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ch09 Sec1

This document discusses concepts related to studying human populations, including: - Demography is the study of human population characteristics and trends. - Population growth rates have changed over time, from exponential growth in the 1800s to slower growth today. - Key population properties like age structure, survivorship, fertility rates, and migration help predict trends. - The demographic transition model describes the shift from high birth/death rates to low rates as countries develop.

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114 views29 pages

ch09 Sec1

This document discusses concepts related to studying human populations, including: - Demography is the study of human population characteristics and trends. - Population growth rates have changed over time, from exponential growth in the 1800s to slower growth today. - Key population properties like age structure, survivorship, fertility rates, and migration help predict trends. - The demographic transition model describes the shift from high birth/death rates to low rates as countries develop.

Uploaded by

api-272720493
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Human Population

Section 1: Studying Human Populations


Preview
Bellringer
Objectives
Studying Human Populations
The Human Population Over Time
Age Structure
Survivorship
Fertility Rates

Section 1

The Human Population

Section 1: Studying Human Populations


Preview, continued
Migration
Declining Death Rates
Life Expectancy
The Demographic Transition
Stages of the Transition
Women and Fertility

Section 1

The Human Population

Bellringer

Section 1

The Human Population

Section 1

Objectives
Describe how the size and growth rate of the human
population has changed in the last 200 years.
Define four properties that scientists use to predict
population sizes.
Make predictions about population trends based on age
structure.
Describe the four stages of the demographic transition.
Explain why different countries may be at different
stages of the demographic transition.

The Human Population

Section 1

Studying Human Populations


Demography is the study of the characteristics of
populations, especially human populations.
Demographers study the historical size and makeup of
the populations of countries to make comparisons and
predictions.
Demographers also study properties that affect
population growth, such as economics and social
structure.

The Human Population

Section 1

Studying Human Populations


Countries with similar population trends are often
grouped into two general categories: developed and
developing countries.
Developed countries have higher average incomes,
slower population growth, diverse industrial economies,
and stronger social support systems.
Developing countries have lower average incomes,
simple and agriculture-based economics, and rapid
population growth.

The Human Population

Section 1

The Human Population Over Time


The human population underwent exponential growth in
the 1800s, meaning that the population growth rates
increased during each decade.
These increases were mostly due to increases in food
production and improvements in hygiene that came with
the industrial and scientific revolution.
However, it is unlikely that the Earth can sustain this
growth for much longer.

The Human Population

World Population Over Time

Section 1

The Human Population

Section 1

Age Structure
Age structure is the classification of members of a
population into groups according to age or the
distribution of members of a population in terms of age
groups and helps demographers make predictions.
Countries that have high rates of growth usually have
more young people than older people.
In contrast, countries that have slow growth or no growth
usually have an even distribution of ages in the
population.

The Human Population

Section 1

Age Structure
Age structure can be graphed in a population pyramid, a
type of double sided bar graph.
The figure on the following slide shows typical age
structures for countries that have different rates of
growth.

The Human Population

Age-Structure Diagrams

Section 1

The Human Population

Section 1

Survivorship
Survivorship is the percentage of newborn individuals in
a population that can be expected to survive to a given
age.
It is used as another way to predict population trends.
To predict survivorship, demographers study a group of
people born at the same time and notes when each
member of the group dies.

The Human Population

Survivorship
The results of these
studies are then plotted on
a graph and might look like
one of the types of
survivorship graphs below.

Section 1

The Human Population

Section 1

Survivorship
Wealthy developed countries such as Japan and
Germany currently have a Type I survivorship curve
because most people live to be very old.
Type II populations have a similar death rate at all ages.
Type III survivorship is the pattern in very poor human
populations in which many children die.
Both Type I and Type III may result in populations that
remain the same size or grow slowly.

The Human Population

Section 1

Fertility Rates
A fertility rate is the number of births (usually per year)
per 1,000 women of childbearing age (usually 15 to 44).
Replacement level is the average number of children
each parent must have in order to replace themselves.
This number is slightly more than 2 because not all
children born will survive and reproduce.

The Human Population

Section 1

Fertility Rates
A graph of historical fertility rates for the United States is
shown on the next slide.
In 1972, the total fertility dropped below replacement
level for the first time in US History.
Fertility rates remained below replacement level for most
of the 1990s, but recently has been growing partly
because the children of the baby boom grew up and had
children.

The Human Population

Fertility Rates

Section 1

The Human Population

Section 1

Migration
Migration in general, is any movement of individuals or
populations from one location to another.
Movement into an area is immigration and movement out
of an area is emigration.
The populations of many developed countries might be
decreasing if not for immigration.

The Human Population

Section 1

Migration
Migration between and within countries is a significant
part of population change.

The Human Population

Section 1

Declining Death Rates


The dramatic increase in Earths human population in
the last 200 years has happened because death rates
have declined more rapidly than birth rates.
Death rates have declined mainly because more people
now have access to adequate food, clean water, and
safe sewage disposal.
The discovery of vaccines in the 20th century also
contributed to the declining death rates.

The Human Population

Section 1

Life Expectancy
Life expectancy is the average length of time that an
individual is expected to live.
Life expectancy is most affected by infant mortality, the
death rate of infants less than a year old.
Expensive medical care is not needed to prevent infant
deaths. Infant health is more affected by the parents
access to education, food, fuel, and clean water.

The Human Population

Life Expectancy
The graph shows that
average life expectancy
worldwide has increased
to more than 67 years old.
But, new threats, such as
tuberculosis and AIDS are
arising as populations
become denser.

Section 1

The Human Population

Section 1

The Demographic Transition


The demographic transition is the general pattern of
demographic change from high birth and death rates to
low birth and death rates, and observed in the history of
more-developed countries.
The theory behind the demographic transition is that
industrial development causes economic and social
progress that then affects population growth rates.

The Human Population

Section 1

Stages of the Transition


In the first stage of the demographic transition, a society
is in a preindustrial condition. The birth rate and the
death rate are both at high levels and the population size
is stable.
In the second stage, a population explosion occurs.
Death rates decline as hygiene, nutrition, and education
improve. But, birth rates remain high, so the population
grows very fast.

The Human Population

Section 1

Stages of the Transition


In the third stage, population growth slows because birth
rate decreases. As the birth rate becomes close to the
death rate, the population size stabilizes. However, the
population is much larger than before the demographic
transition.
In the fourth stage, the birth rate drops below
replacement level, so the size of the population begins to
decrease.
It has taken from one to three generations for the
demographic transition to occur.

The Human Population

Stages of the Transition

Section 1

The Human Population

Section 1

Women and Fertility


The factors most clearly related to a decline in birth rates
are increasing education and economic independence
for women.
In the demographic transition model, the lower death
rate of the second stage is usually the result of increased
levels of education.
Educated women find that they do not need to bear as
many children to ensure that some will survive. They
may also learn family planning techniques.

The Human Population

Section 1

Women and Fertility


Women are able to contribute to their familys increasing
prosperity while spending less energy bearing and caring
for children.
As countries modernize, parents are more likely to work
away from home. If parents must pay for child care,
children may become a financial burden rather than an
asset.
All of these reasons contribute to lower birth rates in both
developed and developing countries.

The Human Population

Math Practice

Section 1

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