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Diffcal Differential Calculus: Dr. Susan A. Roces Chemical Engineering Department

This document provides an introduction to differential calculus concepts including: 1) Definitions of relations, functions, domains, ranges, and interval notations. Functions are defined as sets of ordered pairs with unique first elements, while relations allow duplicate first elements. 2) Examples of different types of functions including constant, identity, polynomial, root, unit-step, and rational functions. The domain and range of each example function is identified. 3) Explanations of even and odd functions, where even functions are symmetrical about the y-axis and odd functions are symmetrical about the origin. 4) Reading and problem set assignments covering general function classification, increasing/decreasing functions.

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Colin Velasco
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41 views

Diffcal Differential Calculus: Dr. Susan A. Roces Chemical Engineering Department

This document provides an introduction to differential calculus concepts including: 1) Definitions of relations, functions, domains, ranges, and interval notations. Functions are defined as sets of ordered pairs with unique first elements, while relations allow duplicate first elements. 2) Examples of different types of functions including constant, identity, polynomial, root, unit-step, and rational functions. The domain and range of each example function is identified. 3) Explanations of even and odd functions, where even functions are symmetrical about the y-axis and odd functions are symmetrical about the origin. 4) Reading and problem set assignments covering general function classification, increasing/decreasing functions.

Uploaded by

Colin Velasco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIFFCAL

Differential Calculus

Dr. Susan A. Roces


Chemical Engineering Department

Functions
Relation = is a set of ordered pairs i. e. (x, y)
Function = is a set of ordered pairs such that
no two ordered pairs in the set have the same
first element.
Explicit Function: Implicit Function:
y = f(x)
f(x, y) = 0
y = g(x)
g(x, y) = 0
y = u(x)
u(x, y) = 0
All functions are relation but not all relations
2
are functions

where:
f, g, u = use to denote a function
(x, y) = notation used to designate an
ordered pair
x = independent variable
Domain
the set of variable
all the first elements of the
y = =dependent
ordered pairs
Range = the set of all the second elements of
the ordered pairs
3

Interval Notations:
[ Bracket ] = means that it is a closed-interval
( Parenthesis ) = means that it is open-interval
Union sign = means and/or
( a, + )
[ a, + )
a
a
b

( - , b)
( - , + )

( - , b ]
4

Find the domain and range:


1.

y = 3
3

Domain:
Range:

( - , + )
[ 3]

y = c Constant Function
c

where:
c = any real number
5

2.

y = x

Identity function

Domain:
Range:

( - , + )
( - , + )
6

3.

y = 2x2 + 1

(0, 1)

Polynomial Function
y - 1 = 2x2 Parabola
Vertex (0, 1), opens + y

Domain: ( - , + )
Range: [ 1 , + )
7

4. y =

x 4
2

x2 - 4 0
x 2 and

Root Functions
x -2

Domain: ( - , - 2 ] U [ 2, + )
Range: [ 0 , +

)
-2

2
8

5. Unit-step Function
x 1

f x
5
2x 1

,
,

x3
x3

x 3

(3, 7)
(3, 5)
(3, 2)

Domain:( -

, +
)

Range:

(-

, 2) U [ 5 ] U ( 7, +
)

6. Rational Function

x 3
y
2x 3

2x 3 = 0
x = 3/2

y = 1/2

Domain: ( -
, 3/2) U ( 3/2, +
)

2xy 3y = x + 3
2xy x = 3 + 3y
x(2y 1) = 3(1 + y)
3(1 y )
x
2 y 1
2y - 1 = 0
y = 1/2

Range: ( -

(-3, 0)
(0, -1)

x = 3/2
, 1/2) U ( 1/2, +
)

10

Even Functions
- is a function that specifies f(x) as a sum of
even powers
A function f(x) is said to be even if for every x
in the domain of y: f(-x) = f(x)
- the graph of an even function is symmetrical
with respect to y-axis.
Ex. f(x) = x4 + 2x2 + 3
f(-x) = (-x)4 + 2(-x)2 + 3
= x4 + 2x2 + 3

11

Odd Functions
A function f(x) is said to be odd if for every x in
the domain of y: f(-x) = - f(x)
- the graph of an odd function is symmetrical
with respect to the origin (0, 0).
Ex. f(x) = 5x5 - 3x3 + x
f(-x) = 5(-x)5 - 3(-x)3 + (-x)
= - (5x5 - 3x3 + x)
12

Reading Assignment
1. General Classification of functions
2. Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Assignment: p. 42 Nos. 1-86
p. 57 Nos. 1-2

13

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