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CANKAYA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE,
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ME 211 THERMODYNAMICS I
CHAPTER 2 EXAMPLES
(00 K expands slowly and isothermally from 100 kPa to 45 kPa
is 0.052 kg, Using ideal gas model find the work done.
Choose Q: as the system
Assume quasi-equilibrium process: ve
Example: A well insulated piston cylinder assembly contains 0.031 m’ of air at 40°C and TL
102 kPa, Find the work required to compress the air slowly to 350kPa."\ Q pshy} c phe
Peeess
V, =0.031m?
T,=40°C
Pp, =102kPa
P)=350kKPa
Define the system as the air; slow process, adiabatic compression, ideal gas:
a
Pied
Pi! py =(V,/V,) = V, = Vi(p, /p2)"* = 0.0128m?
a ciozxPay 1000-5 031) 4350kPay(o, orzem( 0Ps)
a kPa
e A ES 2 3338.2 2
\=04
\ = —3.3382 LI
work is one
en jhe
sysiem 3) A shaft rotates at a rate of 120 rev per minute against a constant torque of 1000 Nam,
Calculate the power required to rotate the shaft Find the work required to rotate the shaft through
aL
60 revolutions.
i]
\ g =
\ \
Le
> Wald
= (1oo0Nm) ( (20 ev)
= (uo na BE
= 2560.3
bb WaT (88)= docs 28) at)
= 3167 Nom 2
Uw
4 Example: One forth kg of a gas contained within a piston and cylinder assembly
undergoes a constant-pressure process at 5 bar beginning at v; = 0.2 mhkg. For the gas as
the system, the work is -15k/. Determine the-final volume of the gas, in m:
1+ closed system
2- pressure is constant
=—2+my,=
(-15k)(_Ibar 10? Nm 2
28 | teat ION | 40.25 kg(0.2m° /kg)
lise wil KI } — 5 Example: A gas is compressed from
Pressure and volume are rel
KI.
O
0.3 m?, p; = I bar to V1 = 0.1 m?, py = 3 bar. Sf
inearly during the process. For the gas, find the work, in Le
KNOWN: A ges undergocs a. compression process. Pressure avd volume
are given at “the initialand tial staies! Pressure and vo lame ane
reletted linearly during the process
EIND: Determine the work.
ScHemaric $ GIVEN ava:
fz tear, V0.3 ms?
ReSbar V=0., mf
i
eas
Ug: (1) The gas is a closed system C2) The compres,
Geutlibrium Brocees woi2h a rs me
Wear reletton behuicen Dreasute aud volume
AUHNSIS: Based on the given data, the p-V relation cau be expressed
an
ion Ts 0 quasi
=(2 (t-o3)
ped-lov fe, p-le(Staz) G03)
‘ohere pis in bars and Vis in m? The work is determined using &.2.2
ws fpav
4
Inserting he p-V relation and tintegrating
Vat Oulim? ea
we eee or setae ley
pista ee W204
By ye i
= ~(a)v 100
(f)v"] eos |
= [4 (040.3) -5 (0.1% 0.3*)] 100]
° =-40kT. w
1. The
negative sign for work denotes enorgy trausr fo the
system.
pale aren
ther method: or am
another meth
of trapemit
\ i
\ yy N( ~, 03-2)
| =a
\
\ =hekt
|
W =10°[(0.3-0.1)()]+ 10° [0.3 -0.3-)/2] : rc
2D
= W= 0.210" J+0,2% 10° J =0.4%10" J=40kI (workis done on the process) 7
2
process during which there is energy tansfer a
le: losed system undergoes 2
senate cet ori 7 and power varies with time
from the system by heat at constant rate of 10 kW,
according to’
f-8 O) Determine the change in system energy after 2 b, in KI.
KNOWN: A closed system undergoes a process with a Known heat dransfer
Tet, and tha powtr varies at a speLitied function of fine
& Determine cay the vate of change of system ey at teo.bh
Sand Co) fhe change im system energy afier 2 he et
er
Q:-tokw
fret octeth
where $ is iy hand W is im Lia)
ASSUMPTION: The system is closed
AALALNSIS: (a) The Hine rate of change of energy at any Hive tis grew by
$F = a-w oo
ME teObh
CA a- (-sl] (Cte tw (- 8-016) Ew
ee each
o == 5,2 kW, dele
(b) The change in system energy is obtained by integrahng (oF) over He
hime period ef ah thet is 2 ine 2
ws
ae= J Ca-w)de
ce poh
(-8t) dt + J celee]
O €2th
ase {i
ea
102) - [Pe] i [es] c
~20- [€4)} -Ce-8)¢2-0)]
2-8 kwh
36005
oT ses coumny| else
= -28,800 LT,__4e
UW
1, At €s0.6h, the energy of the system ts ag at a rok of Sakw
because the rate of energy jranser cat by heat oxceeds the rate of
energy fransfor sa by work.
2, The negahie sign denofes a net decrease of energy over the tine
Per ied. 7 . oe
a
Example: Carbondioxide (CO;) is slowly heated from an initial temperature of 50°C to a
final temperature of S00°C. The process occurs in two steps. In the first step, pressure
‘aries linearly with volume; in the second step pressure is constant as shown in the figure
below:
The initial pressure, py, is 100 kPa and the final pressure, ps, is 150 kPa. The temperature,
Ta, at at the end of first step is 350°C. If the mass of COs is 0.044 kg, calculate the total
work done.
+ Pa(V, - V2)
(0.044 keg)(8.314 XI /kmoLK)(323K)(10001/1k3)
Spo = 0.0268?
(100 kPa)(44 kg /kmol)(1000 Pa /ikPay
mRT, _ (0.044 kg)(8.314kI /knolK)(623K\10005/1kI)
= 0.0345 m?
PM (150kPa)(44 kg /kmol}(1000Pa /IkPa) a
e w-[@eiolo 0345m? ~0,0268m?) x L000F:
2 kPa
+ 0s04ro{ 2222 oosater 0.0345m") = 22005 =2.2k1
sh.
m F
%, = mG Lim
[B 3) Example: In the simple circuit shown in the figure below, the battery has a voltage of 10
Volts and the resistor has a resistance of 25Q. In the span of 5 minutes how much work is
done by battery on the resisters?
battery
W = feiat
E=Rol=
Let us consider resistor as the system under steady. Work is done on the resistor.
W=-Eiat =
12005
covyosayain( 2)
: Example: A constent speed motor drives a paddle-wheel that is submerged in & Viscous
Buid. With time, the temperature of the liquid increases, the liquid viscosity decreases
ae eas work is needed forthe stirring action. The torque applied as a finction of time is
determined experimentally to be:
rsA+Be™
POOR eee x
rp
IE the motor rotates or constant speed of | fpm, calculate the work done by motor or the
Liquid in the first 7 minutes of operation.
liquid 10) An elastic balloon has a diameter of 0.5 m and is filled with gas at a pressure of 200kPa. The
gas is heated so that its diameter increases to 0.6 m and a pressure to 250 kPa. During the
process. the pressure is proportional to the balloon’s diameter. Calculate
(a) The work done by the gas during the process
(b) The work done by the balloon on the atmosphere.
Salutioy
os
vane
paeookh
pyeowm
Be 150
De o.o™
2
Ve dur i
3
Me gate Zp ¥asy= 0065"
de B0l= ono" aes oy by wi
€ at) 2
pe CD= Zl e a
we (x te K NA ah
\2 ve < als
exh |
aes 4
= 3 BM ~ Shy
— = acne ¥\2 tL 46 \o
zg yp 11) Measured data for pressure versus volume during the expansion of gases within the cylinder
of an internal combustion engine are given in the table below. Using data from the
table, complete the following:
(a) Determine a value of n such that the data are fit by an equation of the form, pV" = constant.
(b) Evaluate analytically the work done by the gases, in kJ, along with the result of part (a).
(6) Using graphical or numerical integration of the data, evaluate the work done by the gases, in
WI.
(@) Compare the different methods for estimating the work used in parts (b) and (¢), Why are
they estimates?
Data__Pointp (bar) V (m3)
1 15 300
2 i) xsi
3 9 459
46 684
5 4 903
6 2 1608
Solution
Let us plot data p=f(V) :
p=[i5 1296421;
V=[300 361 459 644 903 1608];
plot (V,p,V,p,'0'},xlabel ('V"),ylabel ('p'),grid
al
200408600600 ~—1000~—~ 1200 ~~ 1400~—~ 1600 ~—~1a00
v
‘\ Let us plot data on log-log axis,
512964213
=[300 361 459 644 903 1608];
logiog(V,p,V,p, '0'},xlabel ('V') ,ylabel ('p'),grid
Geekee PT [ery
One appread to find T. ists begin
woth pve . take log of beth
Sides of Wis equation
log p =m log +leg C
Sc rax+ b
yelesp
men < Slope
b= lox _z intercept
Using
Ler os nw curve Pt — MATLAB polit command
y= 5 CB)
2.7081,
>> xlog(¥)
x=
2.4849 2.1972 1.7918 1.3863 0.6931
5.7038 5.8889 6.1291 6.4677 6.8057 7.3827
>> f=polyfit(xy,1)
f=
1.1996 9.5499
>> m=f(1)
Cnj= —}.1996
Noliqss
on
Bo pv
0) Uesg the results 0f parked and fhe p
we fp = Avecee
i C=")
C2 bev 1bos em?) - C159 20°) peal i = | ee
Sarre S) Tear [ie ® ew
op
roceduve of Example 21, the work if 3 Generate new data for Volume
300:100:1600;
Generate new dat
for pressure
PHC. /V.4 (1.1996);
S display the new data
Ip vy
¥ Convert bar to Pascal
P=P*1ES;
% Volume cm*3 to m‘3
vev/1E6;
% display the new data
disp('
ip ev]
rted New data‘)
ulate the werk using Matlab tri
disp('Calculated Work")
Wetrapz(V,p)7
fprint£ (‘Work =210.5£ Joule\n',W)
command
ans=
14994 300
10618 400
a2 500
65281 600
5.426 700
46229 800
40138 900
35372 1000
3155 1100
2.8423 1200
25821 1300 2.3625
2.1748
2.0128
1400
1500,
1600
Converted New data
1.4994¢+006
1,0618¢+006
8.1241¢+005,
6.5281€+005
542624005
4,62296+005
4.0138e+005
3.53722+005,
3.155e+005,
2.8423e+005
2.5821¢+005
2.3625¢+005
2.1748e+005
2.01286+005
0.0003
0.0008
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
oon
0.0012
0.0012
0013
ooo
0.0015
0.0018
Calculated Work
Work W= 644.89674 Joule 2) Example: A gas is contained in a piston cylinder assembly. The gas is compressed when ee
{670 J of work are done on it. Over the same period, a paddle wheel does 182 J of work on
the gas and internal energy decreases by 201 J. How much heat has been transferred
during the process? Was the gas heated or cooled?
i]
Q-W= aU
Q= AU + W = -201 + (-182-670) = -1053 J
Qis negative, the system is cooled. ; ) 13) Example: Air is contained ina vertical piston-cylinder assembly by a piston of mass $0. EE
| 7kg and having a face area of 0.01 m? a
The mass of the air is 5 g, and initially the air occupies a volume of 5 liters. The
atmosphere exerts @ pressure of 100 kPa on top of the piston. The volume of the air
slowly decreases to 0.002 m’ as the specific internal energy of the air decreases by 260
Kiikg. Neglecting friction between the piston and cylinder wall, determine the heat
transfer to air, in Kd.
KuQun: A kaown quantity of air undergoes a process ing verhia|
piston-e4 lrnder assembly, The initial and funal Volumes are given, at
The change wm specific internal energy Us speci Cied.
Find: Determine the heat transfer,
5 Rams = 100 Fe Pe,
SRHEMeTC 2 GIVEN) Dard:
Mpg = SOkg
LDS: (1) The air is « closed ees
system. (2) Kinehie and potemtial ri
Energy etfects are negligible for I 1 ae 5g so.c0sky
‘the air. (3) There is nd Friction tae 4 vir sLe000s oF
between the piston and Ha cylinder x h iM
wall. @) The prowes eczirs, Sloaly th V,2 0.002, m?
With no acceleration of shin: a
(5) The acceleration of grevinf is Ds = 260 Kg
coustasct, = 4.81 m/st
AMALNSIS: For the piston, ZA=0. thus, it p is the pressure exerted by
“jhe air
A A,
Pawar — PAriat © Pas Ait * Moice 9
: L T P* Fate Apier bite
p 2 “
PAvisg = 10 kia + Sobstesinis) |i ||
ge Gorm) |r kgms| | ie wim
= 149.05 kh
To find the work for the process, use £92.17. Nobiag that the pressure
is constant y,
wef pav = pevews)
I 9 [OPM ime] | cer]
+ (149.05 le%) (0.002 - 0.005) m' Wee | lite
OM] ko 7
Now, the energy balance reduces to aye rage rAL =Q-w. Thus, with
AU? magi, Ae
Qe ma Ou tW = (0,005 keg)(-26085 J + (~0.447 les)
Q
@=-1047 $a
ff 14) During a cycle composed of 4 processes, the heat transfers were 23 BTU, -4 BTU, -10 BTU,
and 2 BTU. Determine the net work for the eycle.
solution
SiQa 23-4 -10 12 =
Gade THEW = (FAdl)= e558
44 BYU
» ft-lb
Nee 4 B= F7G-le Prlbe V@ Helium gas is contained in a closed rigid tank. An electric resistor in the tank transfers
energy fo the gas at a constant rate of I kW. Heat transfer from the gas to its surroundings occurs,
at a rate of St watts, where fis time, in minutes. Plot the change in energ:
for t = 0 and comment.
of the helium, in kJ,
ENOWA! Data are proved for helix curtaned aia clored,
Wged tack Fed wits an cleckrent renirhnce,
FAD! Piet ahe change in enengy ofthe Hn, ny, fe BBO
and coven t
Scyrnaatic § GIVEN D,
Seek Hoven:
1s The elie or te ty fen
2. Fe theaysten,
AUALTSIS An energy rate balance read?
de 7
i. aor
bby heat tee tenshee ata saaof UW and
As the qptlem cecuves eneeay by Meat trae fon Fart consi
loser eneray by, het dune
pout Turreendengs at th rate off SEW,
ooo Sb IW
rH,
and
|
vey terses fers Hint tn,
Te ee de She hese,
& emres
& | oe
drain eorentes Kan (Hib
“net Eo
ote Ht fnee any acting vale Be on
Ne ed fo rea anergy of the ysis
Se eee pecker tymepence: See
(Ee cntechad to Hos vadns of eng
Faindhnt Shete or af ate
at
ati! bite
ep in taaene Dy of the 18H
rad sige een
(8 Qoat
‘The heat transfers are Qi, ~ 50 kJ and Qox = 35 kI. Determine the net work, in kJ and the
thermal efficiency,
