
2. Thuc c 3 nhm A,B v C?
Bi 7. C 10 sinh vin nam v 10 sinh vin n.
1. C bao nhiu cch xp thnh 2 hng dc mi hng
10 sinh vin
sao cho trn mi hng ngang u c 1 nam v 1 n?
2. C bao nhiu cch xp thnh 4 hng dc mi hng 5
sinh vin sao cho trn mi hng ngang u c 2 nam
v 2 n?
Bi 8. C 5 b qun o TDTT vi 5 mu khc nhau. Hun luyn
vin pht cho 5
cu th mi ngi 1 qun v 1 o. C bao nhiu cch phn
pht khc nhau
trong cc trng hp sau y:
1. Tt c cc cu th u nhn c qun v o c mu
khc nhau.
2. C 3 cu th nhn c qun v o c mu khc nhau
v 2 cu
th nhn c qun v o cng mu.
Bi 9. Cho 20 ng thng trn cng mt mt phng, hi chng
chia mt
phng thnh bao nhiu phn trong cc trng hp sau
y:
1. C 5 ng thng song song vi nhau.
2. C 5 ng thng ng quy ti 1 im.
Bi 10. C bao nhiu cch xp ch cho 7 nam v 3 n thnh mt
dy ngang trong
cc iu kin sau y:
1. C 3 n ngi gn nhau.
2. C ng 2 n ngi gn nhau.

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3. C 3 n khng ngi gn nhau.
Bi 11. C 4 thi khc nhau c pht cho 10 sinh vin d thi,
mi sinh vin
mt sao cho 2 sinh vin ngi gn nhau th nhn c
2 khc nhau.
Hi c bao nhiu trng hp khc nhau nu :
1. Cc sinh vin ngi thnh mt dy ngang ?
2. Cc sinh vin ngi thnh 2 dy ngang cch bit, mi
dy 5 ngi?
3. Cc sinh vin ngi quanh mt bn trn trn 10 gh c
ghi s?
Bi 12. C 5 cu hi thi khc nhau, mi cu hi thi c in thnh
2 phiu.
Gio vin pht cho 5 sinh vin d thi mi sinh vin 2 phiu.
Hi c bao nhiu trng hp m :
1.Tt c 5 sinh vin u nhn c 2 cu hi khc
nhau ?
2. C ng 3 sinh vin nhn c 2 cu hi khc nhau ?
Bi 13. Cho hnh cu tm O bn knh R. V n ng trn ln ( c
tm O v bn knh
R nh hnh cu ); trong khng c 3 ng trn no cng
i qua mt im. K hiu Tn l s phn mt cu to nn bi
n ng trn .
1. Lp v gii phng trnh truy hi tm cng
thc ca Tn. Tnh T10.
2. Tnh T10 trong trng hp c 3 ng trn cng i qua
mt im.
3. Tnh T10 trong trng hp c 4 ng trn cng i
qua mt im
Bi 14. Cho n ng trn trn cng 1 mt phng trong mi
cp 2 ng trn
u ct nhau ti 2 im v khng c 3 ng trn no
cng i qua mt

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im K hiu Tn l s phn mt phng to nn bi n ng trn .
1. Lp v gii phng trnh truy hi tm cng
thc ca Tn. Tnh T10.
2. Tnh T10 trong trng hp c 3 ng trn cng i
qua mt im.
Bi 15. Mt ngi vt cu thang c n bc bng cch lc th bc mi
bc 1 bc
lc th bc mi bc 2 bc. K hiu Tn l s cch vt n bc
cu thang
nh th.
1. Lp v gii phng trnh truy hi tm cng thc
cho Tn.
2. Bng phng php qui np chng minh cng thc di
y:
T12 + T22 + + Tn2 = Tn . Tn+1 - 1
Bi 16 Mt ngi phi tr 1 mn tin n nghn ng bng cch tr
ln lt tng
t mt trong 2 loi giy bc c mnh gi 1 nghn ng v
2 nghn ng.
K hiu Tn l s cch tr tin nh th.
1. Lp v gii phng trnh truy hi i vi Tn .
2. Bng phng php quy np chng minh rng:
T1.T2 + T2 .T3 + + T2n-1 .T2n = ( T2n )2 2.
Bi 17. Cho G l th v hng, v c 9 nh
1. C bao nhiu th con v bao nhiu th b
phn ?
2. C bao nhiu th con l th Euler?
Bi 18. Cho G l th v hng, v c 7 nh
1. C bao nhiu cy bao trm i qua 2 nh c nh
cho trc ?

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2. C bao nhiu cy bao trm c 1 nh bc 4 v 1
nh bc 3 ?

Phn 2. Cc bi tp chong 4 : Bi ton tn ti.

Bi 1. Cho mt hnh tam gic u c cnh bng 1, ly 5 im
bt k bn trong
tam gic . Chng minh rng c t nht 2 im m
khong cch gia
chng nh hn 1/2.
Bi 2. Cho 5 im c to nguyn trn mt mt phng, trong
khng c 3
im no thng hng.
1. Chng minh rng c th tm c t nht 2 im m
trung im ca
chng cng l im c to nguyn.
2. CMR c t nht 3 tam gic c cc nh l cc im
trn c din tch
mt s nguyn.
Bi 3. Ly mt cch tu 7 im trong mt hnh lc gic u c
cnh bng 1.
Chng minh rng lun tm c 2 im c khong cch <
1.
Bi4. Ly 6 s bt k trong cc s nguyn dng nh hn 121.
Chng minh rng trong cc s lun tm c t nht 2 s
x v y
m xy - < 2
Bi 5. Ly 30 s nguyn dng nh hn 60. Chng minh rng:
1. C t nht 8 cp s m hiu ca chng bng nhau.
2. C t nht 4 cp s m tng ca chng bng nhau.
Bi 6. Cho tp A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
1.C bao nhiu tp con gm 4 phn t ca A?

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2.

CMR c t nht 8 tp con m tng cc ch s

ca chng bng nhau.
.
Bi 7. C 11sinh vin n v 9 sinh vin nam xp ngu nhin thnh
mt hng
ngang . CMR c t nht 2 n sinh vin m gia h c 4 ngi
khc
ng xen vo.
Bi 8. Xp 12 qun c mt cch tu ln mt bn c vua c
8x8=64 vung.
Chng minh rng lun tm c 4
hng v 4 ct cha tt c 12 qun c ni trn.
Bi 9. Cho A = {1,2,3,, 21}. Hi c th chia A thnh cc nhm
ri nhau v
trong mi nhm s ln nht bng tng cc s cn li ca
nhm c
hay khng?
Bi 10. C 16 cu th eo s o t 1 n 16 ng ngu nhin
thnh mt vng
trn. Chng minh rng lun tm c mt nhm gm 4 ngi
ng
gn nhau c tng cc s ghi trn o > 34.
Phn 3. Cc bi ton ti u trn th. ( Chng 6 )
Bi 1. Ap dng thut ton Dijkstra tm ng i ngn nht t S
n
Z trn th cho di y:
1

7
6

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Bi 2.
n

p dng thut ton Dijkstra tm ng i ngn nht t S

Z trn th cho di y:
1

7
6

Bi3. Ap dng thut ton Ford-Fulkerson tm lung vn ti cc

i t
S n Z trn th cho di y

7
6

Bi 4. Ap dng thut ton Ford-Fulkerson tm lung vn ti cc

i t
S n Z trn th cho di y

7
6

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Phn 4 Cc bi tp chng 7: Nhng khi nim c bn v

Logic ton.
F(x,y,z) = (x | y) (y z)
Bi 1 Cho hm i s logic
1. Lp bng gi tr ca hm F(x,y,z).
2. Tm dng tuyn chun tc v bin i n v dng
ch c du tuyn v ph nh.
3. Thit k mch logic thc hin hm F(x,y,z) cho vi
cc cng NOT, AND v OR.

B B . B F(x,y,z) = (x y) (y z)
Bi 2 Cho hm i s logic B
1. Lp bng gi tr ca hm F(x,y,z).
2. Tm dng hi chun tc v bin i n v dng ch
c du hi v ph nh.
3. Thit k mch logic thc hin hm F(x,y,z) ni trn vi
cc cng NOT, AND v OR.
1 2

Bi 3. Cho hm i s logic F(x,y,z) ly gi tr 1 khi v ch khi c

t nht 2 bin ly gi tr 1.
1. Lp bng gi tr ca hm F(x,y,z).
2. Tm dng hi chun tc v bin i n v dng
ch c du hi v ph nh.
3.Thit k mch logic thc hin hm F(x,y,z) vi cc
cng NOT,AND v OR.

F(x,y,z) = (x z) (y z)
Cho hm i s logic
1. Lp bng gi tr ca hm F(x,y,z).
2. Tm dng tuyn chun tc v bin i n v dng
ch c du
tuyn v ph nh.
3. Thit k mch logic thc hin hm F(x,y,z) vi cc
cng
Bi 4.

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NOT,AND v OR.