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Chapter 1 Solutions to Recommended Problems
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220 views9 pagesChapter 1 Solutions To Recommended Problems
Chapter 1 Solutions to Recommended Problems
Uploaded by
gbc0510Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 9
1.8 Suppose that bending stress o in a beam depends upon bending moment M and
‘beam area moment of inertia I and is proportional to the beam half-thickness y. Suppose
also that, for the particular case M = 2900 inbf, y = 1.5 in, and T= 0.4 in*, the predicted
stress is 75 MPa, Find the only possible dimensionally homogeneous formula for o:
Solution: We are given that = y fen(M.1) and we are nor to study up on strength of
materials but only to use dimensional reasoning. For homogeneity, the right hand side
must have dimensions of stress, that is.
y} ffen(M.D}. or: { ={L} fen}
re
M |
or the function must have dimensions {fen(M.D)} -|
Therefore, to achieve dimensional homogeneity, we somehow must combine bending
moment, whose dimensions are {ML*T~}, with area moment of inertia, {1} = {L4}, and
end up with {MET}. Well, itis clear that {1} contains neither mass {M} nor time {T}
6 Solutions Manual » Fluid Mechanics, Sixth Edition
dimensions, but the bending moment contains both mass and time and in exactly the com-
bination we need, {MT~*}. Thus it must be that ois proportional 1o M also. Now we
have reduced the problem to:
o=yMfen(), or {fon(D}. or: {fen(1)} = (Ly
We need just enough J’s to give dimensions of {L~+): we need the formula to be exactly
inverse in J. The correct dimensionally homogeneous beam bending formula is thus:
o
{unity} Ans.
My
c D> where {C}
The formula admits to an arbitrary dimensionless constant C whose value can ouly be
obtained from known data, Convert stress into English units: & = (75 MPa)/(6894.8) =
10880 Ibf'in?, Substitute the given data into the proposed formula:
(2900 Ib fi inyt Sin)
0.4 in*
C= 1.00 Ans,
The data show that C = 1, or & = My/T, our old friend from strength of materials. 1.12 For low-speed (laminar) flow in a tube of radius ro, the velocity u takes the form,
where jv is viscosity and Ap the pressure drop. What are the dimensions of B?
8 Solutions Manual » Fluid Mechanics, Sixth Edition
Using Table 1-2, write this equation in dimensional form:
{AP} 42 L
3 = By APL gy
{u} = {BY ae? = {
or: {B}={L} Ans.
The parameter B must have dimensions of inverse length. In fact, B is not a constant, it
hides one of the variables in pipe flow. The proper form of the pipe flow relation is.
where L is the Zength of the pipe and C is a dimensionless constant which has the
theoretical laminar-flow value of (1/4)—see Sect. 6.4. 1.16 Test the dimensional homogeneity of the boundary-layer x-momentum equation:
or
Solution: This equation, like all theoretical partial differential equations in mechanics,
is dimensionally homogeneous. Test each term in sequence:
Pro wr ler!
_ML_{[™M]. {é wner{ M |
pr wry lex L vr
2}. This equation may use any consistent units.
={r} MLLU/T_{M |. {2}. MILT? _{ M ]
3
22
“
a
All terms have dimension {(ML~ P1.20 Books on porous media and atomization claim that the viscosity sv and surface
tension Y ofa fluid can be combined with a characteristic velocity U to form an
important dimensionless parameter. (a) Verify that this is so. (b) Evaluate this parameter
for water at 20°C and a velocity of 3.5 cm/s. NOTE: Extra credit if you know the name of
this parameter.
Solution: We know from Table 1.2 that {”}= (ML"T7}, {U} = {LT“}, and {¥ }= {FL} =
{MT7}. To eliminate mass {M}. we must divide « by Y. giving {u/Y } = {TL"}
Multiplying by the velocity will thus cancel all dimensions.
aU " + Y
AX is dimensionless as is its inverse,
waar Ansa)
‘The grouping is called the Capillary Number. (b) For water at 20°C and a velocity of 3.5
cms, use Table A.3 to find “= 0.001 kg/m-s and Y =0.0728 N/m. Evaluate
ME _ (0.001 hg /m—3V(0.035m/S) _ 99948, = 2080 Ans.)
(0.0728k¢/s”) AU PLAL An aluminum cylinder weighing 30 N. 6 cm in diameter and 40 cm long, is
falling concentrically through a long vertical sleeve of diameter 6.04 cm. The clearance is
filled with SAE 50 oil at 20°C. Estimate the terminal (zero acceleration) fall veloc
Neglect air drag and assume a linear velocity distribution in the oil, [HmNT: You are given
diameters, not radii.]
Solution: From Table A.3 for SAE 30 oil, = 0.86 kg/m-s. The clearance is the
difference in ra 3.02 — 3.0 cm = 0.02 cm = 0.0002 m. At terminal velocity, the
cylinder weight must balance the viscous drag on the cylinder surface:
Tat Ayat = Deep) + where C =clearance = rieeye — "ytinder
or: 30 = (0862 _ 7(0.06my(0.40m)
m—s 0.0002m
Solve for V = 0.0925m/s Ans. P144 SAE 50 oil at 20°C fills the concentric annular space between an inner cylinder,
r= $ cm, and an outer cylinder, r= 6 em, The length of the cylinders is 120 em. If the
outer cylinder is fixed and the inner cylinder rotates at 900 rev/min, use the linear profile
approximation to estimate the power, in watts, required to maintain the rotation, Neglect
any temperature change of the oil
Solution: Convert ©, = 900 rpm x (217/60) = 94.25 rad/s. For SAE 50 oil. from Table
A3, (= 0.86 kg/m-s. Then the rotational velocity of the inner cylinder, and its related
shear stress, are:
Y= Qin; = (94.25 rad /s(0.0Sm) = 4.71 m/s
av kg, 4.71-Om/s
= Wo = (86S
Bg OE G06=005mi
The total moment of this stress about the centerline is
PL = (405)(27)(0.05)? (1.2) = 7.64 N—m
M =[naF = [x(n de)
a
Then the power required is P = Qi M = (94.25 rad/s)(7.64.N-m) = 720 watts Ans.
1.45 _A block of weight W slides down an
inclined plane on a thin film of oil, as in
Fig. P1.45 at right. The film contact area
is A and its thickness b. Assuming a linear
velocity distribution in the film, derive an
analytic expression for the terminal velocity
V of the block. Fig. P1.45
Solutions Manual * Fluid Mechanics, Sixth Edition
Solution: Let “x” be down the incline, in the direction of V. By “terminal” velocity we
mean that there is no acceleration, Assume a linear viscous velocity distribution in the
film below the block. Then a force balance in the x direction gives:
DE, =Wsind- 7A = W sing 1) A=mn, =0.
i!
- _ bWsing
oF Vent =a A 1.48 A thin moving plate is separated from two fixed plates by two fluids of unequal
viscosity and unequal spacing, as shown below. The contact area is A. Determine (a) the
force required, and (b) is there a necessary relation between the two viscosity values?
Fey
Alot
>
VF
Moving
ho po
Fixed
Solution: (a) Assuming a linear velocity distribution on each side of the plate, we obtain
(Vo av
F=nA+nA oe AN) A Ans. (@)
eT he hy
30 Solutions Manual + Fluid Mechanics, Sith Editon
The formuta is of course valid only for laminar (nonturbulent) steady viscous flow
(b) Since the center plate separates the two fluids, they may have separate, unrelated
shear stresses, and there is 10 necessary relation between the two viscosities. PLS1 An approximation for the boundary-layer
shape in Figs. 1.6b and P1.51 is the formula
ny
u(y) Tein), O
