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Maxwell's Equations (SI Units) Differential Form: Density of Charges

The document discusses Maxwell's equations and key concepts in electromagnetism. It defines common terms like electric field E, magnetic field B, electric displacement D, and magnetic field H. It presents constitutive relations that relate these quantities to polarization P and magnetization M in a material. It also describes the wave equation derived from Maxwell's equations, showing electromagnetic waves propagate as plane waves with wave vector k perpendicular to E and B fields. It introduces the Pointing vector S that represents the direction and flow of electromagnetic energy.

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64 views7 pages

Maxwell's Equations (SI Units) Differential Form: Density of Charges

The document discusses Maxwell's equations and key concepts in electromagnetism. It defines common terms like electric field E, magnetic field B, electric displacement D, and magnetic field H. It presents constitutive relations that relate these quantities to polarization P and magnetization M in a material. It also describes the wave equation derived from Maxwell's equations, showing electromagnetic waves propagate as plane waves with wave vector k perpendicular to E and B fields. It introduces the Pointing vector S that represents the direction and flow of electromagnetic energy.

Uploaded by

gthulasi787126
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Maxwells equations (SI units)

differential form
density of charges

j density of current

Electric and magnetic fields and units


E

electric field,

volt per meter, V/m

the magnetic field


or magnetic induction

tesla, T

electric displacement
field

coulombs per square meter,


C/m^2

magnetic field

ampere per meter, A/m

Constitutive relations
These equations specify the response of bound charge and current to the
applied fields and are called constitutive relations.

P is the polarization field,

M is the magnetization field, then

where is the permittivity and the permeability of the material

Wave equation

( B ) ( B ) B B

1
1 2 B
( E ) ( E ) ( 2
B) 2
t
t
t

t
c
c t 2

Double vector product rule is used


a x b x c = (ac) b - (ab) c

1 B

B 2
0
2
c t

1 E
2 E 2
0
2
c t

2 more differential operators


2
2 or Laplace operator or Laplacian

d'Alembert operator or d'Alembertian


=

Ax

2 Ay

2 Az

x 2
y 2
z 2

Plane waves
Thus, we seek the
solutions of the form:


B 0 Exp[i ( k r t )]

E E 0 Exp[i ( k r t )]

From Maxwells equations


one can see that

B i k B

is parallel to E

E i k E

is parallel to

Energy transfer and Pointing vector


Differential form of Pointing theorem

u is the density of electromagnetic energy of the field


||

S is directed along the propagation

direction
E
H

Integral form of Pointing theorem

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