Diffcal Differential Calculus: Dr. Susan A. Roces Chemical Engineering Department
Diffcal Differential Calculus: Dr. Susan A. Roces Chemical Engineering Department
Differential Calculus
Functions
Relation = is a set of ordered pairs i. e. (x, y)
Function = is a set of ordered pairs such that
no two ordered pairs in the set have the same
first element.
Explicit Function: Implicit Function:
y = f(x)
f(x, y) = 0
y = g(x)
g(x, y) = 0
y = u(x)
u(x, y) = 0
All functions are relation but not all relations
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are functions
where:
f, g, u = use to denote a function
(x, y) = notation used to designate an
ordered pair
x = independent variable
Domain
the set of variable
all the first elements of the
y = =dependent
ordered pairs
Range = the set of all the second elements of
the ordered pairs
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Interval Notations:
[ Bracket ] = means that it is a closed-interval
( Parenthesis ) = means that it is open-interval
Union sign = means and/or
( a, + )
[ a, + )
a
a
b
( - , b)
( - , + )
( - , b ]
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y = 3
3
Domain:
Range:
( - , + )
[ 3]
y = c Constant Function
c
where:
c = any real number
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2.
y = x
Identity function
Domain:
Range:
( - , + )
( - , + )
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3.
y = 2x2 + 1
(0, 1)
Polynomial Function
y - 1 = 2x2 Parabola
Vertex (0, 1), opens + y
Domain: ( - , + )
Range: [ 1 , + )
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4. y =
x 4
2
x2 - 4 0
x 2 and
Root Functions
x -2
Domain: ( - , - 2 ] U [ 2, + )
Range: [ 0 , +
)
-2
2
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5. Unit-step Function
x 1
f x
5
2x 1
,
,
x3
x3
x 3
(3, 7)
(3, 5)
(3, 2)
Domain:( -
, +
)
Range:
(-
, 2) U [ 5 ] U ( 7, +
)
6. Rational Function
x 3
y
2x 3
2x 3 = 0
x = 3/2
y = 1/2
Domain: ( -
, 3/2) U ( 3/2, +
)
2xy 3y = x + 3
2xy x = 3 + 3y
x(2y 1) = 3(1 + y)
3(1 y )
x
2 y 1
2y - 1 = 0
y = 1/2
Range: ( -
(-3, 0)
(0, -1)
x = 3/2
, 1/2) U ( 1/2, +
)
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Even Functions
- is a function that specifies f(x) as a sum of
even powers
A function f(x) is said to be even if for every x
in the domain of y: f(-x) = f(x)
- the graph of an even function is symmetrical
with respect to y-axis.
Ex. f(x) = x4 + 2x2 + 3
f(-x) = (-x)4 + 2(-x)2 + 3
= x4 + 2x2 + 3
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Odd Functions
A function f(x) is said to be odd if for every x in
the domain of y: f(-x) = - f(x)
- the graph of an odd function is symmetrical
with respect to the origin (0, 0).
Ex. f(x) = 5x5 - 3x3 + x
f(-x) = 5(-x)5 - 3(-x)3 + (-x)
= - (5x5 - 3x3 + x)
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Reading Assignment
1. General Classification of functions
2. Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Assignment: p. 42 Nos. 1-86
p. 57 Nos. 1-2
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