core
Web
programming
Java Input/Output
2001-2003 Marty Hall, Larry Brown http://www.corewebprogramming.com
Agenda
Handling files and directories through the
File class
Understanding which streams to use for
character-based or byte-based streams
Character File input and output
Formatting output
Reading data from the console
Binary File input and output
Input/Output
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File Class
A File object can refer to either a file or a
directory
File file1 = new File("data.txt");
File file1 = new File("C:\java");
To obtain the path to the current working directory use
System.getProperty("user.dir");
To obtain the file or path separator use
System.getProperty("file.separator");
System.getProperty("path.separator");
or
File.separator()
File.pathSeparator()
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Input/Output
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Useful File Methods
isFile/isDirectory
canRead/canWrite
length
Length of the file in bytes (long) or 0 if nonexistant
list
If the File object is a directory, returns a String array of all the
files and directories contained in the directory; otherwise, null
mkdir
Creates a new subdirectory
delete
Deletes the directory and returns true if successful
toURL
Converts the file path to a URL object
Input/Output
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Directory Listing, Example
import java.io.*;
public class DirListing {
public static void main(String[] args) {
File dir = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir"));
if(dir.isDirectory()){
System.out.println("Directory of " + dir);
String[] listing = dir.list();
for(int i=0; i<listing.length; i++) {
System.out.println("\t" + listing[i]);
}
}
}
}
Input/Output
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DirectoryListing, Result
> java DirListing
Directory of C:\java\
DirListing.class
DirListing.java
test
TryCatchExample.class
TryCatchExample.java
XslTransformer.class
XslTransformer.java
Input/Output
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Input/Output
The java.io package provides over 60
input/output classes (streams)
Streams are combined (piped together) to
create a desired data source or sink
Streams are either byte-oriented or
character-oriented
Use DataStreams for byte-oriented I/O
Use Readers and Writers for character-based I/O
Character I/O uses an encoding scheme
Note: An IOException may occur during
any I/O operation
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Input/Output
Character File Output
Desired
Methods
Construction
Character File Ouput
FileWriter
write(int char)
write(byte[] buffer)
write(String str)
File file = new File("filename");
FileWriter fout = new FileWriter(file);
or
FileWriter fout = new FileWriter("filename");
Buffered Character
File Output
BufferedWriter
write(int char)
write(char[] buffer)
write(String str)
newLine()
File file = new File("filename");
FileWriter fout = new FileWriter(file);
BufferedWriter bout = new BufferedWriter(fout);
or
BufferedWriter bout = new BufferedWriter(
new FileWriter(
new File("filename")));
Input/Output
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Character File Output, cont.
Desired
Character Output
Methods
PrintWriter
write(int char)
write(char[] buffer)
writer(String str)
print( )
println( )
Construction
FileWriter fout = new FileWriter("filename");
PrintWriter pout = new PrintWriter(fout);
or
PrintWriter pout = new PrintWriter(
new FileWriter("filename"));
or
PrintWriter pout = new PrintWriter(
new BufferedWriter(
new FileWriter("filename")));
Input/Output
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FileWriter
Constructors
FileWriter(String filename)/FileWriter(File file)
Creates a output stream using the default encoding
FileWriter(String filename, boolean append)
Creates a new output stream or appends to the existing output
stream (append = true)
Useful Methods
write(String str)/write(char[] buffer)
Writes string or array of chars to the file
write(int char)
Writes a character (int) to the file
flush
Writes any buffered characters to the file
close
Closes the file stream after performing a flush
getEncoding
Returns the character encoding used by the file stream
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Input/Output
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CharacterFileOutput, Example
import java.io.*;
public class CharacterFileOutput {
public static void main(String[] args) {
FileWriter out = null;
try {
out = new FileWriter("book.txt");
System.out.println("Encoding: " + out.getEncoding());
out.write("Core Web Programming");
out.close();
out = null;
} catch(IOException ioe) {
System.out.println("IO problem: " + ioe);
ioe.printStackTrace();
try {
if (out != null) {
out.close();
}
} catch(IOException ioe2) { }
}
}
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Input/Output
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CharacterFileOutput, Result
> java CharacterFileOutput
Encoding: Cp1252
> type book.txt
Core Web Programming
Note: Cp1252 is Windows Western Europe / Latin-1
To change the system default encoding use
System.setProperty("file.encoding", "encoding");
To specify the encoding when creating the output steam, use an
OutputStreamWriter
OutputStreamWriter out =
new OutputStreamWriter(
new FileOutputStream("book.txt", "8859_1"));
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Input/Output
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Formatting Output
Use DecimalFormat to control spacing
and formatting
Java has no printf method
Approach
1. Create a DecimalFormat object describing the
formatting
DecimalFormat formatter =
new DecimalFormat("#,###.##");
2. Then use the format method to convert values into
formatted strings
formatter.format(24.99);
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Input/Output
Formatting Characters
Symbol
Meaning
0
#
Placeholder for a digit.
Placeholder for a digit.
If the digit is leading or trailing zero, then don't display.
Location of decimal point.
Display comma at this location.
Minus sign.
Scientific notation.
Indicates the location to separate the mattissa from the exponent.
Multipy the value by 100 and display as a percent.
.
,
E
%
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Input/Output
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NumFormat, Example
import java.text.*;
public class NumFormat {
public static void main (String[] args) {
DecimalFormat science = new DecimalFormat("0.000E0");
DecimalFormat plain = new DecimalFormat("0.0000");
for(double d=100.0; d<140.0; d*=1.10) {
System.out.println("Scientific: " + science.format(d) +
" and Plain: " + plain.format(d));
}
}
}
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Input/Output
NumFormat, Result
> java NumFormat
Scientific:
Scientific:
Scientific:
Scientific:
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Input/Output
1.000E2
1.100E2
1.210E2
1.331E2
and
and
and
and
Plain:
Plain:
Plain:
Plain:
100.0000
110.0000
121.0000
133.1000
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Character File Input
Desired
17
Methods
Construction
Character File Input
FileReader
read()
read(char[] buffer)
File file = new File("filename");
FileReader fin = new FileReader(file);
or
FileReader fin = new FileReader("filename");
Buffered Character
File Input
BufferedReader
read()
read(char[] buffer)
readLine()
File file = new File("filename");
FileReader fin = new FileReader(file);
BufferedReader bin = new BufferedReader(fin);
or
BufferedReader bin = new BufferedReader(
new FileReader(
new File("filename")));
Input/Output
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FileReader
Constructors
FileReader(String filename)/FileReader(File file)
Creates a input stream using the default encoding
Useful Methods
read/read(char[] buffer)
Reads a single character or array of characters
Returns 1 if the end of the steam is reached
reset
Moves to beginning of stream (file)
skip
Advances the number of characters
Note: Wrap a BufferedReader around the FileReader to
read full lines of text using readLine
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Input/Output
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CharacterFileInput, Example
import java.io.*;
public class CharacterFileInput {
public static void main(String[] args) {
File file = new File("book.txt");
FileReader in = null;
if(file.exists()) {
try {
in = new FileReader(file);
System.out.println("Encoding: " + in.getEncoding());
char[] buffer = new char[(int)file.length()];
in.read(buffer);
System.out.println(buffer);
in.close();
} catch(IOException ioe) {
System.out.println("IO problem: " + ioe);
ioe.printStackTrace();
...
}
}
}
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Input/Output
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CharacterFileInput, Result
> java CharacterFileInput
Encoding: Cp1252
Core Web Programming
Alternatively, could read file one line at a time:
BufferedReader in =
new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
String lineIn;
while ((lineIn = in.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(lineIn);
}
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Input/Output
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10
Console Input
To read input from the console, a stream
must be associated with the standard input,
System.in
import java.io.*;
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public class IOInput{
public static void main(String[] args) {
BufferedReader keyboard;
String line;
try {
System.out.print("Enter value: ");
System.out.flush();
keyboard = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
line = keyboard.readLine();
} catch(IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error reading input!"); }
}
}
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Input/Output}
Binary File Input and Output
Handle byte-based I/O using a
DataInputStream or DataOutputStream
DataType
byte
short
int
long
float
double
boolean
char
String
byte[]
DataInputStream
readByte
readShort
readInt
readLong
readFloat
readDouble
readBoolean
readChar
readUTF
readFully
DataOutputStream
writeByte
writeShort
writeInt
writeLong
writeFloat
writeDouble
writeBoolean
writeChar
writeUTF
The readFully method blocks until all bytes are read or an EOF occurs
Values are written in big-endian fashion regardless of computer platform
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Input/Output
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UCS Transformation Format
UTF-8
UTF encoding represents a 2-byte Unicode
character in 1-3 bytes
Benefit of backward compatibility with existing ASCII
data (one-byte over two-byte Unicode)
Disadvantage of different byte sizes for character
representation
UTF Encoding
Bit Pattern
0xxxxxxx
10xxxxxx
110xxxxx
1110xxxx
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Representation
ASCII (0x0000 - 0x007F)
Second or third byte
First byte in a 2-byte sequence (0x0080 - 0x07FF)
First byte in a 3-byte sequence (0x0800 - 0xFFFF)
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Input/Output
Binary File Output
Desired
24
Methods
Construction
Binary File Output
bytes
FileOutputStream
write(byte)
write(byte[] buffer)
File file = new File("filename");
FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(file);
or
FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream("filename");
Binary File Output
byte
short
int
long
float
double
char
boolean
DataOutputStream
writeByte(byte)
writeShort(short)
writeInt(int)
writeLong(long)
writeFloat(float)
writeDouble(double)
writechar(char)
writeBoolean(boolean)
writeUTF(string)
writeBytes(string)
writeChars(string)
File file = new File("filename");
FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(file);
DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(fout);
Input/Output
or
DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream(
new File("filename")));
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Binary File Output, cont.
Desired
Buffered Binary
File Output
Methods
BufferedOutputStream
flush()
write(byte)
write(byte[] buffer, int off, int len)
Construction
File file = new File("filename");
FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(file);
BufferedOutputStream bout = new BufferedOutputStream(fout);
DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(bout);
or
DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(
new BufferedOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream(
new File("filename"))));
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Input/Output
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BinaryFileOutput, Example
import java.io.*;
public class BinaryFileOutput {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] primes = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 17, 19, 23 };
DataOutputStream out = null;
try {
out = new DataOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream("primes.bin"));
for(int i=0; i<primes.length; i++) {
out.writeInt(primes[i]);
}
out.close();
} catch(IOException ioe) {
System.out.println("IO problem: " + ioe);
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
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Input/Output
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13
Binary File Input
Desired
27
Methods
Construction
Binary File Input
bytes
FileInputStream
read()
read(byte[] buffer)
File file = new File("filename");
FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(file);
or
FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream("filename");
Binary File Input
byte
short
int
long
float
double
char
boolean
DataInputStream
readByte()
readShort()
readInt()
readLong()
readFloat()
readDouble()
readchar()
readBoolean()
readUTF()
readFully(byte[] buffer)
File file = new File("filename");
FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(file);
DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(fin);
or
DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(
new FileInputStream(
new File("filename")));
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Input/Output
Binary File Input, cont.
Desired
Methods
Construction
Bufferred Binary
File Input
BufferedInputStream
read()
read(byte[] buffer, int off, int len)
skip(long)
File file = new File("filename");
FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(file);
BufferedInputStream bin = new BufferedInputStream(fin);
DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(bin);
or
DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(
new BufferedInputStream(
new FileInputStream(
new File("filename"))));
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Input/Output
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14
BinaryFileInput, Example
import java.io.*;
public class BinaryFileInput {
public static void main(String[] args) {
DataInputStream in = null;
File file = new File("primes.bin");
try {
in = new DataInputStream(
new FileInputStream(file));
int prime;
long size = file.length()/4; // 4 bytes per int
for(long i=0; i<size; i++) {
prime = in.readInt();
System.out.println(prime);
}
in.close();
} catch(IOException ioe) {
System.out.println("IO problem: " + ioe);
ioe.printStackTrace();
}
}
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Input/Output
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Summary
A File can refer to either a file or a
directory
Use Readers and Writers for characterbased I/O
A BufferedReader is required for readLine
Java provides no printf; use DecimalFormat for formatted
output
Use DataStreams for byte-based I/O
Chain a FileOutputStream to a DataOutputStream for
binary file output
Chain a FileInputStream to a DataInputStream for binary
file input
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Input/Output
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15
core
Web
programming
Questions?
31
2001-2003 Marty Hall, Larry Brown http://www.corewebprogramming.com
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