Holt Geometry

Are You Ready?

Intervention and Enrichment

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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Contents
Using the Intervention Strategies Activities ................................................................................. vii
Individual Prerequisite Skills Checklist ......................................................................................... ix
Diagnostic Assessment .................................................................................................................1
Skill 1 Multiples ............................................................................................................................13
Skill 2 Least Common Multiple ....................................................................................................15
Skill 3 Factors ..............................................................................................................................17
Skill 4 Greatest Common Factor .................................................................................................19
Skill 5 Prime and Composite Numbers ........................................................................................21
Skill 6 Squares and Square Roots...............................................................................................23
Skill 7 Exponents .........................................................................................................................25
Skill 8 Evaluate Powers ...............................................................................................................27
Skill 9 Rounding and Estimation ..................................................................................................29
Skill 10 Simplify Fractions............................................................................................................31
Skill 11 Fractions and Decimals...................................................................................................33
Skill 12 Ratios ..............................................................................................................................35
Skill 13 Rates and Unit Rates ......................................................................................................37
Skill 14 Fractions, Decimals, and Percents .................................................................................39
Skill 15 Scientific Notation ...........................................................................................................41
Skill 16 Compare and Order Real Numbers ................................................................................43
Skill 17 Classify Real Numbers ...................................................................................................45
Skill 18 Graph Numbers on a Number Line .................................................................................47
Skill 19 Choose an Appropriate Measure ....................................................................................49
Skill 20 Measure with Customary and Metric Units .....................................................................51
Skill 21 Convert Units of Measure ...............................................................................................53
Skill 22 Points, Lines, and Planes ...............................................................................................55
Skill 23 Name and Classify Angles ..............................................................................................57
Skill 24 Measure Angles ..............................................................................................................59
Skill 25 Angle Relationships ........................................................................................................61
Skill 26 Parallel Lines and Transversals ......................................................................................63
Skill 27 Identify Polygons.............................................................................................................65
Skill 28 Angles in Polygons..........................................................................................................67
Skill 29 Classify Triangles ............................................................................................................69
Skill 30 Triangle Sum Theorem ...................................................................................................71
Skill 31 Pythagorean Theorem ....................................................................................................73
Skill 32 Special Right Triangles ...................................................................................................75
Skill 33 Congruent Figures ..........................................................................................................77
Skill 34 Identify Similar Figures ...................................................................................................79
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iii

Holt Geometry

Contents

continued

Skill 35 Find Missing Measures in Similar Figures ......................................................................81

Skill 36 Find Perimeter ................................................................................................................83
Skill 37 Area of Polygons .............................................................................................................85
Skill 38 Find Area in the Coordinate Plane ..................................................................................87
Skill 39 Circumference and Area of Circles .................................................................................89
Skill 40 Symmetry ........................................................................................................................91
Skill 41 Surface Area ...................................................................................................................93
Skill 42 Volume ............................................................................................................................95
Skill 43 Whole Number Operations .............................................................................................97
Skill 44 Add and Subtract Decimals.............................................................................................99
Skill 45 Multiply Decimals ..........................................................................................................101
Skill 46 Divide Decimals ............................................................................................................103
Skill 47 Multiply and Divide Fractions ........................................................................................105
Skill 48 Add and Subtract Fractions...........................................................................................107
Skill 49 Percent Problems .........................................................................................................109
Skill 50 Simple Interest .............................................................................................................. 111
Skill 51 Add and Subtract Integers ............................................................................................113
Skill 52 Multiply and Divide Integers ..........................................................................................115
Skill 53 Simplify Radical Expressions ........................................................................................117
Skill 54 Absolute Value ..............................................................................................................119
Skill 55 Order of Operations ......................................................................................................121
Skill 56 Distributive Property......................................................................................................123
Skill 57 Combine Like Terms .....................................................................................................125
Skill 58 Connect Words and Algebra .........................................................................................127
Skill 59 Properties of Exponents................................................................................................129
Skill 60 Evaluate Expressions ...................................................................................................131
Skill 61 Multiply and Divide Monomials .....................................................................................135
Skill 62 Multiply Monomials and Polynomials ............................................................................133
Skill 63 Simplify Polynomial Expressions ..................................................................................137
Skill 64 Multiply Binomials .........................................................................................................139
Skill 65 Special Products of Binomials ......................................................................................141
Skill 66 Factor GCF from Polynomials.......................................................................................143
Skill 67 Factor Trinomials ..........................................................................................................145
Skill 68 Solve One-Step Equations............................................................................................147
Skill 69 Solve Multi-Step Equations ...........................................................................................149
Skill 70 Solve Equations with Variables on Both Sides .............................................................151
Skill 71 Solve Equations with Fractions .....................................................................................153
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iv

Holt Geometry

Contents

continued

Skill 72 Solve for a Variable .......................................................................................................155

Skill 73 Distance and Midpoint Formulas ..................................................................................157
Skill 74 Solve and Graph Inequalities ........................................................................................159
Skill 75 Graph Linear Functions ................................................................................................161
Skill 76 Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines ..................................................................163
Skill 77 Solve Proportions..........................................................................................................165
Skill 78 Function Tables .............................................................................................................167
Skill 79 Ordered Pairs................................................................................................................169
Skill 80 Graph Functions ...........................................................................................................171
Skill 81 Solve Quadratic Equations ...........................................................................................173
Skill 82 Complete the Square ....................................................................................................175
Skill 83 Tables and Charts .........................................................................................................177
Skill 84 Find Measures of Central Tendency .............................................................................179
Skill 85 Circle Graphs ................................................................................................................181
Skill 86 Line Graphs ..................................................................................................................183
Skill 87 Logical Reasoning ........................................................................................................185
Skill 88 Conditional Statements .................................................................................................187
Skill 89 Counterexamples ..........................................................................................................189
Skill 90 Tree Diagrams ..............................................................................................................191
Table of Measures .....................................................................................................................193
Chapter 1 Enrichment................................................................................................................194
Chapter 2 Enrichment................................................................................................................195
Chapter 3 Enrichment................................................................................................................196
Chapter 4 Enrichment................................................................................................................197
Chapter 5 Enrichment................................................................................................................198
Chapter 6 Enrichment................................................................................................................199
Chapter 7 Enrichment................................................................................................................200
Chapter 8 Enrichment................................................................................................................201
Chapter 9 Enrichment................................................................................................................202
Chapter 10 Enrichment..............................................................................................................203
Chapter 11 Enrichment ..............................................................................................................204
Chapter 12 Enrichment..............................................................................................................205
Answers .....................................................................................................................................206

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Holt Geometry

Using the Are You Ready? Intervention and

Enrichment in Your Class
The Are You Ready? Intervention will help you accommodate the diverse skill levels of
students in your class. It will help you better prepare students to work successfully on gradelevel content by targeting prerequisite skills for each chapter in the program.

Are You Ready? Intervention Skills and Strategies

Before beginning each chapter, have students complete the Are You Ready? Quiz in the
student book. This page targets the prerequisite skills necessary for success in the chapter. The
students performance on this page will allow you to diagnose skill weaknesses and prescribe
appropriate interventions.
Intervention strategies and activities are tied directly to each of the skills assessed. To help students having difficulties, use the reteaching materials and alternative teaching strategies. Each
skill worksheet has a Practice On Your Own section with scaffolded exercises, and a Check
section to assess the students proficiency in the skill.
A chart at the beginning of each chapter correlates the skill assessed to the appropriate intervention and enrichment materials. The chart appears in the Teacher Edition. A sample is shown.

NO
INTERVENE

YES

Diagnose and Prescribe

ENRICH

ARE YOU READY? Intervention, Chapter 8

Prerequisite Skill

Worksheets

CD-ROM

Multiples

Skill 1

Activity 1

Factors

Skill 3

Activity 3

Prime and Composite Numbers

Skill 6

Activity 6

Multiply Monomials and Polynomials

Skill 65

Activity 65

Multiply Binomials

Skill 67

Activity 67

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vii

Online

ARE YOU READY?

Enrichment, Chapter 8
Worksheets

Diagnose and
Prescribe Online

CD-ROM
Online

Holt Geometry

Using the Are You Ready? Intervention in an AfterSchool or Summer School Program
The Diagnostic Assessment will help you identify skill weaknesses. Each test item ties directly
to the same numbered skill. The Diagnostic Assessment can be used as a tool to scaffold the
instruction in the after-school or summer school program. The assessment is set up by strand.
You may want to test one strand at a time.

Enrichment
For those students who show proficiency on the Are You Ready? Quizzes, provide them with
the appropriate Enrichment worksheets. The worksheets are based on the concepts that will be
taught in the lessons.

Other Materials Available for Are You Ready?

Intervention and Enrichment
Are You Ready? Intervention and Enrichment is available in different formats:
Are You Ready? Intervention and Enrichment [CD-ROM] and the Are You Ready? Intervention
and Enrichment Onlineprovides diagnostic assessment and interactive Intervention
activities and Practice. It allows teachers to assign the Are You Ready? Pre-Tests to whole
classes or individual students. Teachers can choose to have the interactive Intervention
activities and Practice automatically assigned to students requiring help. The Reports indicate
which students need more help and which students are proficient on a particular skill. Audio is
available in English and Spanish for EL students or for students having difficulty reading.

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viii

Holt Geometry

Students Name __________________________________________________________

Individual Prerequisite Skills Checklist

Chapter

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Lesson

Prescription

ix

Skill Mastered

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Number and Quantitative Reasoning
Select the best answer.

9. Round 17.081 to the nearest tenth.

A 17

1. Which list contains the first four multiples

of 13?
A 13, 130, 1300, 13000
B 13, 16, 19, 22
C 13, 14, 15, 16
D 13, 26, 39, 52

B 17.1
C 17.08
D 17.8
10. Which fraction is written
form?
121
H
F ____
11
__
J
G 85
5
4 to a decimal.
11. Change __
5
A 0.4
C
B 0.45
D

2. Which pair of numbers has 7 as its least

common multiple?
F 7, 21
G 3, 4
H 14, 28
J 1, 7
3. The number 9 is a factor of which of the
following numbers?
A 3
C 63
B 19
D 109

12

0.8
0.85

D
F 1:1
G 2:3

B
8

5. Which number is not composite?

A 9
C 37
B 21
D 111

12

C
H 3:2
J 4:3

13. Which of the following has a unit rate of

17 miles per hour?
A 60 miles in 2 hours
B 85 miles in 5 hours
C 90 miles in 10 hours
D 120 miles in 15 hours

6. Find the value of 49 .

F 4
H 24
G 7
J 98
7. Which statement is true?
A 8  8  8  8  8  5 8 
B 2  2  2  32
C 5  5  5  5  5  5  55
D 6  6  6  6  64

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23
__
3
16
__
4

12. What is the ratio of AB to BC, in simplest

form?

4. What is the greatest common factor of

6d 2 and 18d ?
F 6d 2
H 3d 2
G 6d
J 3d

8. Evaluate 63.
F 3
G 18

in simplest

14. Which decimal is equivalent to 22%?

F 0.2
G 0.22
H 2.2
J 22.0

H 108
J 216

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Number and Quantitative Reasoning
15. Write 0.000000082 in scientific notation.
A 82  109
B 82  108
C 0.82  107
D 8.2  108

19. Which measurement is the most

appropriate for the radius of a soccer
ball?
A 4 inches
C 1 foot
B 18 inches
D 3 feet
20. What is the length of the turtle?

16. Which statement is true?

F 0.75  70%
G 6.12  6.16
1  30%
H __
3
3  __
4
J __
5 7

D natural numbers, integers, rational

numbers

F
G
H
J

21. How many liters are in 22,000 milliliters?

A 220 L
B 22 L
C 2.2 L
D 0.22 L

18. Identify the point graphed on the number

line.

1 in.
F 2___
16
1 in.
G 2 __
4
3 in.
H 2 __
8
3 in.
J 2 __
4

17. Which number set(s) best classifies the

number 5?
A natural numbers
B whole numbers, integers
C integers, rational numbers

Measurement

1.5
2.2
2.5
3.5

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Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Geometry
22. Which of the following represents a ray?

26. Find the measure of angle 1.

F
G

110

H
1
J
F
G
H
J

23. Classify the angle.

A
B
C
D

27. Which figure is not a polygon?

straight
obtuse
right
acute

110
70

100 90 80 7
100 1 0 6
80
10
12 0
0

S
5
13 0
0

10
20 170
30 0 160
5
40 0 1
14

170
10 160 1
20
5
30 0 1
4
40 0

24. What is the angle measure of STU ?

0
12
0 60
13 0
5

T
F
G
H
J

70
80
90
110

C
U
D

20
50
70
130

28. What is the sum of the interior angles in

a quadrilateral?
F 90
G 180
H 360
J 720

25. Select the best description for angles

1 and 2.
2
1
A vertical angles
B adjacent angles

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C linear pair
D supplementary

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Geometry
29. Classify the triangle.

33. Which figure is congruent to this

triangle?

22
A right
B obtuse

C equilateral
D isosceles
9 102

13
26
B

31. Given the right triangle below, what is x ?

18

18

78

10

A
B
C
D

18

26

30. Two angles of a triangle are 32 and

110. What is the measure of the third
angle?
F 218
H 142
G 180
J 38

102

18

39
18

9.2
10.8
84
116

39

18 39

32. Find the value of x.

26

10 in.

18

39

x 45 10 in.


F 2 in.

G 102 in.

34. Which similarity statement is true?

H 10 in.

J 210 in.

B
9
A

6
8

11

N
18

24

S
M

F
G
H
J

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39.6

24.2
T

52.8

ABC  MNO
ABC  TRS
TRS  MNO
TRS  ONM

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Geometry
35. Triangle DEF and triangle QRS are
right triangles. If DEF is similar to
QRS, and mEFD  65, which of the
following angles also has a measure of
65?
A QRS
C QSR
B RQS
D SQR

39. Find the circumference.

18 ft

36. Find the perimeter of rhombus ABCD.

A

A 81
B 36

D A
16.2 m
F 32.4 m
G 64.8 m

40. The figure below has a line of symmetry.

Which drawing best shows the
completion of the figure?

C
H 262.44
J 268.96

37. What is the area of a triangle with a

height of 20 meters and a base of 16
meters?
20

16

A
B
C
D

160
320
640
656

square
square
square
square

C 18
D 9

meters
meters
meters
meters

38. A rectangle has vertices at P  1, 0 ,

Q  6, 0 , R  6, 6 , and S  1, 6 . What is
the area of rectangle PQRS ?
F 11 square units
G 22 square units
H 30 square units
J 150 square units

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Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Geometry

Operations
43. What is 224 14?
A 16
B 14
C 12
D 8

41. Determine the surface area of a

rectangular prism with height 5 in.,
width 7 in., and length 12 in.

A
B
C
D

44. Find the difference. 18  6.8

F 12.2
G 11.2
H 2.2
J 1.2

24 in.2
358 in.2
420 in.2
840 in.2

45. Find the product. 0.6  1.5

A 0.9
B 9.0
C 9.9
D 90

42. Determine the volume of a cube with

side length 12 ft.

46. Divide. 12.24 2

F 2.05
G 6.12
H 8.24
J 24.40
F
G
H
J

47. Find the product in simplest form.

6  __
2
__
7 3
6
A __
5
8
B ___
21
4
C __
7
__
D 1
2

36 ft3
144 ft3
864 ft3
1728 ft3

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Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Operations
7 __
1
48. Subtract. __

9 3
4
F __
9
2
G __
3
49. What is 5% of 40?
A 80
B 20

Algebra
55. Simplify the expression. 2   8  3   6
A 7
B 4
C 1
D 2

H 1
1
J 1__
9

56. Which expression is equivalent to the

expression 6 s  6 ?
F 6s  6
G s6
H s  36
J 6s  36

C 8
D 2

50. What is the simple interest on an

investment of $1500 at 5% for 5 years?
The simple interest formula is I  Pr t.
F $60
G $375
H $3750
J $6000

57. Simplify. 18  c
9c
6
A 24
8c 2
B 32c
C 24
8c
D 18c
15c

51. Subtract. 15  3

A 18
B 12
C 12
D 18
52. Multiply. 15 4 
F 60
G 11
H 11
J 60

64
53. Simplify. ____
100

4
___
A
10

4
__
B
5




58. Which equation corresponds to the

statement the length of the rectangle
is four times the width w .
F w4

G w  4
H  4w
J 4
w
59. Simplify. 5x 3  6x 2  x
A 30x 6
B 11x 7
C 30x 7
D 11x 3

2
C __
5
4
D __
5

60. Evaluate 16  3s for s  5.

F 15
G 8
H 5
J 1

54. Evaluate  12  14  6 .
F 32
H 8
G 8
J 32

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Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Algebra
66. Factor 5x 3  15x 2 completely.
F 5x 2
G x 2 5x  15 
H 5x 2 x  3 
J 3x 2 x  5 

9r 3
61. Divide. ___
2r 2
3
9r
A ___
2r
2r 3
B ___
9r 2
2
C __
9r
9r
D __
2

67. Factor the polynomial, x 2

5x
6,
completely.
A  x
6  x
1 
B  x
3  x
2 
C  x  3  x  2 
D  x  6  x
1 

62. Simplify. 5g  g  9h 
F 6g 2  14gh
G 5g 2  45gh
H 5g 2
5g  9h
J 6g 2  9h

68. Solve for x. 8x  56

F x  64
G x  48
H x  8
J x  7

63. Simplify. 9x  4y
5x  2y
A 8xy
B 14x 2  2y 2
C 14x  2
D 14x  6y

69. Solve the equation. 14c  6  22

7
A c  __
8
B c2
C c  28
D c  308

64. What is the product of  y

2  y  8 ?
F y 2
6y  16
G y 2  6y  16
H y 2  6y
16
J y 2
6y
16

70. What value of x makes this equation

true? 2x
18  5x
F x  6
G x4
H x  2.6
J x6
3
2
71. Solve for x. x  __  ___
5
10
1
A x  ___
10
1
B x  __
5
2
__
C x
3
7
D x  ___
10

65. What is the product of  2x  4  2x

4 ?
A 4x 2  16
B 4x 2
16x  16
C 4x 2  16x
16
D 4x 2
16

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Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Algebra
75. Which is the graph of the function
y  4x  1?

1bh for h.
72. Solve A  __
2
A
___
F h
2b

G h  2Ab
2b
H h  ___
A
2A
___
J h
b

73. Segment CD has endpoints at C  0, 8 

and D  2, 4 . Find the midpoint of
segment CD.
A  1, 2 
B  1, 3 
C  1, 4 
D  1, 6 

74. The graph shown is the solution to which

of the following inequalities?

C
7 6 5 4 3 2

F d61
G 4d  24
H 2d  12
1 d  2
J __
3

x
1

76. Which pair of linear equations represent

parallel lines?
y  2x
3
y  6x  5
H
F
y  2x
5
1x  5
y  __
6

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y  4x  3
1x 7
y  __

{ yy  8x8x 
52
Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Algebra
5
x
77. Solve the proportion. __  ___
8
40
A x5
C x  25
B x  10
D x  37

79. Which ordered pair corresponds to

point S ?
y

78. What table of ordered pairs corresponds

to the function y  3x
1?
F
x
y
2

5

1

2

2

1

1

4

7

2

1

2

5

V
x

T
X

A
B
C
D

G
x

U
1

 3, 3 
 2, 1 
 3, 2 
 3, 2 

80. Graph the function y  x 2  1 for the

domain of  2, 1, 0, 1, 2 .
y

F
1

H
y

G
1

J
x

2

7

1

4

1

1
1

J
1

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10

x
1

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Algebra

Statistics and Data Analysis

2

81. Solve for y. y  16  9

A y  25
B y  5
C y  4
D y  3

83. The table shows

the number and
type of animals
that are on exhibit
at the 4-H fair.

82. What value completes the square for the

expression x 2  6x
?
F 36
G 12
H 9
J 3

Animal

Total

Pig

50

Cow

156

Chicken

28

Horse
Find the
percentage of
animals that are horses.
A 12%
C 50%
B 25%
D 312%

78

84. Which statement does not represent the

data set? 1, 5, 3, 5, 1, 2, 6, 4, 1
F mean  4
H mode  1
G median  3
J range  5
85. The runners completing a 10K run were
asked how many days per week they
train. If 200 runners were surveyed, how
many runners said that they train 4 days
per week?

18%

20%

5 days 2 days

22%

40%

3 days

4 days

A 8 runners
B 12 runners

C 80 runners
D 120 runners

86. Given the graph below, what is f  5 ?

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

F 8
G 6
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11

H 4
J 0
Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Diagnostic Assessment
Logical Reasoning

Probability

87. Which statement can be concluded from

the following?

90. Your team uniform consists of one pair

of pants, three shirts, and two vests.
Which tree diagram can you use to help
determine all of the different choices of
uniform combinations?

If two angles are complementary, both

angles have measures less than 90.
Angle T and angle U are complementary
angles.
A mT  90
B mT
mU  90
C mT  mU
D mU  90

White Shirt

Green Vest
Black Vest

Maroon Shirt

Green Vest
Black Vest

Pants

88. Which conditional statement is always

true?
F If two lines intersect, they are
perpendicular.
G If two angles in a triangle are acute,
the triangle is an obtuse triangle.
H If two lines are parallel, the slope of
both lines is the same.
J If a figure is a square, the length of
the diagonal is twice the square of the
sum of two side lengths.

White Shirt

Green Vest
Black Vest

Maroon Shirt

Green Vest
Black Vest

Gray Shirt

Green Vest
Black Vest

Pants

White Shirt

Green Vest
Black Vest

Maroon Shirt

Green Vest
Black Vest

Gray Shirt

Green Vest
Black Vest

White Shirt

Green Vest
Black Vest

Green Vest

Maroon Shirt
Gray Shirt

Black Vest

Maroon Shirt
Gray Shirt

Gray Shirt

Green Vest
Black Vest

89. Select the counterexample that makes

the statement false.

 n 2   n, where n is a real number

A n  10
1
B n  __

1
C n  __
2

Pants

D n5

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

12

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

Multiples

Teaching Skill 1
Objective Write the multiples of a number.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Write the multiples of a number.

Direct students to read the definition at the

top of the page and to read the example.
Ask: What number is missing from the
list of numbers? (0) Explain that zero
should not be used when finding multiples of
numbers.

Some students remember counting

by numbers better than remembering
multiplication facts.
Ask students to count by 2s beginning with
2. Direct them to write the numbers down as
they count.

Ask: What do the three dots at the end of

the list of numbers mean? (The list goes
on to include all numbers from 1 to infinity.)

Point out that the numbers the students

wrote down are multiples of 2.
Ask: How do you get from one number to
the next? (You add 2 each time.)

Ask: If you multiply a number times 1000,

will you get a multiple of the number?
(Yes)

Have students count by 10s beginning with

10 and write down the numbers as they
count.

Ask: For what number is the example

finding multiples? (6)

Ask: The numbers you just wrote down

are multiples of what number? (10)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

Review the example.

Write: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60,

In exercises 15, students find the first five

multiples of numbers using a multiplication
table as a guide.

Guide students in understanding that each

term in the sequence they wrote down, is the
product of 10 and another whole number.

In exercises 613, students apply what they

have learned to find the next three multiples
of the numbers given without a multiplication
table.

Ask: Ten times what number is 10? (1)

Ask: Ten times what number is 20? (2)
Ask: Ten times what number is 30? (3)

CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
multiples of numbers.

Point out that counting by numbers results

in the same multiples as multiplying 10 by
the numbers 1, 2, 3, .

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Remind students that just like they can

count forever, they can also multiply forever.
That means there are an infinite number of
multiples for every number.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may list incorrect multiples due to
lack of proficiency of multiplication facts.

Have students count by 3s, then by 4s, then

by 5s, and write the numbers as they count.
Remind them that they are writing some of
the multiples of those numbers.

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

When students show an understanding of

finding multiples by counting, have them find
the first five multiples of several numbers
using multiplication only.

13

Holt Geometry

Name
SKILL

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

Multiples

The multiple of a number is the product of the number and a whole number.
Example:

6
6
6
6
6

1
2
3
4
5

6
12
18
24
30

The multiples of 6 are {6, 12, 18, 24, 30, }.

Practice on Your Own

List the first five multiples of the numbers.
1. 3 1

2. 7 1

3. 12 1

4. 16 1

5. 25 1

32

72

12 2

16 2

25 2

33

73

12 3

16 3

25 3

34

74

12 4

16 4

25 4

35

75

12 5

16 5

25 5

List the next three multiples of the number.

6. 5, 10, 15,

9. 11, 22, 33,

,
,

12. 100, 200, 300,

7. 6, 12, 18,

8. 1, 2, 3,

10. 8, 16, 24,

11. 2, 4, 6,

13. 500, 1000, 1500,

Check
List the next four multiples of the number.
14. 4, 8, 12,
16. 10, 20, 30,
18. 45, 90, 135,

,
,

,
,

20. 2000, 4000, 6000,

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

15. 9, 18, 27,

,

17. 15, 30, 45,

,

19. 250, 500, 750,

,

,
,

,
,

,
,

14

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

Least Common Multiple

Teaching Skill 2
Objective Find the least common multiple.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the least common multiple
using number lines.

Direct students to read the definition at the

top of the page. Ask: Can two numbers
have more than one multiple in common?
(Yes)

Provide students with number lines 0 to 40,

drawn in pairs. The lines in each pair should
be lined up directly beneath each other.
Refer to the sample below, but lines should
be numbered 0 to 40.

Direct students attention to the example.

Ask: According to the lists, what two
multiples do 6 and 8 have in common?
(24 and 48) Ask: Which of these is the
smallest? (24)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Have students read the definition of least

common multiple. Ask: What is the least
common multiple of 6 and 8? (24)

On the first pair of number lines, have

students circle the multiples of 3 on the top
number line and multiples of 4 on the bottom
number line.

Point out that since every number has an

infinite number of multiples, every pair of
numbers has an infinite number of common
multiples. Ask: Will there always be a least
common multiple? (Yes) Ask: Is there ever
a greatest common multiple? (No)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Ask: Which numbers are circled on both

number lines? (12, 24, and 36 on students
number lines) Explain that these numbers
are the common multiples of 3 and 4.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

Review the example at the top of the page.
In exercises 112, students find the least
common multiples for each pair of numbers.

Ask: Which of the common multiples is the

smallest? (12) Explain that 12 is called the
least common multiple, or LCM, of 3 and 4.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to find the
least common multiple of two numbers.

Repeat the activity for multiples of 6 and 8.

Students should arrive at an LCM of 24.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Repeat the activity for multiples of 4 and

12. Students should arrive at an LCM of 12.
Draw attention to the fact that sometimes the
LCM of two numbers is one of the numbers.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may choose a common multiple
that is not the smallest number, particularly
when the LCM is one of the numbers.

Ask: When is the LCM one of the two

numbers for which you are finding the
multiples? (If the larger number is a multiple
of the smaller number, then the LCM of the
two numbers is the larger number.)

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Continue using number lines until you feel

comfortable that students understand the
concept of how to identify a least common
multiple. Then have them find LCMs using
lists of multiples instead of number lines.

15

Holt Geometry

Name
SKILL

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

Least Common Multiples

Multiples that are common to two or more numbers are called common
multiples of those numbers.
Example:

Multiples of 6
616
6 2 12
6 3 18
6 4 24
6 5 30
6 6 36
6 7 42
6 8 48

Multiples of 8
818
8 2 16
8 3 24
8 4 32
8 5 40
8 6 48
8 7 56
8 8 64

The least common multiple, or LCM, of two

or more numbers is the smallest multiple the
numbers have in common.

The common multiples of

6 and 8 are 24, 48, .

The LCM of 6 and 8 is 24.

Practice on Your Own

Find the least common multiple, or LCM, for each pair of numbers.
1. 8, 12

2. 20, 8

3. 20, 5

4. 5, 12

5. 7, 15

6. 16, 96

7. 4, 15

8. 30, 18

9. 16, 48

10. 40, 15

11. 16, 6

12. 10, 36

Check
Find the least common multiple, or LCM, for the pair of numbers.
13. 9, 6

14. 5, 6

15. 18, 10

16. 15, 50

17. 7, 12

18. 9, 12

19. 24, 64

20. 28, 42

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

16

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

Factors

Teaching Skill 3
Objective Write the factors of a number.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the factors of a number by
dividing.

Direct students to read the definition of

factors at the top of the page and to review
the example.

Provide students with a different definition

of a factor: a factor is a whole number that
divides without a remainder into a larger
whole number.

Ask: How many factors does a number

have? (The number of factors depends on
how many different ways whole numbers
can be multiplied together to arrive at the
number.)

For example, since 20 2 10, 2 is a factor

of 20. Remind students that 1 and the number
itself are both factors of the number since they
divide without a remainder into the number.

Direct students to Step 1: Ask: What is the

least number of factors a number has?
(2; 1 and the number itself)

Have students set up a table to find the other

factors of 20.

For Step 2: How do you know if 2 is one of

the factors? (All even numbers have a factor
of 2.)
For Step 4, instructs students to write each
factor only once (i.e. do not repeat factors).
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 14, students determine
whether the second number is a factor of the
first.

Division

Quotient

20 2

10

20 3

6r2

20 4

20 5

Instruct students to stop testing factors when

they begin to repeat. In this example, 4 5
and 5 4 are the same factors repeated.

In exercises 512, students list all the factors

of the numbers.

Point out that the quotients (where there are

no remainders) are also factors of the number.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
factors of numbers.

Instruct students to circle those numbers

in the table for which there is no remainder
when divided into 20. Also circle the quotient.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Ask: Based on the definition of a factor,

which of the numbers tested are factors
of 20? (2, 4, 5, and 10)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may leave out factors when writing
the list of factors.

Ask: What other two numbers are also

factors of 20? (1 and 20) Stress that
students should be careful to always include
1 and the number itself when listing factors.

Students may list multiples instead of factors.

Students who made more than 3 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Number
to Test

Ask: Why isnt 3 a factor of 20? (There is a

remainder of 2 when 3 is divided into 20.)
Continue with other examples, using numbers
less than 30. When you feel comfortable that
students understand how to find factors, have
them list factors without using a table.

17

Holt Geometry

Name
SKILL

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

Factors

Factors are whole numbers that are multiplied together to obtain another
whole number.
Example: Since 2 7 14, both 2 and 7 are factors of 14.
To find all the factors of a number:
Step 1:

Begin with 1 and the number itself.

These will be the smallest and the
largest factors of the number.

Example: List the factors of 36.

1 36 36

Step 2:

Test other factor pairs.

2 18 36, 3 12 36, 4 9 36
6 6 36

Step 3:

Continue until factors repeat.

9 4 36

Step 4:

List all the factors.

{1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36}

Practice on Your Own

Determine whether the second number is a factor of the first.
1. 20, 6

2. 8, 2

3. 35, 35

4. 48, 12

List all the factors of the numbers.

5. 24

6. 56

7. 23

8. 120

9. 19

10. 20

11. 35

12. 100

Check
Determine whether the second number is a factor of the first.
13. 32, 7

14. 60, 15

15. 144, 24

16. 40, 6

List all the factors of the numbers.

17. 17

18. 45

19. 160

20. 28

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

18

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

Greatest Common Factors

Teaching Skill 4
Objective Find the greatest common factor
of two expressions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the greatest common factor
using prime factorization.

Explain to students that the greatest

common factor, or GCF, of two expressions
is the largest of the common factors that the
expressions share.

Explain to students that monomial

expressions include a coefficient (number),
one or more variables (letters), or both.
Provide the following examples of monomial
3
2 2
expressions: 24x y and 80x y .

Direct students to Steps 13.

Ask: What are the coefficients of these

two expressions? (24 and 80) Ask: What
are the variables in the expressions?
(x and y)

Ask: What are variables? (Variables are the

letters in an expression.)
Ask: What is a coefficient? (A coefficient
is the number that precedes one or more
variables in an expression.)

Remind students that they can use prime

factorization to find the greatest common
factor, or GCF, of the coefficients. Work
through the process using 24 and 80.

Direct students to the example. Ask:

What are the coefficients of the two
expressions? (18 and 30)

2 24
2 12
26
3

Ask: What is the smallest exponent of

the variable x in the two expressions?
(1) What is the smallest exponent of the
variable y in the two expressions? (2)

2 80
2 40
2 20
2 10
5

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

Review each step in the example.

Have students write the prime factorization of

the two numbers.

In exercises 19, students find the greatest

common factor for each pair of numbers or
expressions.

24 2 2 2 3
80 2 2 2 2 5
Next have students line up matching factors
according to occurrence and circle complete
pairs.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
the greatest common factor for a pair of
expressions.

24 2 2 2
3
80 2 2 2 2

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Explain that the GCF of the two numbers is

the product of the matched pairs only.
Ask: What is the GCF of 24 and 80?
(2 2 2 8)

COMMON ERRORS
When the expressions include variables,
students choose the largest exponent of the
variable, rather than the smallest exponent.

Explain that finding the GCF of the variables

is much easiersimply choose the smallest
power of each variable.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Ask: What is the GCF of the variables in

2
the two expressions and why? (x y since
2 is the smallest exponent of x and 1 is the
smallest exponent of y)
3
2 2
2
The GCF of 24x y and 80x y is 8x y.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

19

Holt Geometry

Name
SKILL

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

Greatest Common Factors

To find the greatest common factor, or GCF, in algebraic expressions:

Step 1: Find the GCF of the coefficients of the expressions.
Step 2: Find the GCF of each variable by choosing the one with the
smallest exponent.
Step 3: Write the GCF of the two expressions as a product of the GCFs
found in Steps 1 and 2.
Example: Find the GCF of 18xy 4 and 30x 2y 2.
Step 1

Step 2
4

Step 3
2

coefficients: 18 and 30

variables: xy and x y

GCF of coefficients: 6

factors of 18:
{1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}

smallest exponent of x: x

GCF of variables: xy

factors of 30:
{1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30}

smallest exponent of y: y 2

product: 6 times xy 2

GCF 6

GCF xy 2

GCF 6xy 2

Practice on Your Own

Find the greatest common factor of each pair of numbers or
expressions.
3

1. 8 and 20

2. 14 and 28

3. 32a and 60a

4. x 3y and x 2y 4

5. 18a 2 and 42a 5

6. 4x 2y and 6x 2y 3

7. 16e 2f and 64ef 3

8. 28r 2st and 70rs 3

9. 10xyz and 5x 3z

Check
Find the greatest common factor of each pair of expressions.
10. 24 and 60

4
2
11. 60e f and 24e f

12. 12a 5 and 28a 3

13. 15gh and 8g 2h

14. 12a 3b 2 and 30a 3d

15. 50x 5 and 40x 3

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

20

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

Prime and Composite Numbers

Teaching Skill 5
Objective Determine whether a number is a
prime or composite number.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Determine whether a number is a
prime or composite number.

Review the definition and the example of a

prime number. Ask: What is the smallest
prime number? (2)

Materials needed: graph paper

Tell students that they can use graph paper
to help them determine whether a number is
prime or composite.

Explain that the number 1 is neither prime

nor composite because it has exactly one
factor, itself.

Instruct students to shade three unit squares

on the graph paper in the shape of a
rectangle. Have them arrange the shading in
different ways if possible.

Ask: What is the next smallest prime

number? (3)
Next, review the definition and the example
of a composite number. Ask: What is the
smallest composite number? (4)
Review the steps for determining whether
a number is prime or composite. Ask: What
kinds of numbers are always composite?
(even numbers and multiples of numbers)

Discuss with students how the shading is

arranged. Point out that in order to arrange
three squares in the shape of a rectangle,
you must either use 1 column by 3 rows or
3 rows by 1 column. Equate this to factors of
1 3 or 3 1, which are the same factors.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 14, students practice listing
factors of numbers.

Tell students that a prime number, such as 3,

can only be arranged as one set of factors.

In exercises 512, students determine

whether a number is prime or composite,
and write composite numbers as products.

Next, have students shade 6 unit squares, in

as many ways as possible, keeping them in
the shape of a rectangle.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
determine whether a number is prime or
composite.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Ask: What arrangements were you able to

make with six squares? (1 6, 6 1,
2 3, and 3 2). Tell students that a
composite number, such as 6, can be
arranged in multiple ways.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may miss factors of numbers and
incorrectly identify the number as being
prime.
Students who made more than 3 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Have students shade unit squares

representing the numbers 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, and
9. Ask: Which of the numbers are prime?
(2, 5, and 7) Which of the numbers are
composite? (4, 8, and 9)

21

Holt Geometry

Name
SKILL

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

Prime and Composite Numbers
Prime Numbers

Composite Numbers

A prime number is a whole number, greater

A composite number is a whole number,
than 1, that has exactly two factors, 1 and the greater than 1, that has more than two
number itself.
factors.
Example 1: Prime Number
Example 2: Composite Number
Factors of 17: {1, 17}

17 is a prime
number.

Factors of 18: {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}

18 is a
composite number.

To determine whether a number is prime or composite:

Step 1: List all the factors of the number.
Step 2: If there are exactly two factors, then the number is prime; if there
are more than two factors, the number is composite.
Practice on Your Own
List all the factors of the numbers.
1. 33

2. 23

3. 90

4. 20

Tell whether each number is prime or composite. If the number is

composite, write it as the product of two numbers.
5. 25

6. 46

9. 137

10. 43

7. 7

11. 121

8. 12

12. 19

Check
Tell whether each number is prime or composite. If the number is
composite, write it as the product of two numbers.
13. 27

14. 13

15. 81

16. 28

17. 31

18. 18

19. 21

20. 83

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

22

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

Squares and Square Roots

Teaching Skill 6
Objective Find the square or square root of
a number.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the square of a number.
Materials needed: graph paper

Review the definition and the example of

square of numbers. Stress that squaring
a number is NOT the same as doubling a
number. Ask: What is the square of 3? (9)

Tell students they can use graph paper to

help determine what the square of a number
is and whether a number is a perfect square.
Instruct students to form a larger shaded
square by shading 3 rows and 3 columns on
the graph paper.

Review the definition and the example of

perfect squares. Ask: What are the first
three perfect square numbers? (1, 4, 9)
Review the definition and the example of
square roots. Ask: What is the square root
of 9? (3)
Point out that squaring a number and taking
the square root of a number undo each

2
other: 3 9, 9 3

Point out that this is the geometric

representation of 3 squared because it
forms a square of length 3 and width 3.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 14, students find the squares
of numbers.

Have students count the number of small

squares inside the larger square. There are
a total of 9. Ask: Aside from counting,
how would you find the area of the larger
square? (Multiply the length times the width,
3 3.) Equate this to the fact that 3 squared,
2
or 3 , is equal to 3 3 or 9.

In exercises 58, students find the square

roots of numbers.
In exercises 916, students determine if a
number is a perfect square, and if so, find its
positive square root.

Have students repeat this exercise with the

2
numbers 5 and 6. Ask: What is 5 ? (25)
2
What is 6 ? (36)

CHECK
Determine that students know how to identify
perfect square numbers and how to take
square roots.

Remind students that squared is the same

thing as raised to the second power.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Next, have students try to shade 12 small

squares in the shape of a larger square.
Ask? Is it possible to form a large square
using 12 small squares? (No)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may double a number instead of
squaring it when raising the number to the
second power.

Tell students that a number is not a perfect

square if they are not able to form a large
square.
Have students try to form a large square with
the numbers 4, 8, 9, and 10. Ask: Which of
the numbers are perfect squares?
(4 and 9)

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

23

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

SKILL

Squares and Square Roots

Square of Numbers

The square of a number is

the product of the number
and itself.

Perfect Squares

Square Roots

A number is a perfect square

2
if it is of the form n , where n
is any whole number.

If a number is a perfect
square, with two identical
factors, then either factor is
the square root of the number.
Example 3

Example 1

Example 2
2

The square of 5, or 5 , is
5 5 25.

The number 49 is a perfect

square because it can be
2
written as 7 7 or 7 .

The square root of 100,


or 100, is 10 since
10 10 100.

Practice on Your Own

Find the square of each number.
1. 3

2. 8 2

3. 16 2

4. 25 2

Find each square root.



5. 16

6. 144

7. 400

8. 81

Tell whether each number is a perfect square. If so, identify its

positive square root.
9. 24

13. 169

10. 1

11. 225

12. 48

14. 196

15. 50

16. 1000

Check
Find the square or square root of each number.
17. 7

19. 12 2

18. 25

20. 100

Tell whether each number is a perfect square. If so, identify its

positive square root.
21. 36

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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22. 75

23. 121

24

24. 65

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

Exponents

Teaching Skill 7
Objective Read, write, and understand
exponents.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Write a number using exponents.
Materials needed: number cards shown
below. Index cards work nicely.

Explain to students that using exponents is

nothing more than writing multiplication in a
form of shorthand.
3

Write on the board: 4 . Identify the 4 as the

base of the expression and the 3 as the
3
exponent. Write: 6 and ask: Which number
is the base? (6) Which number is the
exponent? (3)
Point out that the base is a regular sized
number and the exponent is a superscript (a
small raised number).
3
Return to the expression 4 . Explain that 4
is to be multiplied times itself three times.
Write: 4 4 4

Review the examples of Writing Exponents.

Ask: How many times would you multiply
a number that is raised to the tenth
power? (10)

41

23

32

53

35

33

222

1111

555

33333

Tell students that they are going to play a

memory game.
Before the game begins, remind students
that an exponent tells how many times a
base number is used as a factor.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students write expressions
as a multiplication of factors.

Provide them with the following examples:

2
6 66

In exercises 712, students write

expressions using a base and an exponent.

5
4 44444

Mix the cards up and place them in rows,

face down. Each student will flip over two
cards. If the values of the expressions on
the two cards are the same, the student
keeps the cards. If the values are different,
the student flips the cards back over and
another student takes a turn. The winner is
the student who has the most cards at the
end of the game.

CHECK
Determine that students understand how to
read and write exponents.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may confuse the base and the
exponent.

As an extension of this exercise, have the

students make their own number cards and
play again. Instruct them to create
12 new cards. The cards should be created
in pairs one with an expression that
contains an exponent and one that uses only
multiplication.

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

14

25

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

SKILL

Exponents

Using an exponent is a shorthand way of writing out the multiplication of

the same number one or more times.
Understanding
Exponents

Writing Exponents

Reading Exponents

An exponent tells how many

times a base number (or
variable) is used as a factor.

The base is written as a

standard number (or variable).
The exponent is written as a
superscript.

The product of repeated

factors is called a power.
5
Read 6 as 6 raised to the
fifth power or the fifth power
of 6.

Example:

Examples:

Special cases: The second

and third powers of numbers
2
have special names: 7 can
be read as 7 squared and
3
9 can be read as 9 cubed.

In the expression 4 , the

base, 4, is a factor 3 times or
4 4 4.

666666
g g g g g4
(5) (5) (5) (5) 3
5

Practice on Your Own

Write each expression as a multiplication of factors.
1. 9

4. 8 2

2. 1 5

3. x 3

5. (2) 3

6. p 6

Write each expression using a base and an exponent.

8. 12 12 12 12

7. 10 10 10 10 10 10
9. m m m m m

10. five raised to the sixth power

11. nine squared

12. p cubed

Check
Write each expression as a multiplication of factors.
13. 2

14. (4) 2

15. h 5

Write each expression using a base and an exponent.

16. 25 25 25

17. s s s s

18. eight cubed

19. four raised to the first power

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

26

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

Evaluate Powers

Teaching Skill 8
Objective Evaluate powers of a number.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Evaluate powers of a number.

Review the definition of a power. Ask: What

does 3 raised to the fourth power mean?
(3 3 3 3) Stress to students that raising
a number to a power is NOT the same as
multiplying the number by that power.

Materials needed: number cards shown

below. Index cards work nicely.

14

52

23

Review the example. Emphasize that it is

a good idea to multiply the expression out
one product at a time, rather than trying to
calculate the entire product mentally.

32

61

43

Explain how to evaluate a number raised to

the first power, and to the zero power.

25

64

Ask: When you are evaluating powers

of negative numbers, when will the
result be negative and when will it be
positive? (The result will be negative
when the exponent is an odd number and
it will be positive when the exponent is
an even number.) Give a few examples to
demonstrate why this is true.

Tell students that they are going to play a

memory game.
Before the game begins, remind students
that an exponent tells how many times a
base number is used as a factor. To evaluate
an expression that contains an exponent,
multiply the factors out to arrive at the
product. For example,

Review the example explaining how to add

expressions that contain powers.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 19, students evaluate powers
of numbers and perform operations that
include powers of numbers.

3
5 5 5 5 125

Shuffle the cards and place them in rows,

face down. Each student will flip over two
cards. If the values of the expressions on
the two cards are the same, the student
keeps the cards. If the values are different,
the student flips the cards back over and
another student takes a turn. The winner is
the student who has the most cards at the
end of the game.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
evaluate powers of numbers.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may multiply the base by the
exponent instead of raising it to a power.

As an extension of this exercise, have the

students make their own number cards and
play again. Instruct them to create 12 new
cards. The cards should be created in pairs
one with an expression that contains an
exponent and one that has an equivalent
number value.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

27

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

SKILL

Evaluate Powers

The product of a repeated factor is called a power. To evaluate the power of a number,
multiply the factor the correct number of times to arrive at the product.
th
4
Example: the 4 power of 3, or 3 :

3333
933
27 3 81
Special powers:
1
Any nonzero number raised to a power of one is the number itself: 5 5.

Any nonzero number raised to a power of zero is 1: 13 0 1.

To add, subtract, multiply, or divide powers of numbers, evaluate each
expression and then perform the indicated operation:
3
2
(4) 6 (4 4 4) (6 6) 64 36 28
Practice on Your Own
Find the value of each expression.
2. 4 2

3. 113 0

4. 15 raised to the
second power

5. 10 cubed

6. 5 0 8 0

7. (2) 4 3 2

8. 6 2 2 2

9. 8 2 2 4

1. 2

Check
Find the value of each expression.
10. 4

11. (1) 8

13. 10 20

16. 5 10
2

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

12. 9 squared

14. (2) 3
3

17. 10 5

15. (1) 2
3

3
18. ___
0
6

28

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

Rounding and Estimation

Teaching Skill 9
Objective Round or estimate a number.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Round a number using a number
line.

Point out to students that rounding is a way

of approximating a number. Ask: Do real life
situations always require exact numbers?
(No) Discuss some examples where you
would not need exact measurements,
numbers, etc.

It may benefit some students to see a visual

representation of how to round. Provide
students with copies of the number lines
shown below.

Work through the example to demonstrate

how to round a decimal number, following
the steps provided.
Explain that estimating is a way of using
rounded numbers to simplify calculations and
arrive at an approximate answer.

4.25

4.26

20

30

Tell students they are going to use the first

number line to round the number 6.7 to the
nearest whole number. Ask: What do the
tick marks between the numbers 6 and 7
represent? (Since there are 10 parts, they
represent 10ths.)

Ask: If a problem involved adding 297 and

412, how would you round each number
to make the calculations simpler? (Round
297 to 300 and 412 to 400.) Why? (It is
easier to work with numbers that only have
one nonzero digit.)

Have students label 6.5 on the number

line. Next, have students place a dot on the
number line where 6.7 would be.

Work a similar example with multiplication.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 16, students round numbers to
the indicated place values.

6.5

Ask: Is 6.7 closer to 6 or to 7? (7) What is 6.7

rounded to the nearest whole number? (7)

In exercises 712, students estimate sums

and products using rounding techniques.

Tell students they are going to use the second

number line to round the number 4.254 to
the nearest hundredth. Repeat the process
aboveidentify what the tick marks represent;
label 4.255; place a dot on 4.254; and use the
information to round 4.254 to 4.25.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to round
numbers and estimate quantities.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are ready
to move on to the next skill.

Repeat the process using the third number

line to round the number 25 to the nearest
tens place. (30)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may look at the last digit in a
number to decide whether to round up or
down, rather than looking at the digit to the
immediate right of the rounding place.

Practice this method with students until you

feel that they have mastered the technique
of rounding numbers using a number line.
Choose numbers for them to round and have
them create their own number lines.

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

When you feel comfortable that students

understand how to round using a visual
representation, have them round numbers
without using the number lines.

29

Holt Geometry

Name
SKILL

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

Rounding and Estimation

Rounding a number provides an approximate value of the number. Estimation is

often used when the final result does not need to be an exact number.
To round a number:
Step 1: Find the place to which you are rounding.
Step 2: Look at the digit immediately to the right of that place.
Step 3: If this digit is greater than or equal to 5, round the digit in the rounding place up 1.
If the digit is less than 5, the digit in the rounding place is unchanged.
Step 4: If you are rounding to a decimal place or to the nearest whole number, drop the
digits to the right of the rounding place. If you are rounding to tens, hundreds, or
any larger place value, fill in zeros as needed.
Example: Round 14.638 to the nearest tenth.

Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Answer:

The digit to be rounded is 6.

3 is to the right of 6.
3 5, so 6 is unchanged.
Drop the digits 3 and 8.
14.6

Practice on Your Own

Round each number to the indicated place value.
1. 146.3892; hundredth

2. 235.7; whole number

3. 47; tens

4. 15.275; tenth

5. 0.0048; thousandth

6. 3.99; tenth

Estimate the sum or product by rounding each number to the

indicated place value.
7. 76 148; tens

8. 9.46 18; tens

10. 412 709 99; hundreds 11. 6.62 1.89; tens

9. 10.2 1.975; ones

12. 780.5 7.88; tens

Check
Estimate each number by rounding it to the indicated place value.
13. 0.0748; hundredth

14. 1324.8; whole number

15. 18.996; tenth

Estimate the sum or product by rounding each number to the

indicated place value.
16. 11.8 47; tens

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

17. 862 59.4; hundreds

30

18. 9.2 2.866; ones

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

10

Simplify Fractions

Teaching Skill 10
Objective Write a fraction in simplest form.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Write a fraction in simplest form.

Review the definition of simplest form with

students.
3 written in simplest form? Why
Ask: Is __
7
or why not? (Yes, because 3 and 7 do not
share any factors other than 1.)
6 written in simplest form? Why or
Is __
8
why not? (No, because 6 and 8 share a
factor of 2.)

Some students may benefit from a visual

method for identifying a GCF. Provide
students with a 10 by 10 multiplication table
as shown below (no shading included).

Point out that finding the GCF of two

numbers is the same thing as asking what
is the biggest number that will divide without
a remainder into the numerator and the
denominator. If students choose a common
factor that is not the GCF, they may have to
simplify the fraction again to find the simplest
form.
Review the example.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 1 and 2, students practice
finding the GCF of two numbers.
In exercises 38, students apply what they
have learned to simplify fractions.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to write a
fraction in simplest form.

10

10

10 12 14 16 18 20

12 15 18 21 24 27 30

12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

14 21 27 35 42 49 56 63 70

16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80

18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90

10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Tell students they are going to use the table
35.
to help them simplify ___
63
Instruct students to search for the horizontal
row in which they see both the numerator
and the denominator of the fraction. Start at
the bottom of the table to begin the search.
(Row 7)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are ready
to move on to the next skill.

Explain that since this is a multiplication

table, all the numbers in that row are
divisible by 7. Instruct students to divide
the numerator and the denominator of the
COMMON ERRORS
35  7
5
fraction by 7: ______  __.
Students may choose a common factor that
63  7 9
is not the greatest common factor. Their
Point out that the only row that contains both
answer will be a simplified fraction, but not
5 and 9 is row 1, which means 5 and 9 do not
the simplest form of the fraction.
have any factors in common except 1. Ask:
35 written in simplest form? __
5
What is ___
Students who made more than 2 errors in
9
63
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
28
7
___
___
Repeat the exercise to simplify .
successful in the Check section, may benefit
48 12
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Point out that sometimes multiple
simplifications may be needed. Work through
6 then __
54. __
2
the process to simplify ___
81 9
3
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
31
Holt
Geometry
All rights reserved.

 
 

Name
LESSON

10

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

Simplify Fractions

Definition: a fraction is in simplest form when the numerator and the

denominator do not share any common factors, other than the factor of 1.
An improper fraction should be written as a mixed number.
To write
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:

a fraction in simplest form:

List all the factors of the numerator and the denominator.
Identify the greatest common factor (GCF).
Divide both the numerator and the denominator by the GCF.

18 in simplest form.
Example: Write ___
45

Factors of 18: { 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 }
Factors of 45: { 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45 }
GCF: 9
18
9
18
2
2.
______
___
 __
written in simplest form is __
5
45  9
45
5

Practice on Your Own

Identify the greatest common factor of the numerator and
denominator of the fractions given.
16
1. ___
24

36
2. ___
63

Factors of 16:

Factors of 36:

Factors of 24:

Factors of 63:

GCF:

GCF:

Write each fraction in simplest form.

6 
3. _______
 ___
20 


_______
4. 60
 ___
72 


_______
5. 45
 ___
54 

121
6. ____
66

49
7. ___
56

24
8. ___
26

Check
Identify the greatest common factor of the numerator and
denominator of the fractions given.
15 GCF 
4 GCF 
4 GCF 
10. __
11. ___
9. ___
12
9
35

24 GCF 
12. ____
180

Write each fraction in simplest form.


_______
13. 15
 ___
21 

5 
14. _______
 ___
18 


_______
15. 14
 ___
49 

32
16. ___
40

20
17. ___
16

72
18. ___
81

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

32

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

11

Fractions and Decimals

Teaching Skill 11
Objective Write a fraction as a decimal.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Use equivalent fractions to write
fractions as decimals.

Review with students the different ways

to indicate division. Ask: How would you
6 as a division problem? (6 divided
read __
8
by 8)

Point out to students that fractions with

certain denominators can be easily written as
decimals.
Review the following equivalencies:
6
15
1
1
___
 0.1; ___  0.6; ____  0.01; ____  0.15
10
10
100
100
Ask: Will it make it easier to write a
fraction as a decimal if you can find an
equivalent fraction with a denominator of
10, 100, etc.? (Yes)

Review the names of terms in a division

problem. Stress that the numerator is always
the dividend, regardless of whether it is
smaller or greater than the denominator.
Review the example. Point out that only
one zero was needed in the dividend in this
example to complete the division, but more
than one may be required for other fractions.

Review with students how to find an

3 . Ask: If you
equivalent fraction. Begin with __
5
want to change fifths to tenths, what do
you need to multiply by? (2) What do you
multiply by 2? (You must multiply both the
numerator and the denominator by 2.)
3
2
6
_____
 ___. Ask: What is the decimal form
5  2 10
6 ? (0.6)
of ___
10
9.
Repeat the exercise with the fraction ___
25
Ask: Can this fraction be written
as tenths? (No) What will the new
denominator be instead? (100)

Ask: What happens if the numerator is

greater than the denominator? (The first
digit of the quotient will not be 0.)
Ask: What do you do with the whole
number in a mixed number? (Ignore it,
divide out the fraction part of the number,
and attach the whole back to the final
answer.)
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 18, students write fractions as
decimals using division.

Work through the problem using the same

94
36
questioning as before: ______  ____ = 0.36.
25  4 100
Point out that this technique only works for
fractions that have denominators which are
factors of 10, 100, 1000, etc.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to write a
fraction as a decimal.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are ready
to move on to the next skill.

Repeat the activity using the fractions

55
3 75
11 ____
___
 0.5 5, __ ____  0.7 5
20 100
4 100
5
625
and __ _____  0.62 5.
8 1000

COMMON ERRORS
Students may use the denominator as
the dividend, rather than the numerator,
particularly if the denominator is the greater
number.




Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were
not successful in the Check section, may
benefit from the Alternative Teaching
Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

33

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

11

Fractions and Decimals

Division Notation:

23

Vocabulary:

2
__

2
__

3 2

Numerator
Denominator

3
4
Example: Write __ as a decimal.
5

Class

3
Quotient

Divisor  Dividend

Step 1: Write the fraction as a division problem. The numerator

is the dividend and the denominator is the divisor.
Step 2: Add a decimal point followed by a 0 in the dividend
and another decimal point in the quotient.
Step 3: Follow whole number division rules until you have a
remainder of 0 or until you have the number of decimal
places you need. Adding additional zeros may be necessary.
Note: If the number is a mixed number, ignore the
whole number portion until you are ready to
write your answer.

5 4

.

5  4.0
0.8

5  4.0
40
0

4  0.8
So, __
5

4  3.8
3__
5

Practice on Your Own

Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal.
3
1. __
5

5
2. __
8

1
3. 2 __
4

12
4. ___
15

9
5. __
10

12
6. ___
8

23
7. ___
10

1
8. 3 __
5

Check
Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal.
7
9. __
10

7
13. __
8

11
10.  ___
8

3
11. 6 __
20

2
12. __
25

11
14. ___
2

4
15.  __
5

24
16. ____
100

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

34

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

12

Ratios

Teaching Skill 12
Objective Write ratios.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Write ratios using a deck of cards.

Review with students the definition of a ratio.

Explain that a ratio can be used to compare
anything that can be assigned a number
value.

Have students work in pairs. Give each pair

of students a standard deck of cards.
Have each pair of students do the following:
Mix the decks of cards.

Provide the following examples: number of

boys in the class to number of girls; number
of students taking Algebra 2 to number of
students taking Geometry; and height of one
particular student to that of another.

Cut the deck so that each student has

roughly half the deck. The deck does not
need to be divided exactly in half.
Have each student create the following
table on a piece of paper.

Ask each student to describe one ratio that

they can think of to write.

Distribution of Cards

Review each of the different ways in which

a ratio may be written: word form, ratio form,
and fraction form.

Hearts
Diamonds
Spades

Ask: Is it possible to simplify a ratio and

if so, when? (Yes, if the terms of the ratio
share any factors other than 1, then the
ratio can be simplified, just like simplifying a
fraction.)

Clubs
Total
Have students count the number of cards
they have for each suit and record the
results in the table.

Review the example. Point out that units are

not included in a ratio.

Review each of the different ways in which

a ratio may be written: word form, ratio form,
and fraction form.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students use a triangle and
a table to write a variety of ratios.

Have each student use the information they

recorded in the table to write the following
ratios in three different ways:

CHECK
Determine that students know how to write
ratios.

1. Number of hearts to diamonds

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

2. Number of spades to clubs

3. Number of red cards to black cards
4. Number of hearts to total number of
cards

COMMON ERRORS
Students write the terms of the ratio in
the wrong order. To avoid this, encourage
students to write the words first, then the
numbers.

(Students answers will vary depending on

the cards that are in their half of the deck.)
When all the students have written their
ratios, instruct them to exchange their half of
the deck with their partner. Partners should
check each others answers by counting their
cards and writing the correct ratios.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

35

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

12

Ratios

Definition: A ratio is a comparison of two or more

numbers, called the terms of the ratio.

Class

Ways to Write Ratios

Words

Ratio

Fraction

2 to 3

2:3

2
__
3

Example: Write the ratio of the measures of angle A to angle B in triangle ABC below.
Step 1: What are the terms of the ratio? angle A and angle B
Step 2: What is the measure of angle A? 65
What is the measure of angle B ? 80

B
80
65

35
C

65
Step 3: Write the ratio in the order requested: 65 to 80 or 65:80 or ___
80
13
Step 4: Simplify if possible: 13 to 16 or 13:16 or ___
60

Practice on Your Own

Use ABC to write each ratio three different ways. Write your
answers in simplest form.
A

1. AB to AC
2. AC to AB

12

13

3. length of shortest leg to hypotenuse

5

4. perimeter of ABC to area

Use the table to write each ratio in simplest fraction form.

5. red cars to black cars

6. red cars to white cars

7. red cars to not red cars

8. red cars to total cars

Cars in the
Parking Lot
Red

20

Black

43

White

10

Check
Use DEF to write each ratio three different ways. Write your answers in
simplest form.
E
8
D

9. DE to EF
8

12

10. DE to DF
F

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

11. DE to perimeter of DEF

36

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

13

Rates and Unit Rates

Teaching Skill 13
Objective Find a unit rate.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find a unit rate.

Review with students the definition of a rate

and a unit rate.

Materials needed: a juice box, a bag of

pretzels, and a bag of almonds

Give the following common examples: miles

per hour and miles per gallon. Ask students
to come up with other common rates.

Give students a copy of the following:

Nutrition Facts
Serving Size

Ask: It takes a typist 4 minutes to type

320 words. How would you write this as a
rate? (320 words in 4 minutes)

Amount Per Serving

Calories
Total Fat
Sodium
Carbohydrates
Protein

Review how to find a unit rate and the

example.
Ask: In the typing example presented
earlier, what kind of unit rate would you
write? (words per minute) What is the unit
rate? (80 words per minute)

80
4.5 g
150 mg
9g
1g

Explain that these are the primary nutrition

facts provided on the back of a box of
crackers.

Emphasize that it is not always the greatest

number divided by the smallest numberit
depends on the per item or per unit of
time for which you are looking.

Point out that all of the amounts are given

per serving. Ask: What other kinds of unit
rates can you find using the information
provided in the nutrition facts? (per
cracker and per gram)

Ask: If you can paint 2 fences in 8 hours,

and you are trying to find the unit rate,
what is the correct division? (2  8) What
is the unit rate? (0.25 fences per hour)

Review how to find unit rates.

Ask: To find per cracker unit rates, what
will you divide by each time? (5) To find
per gram unit rates, what will you divide
by each time? (20)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 19, students find a variety of
unit rates.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
unit rates.

Instruct students to find each of the following

unit rates: calories per cracker (16); calories
per gram (4); total fat per cracker (0.9); total
fat per gram (0.225); sodium per cracker
(30); sodium per gram (7.5); carbohydrates
per cracker (1.8); carbohydrates per gram
(0.45); protein per cracker (0.20); and protein
per gram (0.05).

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students divide incorrectly, or in the wrong
order, and arrive at the wrong unit rate.

Pass the juice box around and have students

copy down the primary nutrition facts. (You
dont have to use all of the facts if you dont
wish to.) Repeat the exercise above finding
similar unit rates. Then use the bag of
pretzels and the bag of almonds in a similar
fashion.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

5 crackers (20 g)

37

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

13

Rates and Unit Rates

Rate

Class

Unit Rate

Definition: A rate is a ratio that compares

two quantities that have different units of
measure.

Definition: A unit rate is a rate in which the

second term is 1.

Example 1: $3.60 per dozen oranges

Example 2: traveling 100 miles in 2 hours

Example 1: 30 per orange

Example 2: traveling 50 miles per hour

How to write a rate as a unit rate:

Step 1: Divide the first term of the rate by the second term of the rate.
Step 2: Rewrite the rate as a quantity per unit of time or per item.
Example: Write 120 students for every 4 buses as a unit rate.
Step 1: 120  4  30
Step 2: Rewrite the rate as 30 students per bus or 30 students/bus.
Note: When unit rates involve money, they are also referred to as unit prices.
Practice on Your Own
Find each unit rate.
1. 348 miles in 6 hours

2. 520 calories in 2 servings

3. $10 for 4 hours

4. 200 homes in 4 subdivisions 5. 80 miles for 8 gallons of gas 6. $3.75 for 5 pens

7. 18 grams of fat in 4 ounces

8. 150 francs in 25 dollars

9. $5.75 for 100 copies

Check
Find each unit rate.
10. 6000 trees in 20 acres

11. $180 for 4 credit hours

12. 5 km in 20 minutes

13. 960 miles in 12 hours

14. 96 books on 6 shelves

15. $4.00 for 5 rides

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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38

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

14

Fractions, Decimals, and Percents

Teaching Skill 14
Objective Write equivalent fractions,
decimals, and percents.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Write fractions as decimals using
proportions.

Explain to students that fractions, decimals,

and percents are all different ways to write
parts of numbers.

Explain to students that percent means per

hundred or a ratio of a number to 100.
Remind students that a proportion is a
statement that two ratios are equal. Give
80 . Point out
4 ____
the following example: __
5 100
80 can be read as 80 per 100 or in
that ____
100
other words, 80 percent.

Ask: If I eat half a pizza, what percent of

the pizza did I eat? (50%)
Review the steps for finding equivalent
fractions, decimals, and percents. Go over
each example.

Ask: What proportion would you set up to

12 ____
12 as a percent? ___
?
write ___
25
25
100
To solve the proportion, set up the following
12
statement: _______ ____. Ask: What do
25
100
you need to multiply 25 by to get 100? (4)
If you multiply the bottom of the fraction
by 4, what must you multiply the top of
the fraction by? (4)

Point out that cent means hundred. Discuss

words like century, dollars and cents, etc.
Ask: What does percent mean? (per
hundred)

Explain to students that moving a decimal

point 2 places is the same as writing
per hundred since each decimal place
represents a multiple of tenths.
Ask: Which fractions are the easiest to
write as decimals and percents? (fractions
with a denominator of 100)

Since 12 4 48, the per hundred fraction

48 . Remind students that another way to
is ____
100
12
say per hundred is percent. Ask: What is ___
25
as a percent? (48%)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students write fractions and
percents as decimals.

Repeat this process using the following

22 . (40%, 70%, 44%)
2, ___
7 , ___
examples: __
5 10 50
Students should set up a per hundred
proportion for each example and solve using
the process above.

In exercises 916, students write fractions

and decimals as percents.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to write
equivalent fractions, decimals, and percents.

When you feel comfortable that students

can write fractions as percents using this
process, practice writing the percent as a
decimal by moving the decimal point two
places to the left. Use the examples you
have already worked.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may move the decimal point in the
wrong direction when writing a decimal as a
percent.

(48% 0.48; 40% 0.40; 70% 0.70; and

44% 0.44)

Students who made more than 4 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

39

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

14

Fractions, Decimals, and Percents

Class

Writing Decimal Form

From a
fraction

Divide the numerator by the

denominator.

1  1  4  0.25
Example: __
4

From a
percent

Drop the % symbol and place a

decimal after the last digit. Move the
decimal 2 places to the left.

Example: 25%  2 5.  0.25

Writing Percent Form

From a
decimal

Move the decimal 2 places to the

right and add the % symbol.

Example: 0.225  0.2 2 5  22.5%

From a
fraction

First write as a decimal by dividing.

Then move the decimal 2 places to
the right and add the % symbol.

1  1  5  0.2 0  20%
Example: __
5

Practice on Your Own

Write the equivalent decimal.
1
1. __
2

2. 28%

7
3. __
10

4. 84%

17
5. ___
20

6. 6%

3
7. __
8

8. 150%

Write the equivalent percent.

3
9. __
4

10. 0.6

3
11. __
10

12. 0.09

5
13. __
8

14. 0.45

6
15. __
5

16. 1.25

19. 2.5%

11
20. ____
100

23. 0.055

31
24. ___
50

Check
Write the equivalent decimal.
17. 97%

4
18. __
5

Write the equivalent percent.

21. 0.8

2
22. __
5

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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40

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

15

Scientific Notation

Teaching Skill 15
Objective Write numbers in scientific
notation and in standard form.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Write numbers in scientific
notation.

Explain that scientific notation is a shorthand

way to write very large and very small
numbers.

Materials needed: multiple copies of game

card and pennies
Tell students they are going to play Tic-TacToe using scientific notation.

Discuss with students the following

examples: temperature at the suns core
(1,550,000 K); distance light travels in a year
(5,880,000,000,000 miles); mass of an ant
(0.000073 grams)

Give students a copy of the following game

card and nine pennies.

Point out that numbers with lots of zeros are

sometimes difficult to work with, particularly
when you are multiplying and dividing them.
Review the definition and the examples of
3
scientific notation. Ask: Is 42 10 written
in scientific notation? (No) Why? (42 is not
a number between 1 and 10)
Walk through the steps for writing numbers.
Review the example and then work through
it in the reverse order to arrive back at the
original standard form.

103

106

104

105

105

104

106

107

Review with students how to write a number

in scientific notation.
Ask: The 10 will have what kind of
exponent if the original number is very
small? (negative) The 10 will have what
kind of exponent if the original number is
very large? (positive)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students write numbers in
scientific notation.
In exercises 712, students write numbers in
standard form.

Write the numbers below on the board, one

at a time. Instruct students to place a penny
on the correct power of ten if the number
is written in scientific notation. The student
who calls out Tic-Tac-Toe first and correctly
has three pennies in row (up, down, or
diagonally) wins.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to write
numbers in scientific notation and standard
form.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Game numbers:

COMMON ERRORS
Students may move the decimal in the wrong
direction and may confuse whether the
exponent of 10 should be positive or negative.

4600 (103)
92,500,000 (107)
0.00049 (104)
0.0000055 (106)
824,000 (105)

Repeat the exercise using different numbers

that you create to match the game board
powers of 10.

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

103

41

Holt Geometry

Name
LESSON

15

Date

Class

Are You Ready?

Scientific Notation

Definition: A number is in scientific notation if it is written as the product

of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10 (a  10n ).
Examples: 6  107 and 4.99  1015
To write from standard form to scientific notation
Step 1: Make sure the number has a decimal point. If it doesnt, place a decimal after
the last digit in the number: 47,000,000  47, 000,000.
Step 2: Move the decimal point until the number is between 1 and 10.
Step 3: Count the number of places you moved the decimal pointthis will be your
exponent of 10. If the original number was a very large number, the exponent will
be positive; if the number was a very small number, the exponent will be negative.
To write from scientific notation to standard form
Case 1: If the exponent of 10 is positive, move the decimal point to the right as many times
as the value of the exponent. Fill in zeros as needed and drop the power of 10.
Case 2: If the exponent of 10 is negative, move the decimal point to the left as many times
as the value of the exponent. Fill in zeros as needed and drop the power of 10.
Example: Write 46,000,000 in scientific notation.

4.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 .  4.6  107

Practice on Your Own

Write in scientific notation.
1. 5,400,000,000

2. 0.00026

3. 6 million

4. 0.00000000859

3
5. 112 __
4

61
6. _______
100,000

8. 7.1  104

9. 9  103

11. 6.84  108

12. 2  1012

14. 62,500,000,000

12
15. 206 ___
25

17. 2.08  1010

18. 1.001  106

Write in standard notation.

7. 4.22  106
10. 1.365  109

Check
Write in scientific notation.
13. 0.00000000000012

Write in standard notation.

16. 4.1  102

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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42

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

16

Compare and Order Real Numbers

Teaching Skill 16
Objective Compare and order real numbers.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Compare fractions using crossmultiplication.

Point out that since fractions, decimals, and

percents are just different ways of writing
real numbers, they can be compared and
ordered.

Some students have not completely

mastered long division and may benefit
from using cross-multiplication to compare
fractions.
9.
4
___
Present the following example: __
7
14
Tell students they are going to compare
the two fractions by cross-multiplying the
numerators and the denominators.

Review the comparison symbols: ,

, and
. Ask: How do you read the symbol?
(less than) How do you read the
symbol? (greater than)
Stress that the small, pointed end of the
symbol always aims toward the smaller
number.

Instruct students to rewrite the problem as

follows:
9
4
__
___
4(14)
7(9)
7
14
Next, have students multiply the numbers on
the left side of the comparison and on the
right side of the comparison.

Review the steps and the examples for

comparing each pair of real number types:
fractions and decimals; decimals and
percents; and fractions and percents.
Ask: What is the first step in comparing a
fraction and a percent? (You must change
the fraction to a decimal.)

The problem becomes 56

63. Ask:
Which symbol would you use to correctly
complete this comparison? (You would
use  since 56 is less than 63.)

Remind students that a fraction greater than

1 will result in a decimal number greater than
1 and a percent greater than 100%.

Stress that this technique only works if you

begin with the numerator in the first fraction.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students compare real
numbers.

Have students repeat the process above and

complete the following comparisons:
13 ; (
) __
4
12 ; ()
7
___
___
___
10
20
9
27
5 ; () __
30
2
11 ; ()
___
__
___
54
8
11
54
When you feel comfortable that students
are able to correctly compare fractions,
ask: How could you use this technique
to compare decimals or percents? (You
could write the decimals as fractions with
denominators of 10, 100, etc., and you
could write the percents as fractions with
denominators of 100.)

In exercises 911, students order real

numbers from least to greatest.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to
compare and order real numbers.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may confuse the  and
symbol.
Students who made more than 3 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

43

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

16

Compare and Order Real Numbers

Class

To compare numbers, you must determine which number is smaller.

Symbols:  (less than),
(greater than), and  (equal to)
Fractions and Decimals
Change the fraction to a
decimal by dividing. Then
compare digits, beginning
with tenths, moving to the
right.
4 and 0.85.
Compare __
5
4  4  5  0.80
__
5
Compare 0.80 and 0.85.
Tenths place: 8  8
Hundredths place: 0  5 so
0.80  0.85.
4  0.85
__
5

Decimals and Percents

Fractions and Percents

Change the percent to a

decimal by moving the
decimal point. Then compare
digits.

Change both the fraction

and the percent to decimals.
Then compare digits.

Compare 0.60 and 62%.

2.
Compare 10% and ___
25
2  0.08
10%  0.10; ___
25
Compare 0.10 and 0.08.
Tenths place: 1
0 so
0.10
0.08
2
10%
___
25

62%  0.62
Compare 0.60 and 0.62.
Tenths place: 6  6
Hundredths place: 0  2
so 0.60  0.62
0.60  62%

Practice on Your Own

Compare. Write , , or .
1. 9
5. 0.2

15
0.202

2. 5

10

6. 0.45

9
___
20

1
3. __
4

1
__

11
4. __
6

7. 50%

0.49

14. 0.33

30%

8. 75%

2
37
___
50

Order the numbers from least to greatest.

8 , 0.72
3 , 70%, ___
9. __
4
12
8 , 140%, 1__
3
10. 1.5, __
5
7
3 , 35%, __
1 , 0.33
11. ___
10
3
Check
Compare. Write , , or .
5
1
___
13. __
12. 0.09
10
8

9
___
16

6
15. __
5

125%

Order the numbers from least to greatest.

3 , 16%, __
1 , 0.165
1 , 0.22, ___
16. __
5
20
6

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

44

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

17

Classify Real Numbers

Teaching Skill 17
Objective Classify real numbers.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Classify real numbers.

Explain to students that the set of

real numbers includes several smaller
classifications of numbers.

Materials needed: overhead transparency

with the Venn Diagram shown below
Real Numbers

Review each of the classifications. Ask:

Which classification includes the fewest
number of elements? (natural numbers)
Why? (All the other classifications build on
the natural number set. That is, they include
all the natural numbers plus other numbers.)

Rational Numbers
Integers
Whole Numbers
Natural
Numbers

Have students review the different

classifications, looking for the number 5.
Ask? Is the number 5 a member of each
of the sets of numbers? (Yes) Why is it
a rational number? (The number 5 can be
10 , ___
20 , etc.)
5 , ___
written as __
1 2 4
Point out that all integers, and therefore all
whole numbers and all natural numbers, can
be written as rational numbers. Also point out
that all terminating decimals can be written
as rational numbers. Review the example:
1.
2 or __
0.2  ___
5
10

Explain to students that a Venn Diagram is

a way of visually organizing sets of data that
may overlap.
Display the overhead transparency. Ask:
Which set of numbers is the smallest?
(natural numbers) Which set of numbers is
the largest? (real numbers)
Remind students that a natural number is
also called a counting number. Ask? When
you count, what number do you begin
with? (1) Write the number 1 in the Natural
Numbers section of the Venn Diagram. Write
the next few natural numbers in the section,
followed by three dots: (2, 3, 4, )

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 19, students classify real
numbers.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to classify
real numbers.

Point out that the section for Natural

Numbers is inside Whole Numbers, which
is inside Integers, which is inside Rational
Numbers, which is inside Real Numbers.
Ask: What does this mean with respect
to the number 1? (It is a natural number, a
whole number, an integer, a rational number,
and a real number.)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may not understand the difference
between whole numbers and natural
numbers.

Work through the examples below, placing

each one in the appropriate section of
the diagram. Have students name all the
classifications to which the numbers belong
based on the way in which the sections of
the Venn Diagram are nested.
4
7 20 1
42
, 0.3, __, ___, 4__, 2.1, ___
0, 5, __
5
7
6 2 2

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

45

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

17

Classify Real Numbers

Natural Numbers

Class

Whole Numbers

The set of natural numbers includes all

counting numbers.

The set of whole numbers includes all

natural numbers and zero.

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, }

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, }

Integers

Rational Numbers

The set of integers includes all positive and

negative whole numbers and zero.

A rational number is any number that can

a, where a and b are
be written in the form __
b
integers and b is not equal to 0.

{ , 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, }

9
20 , __
1 , etc.
2 , ___
, 0.5, 9.1, 2__
Examples: __
7
3 4
3

Practice on Your Own

Tell if each number is a natural number, a whole number, an integer,
or a rational number. Include all classifications that apply.
1. 5

2. 1

3. 0

11
4. ___
12

5. 25

3
6. 112__
4

7. 0.45

8. 4.8

9. 1,000,000

Check
Tell if each number is a natural number, a whole number, an integer,
or a rational number. Include all classifications that apply.
10. 6

11. 24

12. 12.5

13. 0.0001

5
14. __
9

60
15. ___
5

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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46

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

18

Graph Numbers on a Number Line

Teaching Skill 18
Objective Graph numbers on a number line.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Graph numbers on a number line.

Draw a number line on the board and place

11 tick marks, evenly spaced, on the line. Do
not label any of the tick marks.

Materials needed: several decks of cards

Have students work in pairs. Give each pair
of students a deck of cards and ask them to
remove all the face cards (J, Q, K and Joker).

Ask: Without any labels, is it possible to

determine what the tick marks represent?
(No) Add the labels 5, 4, 0, 4, 5
underneath the appropriate tick marks on the
number line. Ask: According to the labels,
how is the line divided? (Each tick mark
represents one unit on the line.)

Explain that the value of each card is the

number on the face of the card. The Ace
has a value of 1. If the card is red (hearts or
diamonds), the number is a negative number;
if the card is black (clubs or spades), the
number is a positive number. For example,
the 8 of hearts has a value of 8.

Add smaller tick marks between each pair of

numbers. Ask: What do these new marks
represent? (halves)

Draw the number line shown below on the

board and have each student copy it on their
paper.

Stress that a number line can be divided in

any way that is convenient as long as it is
appropriately labeled.

10 8 6 4 2

8 10

Have each student draw a card from their

deck and place a dot on their number line
where that number value should be. Then
place the card in a discard pile. Partners
should check each others answers.

Ask: What kind of numbers are always to

the left of 0? (negative numbers)
Review the two examples with students,
pointing out the differences in the way in
which the lines are divided and labeled.

Have students continue this exercise until

each student has graphed 5 numbers. If you
feel comfortable that students understand
how to graph integers on a number line,
move on to the exercise below.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 110, students graph a variety
of real numbers on a number line.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to graph
numbers on a number line.

Follow the same process as before, except

the number line should be divided as follows:
from 5 to 5, with 3 tick marks between
each integer. Discuss with students what
each tick mark represents (one fourth).

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Have students remove the aces from the

deck. In this exercise, students should draw
two cards from the deck. The first card will
be the ones value of a decimal and the
second, the tenths value. If no cards or
both cards are red, the number is positive;
if one card is red, the number is negative.
For example, if a student draws a 3 of clubs
and a 5 of diamonds, the number is 3.5
Students should again place dots on the
number line to indicate the number.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may not pay attention to how a
number line is divided or labeled and may
incorrectly graph fractions and decimals.
Students who made more than 3 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

47

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

18

Graph Numbers on a Number Line

Class

To graph numbers on a number line:

Step 1: Examine the number line and determine how it is divided.
Step 2: Take note of whether the number is positive (located to the right of 0) or
negative (located to the left of 0).
Step 3: Move the appropriate number of spaces from 0 (or another integer) and
place a point on the number line.
Example: Graph 5 and 2 on the number line:

Negative Numbers
6

Example: Graph 0.5 and 1.5 on the number line:

Positive Numbers
0

Negative Numbers
1

Positive Numbers

Practice on Your Own

Graph each number on the same number line.
2. 3

1. 4
3

4. 1.5

3. 2.5
1

5. 0.8
3

Graph each number on the same number line.

7. 5.5

6. 3
6

9. 6

8. 7
0

10. 5
6

Check
Graph each number on the same number line.
11. 1
3

12. 1
2

1
17. 0.5

16. 0.2
1

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

14. 2.5

13. 3.5
0

18. 0.6
0

2
19. 1.5
1

48

15. 2
3
20. 1.4
2

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

19

Choose an Appropriate Measure

Teaching Skill 19
Objective Choose an appropriate measure.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Choose an appropriate measure.

Explain to students that choosing an

appropriate measure depends on the object
being measured and what makes sense for
that object.

Materials needed: several sets of the

flashcards described below
Create flashcards (index cards are fine) for
ten or more common items. Label the front
and back with the name of the item. On one
side of the card, write a reasonable measure;
on the other side, write a less reasonable
measure. For some cards, use two different
units; for some, using the same units, but
different number values.

Review the common units of measure

for length. Ask: About how long is a
centimeter? (A centimeter is a little
more than a half an inch. There are 2.54
centimeters in one inch.) Ask: About how
long is a kilometer? (A kilometer is about
six-tenths of a mile.)

For example, create the following cards:

Point out that centimeters and inches can

both be used to measure shorter objects.
Ask: Can kilometers and miles both be
used to measure long distances? (Yes)
Would centimeters or inches be used
to measure long distances such as
distances between cities? (Neither)
Review the common units for weight and
capacity with students. Discuss some
examples of items that would be measured
using each unit.

Back of card

adult man
pounds

adult man
ounces

Front of card

Back of card

childs shoe
6 inches

childs shoe
12 inches

Make multiple copies of the flashcards. Give

each student a set of cards. Tell students
they are going to play Speed Round with
the cards.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students choose the best
measurement for a variety of objects.

Before you begin, review with students

common units of measure. Point to certain
objects around the room and discuss which
units of measure would be most appropriate
to measure the length and the weight of
each object.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to choose
appropriate measures.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Tell students you are going to give them 20

seconds to complete a task. The task is to
choose the better measurement for the item
on the card and place that side face up.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may not recall how certain
measurements relate to each other,
particularly when working with metric units.

The student who is able to place the most

cards correctly wins.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Front of card

Have students shuffle the cards and repeat

the exercise, allowing only 15 seconds to
complete the task.
An extension of this exercise is to have
students create their own cards.

49

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

19

Choose an Appropriate Measure

Class

Choosing an appropriate measure depends on the object being measured

and what makes sense for that object.

Length

Most Common Units of Measure

Weight (Mass)
Capacity

inches (in.)
feet (ft)
yards (yd)
miles (mi)
centimeters (cm)
meters (m)
kilometers (km)

fluid ounces (fl oz)

cups (c)
pints (pt)
quarts (qt)
gallons (gal)
liters (L)

ounces (oz)
pounds (lb)
tons (T)
grams (g)
kilograms (kg)

Example: What measure would you use to weigh an automobile?

Answer: Ounces and pounds do not make sense, because they are much
too small. An automobile most likely weighs one to two tons, so tons is the
better measure.
Practice on Your Own
For each object, circle the better measurement.
1. length of a football field: 100 ft or 100 yd

2. length of a sofa: 6 ft or 6 yd

3. height of a coffee table: 1.5 ft or 5 yd

4. mass of an ant: 0.1 g or 0.1 lb

5. airplane speed: 3000 mph or 300 mph

6. height of a 6-year old: 5 ft or 2.5 ft

7. diameter of a car tire: 3 ft or 15 in.

8. capacity of a teacup: 8 oz or 1 gal

Check
For each object, circle the better measurement.
9. height of a paperback book: 1 ft or 6 in.

10. length of a tropical fish: 6 ft or 6 in.

11. diameter of a dinner plate: 25 cm or 1 m

12. height of a cow: 5 ft or 5 yd

13. diameter of a wedding ring: 2 cm or 1 m

14. weight of a TV set: 30 lbs or 30 oz

15. capacity of a water tower: 50,000 gal or

50,000 pt

16. distance of a marathon: 26 mi or 2600 yd

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

50

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

20

Measure with Customary and Metric Units

Teaching Skill 20
Objective Measure line segments using
inches and centimeters.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Understand how a standard ruler
is marked.

Make sure each student has a ruler

measured in inches and in centimeters.

Materials needed: several rules and several

sets of the flashcards shown below

Remind students that certain standard units

are used to measure length. Point out that
inches are the customary unit of measure
and centimeters are the metric unit.
Review how a customary ruler is marked.
Explain that in each inch there are a number of
lines of different lengths. The longest line in the
inch is in the middle. This is the half-inch mark.
1 -inch mark;
The next shortest line is the __
4
1-inch mark;
the third shortest line is the __
8
1 -inch mark.
and the fourth shortest is the ___
16
Review the example with students.

3
16

5
16

7
16

9
16

11
16

13
16

16
16

1
8

3
8

5
8

7
8

1
4

3
4

1
2

Give each student one set of cards. Have

students shuffle their cards and turn them
face down.

Discuss how a centimeter ruler is marked.

Remind students that metric units are divided
into tens. The longest line in the middle
represents a half of a centimeter and all the
other lines represent tenths. Have students
measure the line segment in the example
using their centimeter ruler. (5.5 cm)

Tell students that they are going to race to

organize the cards in the order in which they
would find the numbers (markings) on a
standard ruler.
When everyone is ready, say: Go. The first
student to correctly arrange the cards wins.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students choose the best
measurement for a variety of objects.

Instruct students to leave their cards in the

correct order. Ask: If you were measuring
a pencil to the nearest eighth of an
inch, and the pencil was somewhere
13 and __
7 , what would the correct
between ___
16
8
7 in.)
measure be? (__
8
Once you feel comfortable that students
understand how a standard ruler is marked,
have them use their own ruler to measure
the length of their writing utensil to the
nearest eight of an inch. Then have them
trade writing utensils with another student
and measure theirs to the nearest eighth of
any inch. Have students check each others
measurements before moving on to another
item.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to choose
appropriate measures.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may not recall how certain
measurements relate to each other,
particularly when working with metric units.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

1
16

51

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

20

Measure with Customary and Metric Units

Class

Customary units include units such as inches, feet, yards, and miles.
Metric units include units such as centimeter, meter, and kilometer.

Example: What is the length of the segment shown to the nearest eighth of an inch?
1 of an inch. The line segment is slightly to the
Answer: The smallest tick mark represents ___
16
3 mark, so the segment is 2__
1 inch long, to the nearest eighth of an inch.
left of the ___
16
8
Practice on Your Own
Measure each segment to the nearest eighth of an inch and to the
nearest half of a centimeter.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.

Check
Measure each segment to the nearest eighth of an inch and to the
nearest half of a centimeter.
8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

52

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

21

Convert Units of Measure

Teaching Skill 21
Objective Convert units of measure.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Convert units of measure.

Point out to students that converting

between units of measure always involves
either multiplication or division. Ask: Is it
sometimes difficult to remember when
to multiply and when to divide? (Most
students will probably say yes.)

Materials needed: multiple copies of the

game cards shown below; copy of page 2 of
this lesson (Common Conversion Factors)

4 ft

Introduce the concept and review the

definition of a conversion factor. Emphasize
that you do not have to remember whether
to multiply or divide if you use a conversion
fact; it depends on the numerator and
denominator of the fraction.

1200
sec
2 gal

1.3 yd

35 min 0.5 hr

9 qt

15 pt

Have students review the chart of common

conversion factors. Review with students
how conversion factors are used when
converting from one unit of measure to
another.

Have students look at the common

conversion factors. Ask: Why does a
conversion factor equal 1? (Because the
measure in the numerator is equal to the
measure in the denominator even though the
units are different)

Give each student a set of game cards.

Have students briefly look at the cards
and take note of the symbols on the cards.
Explain that the footprint represents length;
the clock represents time; and the pitcher
represents capacity.

Instruct students to consider the example.

Explain that the correct conversion factor is
1 yd
3 ft ) because you need feet in the
____
(not ____
1 yd
3 ft
denominator to cancel with the feet in the
problem. Work through the example.

Have students shuffle their cards (face

down). Tell students they are going to play
Speed.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 19, students convert from one
unit of measure to another.

Explain to students that when you say Go,

they are to flip their cards over, separate
them into categories (length, time, and
capacity), and put the cards in each category
in order from least to greatest. Students
should use scratch paper to convert to
whichever units they believe will help them
the most.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to convert
units of measure.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

The student who correctly puts all the cards

in order wins.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may multiply when they should
divide, or divide when they should multiply.

Answers: Length: 46 in., 1.3 yd, 4 ft;

Time: 1200 sec, 0.5 hr, 35 min; and
Capacity: 15 pt, 2 gal, 9 qt

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

46 in.

An extension of this exercise is to have

students create their own cards, using
different units than the ones provided.

53

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

21

Convert Units of Measure

Class

To convert from one unit of measure to another, you can use a conversion
factor and multiply.
Definition: a conversion factor is a fraction equal to 1 whose numerator
and denominator have different units.

Length

Common Conversion Factors

Capacity

1 ft or _____
12 in.
_____

1 pt
2c
____
or ____

1 yd
3 ft
____
or ____
1 yd
3 ft

1 qt
2 pt
____
or ____
2 pt
1 qt

5280 ft
1 mi or ______
______

1 gal
4 qt
_____
or _____

12 in.

2c

1 ft

1 pt

4 qt

1 mi

5280 ft

Weight

16 oz
1 lb or _____
_____
16 oz

2000 lb
1 T or _______
_______
2000 lb

Metric

60 sec
1 min or ______
______

60 min
1 hr or ______
______

1 day
24 hr
_____
or _____

7 days
1 wk of ______
______

24 hr

1 min

1 day

60 min

7 days

1 hr

100 cm
1 m or _______
_______
100 cm

1m

1000 mm
1m
________
or ________
1000 mm

1m

1000 m
1 km or _______
_______
1000 m

1 wk

1 yr
12 mo
______
or ______
12 mo

1T

1 gal

Time
60 sec

1 lb

1 km

Note: All metric units have the same

conversion factors based on the prefix.

1 yr

1 yd
12 yd
Example: Convert 12 feet to yards. 12 ft  ____  _____  4 yd
3
3 ft
Practice on Your Own
Convert each unit of measure.
1. 30 months to years

2. 48 inches to feet

3. 3 pounds to ounces

4. 650 centimeters to meters

5. 1.5 days to hours

6. 16 quarts to gallons

7. 7000 pounds to tons

8. 2.2 liters to milliliters

9. 7 yards to feet

Check
Convert each unit of measure.
10. 9.2 meters to centimeters

11. 2.5 hours to minutes

12. 22 pints to quarts

13. 4500 milligrams to grams

14. 56 ounces to pounds

15. 4.5 years to months

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

54

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

22

Points, Lines, and Planes

Teaching Skill 22
Objective Identify points, segments, rays,
lines, and planes.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Identify points, segments,
rays, lines, and planes using a
rectangular solid.

Review with students the definitions provided

on the worksheet of this lesson. Also review
the notations.

Give students an enlarged copy of a

rectangular solid as shown below.
E

Ask: What is the difference between a

segment and a ray? (A segment only has
one endpoint, while a ray has two.) Ask:
What is the difference between a ray and
a line? (A ray has one endpoint while a line
does not have any.)

D
H
A

Review the example. Point out that there

can be multiple rays or lines through any
given point. Ask: Can you write segment
BA instead of segment AB ? (Yes) Can
you write ray AB instead of ray BA? (No)
Why not? (Because you must begin at the
endpoint and proceed toward the arrow)

G
B

Remind students that a rectangular solid has

faces, edges, and vertices. Give examples of
each of these. For example, ABCD is a face;
AD is an edge; and A is a vertex.
Ask: Which of these is the same as a
point? (a vertex) Which is the same as a
segment? (an edge) Which is the same
as a plane if it were extended in all
directions? (a face)

Ask: Why are there no lines in the

diagram? (Because the series of points only
extend in one direction, making them rays
instead of lines)

Have students count the number of vertices

(8) and then name eight points. (A, B, C, D,
E, F, G, and H )

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 110, students identify points,
segments, rays, lines, and planes on a
diagram.

Next have students count the number of

edges (12) and name twelve segments.
Remind students that segment AB is the
same thing as segment BA. (AB, AD, AH,
BG, BC, CD, CF, DE, EF, EH, FG, GH )

CHECK
Determine that students know how to identify
points, segments, rays, lines, and planes.

Ask: How could you change any of the

segments (edges) to make them rays?
(You could extend ONE of the sides without
end.) How could you change any of the
segments to make them lines? (You could
extend both of the sides without end.)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may confuse lines and rays or
rays and segments because they do not pay
attention to the arrows and endpoints.

Finally, have students count the number of

faces (6) and then name six planes. (ABCD,
ABGH, ADEH, BCFG, CDEF, and EFGH )

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Repeat this exercise by pointing to the walls,

edges, and corners of the classroom and
having students identify them as points,
segments, or planes.

55

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

22

Points, Lines, and Planes

Object

Class

Definition

Notation

Point

A location in space that has no size.

A

Segment

A part of a line consisting of two endpoints and all the points

between.

AB

Ray

A part of a line consisting of one endpoint and all the points

of the line on one side of the endpoint.

Line

A series of points that extends without end in opposite

directions.

Plane

A flat (two-dimensional) surface that extends without end in

all directions. A plane has no thickness.

___

AB

__

AB

Example: Use the diagram to name a point, a segment, a ray, a line, and a plane (if possible).

Answers
Any one of the following are
A, B, C, or D.
_
_points:
and
BC
.
There are two segments:
___ BA___

There are two rays: BA and BC.

There are no lines.
There is one plane:

Practice on Your Own

Use the diagram to the right to name each of the following.
1. a point

2. a line

3. a segment

4. a ray

5. a plane

6. a ray with endpoint O

7. the line that passes through the point M

8. the plane that contains the point Q

N
O

P
Q

9. a segment with one endpoint at point O

10. the point where lines MP and ON meet
Check
Use the diagram to the right to name each of the following.
11. two points

and

12. a segment
13. two rays

and

C
D

14. a line
15. two planes

and

16. the plane that contains line CD

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

56

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

23

Name and Classify Angles

Teaching Skill 23
Objective Name and classify different types
of angles.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Classify different types of angles.
Instruct students to take out one clean sheet
of paper. Have students fold the piece of
paper in half vertically as shown below.

Review with students how to name angles.

Ask: What letter is ALWAYS in the middle
of a three letter angle name? (the letter
defining the vertex) Is it okay to name the
angle using only the letter at the vertex?
(No)
Cover each of the names and measures of
the different types of classifications and the
examples.

Have students consider the long edge of the

folded sheet of paper. Ask: What kind of
angle is this? (a straight angle)

Ask: How do you know if an angle is acute

or obtuse just by looking at it? (You can
tell whether it is smaller or bigger than a right
angle.)

Next, have students fold the piece of paper

sideways as shown below.

Discuss the fact that a straight angle can

be thought of as two right angles, side
by side. Ask: Does this make sense
mathematically? (Yes) Why? (Because
90  90  180)

Have students consider the angle around the

corner of the folded paper. Ask: What kind
of angle is this? (a right angle)
Finally, have students fold the piece of paper
diagonally so that the top edge meets the
side edge as shown.

Have students complete the practice

exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 19, students name and classify
different types of angles.

Top angle

Have students consider the top angle. Ask:

What kind of angle is this? (an acute
angle)

CHECK
Determine that students know how to name
and classify angles.

Have students unfold the piece of paper and

trace each of the creases that were made by
folding.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Quarter 2

COMMON ERRORS
When naming angles, students may name
the angle by the letter of the vertex only.

Bottom
Half

Students may confuse the definitions of

acute and obtuse.

Instruct students to shade an acute angle in

Quarter 1, a right angle in Quarter 2, and an
obtuse angle in the bottom half. (Answers
may vary.)

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

Quarter 1

57

Holt Geometry

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23

Name and Classify Angles

Class

Angles are named using three letters. The vertex is ALWAYS in the middle.
Angles are classified by their measure according to the table below.
Classification
Acute

Measure

Example

Less than 90

Name

ABC or CBA

B
C
Right

90
F

Obtuse

Greater than
90

180

Straight

DEF or FED

PQR or RQP

Q
Y

XYZ or ZYX

Practice on Your Own

Name and classify each angle.
B

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

R
Q

7.
X

8.
G

9.

10.

Check
Name and classify each angle.
C

11.
B

12.
S

R
13. E

14. Z

15.

D
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

C
W

58

Holt Geometry

SKILL

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24

Measure Angles

Teaching Skill 24
Objective Use a protractor to measure
angles.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Use a protractor to measure
angles.

Draw a large acute angle on the board,

approximately 45. Point to the vertex of the
angle and ask: What is this point on the
angle called? (the vertex)

Materials needed: multiple copies of a circle

that has a diameter of 6 inches and the
center clearly marked
Tell students that they are going to construct
a clock and use a protractor to confirm that
their clock is fairly accurate. Give each
student a circle.

Using a board protractor and the angle you

drew, demonstrate each of the steps for
measuring an angle. Once you have arrived
at a measure, which should be less than
90, ask: Is the angle I drew smaller than
a right angle? (Yes) Does the measure I
arrived at make sense? (Yes) Why? (The
angle measure should be less than 90.)

Ask: How many hours are represented on

a clock? (12) How many degrees are in a
circle? (360) How many degrees should
there be between each hour mark on a
clock? (360  12  30)

Emphasize that students should always

consider whether the measure they found
makes sense in comparison to a right angle.

Have students draw a dotted vertical line

from the top of the circle, through the center,
to the bottom of the circle. Then have them
draw a horizontal line from the left side of the
circle, through the center, to the right side.
Demonstrate on the board.

Have students look at their protractors. Point

out that there are two sets of measures and
that students should be careful to use the
correct set, depending on which zero they
use to line up the bottom edge of the angle
they are measuring.

Ask: If the lines you drew are truly vertical

and horizontal, what should be the
measures of the angles that are formed
by the intersecting lines? (90) Have
students use their protractors to measure
the angles. If the angles are approximately
90, move on to the next step. If they are not,
have students erase their lines and try again.
Instruct students to label 12:00, 3:00, 6:00,
and 9:00.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students use a protractor
to measure angles.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to use a
protractor to measure an angle.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Next have students draw a dotted line from

the center of the circle to the upper right side
of the circle, approximately one-third of the
distance from 12:00 to 3:00. Demonstrate on
the board.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may use the wrong set of
measures on the protractor.
Students who made more than 1 error in the
Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Have students use their protractors to

measure the angle formed. It should be
approximately 30. Repeat the steps outlined
above, until students have drawn, measured,
and labeled all 12 hours on the clock.

59

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

24

Measure Angles

Class

Vocabulary: The vertex of an angle is the point where the two rays meet to
form the angle.
To measure an angle:
Step 1: Place the center hole on the straight edge of the protractor over the vertex
of the angle.
Step 2: Line up the zero on the straight edge of the protractor with one of the sides
of the angle.
Step 3: Locate the point where the second side of the angle intersects the curved
edge of the protractor.
Step 4: The number that is written on the protractor at the point of intersection is
the measure of the angle.
Example: Find the measure of the angle shown.

170
10 160 1
20
5
30 0 1
4
40 0

0
12
0 60
13 0
5

110
70

100 90 80 7
100 1 0
80
10

6
12 0
0

5
13 0
0

10
20 170
30 0 160
5
40 0 1
14

Answer: Since one side of the angle is

lined up with the zero along the inner set
of measures, read the number on the
same set of measures where the other
side of the angle intersects the protractor;
the measure of the angle is 35.
Practice on Your Own
Use a protractor to measure each angle.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Check
Use a protractor to measure each angle.
7.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

8.

9.

60

Holt Geometry

SKILL

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25

Angle Relationships

Teaching Skill 25
Objective Identify angle relationships.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Identify angle relationships.

Begin by explaining to students that angle

relationships often provide information about
the measure of the angles.

Materials needed: multiple enlarged copies

of the game cards shown below

40

Point out that there are a number of angle

postulates and theorems that establish
congruence between certain types of angles.
Emphasize that it is important to be able to
identify angle relationships in order to apply
those congruence postulates and theorems.

Complement
of 40 1

Larger

95

Larger

Supplement
of 95 2
120

Review the definitions and examples

of adjacent angles, vertical angles,
complementary angles, and supplementary
angles.

Angle PQR if
angle PQS is
4
80

Point out the difference between

complementary and supplementary angles.
Ask: Which pair of angles form a straight
angle? (supplementary)

Angle adjacent Smaller

to 120 3
P R
Q

39
S

Smaller
4

Instruct students to complete the practice

exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 14, students choose which
description best fits the angle relationships.

Tell students they are going to play Larger,

Smaller, or Equal.

In exercises 58, students use a diagram

to give examples of different types of angle
relationships.

Before you begin, review the definitions

and a few examples of adjacent, vertical,
complementary, and supplementary angles.
Then, give each student a set of shuffled
game cards.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to identify
angle relationships.

Tell the students that when you say Go,

they should match their cards according to
the small numbers in the lower right corner
of the card. Then students should determine
which card represents the smaller angle
and which represents the larger angle. They
should place the smaller angle in a pile on
their left and the larger angle on their right. If
the two angles are equal, they should place
them both in a center pile.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may confuse the definitions of
complementary and supplementary.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

The first student to correctly separate their

cards wins.

61

Holt Geometry

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Date

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25

Angle Relationships

Class

Angle Relationships
Adjacent Angles

Vertical Angles

Definition: two angles that share a side and a

vertex, but no interior points
1

Example:

Definition: two angles whose sides are

opposite rays
1

Example:

Complementary Angles
Definition: two angles, the sum of whose
measures is 90
Examples: 40 and 50;

1 and 2
3 and 4

Supplementary Angles
Definition: two angles, the sum of whose
measures is 180
Examples: 60 and 120;

Practice on Your Own

Circle the better description for each labeled angle pair.
1.
1

complementary angles
supplementary angles

2.
1
2

3.

4.

adjacent angles
vertical angles

vertical angles
supplementary angles

35 and 55

complementary angles
supplementary angles

Use the diagram to the right to give an example of each angle pair.
5. adjacent angles

6. complementary angles

7. vertical angles

8. supplementary angles

F E
D

G
C
A

Check
Circle the better description for each labeled angle pair.
9.

10. 2

1
complementary angles
adjacent angles

complementary angles
adjacent angles

Use the diagram to the right to give an example of each angle pair.
11. vertical angles
13. adjacent angles
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

12. complementary angles

14. supplementary angles

62

T
S

U
P

Q
Holt Geometry

SKILL

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26

Parallel Lines and Transversals

Teaching Skill 26
Objective Find the measure of angles.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the measure of angles.

Begin the lesson by introducing the different

angle relationshipscorresponding, alternate
interior, same-side interior, and vertical. Use
the diagram to identify the different pairs of
angles.

Materials needed: wide-ruled lined paper,

ruler, and a protractor
Have students use a ruler to draw two
parallel horizontal lines, about eight to ten
lines apart, on a piece of paper.

Point out that there are several pairs

of vertical angles and several pairs of
corresponding angles. Ask: What is another
way to describe corresponding angles?
(angles that sit in the same spot on both of
the parallel lines)

Review the definition of a transversal. Then,

have students draw a diagonal transversal
through the two parallel lines as shown
below.
1 2
4 3
5 6
8 7

Point out the difference between alternate

interior angles and same-side interior angles.

Instruct students to label each angle on their

diagram, using the numbering system shown
above.

Next, show students that they can trace

an F to find corresponding angles, a Z for
alternate interior angles, and an X for vertical
angles.

Have students create the following table at

the bottom of their sheet of paper:

Have students complete the practice

exercises.

Angle

Measure

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 15, students identify angle
relationships when parallel lines are cut by a
transversal.

Instruct students to use their protractors to

measure each angle on their diagram and
record the measurements in the table.
Discuss with students the definitions of
corresponding angles, alternate interior
angles, same-side interior angles, and
vertical angles.

In exercises 612, students find the

measures of angles.
CHECK
Determine that students know what kind of
angles are formed when parallel lines are
cut by a transversal and how to find the
measures of those angles.

Ask students to identify the following:

The angle corresponding to 2; (6)
a same-side interior angle with 4; (5)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

the angle that is vertical to 2; (4)

an alternate interior angle with 3; (5).

COMMON ERRORS
Students may confuse same-side interior
angles and alternate interior angles.

Using the measurements students found and

the angles identified above, have students
make conjectures about what kinds of angles
have congruent measures.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Discuss margins of error in measuring if

students do not have equal measures where
they should.

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63

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26

Parallel Lines and Transversals

1
4

1
3
3
3
1
5

Corresponding angles:

2
3
5

Alternate interior angles:

Same-side interior angles:
Vertical angles:

6
8

Class

and
and
and
and
and
and

5,
7,
5,
6,
3,
7,

2
4
4
4
2
6

and
and
and
and
and
and

6,
8
6
5
4,
8

Parallel line properties: If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then:
1. Corresponding angles are congruent;
2. Alternate interior angles are congruent; and
3. Same-side interior angles are supplementary.
Also recall: Vertical angles are congruent and straight angles have measures of 180.
Example: If the measure of 2 above is 118, what is the measure of 6? 4? 3?
Answers: 6  118 (corresponding); 4  118 (vertical); 3  62 (straight)
Practice on Your Own
Name the missing angle.
1. d corresponds to

2. b forms a straight angle with

and

3. c is a same-side interior angle with

4. c is an alternate interior angle with

5. f is vertical to

.
.

np

a b e f
d c h g

Find the measure of each numbered angle.

6. 1 

7. 2 

8. 3 

9. 4 

10. 5 

11. 6 

4 1
3 2
7 5
6 115

12. 7 
Check
Name or find the measure of the angle as indicated.
13. j is vertical to
14. f corresponds to

75
1

3 4

h k
j

15. g is a same-side interior angle with

16. k is an alternate interior angle with

17. The measure of 1 is

18. The measure of 2 is

19. The measure of 3 is

20. The measure of 4 is

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64

p
q

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27

Identify Polygons

Teaching Skill 27
Objective Name a polygon by the number
of its sides.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Name a polygon by the number
of its sides.

Review with students the definition of a

polygon. Stress that the figure must be
closed and must NOT intersect itself.

Materials needed: multiple copies of the

game cards shown belowindex cards work
nicely.

Next, review each of the examples. Ask:

Why is the first figure not a polygon?
(The figure is not closed.) Why is the third
figure not a polygon? (The figure intersects
itself in the middle.)
Review with students the names of polygons
identified in the table. Emphasize that the
name depends on the number of sides. After
reviewing the table, have students cover the
right hand column and try to remember all
the names.

Not a
Polygon

Not a
Polygon

Not a
Polygon

Triangle

Quadrilateral

Pentagon

Hexagon

Octagon

Decagon

Go over the definitions of equilateral,

equiangular, and regular. Point out that a
regular polygon cannot have an irregular
shape, although an equilateral or equiangular
polygon might.
Have students complete the practice
exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 18, students determine
whether figures are polygons, name the
polygons based on the number of sides, and
identify figures that are regular polygons.

Have students work in pairs. Tell students

they are going to play a memory game.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to identify
polygons.

Instruct students to shuffle the cards and

place them in rows, face down. Each student
will flip over two cards. If one card has a
polygon name on it and the other card has a
matching figure, the student keeps the cards.
If the name and the figure do not match,
or there are two names or two figures, the
student flips the cards back over. The winner
is the student who has the most cards at the
end of the game.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may confuse the different names,
particularly hexagon and heptagon.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

As an extension of this exercise, have

students make their own game cards and
play again.

65

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27

Identify Polygons

Class

Definition: A polygon is a closed plane figure with at least three sides,

none of which intersect other than at their endpoints.
Examples:
Not a polygon

Number of Sides
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
n

Polygon

A polygon can be classified by its number of sides

according to the table.
Definitions:
An equilateral polygon has all sides congruent.
An equiangular polygon has all angles congruent.
A regular polygon has all sides congruent and all
angles congruent; that is, it is both equilateral
and equiangular.

Polygon
triangle
quadrilateral
pentagon
hexagon
heptagon
octagon
nonagon
decagon
dodecagon
n-gon

Practice on Your Own

Determine whether each figure is a polygon. If so, name it by its
number of sides. Circle each figure that is a regular polygon.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Check
Determine whether each figure is a polygon. If so, name it by its
number of sides. Circle each figure that is a regular polygon.
9.

10.

11.

13.

14.

15.

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66

12.

16.

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28

Angles in Polygons

Teaching Skill 28
Objective Find the measures of interior and
exterior angles of polygons.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the measures of interior
angles of polygons using triangles.

Begin by drawing a regular hexagon on the

board. Extend one side of the hexagon, as
shown below, to demonstrate examples of
interior and exterior angles.

Materials needed: several sheets of paper,

rulers

Interior
angle

Begin by reminding students that the sum

of the measures of the interior angles of a
triangle is 180.
Explain to students that they are going to
complete the following table using triangles
and multiples of 180.

Exterior
angle

Number of
Sides
3
4
5
6
8

Ask: If a figure has six sides, how many

interior angles does it have? (6) How
many exterior angles does it have? (6)
Review the information provided in the
table. As you move from one figure to the
next, point out that the number of sides
is increasing by 1, and the sum of the
interior angles is increasing by 180. Teach
the formula for finding the sum and work
examples using 3, 4, and 5 sides.

Sum of Interior
Angles
180

Have students draw a large rectangle,

parallelogram, and trapezoid on a sheet of
paper. Instruct students to choose a vertex and
use a ruler to draw a line to each of the other
vertices; this will divide the figure into triangles.

When you cover exterior angles, stress that

the sum of the exterior angles is ALWAYS
360, no matter how many sides there are.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 17, students find the measures
of interior and exterior angles of polygons.

Ask: How many triangles were formed

in each of the quadrilaterals? (2) Since
the sum of the measures of the interior
angles of each triangle is 180, what is the
total sum for each of the quadrilaterals?
(2  180  360) Add this sum to the table.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
the measures of interior and exterior angles
of polygons.

Have students repeat this exercise using a

regular shaped pentagon and an irregular
shaped pentagon.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

3  180  540
COMMON ERRORS
Students may use the formula for finding the
measures of interior angles incorrectly.

Have students repeat the exercise using

hexagons and octagons. They should draw
both regular shapes and irregular shapes
each time. Point out that the number of
triangles is always two less than the number
of sides.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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67

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28

Angles in Polygons

Class

Polygon Angle Measures

Polygon

Triangle

Quadrilateral

Pentagon

General Polygon

180

360

540

180(n  2)

Number of Sides
Sum of Interior Angles
Sum of Exterior Angles

360

360
360
360
Regular Polygons (all sides and angles are congruent)

Each Interior Angle

180
____
 60

360
____
 90

540
____
 108

180(n
 2)
_________
n

Each Exterior Angle

360
____
 120

360
____
 90

360
____
 72

360
____

4
4

Example: Find the value of x in pentagon ABCDE.

Answer: Since the polygon is a pentagon, the sum of the interior angles
E 2x
is 540. Two of the angles are right angles (90 each) so the remaining
three angles have a sum of 540  2(90)  540  180  360. With
D
respect to x, the sum of the remaining three angles is x  2x  2x  5x.
5x
360
Solve 5x  360 by dividing both sides of the equation by 5: ___  ____; x  72.
5
5
Practice on Your Own
Find the indicated angle measure(s).

x
2x B
C

1. the sum of the interior angle measures of PQRSTUVW

2. the measure of each interior angle of PQRSTUVW
3. the sum of the exterior angle measures of PQRSTUVW

4. the measure of each exterior angle of PQRSTUVW

5. the measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon that has 7 sides
6. the measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon that has 7 sides
C
x

7. the value of x in quadrilateral ABCD

B 2x
A

Check
Find the indicated angle measure(s).

8. the sum of the interior angle measures of regular hexagon JKLMNO

9. the measure of each interior angle of regular hexagon JKLMNO
10. the sum of the exterior angle measures of regular hexagon JKLMNO
11. the measure of each exterior angle of regular hexagon JKLMNO

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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68

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29

Classify Triangles

Teaching Skill 29
Objective Classify triangles (right, acute,
obtuse).

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Classify triangles (right, acute,
obtuse).

Begin the lesson by reminding students that

angles can be classified as right, acute, or
obtuse. Ask: What is a right angle? (an
angle that has a measure of 90) Draw a
right angle on the board.

Materials needed: game board shown below

64 86
45

40

90 45

Remind students that an acute angle is one

that has a measure less than 90, and an
obtuse angle is one that has a measure
greater than 90.

30

70 70
82
41

46

57

89 45

Point out that classifying triangles is similar

to classifying angles. Review each of the
types of triangles.

43 95

Ask: Why does an obtuse triangle only

have one obtuse angle? (The sum of the
angles cannot be greater than 180.)

65

42
55
35

Point out that an angle may look like a right

angle, but it is not a right angle unless one
of the angles has a measure of 90 or the
symbol in the corner of the two legs indicates
that it is a right angle.

60
60

60
45
100

120

60

Review with students the three classifications

of triangles.

Have students complete the practice

exercises.

Tell students they have a very difficult

problem to solve. Hand out the following
problem: The angles of a particular obtuse
triangle have the following properties: the
measure of the largest angle is 5 times the
measure of the smallest angle; the measure
of the angle that is not the smallest or the
largest is 40 bigger than the smallest angle
and 40 smaller than the largest angle. What
is the measure of the smallest angle?

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students classify triangles
as acute, right, or obtuse triangles.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to classify
triangles.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may confuse acute and obtuse
triangles because they do not pay attention
to all three angles.

Tell students that they will find the answer

to the problem by correctly classifying the
triangles on their game boards, and that
the answer to the problem is: the number of
acute triangles times the number of obtuse
triangles, plus the number of right triangles.

Students who made more than 1 error in the

Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

The first student to arrive at the correct

answer wins. (20) If time permits, have
students try to find the measures of the other
two angles using algebra. (60 and 100)

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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69

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29

Classify Triangles

Class

Right Triangle

Acute Triangle

Obtuse Triangle

one right angle

three acute angles

one obtuse angle

Example: If a triangle has angles with measures of 98, 52, and 30, what kind of
triangle is it?
Answer: Since 98  90, the triangle has one obtuse angle; the triangle is an
obtuse triangle.
Practice on Your Own
Tell whether each triangle is acute, right, or obtuse.
2.

1.

3.

38 112

4.

60

45

20
30

60

5.

60

6.

88

45

40 120

7.

57

8.

75 75

40

48
30

35

50
40

92

Check
Tell whether each triangle is acute, right, or obtuse.
9.

10.

11.

58

12.
60

100

59

91

35

49

71

30

32

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70

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30

Triangle Sum Theorem

Teaching Skill 30
Objective Use the Triangle Sum Theorem
to find the measures of missing
angles.
Have students read the Triangle Sum
Theorem. Point out that the theorem is easily
stated in words or using symbols.
Ask: What is the sum of the measures of
the angles of a right triangle? (180) An
acute triangle? (180) An obtuse angle?
(180) Does the kind of triangle determine
the sum? (No)
Draw a right triangle on the board. Be sure
to include the symbol which indicates that
the triangle is a right triangle. Ask: Since
one of the angles is 90 and the sum of all
the angles is 180, what is the sum of the
other two angles? (180  90  90)
Work the example. Then have students
look at, but not solve, problem 4. Point out
that students will need to use algebra skills
when there is more than one unknown angle.
Write the following example on the board:
x  3x  140. Remind students how to
combine like terms and then solve the equation.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 18, students find the value of x
using the Triangle Sum Theorem.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to use
the Triangle Sum Theorem.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may add or subtract incorrectly and
arrive at the wrong angle measure.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Use the Triangle Sum Theorem to
find the measures of missing angles.
Materials needed: multiple copies of game
pieces and game boards (enlarged)
Review the Triangle Sum Theorem with
students. Then hand out the game pieces.
Game pieces (first round)
45

105

15

60

58

57

Game board (first round)

?

75
?

105

18

48 ?
27

80
42

75 60

63

57

Tell students they are going to play Find that

Triangle using the Triangle Sum Theorem.
When you say Go students should try
to match the correct game piece with the
missing angle for each triangle. The first
student to correctly match all the game
pieces wins. (Answers from left to right: 15,
45, 57, 58, 105, 60)
For the second round, tell students they
need to find the value of x to match the
game pieces to the triangles. Remind
them to set up equations and solve for the
variable.
Game pieces (second round)
70

28

30

61

45

36

Game board (second round)

x
58

4x
40

2x
x

x
3x x

(x30)

45

2x

(Answers from left to right: 61, 28, 45, 36,

70, 30)
71
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30

Triangle Sum Theorem

Class

Triangle Sum Theorem: The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.

A
mA  mB  mC  180

80

Example: Find the value of x.

Answer: 80  70  x 

150  x 
x
x

70






180
180
180  150
30

Practice on Your Own

Find the value of x.
1.
39

2.

114

3.

4.
x

59

2x120
62

5.

2x

2x

6.

7.
4x

8.

86
(x + 20)

x
x

5x

70

Check
Find the value of x.
10.

9.
58

11.

102

12.
60

45
x

3x

x
2x

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72

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31

Pythagorean Theorem

Teaching Skill 31
Objective Find the length of the hypotenuse
of a right triangle.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Verify the Pythagorean Theorem
using a ruler.

Have students read the Pythagorean

Theorem. Restate the theorem in words, as
follows: the sum of the squares of the legs of
a right triangle is equal to the square of the
hypotenuse.

Materials needed: several pieces of lined

paper and a ruler
Remind students that the Pythagorean
Theorem states that the sum of the squares
of the legs of a right triangle is equal to the
square of the hypotenuse. Tell students they
are going to verify the theorem.

Emphasize that the hypotenuse of a right

triangle is ALWAYS the side that is opposite
the right angle. Ask: If the lengths of all
three sides are found correctly, which
side will always be the longest side? (the
hypotenuse)

Have students take one piece of lined paper

and fold it carefully in half (vertically), making
a distinct crease in the paper. Instruct them
to unfold the paper.

Point out that it does not matter which leg is

represented by a and which is represented
by b, but the hypotenuse must always be
represented by c.

Instruct students to use a ruler to draw a

vertical line up the crease 8 inches long, and
a horizontal line at the bottom of the vertical
line, 6 inches long. Next, have students
connect the two lines with a diagonal,
forming a right triangle.

Work the example, stressing that you must

square the legs first before you add them.
Since most numbers are not perfect squares,
tell students that they may need to simply
radicals. Work a few examples to remind
them of the process.

Using a ruler, students should

carefully measure the length of
the hypotenuse. Instruct them to
label the lengths of the legs, a
and b (6 and 8), and the length
of the hypotenuse, c (10).

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students find the length of
the hypotenuse of several right triangles.

Ask: According to the Pythagorean

Theorem, how are a, b, and c related?
(a 2  b 2  c 2). Have students confirm this
by substituting their values into the equation.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to use
the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length
of the hypotenuse of a right triangle.

Repeat the exercise above on separate

sheets of paper using the following
measurements:

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

1) vertical line 4 inches; horizontal, 3 inches

(hypotenuse should equal 5 inches)
2) vertical line 12 cm; horizontal, 5 cm
(hypotenuse should equal 13 cm)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may add the lengths of the legs
before squaring them.

3) vertical line 15 cm; horizontal, 8 cm

(hypotenuse should equal 17 cm)

Students who made more than 1 error in the

Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

When you feel comfortable that students

know how to use the Pythagorean Theorem,
move on to examples that do not require
measurements.

73

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31

Pythagorean Theorem

Class

Pythagorean Theorem

hypotenuse

If a right triangle has legs of lengths a and b, and

a hypotenuse of length c, then a 2  b 2  c 2.

legs

Example: Find the length of the hypotenuse of the right triangle.

Answer: a 2  b 2
32  4 2
9  16
25
c







c2
c2
c2
c2

25  5 The length of the hypotenuse is 5.

Practice on Your Own

Find the length of the hypotenuse in each right triangle. If the length
is not a whole number, give the answer in simplest radical form.
2.

1.

3.

c
15

4.

5.

6.

12

8
c

Check
Find the length of the hypotenuse in each right triangle. If the length
is not a whole number, give the answer in simplest radical form.
8.

7.

10.
5

12

9.

24

9
40

18
5

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32

Special Right Triangles

Teaching Skill 32
Objective Find the length of a side of a
special right triangle.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Verify the ratios of the sides of
special right triangles.

Review with students the properties and the

diagrams of the special right triangles.

Materials needed: two pieces of lined paper,

a ruler, and a protractor

Point out that for a 45-45-90 triangle, if the

length of either leg is given, then finding the
lengths of the other leg and the hypotenuse
is easy. However, if the hypotenuse is given

(and does not have a 2 in it), then finding
the lengths of the two legs is not as easy.
Stress that students will need to set up and
solve an equation. Work an example like
problem 7 to demonstrate how to do this.

Draw a 45-45-90 triangle on the board.

Remind students that the two legs should

be equal and the hypotenuse should be 2
times the lengths of the legs.
Have students take one piece of lined paper
and fold it carefully in half (vertically), making
a distinct crease in the paper. Instruct them
to unfold the paper.
Instruct students to use a ruler to do the
following:

Approach 30-60-90 triangles the same

way. Point out that if the shorter leg or the
hypotenuse is given, the calculations are
easy; if the longer leg is given (and does not

have a 3 in it), students will need to use an
equation. Work an example to demonstrate.

1) Draw a 4-inch line along the crease,

beginning at any line near the bottom of
the sheet of paper.
2) At the bottom of the line they drew, draw a
horizontal line that is 4 inches long.
3) Connect the two lines with a
diagonal, forming a right triangle.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students use properties of
30-60-90 and 45-45-90 triangles to find
the length of an unknown side of the triangle.

Ask: Since the two legs are equal

(4 inches), what should the measure of
the two smaller angles be? (45) Have
students use protractors to verify this.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to use
special right triangle properties to find the
length of a side.

Next, tell students that 2 is approximately

equal to 1.4. Have the students use their ruler
to measure the length of the hypotenuse.
Ask: Is the length of the hypotenuse
approximately 4 1.4? (It should be.)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Next, have students fold the other piece of

paper in the same way, forming a crease.
Remind students of the properties of a

30-60-90 triangle. Tell students that 3 is
approximately equal to 1.75. Have students
draw a horizontal line near the bottom of the
page that is 3 inches long and vertical line
up the crease that is 3  1.75 or 5.25 inches
long. Instruct students to use a protractor
to measure the angles of the triangle
and a ruler to measure the length of the
hypotenuse. (The angles should be roughly
30 and 60 and the hypotenuse 6 inches.)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may confuse the order in which

the 1 : 3 : 2 ratio applies to the sides of a
30-60-90 triangle.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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75

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Date

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32

Special Right Triangles

45-45-90 Triangles

30-60-90 Triangles

1. Both legs are congruent.



2. The length of the hypotenuse is 2 times

the length of a leg.

45

Class

1. The length of the hypotenuse is twice

the length of the shorter leg.


2. The length of the longer leg is 3 times

the length of the shorter leg.

s 2

 30

s 3

2s

45
60

Example: Find the value of x. Give the answer in simplest radical form.
x

Answer: In a 30-60-90 triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is

twice the length of the shorter leg. So solve: x 2(5) or x 10.

60

Practice on Your Own

Find the value of x. Give the answer in simplest radical form.
1.

2.

3.

60

30

6.

5.
x

30

18

7.

45

12

60

8.

42

4.
45

10

45
60

Check
Find the value of x.
x

9.

10.
45

15

11.

12.
20

60

30

5.5

45

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

76

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33

Congruent Figures

Teaching Skill 33
Objective Determine whether given
triangles are congruent.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Fill in information so that two
triangles are congruent.

Instruct students to read the definition at

the top of the page. Ask: Are all squares
congruent? (No) Are all triangles
congruent? (No)

Materials needed: enlarged versions of the

following figures

Have students complete the following

statement: Congruent figures have the same
______ and are the same ______. (shape,
size)

Q
T

R
H

Review with students each of the triangle

congruence theorems and postulates. Stress
the meaning of included angle.

C
B

Have students read through the example.

Encourage students to mark the diagram
according to which angles and/or sides are
congruent.

Some students may benefit from working

backwards and figuring out what additional
information would make two triangles
congruent.

Before moving on to the practice exercises,

review with students the properties of parallel
lines cut by a transversal. These will be
helpful in determining congruence.

Distribute copies of the figures above. Have

students look at triangles QRS and TUV.
Point out that two sides are already marked
as being congruent. Ask: If you want to
use SSS to show that the triangles are
congruent, what additional information is
needed? (Side QR is equal to side TU.)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students determine
whether given triangles are congruent and if
they are, explain why.

Ask: If you want to use SAS to show

that the triangles are congruent, what
additional information is needed? (Angle
RSQ is equal to angle UVT.)

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
establish congruence between given
triangles.

Ask: Are there any other postulates that

you can use given that we can add only
one piece of additional information? (No)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Have students look at triangles ABC and

EDC. Ask: Which unmarked angles must
be congruent and why? (angle ACB and
angle ECD because they are vertical angles)
Instruct students to mark the angles with
double arcs. Ask: If you want to use ASA
to show that the triangles are congruent,
what additional information is needed?
(Side AC is equal to side CE.)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may not pay attention to whether
an angle is an included angle when using the
SAS postulate.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

S
V

Follow a similar process for triangles HLK

and HJK using ASA.

77

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33

Congruent Figures

Class

Definition: Two triangles are congruent if corresponding sides are

congruent and corresponding angles are congruent.
Triangle Congruence Theorems and Postulates
SAS
ASA
AAS

SSS
all three sides

HL

two sides and the two angles and

two angles and a hypotenuse and
included angle
the included side nonincluded side leg (right triangles)

Example: Determine whether ABC and EBD are congruent. If they are, explain why.
!
"

$
%

Answer: Yes, they are congruent by AAS.

ACB  EDB because they are both right angles.
ABC  EBD because they are vertical angles.
The markings on the triangles indicate that side AC
is congruent to side DE.

Practice on Your Own

Determine whether the given triangles are congruent. If they are, explain why.
1. ABD and ACD

2. PQR and RSP

1
C

4. FGH and HJK

'

6. LMN and PNM

.
5
6

5. ABC and DEF

*

0
4

" %

&

3. MNP and VTU

&

Check
Determine whether the given triangles are congruent. If they are, explain why.
7. DEF and SRT
%4

8. ABD and CDB

"

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

3
& 2

9. PRQ and SQR

78

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34

Identify Similar Figures

Teaching Skill 34
Objective Identify similar figures.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Identify similar figures.

Instruct students to read the definition at the

top of the page. Ask: What is the difference
between similar figures and congruent
figures? (The sides of congruent figures are
equal while the sides of similar figures are
only proportional.)

Materials needed: centimeter graph paper,

centimeter ruler, protractors
Some students may benefit from constructing
and measuring similar figures.
Have students draw two right triangles on
graph paper. One should have a base of
3 units and a height of 4 units and the other
a base of 6 units and a height of 8 units.

Ask: Are all triangles similar? (No) Are

all right triangles similar? (No) Are all
equilateral triangles similar? (Yes) Explain
why the last question is yes while the first
two are no.
Draw two triangles on the boardone with
sides of lengths 1, 2, and 3, and a larger one
with sides of lengths 3, 6, and 9. Make the
angles approximately equal. Point out that all
the lengths of the sides of the larger triangle
are three times the lengths of the sides of
the smaller triangle. Explain that this means
the sides are proportional with a ratio of 1 to
3, and the triangles are similar.

Ask: What is the ratio of the smaller base

to the larger base? (3 to 6 or 1 to 2). What
is the ratio of the smaller height to the
larger height? (4 to 8 or 1 to 2)
Ask: What should be the ratio of the
smaller hypotenuse to the larger
hypotenuse? (1 to 2) Have students use a
ruler to measure and confirm that the ratio is
5 to 10 which is the same as 1 to 2.

Have students read the Similarity Theorem

and then complete the practice exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 16, students determine if
geometric figures are similar.

Explain that since the ratios are all equal, the

sides of the two triangles are proportional
and the triangles are therefore similar.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
determine whether geometric figures are
similar.

Have students use a protractor to measure

and label each angle (not including the right
angle) of the smaller triangle. Ask: Since
the triangles are similar, what should the
angles of the larger triangle be? (They
should be congruent to the corresponding
angles of the smaller triangle.)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may not be able to correctly
determine if the sides are proportional.

Repeat the exercise by having students draw

two rectangles, one that is 2 by 3 and one
that is 6 by 9.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

An extension of this exercise is to have

students explore how the perimeters and
areas of similar figures are related.

79

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34

Identify Similar Figures

Class

Definition: Two polygons are similar if corresponding angles are congruent and
corresponding sides are proportional.
Similarity Theorem (SSS): If the corresponding sides of two figures are proportional,
then the figures are similar.
Practice on Your Own
Identify which figures appear to be similar.
1. Figure A

Figure B

Figure C

Figure D

Answer:

and

2. Figure A

Figure B

Figure C

Figure D

Answer:

and

Determine if the given figures are similar. If so, explain why.

3. DEF and GDF

4. parallelograms
ABCD and PQRS

"

#


 &



'

"

!

$

%

3 4  5


2
6


2

3

6. HJK and RST

5. Figures ABCDE and RSTUV










Check
Identify which figures appear to be similar.
7. Figure A

Figure B

Figure C

Figure D

Answer:

and

Determine if the given figures are similar. If so, explain why.

9. FGH and FKL

8. regular pentagons HJKLM and RSTUV

+
*

(

4
,
-

3
2

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

+
5

6

&

80

'

 (




,
Holt Geometry

SKILL

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35

Find Missing Measures in Similar Figures

Teaching Skill 35
Objective Find missing measures in similar
figures.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find missing measures in similar
figures.

Instruct students to read the statement at the

top of the page and the similarity proportion
statements.

Draw the triangles shown below on the

board. One triangle should be about 3 times
the size of the other. Have the students draw
approximately the same triangles on their
paper.
$
!

Remind students that a proportion is

a statement that two ratios are equal.
Emphasize that the order in which the
proportion is written depends on the order of
the letters in the figure names.

Have students look at the example and

consider the sides of the figures that are
given and the side that is missing. Point
out that H and J are the first two letters in
the name of the figure and H and L are the
first and last letters. Ask: Which letters are
P and S? (first and last) And the missing
side, PQ? (first and second) Stress that this
matters when setting up the proportion. Write
on the board:
first two
first two
__________
 __________
first and last
first and last
Encourage students to write proportions
using this method.

&
Next, write the following statement on the
board in large letters:

ABC  DEF
Ask: According to the diagram, which
angle of triangle DEF corresponds to
angle ABC ? (DEF ) Ask: If the measure of
angle ABC is 40, what is the measure of
angle DEF ? (40)
Repeat the question for each of the angles.
Point out that the letters of corresponding
angles are written in the same order as in
the names of the triangles.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 17, students determine which
sides and angles of similar figures can be
found, and find the missing measures.

Have students label the diagram as follows:

AB  2, BC  5, EF  15, and DE  ?
Ask: According to the diagram, which side
corresponds to AB ? (DE ) Which side
corresponds to BC ? (EF ) Again, point out
the relevance of the order in which the letters
are written in the names of the triangles.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
the missing measure in similar figures.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Review with students how to set up and

solve a proportion. Have students set up
the following proportion. Then substitute
appropriate values and solve.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may not pay attention to the order
of the letters in figure names and may
mismatch sides or angles.

AB ___
DE
___

BC

EF

?
, DE  6
__25  ___
15

Repeat this exercise using diagrams of

similar rectangles. Be sure to emphasize the
order of the letters each time.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

"

81

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35

Find Missing Measures in Similar Figures

Class

Corresponding sides of similar polygons are proportional. Corresponding angles of

similar polygons are congruent.
Notation: ABC  DEF

Remember: order matters!

AB
DE AC DF AB
DE
Similarity proportion statements: ___  ___; ___  ___; ___  ___; etc.
EF BC
EF AC
DF
BC
Example: HJKL  PQRS. HJ  6, HL  2, and PS  7. What is PQ?
Step 1: Write a proportion using letters; use the sides given and the missing side:
PQ
HJ ___
___

HL
PS
6 PQ
Step 2: Replace the given sides with the appropriate values: __  ___.
7
2
Step 3: Solve the proportion using cross-multiplication:
6(7) 42
6(7)  2(PQ); PQ  ____  ___  21
2
2
Practice on Your Own
1. RST  XYZ. Complete the congruence statement: mTSR  m
2. ABC  STU. mBCA  62. What other angle has a measure of 62?
3. AGPS  DHNZ. mGPS  65 and mPSA  115.
What is the measure of NZD?
4. DEFG  LMNO. If you know the values of DE, DF, and LN, for which other side is it
possible to find the length?
BE
LMNOP. Complete the proportion: ___  ____
AC
LN
6. HPV  UBK. UB  18, HP  2, and BK  90. What is PV?

5.

ABCDE 

7. WXYZ  PQRS. XY  5, YZ  12, and QR  30. What is RS?

Check
8. FGH  LMN. mHFG  84. What other angle has a measure of 84?
9. ABCD  PQRS. mABC  80 and mDAB  100.
What is the measure of PQR?
10. JKLM  DEFG. If you know the values of DF, DG, and JL, for which other
side is it possible to find the length?
11. CDE  HJK. DE  24, JK  3, and CE  64. What is HK?
12.

UVWX 

CDEF. WX  9, VW  11, and EF  36. What is DE ?

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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82

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36

Find Perimeter

Teaching Skill 36
Objective Find the perimeter of figures.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the perimeter of figures.

Instruct students to read the definition at the

top of the page. Stress that the shape of
the figure does not matterthe method for
finding the perimeter will be the same: add
the lengths of all the sides.

Materials needed: a ruler, a yardstick and a

flexible measuring tape
Have the students measure the length and
width of their math textbook. Then have them
sketch a diagram of the book on a piece of
paper and label the sides according to the
measurements they took.

Ask: What is true about a regular figure?

(All the sides of a regular figure are
equal.) What is true about the sides of a
rectangle or a parallelogram? (Opposite
sides are equal.) What is true about the
sides of an isosceles triangle or an
isosceles trapezoid? (The two sides that
are not parallel are equal.)

Remind students that perimeter is equal

to the distance around a figure. Have the
students use a flexible tape measure to
measure around the entire book and record
their answer.
Next, instruct the students to use the formula
for finding perimeter to confirm their answer:
P  s1  s2  s3  s4

Point out that when working with figures that

have equal sides, it is a good idea to label all
the sides. This will remind students to add all
of the sides to correctly find the perimeter.

Repeat the exercise by having the students

measure the sides of their desktop and find
the perimeter using both the tape measure
and the addition formula.

Instruct students to work through the

example, step by step. Remind them to
always include units when given.

Ask: Can you find the perimeter of

triangles using the same method? (Yes)
How about pentagons or hexagons? (Yes)
And circles? (No) Why not? (A circle does
not have sides that you can add up.)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students find the perimeter
of the given figure.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
the perimeter of various figures.

Instruct students to choose other objects in

the room to practice measuring, sketching,
and finding perimeter. Have the students
compare their answers with other students
who measured the same objects.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may not include all sides when
finding the perimeter of a figure.
Students who made more than 1 error in the
Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

83

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36

Find Perimeter

Class

Definition: The perimeter of a figure is the distance around the figure. The shape of
the figure is not important.
To find the perimeter of any figure:
Step 1: Label all the sides with the correct lengths.
Step 2: Write an equation: P  s 1  s 2  s 3 
Step 3: Find P by adding the values. Dont forget to include units.
Example: Find the perimeter of the regular pentagon.
2 cm

2 cm
P = 10 cm

P=2+2+2+2+2
2 cm
2 cm

2 cm
2 cm

Practice on Your Own

Find the perimeter of each figure.
1. triangle ABC
!
IN
IN

2. square DEFG
$
%

"

IN

'

3. regular octagon MNPQRSTU

CM

&

0
IN
1
2

4
P

3
P

P

4. parallelogram WXYZ
M
8
9

5. pentagon DEFGH

M

FT

$
FT

FT

IN

&
FT

(
FT

P

6. isosceles triangle LMN

'

P

IN

P

Check
Find the perimeter of each figure.
7. equilateral triangle RST
3

FT

IN

8. hexagon EFGHJK

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

9. isosceles trapezoid ABCD

! CM "

FT

'
FT

P

&

+
FT
*

CM

FT
FT

P

CM

P

84

Holt Geometry

SKILL

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37

Area of Polygons

Teaching Skill 37
Objective Use formulas to find the area of
polygons.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Use formulas to find the area of
polygons.

Review with students the definition of area.

Ask: What is the difference between
perimeter and area? Guide students to the
correct answer if necessary. (Perimeter is the
distance around the outside of a figure, while
area is the amount of space that covers the
inside of the figure.)

Materials needed: multiple copies of the

game cards shown below. Index cards cut in
half work nicely.
8
8

A=s

Review with students each of the polygons

and the associated area formula.

8
6

Point out that for a rectangle, it does not

matter which dimension is labeled the base
and which is labeled the height. However,
for a parallelogram, the base is always one
of the parallel sides and the height is the
perpendicular height (the distance between
the two parallel sides).

A = bh

48
square
units

A = bh

40
square
units

A = 1 bh
2

20
square
units

A = 1 bh
2

32
square
units

1
A = 2 (b1 + b2)h

30
square
units

5
8

Point out that calculating the area of a

triangle (and a trapezoid) involves multiplying
by one-half.

5
6

Review the example and then have students

complete the practice exercises.

8
4

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students find the area of
the given polygon.

5
8

64
square
units

CHECK
Determine that students know how to use
formulas to find area.

Have students work in pairs. Tell students

they are going to play Go Fish. Shuffle
each deck of cards well before giving them
to students.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Each student is dealt 4 cards. The remaining

cards in their deck are placed face down
between the students.

COMMON ERRORS
When finding the area of a triangle or a
trapezoid, students may forget to multiply
1.
by __
2
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

The goal of the game is to get the most sets

of three matching cards; one with a figure,
one with the correct formula for finding the
area of that figure, and one with the correct
area calculation for that figure.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Students take turns asking their partner for

a specific card or drawing one card from the
Go Fish pile until all the cards have been
drawn and correctly matched.

85

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37

Area of Polygons

Class

Definition: The area of a plane figure is the number of square units needed
to cover the surface of the figure.
) is 12 square units or 12 units 2.

Example: The area of a 3 by 4 rectangle (

Area Formulas
Square

Rectangle

Parallelogram

b2

1 bh
A  __
2

1 (b  b )h
A  __
2
2 1

A  bh

A  bh

Example: Find the area of the triangle.

Trapezoid
b1

b
A  s2

Triangle

7m
6m
10 m

1bh
Answer: A  __
2
1 (60)  30 m2
1 (10)(6)  __
A  __
2
2

Practice on Your Own

Find the area of each figure.
2.

1.

3.

2 in.

8 ft

A

8m

A

6.

7.

16 ft

6m

12 cm

A

14 ft

10 m

12 cm

3 ft

5 in.

5.

4.

5 ft

8.

6 in.
4 in.

10 yd

A
7m

3 in.

4m

5 in.

15 ft

5m

4m
3.5 yd

A

A

A

A

Check
Find the area of each figure.
10.

9.
13 cm

6m

10 ft

12 cm

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

6 ft

12.
4 in.

5 in.

2 ft
5 in.

11 m

17 cm

A

4 ft

11.

4 ft

A

A
86

A
Holt Geometry

SKILL

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38

Find Area in the Coordinate Plane

Teaching Skill 38
Objective Find the areas of figures in the
coordinate plane.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the areas of figures in the
coordinate plane.

Review with students the definition of area.

Ask: Is the definition different when
dealing with the coordinate plane as
compared to dealing with polygons in
general? (No)

Materials needed: Grid paper

Some students may find it difficult to work
with coordinates in the coordinate plane.
It may be simpler for them to count to
determine dimensions of figures for which
they are calculating area.

Remind students how to correctly plot

coordinates in the coordinate plane. Then,
review each of the steps for finding area in
the coordinate plane.

Have students draw several sets of x- and

y-axes on a piece of a grid paper. Instruct
them to label the axes 1 through 5 in the
positive directions and 1 through 5 in
the negative directions. Next, have students
plot the following points on one of the sets of
axes: (4, 2), (3, 2), (3, 3) and (4, 3)
and connect them to form a rectangle.

Point out that it is possible to simply

count the number of square units inside
a square or rectangle, but when working
with parallelograms, triangles, circles, and
trapezoids, students must use area formulas.
Practice with students how to subtract
negative numbers. Stress that it is critical
to include the negative when working with
coordinates of points on the left side of the
y-axis and below the x-axis. Review the
example with students.

Tell students that rather than subtracting

coordinates to find dimensions, they are
going to count by placing small dots on the
grid as shown below. Demonstrate on an
overhead transparency.
y

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students find the area of
the given polygon.

Base  7 dots
Height  5 dots

Area  (7)(5)  35

3
1
5

CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
the area of a figure in the coordinate plane.

Point out that for some figures, students

must be careful choosing where they count.
As an example, have students plot the points
(4, 4), (4, 2) and (5, 2) and connect
them to form a triangle. Then have them find
y
the area by counting.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may not add or subtract correctly
when one or more of the coordinates of the
figure is a negative coordinate.

Base  6 dots
Height  9 dots
1 (6)(9)  27
Area  __
2

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

5
3
1
5

x
1

3
5

Have students plot a variety of figures and

find area using the counting technique.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

87

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38

Find Area in the Coordinate Plane

Class

Definition: The area of a plane figure is the number of square units needed
to cover the surface of the figure.
To find the area of a figure in the coordinate plane:
Step 1: If the figure is not already graphed, graph it.
Step 2: Determine the dimensions of the figure by subtracting the appropriate coordinates.
Step 3: Substitute the appropriate dimensions into the formula for the area of the figure.
Step 4: Calculate the area.
Example: Find the area of the
rectangle with vertices
(3, 2), (2, 2), (2, 2)
and (3, 2).

Step 1




n

n


X


Step 2: Base  2  (3)  5

Height  2  (2)  4
Step 3: A  bh  (5)(4)
Step 4: A  (5)(4)  20

n

n
n


Practice on Your Own

Find the area of each figure.
y

1.

2.

30

3.

4.

20

5 3 1

x
1

6
4

10

x
5 3 1

x
30 20

10

10

x
6 4 2
2

30

20
30

Find the area of each figure with the given vertices.

5. rectangle ABCD with A(1, 6), B(4, 6), C(4, 2), and D(1, 2)
6. right triangle PQR with P(1, 1), Q(5, 1), and R(1, 4)
Check
Find the area of each figure.
y

7.

8.

9.

30

3
5

x
6 4

10

x
2

x
30

10
10

20

30

10.

20

10 20 30

2
10 6 2

x
2

10

6
10

Find the area of each figure with the given vertices.

11. parallelogram JKLM with J(4, 3), K(1, 3), L(5, 1), and M(0, 1)
12. circle C whose diameter passes through the points (2, 3) and (4, 3)
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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39

Circumference and Area of Circles

Teaching Skill 39
Objective Find the circumference and area
of circles.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Estimate the area of a circle
using circumscribed and inscribed
squares.

Remind students that perimeter is the

distance around a figure and that it can be
found by finding the sum of the lengths of
the sides of the figure.

Materials needed: compass and ruler

Tell students they are going to learn to
estimate the area of a circle.

Point out that circumference has the same

meaning as perimeter. Ask: How many
sides does a circle have? (Some students
may say 1, some may say infinitely many.)
Explain that not being able to count the
sides of a circle requires that there be a
formula for finding the circumference.

Have the students use a compass to draw a

circle of radius 3 in. Instruct them to label the
center and lightly draw a diameter inside the
circle that is parallel to the bottom edge of
their piece of paper. Ask: What is the length
of the diameter? (6 in.)
Next, have them circumscribe a square
around the circle. Ask: What is the length
of a side of the square? (6 in.) Instruct
students to erase the diameter.

Review with students the formulas for finding

circumference. Point out that either formula
may be used, depending on which dimension
is given (radius or diameter).

Finally, have them inscribe a square in

the circle, being as precise as possible.
Students drawings should look like the
following:

Review with students the formula for finding

area. Emphasize that students MUST use
the length of the radius to calculate area.
Ask: How do you find the radius, given
the diameter? (divide by 2)
Review each of the examples and have
students complete the practice exercises.

Have students draw a diagonal for the

smaller, inside square. Ask: Is the diagonal
also a diameter of the circle? (Yes) What
is the length of the diagonal? (6 in.)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students find the
circumference and area of the given circle.

Discuss with students how to find the length

of the side of the smaller square using the
fact that the diagonal they drew divides the
square into two triangles, each of which is a
45-45-90 triangle with a hypotenuse of
6 .)
6 in. (The length of the side is ___

2
Next, have students calculate the area of
each square. (36 in.2 and 18 in.2) Ask: How
does the area of the circle compare to the
areas of the squares? (It is smaller than
the largest area and larger than the smallest
area.) Have students average the two areas
together. (36  18  54  2  27) Then
have students find the area of the circle
using the area formula and compare.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
the circumference and area of a circle.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to divide the diameter in
half before finding area.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Have students repeat the exercise using

circles of different radii.

89

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39

Circumference and Area of Circles

Area: A  r 2

Circumference: C  2r or d
Example: Find the circumference of
the circle.

Class

Example: Find the area of the circle.

5 cm

14 in.

C  2r  2(5)  10 cm

Since the diameter is 14, the radius is 14  2  7.

A  r 2  (72)  49 in.2

Practice on Your Own

Find the circumference and area of each circle. Give your answers in terms of .
2.

1.

3.

4.
7 ft

12 in.

3 cm

22 m

C

C

C

C

A

A

A

A

5.

6.

7.

8.
6

cm

13 m

8 in.

20

ft

C

C

C

C

A

A

A

A

Check
Find the circumference and area of each circle. Give your answers in terms of .
10.

9.

11.

12.
8

in.

12 m

2 ft

9 cm

C

C

C

C

A

A

A

A

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40

Symmetry

Teaching Skill 40
Objective Draw symmetric figures using a
given line of symmetry.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the lines of symmetry of
given figures.

Review with students the definition of line

symmetry.

Some students may benefit from finding lines

of symmetry given a symmetric figure.

Draw a scalene triangle on the board. Then

draw a line approximately through the center
of the triangle. Ask: Is one half of the
triangle identical to the other half? (No) Is
the triangle symmetric? (No)

Provide students with copies of the figures

described below. (Figures should be drawn
as precisely as possible.)
1) a square with sides of length 6 inches
2) a 6-inch by 4-inch rectangle
3) a parallelogram with a base of 6 inches
and a height of approximately 4 inches
4) a 45-45-90 triangle with sides of length
6 inches
5) an isosceles triangle with a height of
6 inches and a base of 4 inches
6) a scalene triangle with sides of length
4, 5, and 6 inches
7) a circle with a diameter of 6 inches

Draw a rectangle on the board. Then draw a

vertical line approximately through the center
of the rectangle. Ask: Is one half of the
rectangle identical to the other half? (Yes)
Is the rectangle symmetric? (Yes)
Point out that using the coordinate plane
is one way to draw symmetric figures.
Review the example. Stress that if the line
of symmetry is horizontal, the top half of the
image will be identical to the bottom half.
Ask: If the line of symmetry is vertical,
which halves of the image will be
identical? (the left and right)

Remind students that figures may have

exactly one line of symmetry, more than one,
or none.
Have students consider the square. Instruct
them to fold the square in half, from top to
bottom (vertically) and then unfold it. Next,
have students trace the crease with a pen
or pencil. Ask: Is this a line of symmetry?
(Yes) Why? (The top of the square is
identical to the bottom of the square.)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students use a given line of
symmetry to draw a symmetric figure.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to draw
symmetric figures using a given line of
symmetry.

Next, have students fold the square in half

from left to right (horizontally) and then
unfold it. Repeat the instructions above to
arrive at a horizontal line of symmetry.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Repeat the exercise by having students fold

the square diagonally one way, and then
diagonally the other way. When finished,
ask: How many lines of symmetry does a
square have? (4)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may incorrectly draw the other half
of a figure when the line of symmetry is not
vertical or horizontal.

Have students follow this process to find

the number of lines of symmetry for each
of the figures provided. (rectangle  2;
parallelogram  0; 45-45-90 triangle  1;
isosceles triangle  1; scalene triangle  0;
and circle  infinitely many)

Students who made more than 1 error in the

Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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40

Symmetry

Class

Definition: If a plane figure can be folded across a line so that its two
halves are exactly the same, then the figure has line symmetry. Some
figures have only one line of symmetry, some have more than one, and
some have none.
y
Example: Copy the graph and
use the line of symmetry to
complete the figure.

Answer: Copy the figure so

that the image below the line
is exactly the same as the
image above the line.
Practice on Your Own
Copy the graph and use the line of symmetry to complete the figure.
1.

2.

4.

3.

5.

6.

Check
Copy the graph and use the line of symmetry to complete the figure.
7.

8.

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9.

92

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41

Surface Area

Teaching Skill 41
Objective Find the surface area of cubes
and rectangular prisms.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the surface area of
rectangular prisms.

Review with students the definition of surface

area. Discuss the following example: the
amount of wrapping paper needed to cover
a gift box. Point out that all six sides of the
gift box need to be covered. Ask a student to
describe the six sides of any box. (A box has
a front and back, two ends, and a top and
bottom.)

Materials needed: ruler, scissors, scotch

tape, and stiff drawing paper
Tell students that they are going to verify that
the formula for finding the surface area of a
rectangular prism is correct.
Instruct students to draw two identical
rectangles with length 4 inches and height
3 inches. Students should label one of
the rectangles Front and the other Back.
Have students calculate the area of both
rectangles and write it on each of the
2
rectangles. (12 in. )

Draw and label a cube on the board. Ask:

Are the dimensions of all the sides the
same? (Yes) How many sides are there?
(6) Guide students to see the connection
between these facts and the formula for
finding the surface area of a cube.

Next, have students repeat this exercise,

drawing two 4 by 2 rectangles with the labels
Top and Bottom and the area written on
2
each. (8 in. )

Draw a rectangular prism on the board. Ask:

Do the front and back of the prism have
the same dimensions? (Yes) Do the two
ends have the same dimensions? (Yes)
And the top and bottom? (Yes) Explain
that this is why each of the products in the
formula is multiplied by 2. Work through the
example with students.

Finally, have students repeat this exercise

one last time, drawing two 3 by 2 rectangles
with the labels Left and Right and the area
2
written on each. (6 in. )
Instruct students to find the sum of all the
2
areas. (52 in. )

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students find the surface
area of the given cube or rectangular prism.

Draw the following diagram on the board and

instruct the students to lay their rectangles
out in the same way on their desks.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
surface area.

Instruct students to tape

together any rectangles that
are touching. Then they
L
R should roll the sides and
tape the Top to the Front.
Finally, fold up the Left and Right ends and
tape them to the Back.
Top
Back
Bottom
Front

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to multiply each of the
sides by 2 when finding the surface area of
a rectangular prism.

Ask: What kind of solid have you

created? (a rectangular prism) What are
the dimensions of the prism? (4 by 3 by 2)
What was the total area of the individual
2
rectangles you drew? (52 in. )

Students who made more than 1 error in the

Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Have students use the formula for surface

2
area to confirm that 52 in. is also the
surface area of the prism they have created.

93

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41

Surface Area

Class

Definition: The surface area of a solid is the number of square units

needed to cover the entire surface of the solid. Surface area is the sum
of the areas of all the sides and the bases of the solid. Surface area units
are always square units.
Surface Area Formulas
Cube

Rectangular Prism
h

s
s

S.A.  6s 2

S.A.  2w  2h  2wh

Example: Find the surface area of a rectangular prism with height 2 cm,
width 7 cm, and length 10 cm.
Answer: Since each of the dimensions is given, substitute the values into
the equation for surface area and simplify:
S.A.  2w  2h  2wh (with  10, w  7, and h  2)
 2(10)(7)  2(10)(2)  2(7)(2)
 140  40  28
2
 208 cm
Practice on Your Own
Find the surface area of each solid.

6m

2.

1.

3.

5 ft
8 ft

4 in.
4 in.

3 ft

S.A. 

12 m
1.5 m

4 in.
S.A. 

S.A. 

4. A rectangular prism with height 9 m, width 7 m, and length 1 m

5. A cube with side length 5 in.
6. A rectangular prism with height 6 cm and a square base with side length 3 cm
Check
Find the surface area of each solid.
3 cm

7.

9 cm

8. A rectangular prism with height 2.5 ft, width 8 ft,

and length 16 ft

14 cm

S.A. 
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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9. A cube with side length 10 in.

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42

Volume

Teaching Skill 42
Objective Find the volume of cubes and
rectangular prisms.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the volume of cubes and
rectangular prisms.

Review with students the definition of

volume. Discuss the following examples: the
amount of water needed to completely fill a
rectangular swimming pool and the amount
of sand needed to fill a childs sandbox.
Have students give other examples of
volume.

Materials needed: connecting cubes (at

least 30)
Show students a connecting cube. Inform
them that each cube represents one cubic
unit of volume, each with length 1 unit, width
1 unit, and height 1 unit.
Connect 4 cubes horizontally.
Ask: What are the dimensions of the
prism created by connecting the four
cubes? (4 by 1 by 1) If you count the unit
cubes, how many are there? (4)

Ask: When trying to find volume, does it

matter if the space has a top? (No)
Review the volume formulas for a cube
and a rectangular prism. Ask: Are the two
formulas basically the same? (Yes) Why?
(If you label each of the sides of the cube
with one of , w, or h, the formulas are the
samethe product of the three dimensions.)

Review how to use the volume formula

(V   w  h). Ask: If you use the
volume formula, how many cubic units
are there? (4  1  1  4)

Emphasize that units of volume are always

cubic units, since volume is calculated by
multiplying three dimensions.

Next, connect four sets of three cubes

horizontally. Have students count the cubes
as you connect them. (12)

Review the example and then have students

complete the practice exercises.
Connect two of the sets so they are side by
side, and place the other two sets directly on
top of them. This should form a 3 by 2 by 2
prism.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students find the volume of
the given solid.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
volume.

Ask: What are the dimensions of the

prism created by connecting all the
cubes? (3 by 2 by 2) How many cubes did
you count? (12) If you use the formula for
finding volume, how many cubic units are
there? (3  2  2  12)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to cube the units of
measure.

Have students work in pairs. Give each pair

of students 20 connecting cubes. Instruct
them to build different sized rectangular
prisms. Then have students find the volume
of each by counting the cubes and by using
the volume formula. Students should build at
least one prism that is a cube.

Students who made more than 1 error in the

Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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42

Volume

Class

Definition: Volume is a measure of the amount of space a solid, liquid or

gas occupies. Volume units are always cubic units.
Volume Formulas
Cube

Rectangular Prism
h

s
s

V  s3

Vwh

Example: Find the volume of a rectangular prism with height 2 cm, width
7 cm, and length 10 cm.
Answer: Since each of the dimensions is given, substitute the values into
the equation for volume and simplify:
V   w  h (with  10, w  7, and h  2)
 10  7  2
3
 140 cm
Practice on Your Own
Find the volume of each solid.

6m

2.

1.

3.

5 ft
8 ft

3 ft

V

12 m

4 in.
4 in.

1.5 m

4 in.
V

V

4. A rectangular prism with height 9 m, width 7 m, and length 1 m

5. A cube with side length 5 in.
6. A rectangular prism with height 6 cm and a square base with side length 3 cm
Check
Find the volume of each solid.
3 cm

7.

9 cm

8. A rectangular prism with height 2.5 ft, width 8 ft,

and length 16 ft

14 cm

V

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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9. A cube with side length 10 in.

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43

Whole Number Operations

Teaching Skill 43
Objective Add, subtract, multiply, and divide
whole numbers.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Add, subtract, multiply, and divide
whole numbers.

Make sure students are familiar with the

appropriate symbols and terminology for
the four basic operations (, , , , sum,
difference, product, and quotient).

Materials needed: multiple copies of the

crossword puzzle below
Some students may find basic operations
tedious and therefore may tend to make
careless errors when performing them.

Direct students attention to the addition

example; remind them that when the digits
in any given place (e.g. ones, tens, etc.)
have a sum greater than 9, the sum must be
regrouped and it is necessary to rename
a portion of the grouping. Work through the
example. Point out that renaming may
also be necessary when multiplying large
numbers.

First, review with students the appropriate

symbols and terminology for the four basic
operations (, , , , sum, difference,
product, and quotient). Then, have students
practice performing the basic operations
by completing the following crossword
puzzle. Point out that careless errors will
affect multiple answers. The first student to
correctly complete the puzzle wins.

Next have students consider the subtraction

example. Remind students of when it is
necessary to regroup and how to do so.
Work through the example. Point out that
renaming may also be necessary when
dividing numbers, since subtraction is used.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Work through the other two examples,

emphasizing each step of the process.
Then have students complete the practice
exercises.

6.
5.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 112, students add, subtract,
multiply, and divide whole numbers.

7.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to add,
subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers.

8.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

ACROSS
1. 86  122
4. 316  218
5. 203  7
6. 812  92
7. 224  14
8. 105  37

COMMON ERRORS
Students may incorrectly rename when
adding or subtracting.
Students who made more than 3 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

DOWN
1. 212  108
2. 492  12
3. 245  86
4. 4216  896
6. 439  277
7. 12  99

Answers: Across 1) 10492; 4) 534; 5) 29;

6) 720; 7) 16; 8) 68 Down 1) 104; 2) 41;
3) 21070; 4) 5112; 6) 716; 7) 1188

97

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Whole Number Operations

Addition
Align place
values and
dont forget to
rename when
needed.
Example:

General Operation Reminders

Subtraction
Multiplication
Align place
values and
dont forget to
rename when
needed.

Align place values, shift

to the left as you work
through each place
value, and dont forget to
rename when needed.

Example:

Example:
2

11

8 12

128
77
205

92
38
54

24
 17
1
168
24
408

Class

Division
Divide and subtract one
step at a time, dont forget
to bring numbers down
as you move to the next
step, and rename when
needed.
Example:
51

8  408
40
08
08
0

Practice on Your Own

Add, subtract, multiply or divide.
1.

46
8

2.

23
9

5. 95  67

6. 125  62

9. 528  48

10. 209  115

3.

126
 52

7. 948  12

4. 7  182

8. 31  45

11. 56  19

12. 88  14

15.

16. 9  486

Check
Add, subtract, multiply or divide.
13.

27
9

17. 87  63

14.

35
 7

18. 372  12

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99
 38

19. 106  78

98

20. 29  56

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44

Add and Subtract Decimals

Teaching Skill 44
Objective Add and subtract decimals.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Add and subtract decimals.

Remind students that when adding and

subtracting decimals, it is necessary to first
rewrite the problem vertically in order to
align the decimal points. It is also helpful to
add zeros as placeholders so that all the
numbers have the same number of digits
behind the decimal point.

Materials needed: multiple copies of the

cards shown below (index cards cut in
quarters work nicely)
Some students may benefit from arranging
the steps in the addition or subtraction
process.

Point out that all the same rules apply to

working with decimals as they do to working
with whole numbers. For example, if the sum
of the digits in any given place (e.g. ones,
tens, etc.) is greater than 9, the sum must be
regrouped and it is necessary to rename a
portion of the grouping to the next place.
Work through the addition example with
students.

Add:
4.30 + 0.92

Subtract:
12.13

2.2

Add:
26.42
+
15.48

Next have students consider the subtraction

example. Remind students of when it is
necessary to regroup and rename and how
to do so. Work through the example.
Have students complete the practice
exercises.

Subtract:
10 9.33

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students add and subtract
decimals.

Rewrite
and align

Regroup
and rename

4.30
+ 0.92

4.30
+ 0.92
2

5. __ __

Rewrite
and align

Regroup
and rename

Final
Answer

12.13
2.20

13.13
3.20

9. __ __

Rewrite
and align

Regroup
and rename

Final
Answer

26.42
+ 12.48

26.42
+ 15.48
0

41. __ __

Rewrite
and align

Regroup
and rename

Final
Answer

10.00
9.33

10.00
9.33

Final
Answer

2 11

9 9 10

0. __ __

Give each student a set of well-shuffled

cards, face down. Instruct students to leave
the cards face down until you say Go.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to add
and subtract decimals.

After you say Go, students are to separate

the cards into four sets (four different
addition or subtraction problems) based
on the numbers that appear on the cards.
Then, students should place the cards in the
correct order, based on how each problem
would be solved sequentially.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to align decimal
points, or misalign them, when adding or
subtracting.

After students place the cards in the correct

order, they should solve the final step of the
problem. The first student to solve all four
problems correctly wins.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Note: the cards are in the correct order as

shown above.
Answers: 5.22; 9.93; 41.9; and 0.67

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Add and Subtract Decimals

Class

General Operation Reminders

Addition

Subtraction

Rewrite the problem vertically, align the

Rewrite the problem vertically, align the
decimals, fill in zeros if necessary, and dont
decimals, fill in zeros if necessary, and dont
forget to regroup and rename when needed. forget to regroup and rename when needed.
Example: Subtract 19  7.2

Example: Add 42.62  9.7

11

8 10

42.62
 9.70
52.32

19.0
 7.2
11.8

Practice on Your Own

Add or subtract.
1.

4.6
 2.8

2.

43.60
29.57

3.

15.62
 0.88

5. 9.5  4.13

6. 1.24  0.66

7. 92.5  16.5

8. 11  8.43

4.

1.82
0.95

12.

1.60
 0.99

Check
Add or subtract.
9.

2.79
 7.42

10.

23.0
 8.5

11.

50.34
 37.80

13. 8.7  12.23

14. 13  8.49

15. 68.48  67.86

16. 43.47  28.53

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45

Multiply Decimals

Teaching Skill 45
Objective Multiply decimals.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Multiply decimals.

Remind students that multiplying decimals

works just like multiplying whole numbers.
The only difference is the decimal point.

Materials needed: multiple copies of the

maze shown below
48

0.48

4.8

107.5

10.75

7.8

0.06

0.6

0.78

Work through the example. Emphasize

that as long as the power of 10 is a whole
number, the decimal point will always move
to the right.

0.729

7.29

6.0

You may also want to work through an

example in which additional zeros are
needed. For example, have students multiply
14.25 by 1000. (14,250)

30

0.149

Review with students the steps for

multiplying decimals. Point out that it is not
necessary to line up the decimal points when
rewriting the problem, as it is when adding or
subtracting decimals. Review Example 1 with
students.
Next, review the steps for multiplying by
powers of 10. Ask: What are the first five
powers of 10? (10, 100, 1000, 10,000, and
100,000)

Have students complete the practice

exercises.

FINISH
Review with students the steps for multiplying
decimals. Then give each student a copy of
the maze.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students multiply decimals.

Tell the students they are going to work their

way through the maze by finding the correct
product to each of the problems you write
on the board. Students may pass through a
number, but not through a line. The student
to find the correct path through the maze first
wins.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
multiply decimals.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Problems:

COMMON ERRORS
Students may misplace the decimal in the
final product.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

101

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

0.12  40 (4.8)
1.3  6 (7.8)
2.5  4.3 (10.75)
12  0.05 (0.6)
0.4  0.15 (0.06)
0.09  8.1 (0.729)
0.006  500 (3)
1.5  20 (30)
2.98  0.05 (0.149)
Holt Geometry

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45

Multiply Decimals

Class

General Operation Reminders

Multiplying Decimals

Multiplying by Powers of 10

Step 1: Rewrite the problem vertically.

Step 2: Multiply the numbers just as you would multiply
whole numbers.
Step 3: Count the total number of decimal places in
the two factors.
Step 4: The product must have the same number of
decimal places as the total found in Step 3.
You may need to add zeros as placeholders.

Step 1: Count the number of zeros

in the power of 10.
Step 2: Move the decimal point
in the other factor to the
right the same number of
places as the number you
counted in Step 1.

Example 1: Multiply 9.27  0.6.

Example 2: Multiply 0.735  100.

14

Total of 3
decimal
places

9.27
 0.6
5.562

There are two zeros in the power

of 10, so move the decimal point
in 0.735 two places to the right
and drop the zero.

Also needs 3
decimal places

0.735

73.5

Practice on Your Own

Multiply.
1. 0.5  0.9

2. 4.2  0.3

3. 1.3  1.3

4. 7.3  0.25

5. 0.4  5.62

6. 2.5  0.065

7. 5.62  10

8. 0.493  100

Check
Multiply.
9. 0.2  0.7

10. 7.9  0.5

11. 2.2  2.2

12. 0.36  6.1

13. 3.5  0.071

14. 96  0.1

15. 4622  100

16. 0.09  10

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102

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46

Divide Decimals

Teaching Skill 46
Objective Divide decimals.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Divide decimals.

Review with students the different terms in

a division problem: dividend, divisor, and
quotient.

Materials needed: multiple copies of the game

cards shown below (index cards work nicely)

Point out that when written horizontally, the

dividend is the first term, the divisor is the
second term, and the quotient is the final
answer.

45.9  3

72.6  6

0.84  4

Review Step 1 with students. Ask: When

using a division box, which term is
written inside the box? (the dividend)

0.35  7

12  0.5

24  0.6

5.52  0.12

1.54  0.7

0.256  0.4

Review Steps 2 and 3. Ask: Which term

determines how many places to move
the decimals? (the divisor) When are no
moves needed? (when the divisor is a
whole number)

0.835  0.5

Review Steps 4 and 5. Emphasize that it is

absolutely necessary to include the decimal
point in the quotient directly above the new
decimal point in the dividend.

Have students work in pairs. Give each

pair of students one set of game cards and
instruct them to shuffle the cards. With the
cards face down, students should take turns
selecting one card from the deck until each
student has 6 cards.

Work through the example with students

and then have them complete the practice
exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 18, students divide decimals.

Instruct the students to turn their cards over

and rewrite their problems on the back of
each card using a division box and shifting
the decimal point to the correct spot in
the divisor, the dividend, and the quotient.
Tell students they are NOT to solve the
problems. When both students in each pair
have rewritten all of their problems, they
should trade cards and check each others
work, discussing any errors they find.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to divide
decimals.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to place the decimal
point in the quotient.

Next, instruct the students to complete their

partners problems and trade cards back when
all the problems are complete. The students
should once again check their partners work
and discuss any errors they find.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

0.0016  0.04 0.0081  0.09

Answers (in the order the cards appear left

to right, top to bottom): 15.3, 12.1, 0.21,
0.05, 24, 40, 46, 2.2, 0.64, 1.67, 0.04, 0.09)

103

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46

Divide Decimals

Class

General Operation Reminders

Dividing Decimals
Step 1: Rewrite the problem using a division box.
Step 2: If the divisor is not a whole number, change it to a whole number by moving the
decimal point to the right.
Step 3: Move the decimal point in the dividend to the right the same number of places as
you moved it in Step 2.
Step 4: Place a decimal point in the quotient directly above the decimal point in the dividend.
Step 5: Divide the numbers just as you would divide whole numbers.
Example 1: Divide 7.68  0.8.




0.8 7.68

.
8 76.8




9.6
8 76.8
72
48
4 8
0




The quotient is 9.6.

Practice on Your Own

Divide.
1. 11.2  7

2. 8.12  4

3. 4.96  2

4. 0.85  5

5. 7.8  0.2

6. 4.32  0.6

7. 18.75  0.5

8. 0.508  0.4

Check
Divide.
9. 22.5  9

10. 6.64  4

11. 7.47  3

12. 0.58  2

13. 16.8  0.8

14. 4.59 0.9

15. 11.2  0.7

16. 0.528  0.6

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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104

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SKILL

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47

Multiply and Divide Fractions

Teaching Skill 47
Objective Multiply and divide fractions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Use modeling to multiply
fractions.

Review with students the steps for

multiplying fractions. Point out that it is a
good idea to write fraction multiplication
problems horizontally, rather than
vertically, to keep the numerators and the
denominators lined up.

Some students may benefit from being able

to visualize multiplication.
Tell students they are going to practice
multiplying fractions using models. Write the
following problem on the board:
3 __
5
__

4 7
Instruct students to draw a rectangle and
divide it into 4 rows of equal height. Explain
that each row represents one-fourth. Have
students shade 3 of the 4 rows to represent
three-fourths.

Remind students that simplest form means

no common factors in the numerator and
denominator and no improper fractions.
Review with students how to rewrite an
improper fraction as a mixed number.
Work through the multiplication example.
Next review the steps for dividing fractions.
Point out that the only difference between
multiplying and dividing is Step 1. Ask:
How do you find the reciprocal of a
fraction? (Invert or flip it) How do you
find the reciprocal of a whole number?
(Write the whole number as a fraction with a
denominator of 1 and then invert it.)

Next instruct students to divide the rectangle

into 7 columns of equal width. Ask: Why
7 columns? (to represent sevenths) How
many columns should you shade? (5)
Encourage students to shade differently
(dots, diagonal lines, etc.) than before.

Work through the division example and have

students complete the practice exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 18, students multiply and
divide fractions.

Ask: How many small rectangles are there

in the diagram? (28) How many of the
rectangles have both types of shading?
(15) Explain to students that the product of
the two fractions is
#
with both shadings
15
_________________
 ___.
28
total #
Have students repeat this exercise to find
the products below. Remind them to simplify
where appropriate.
5 __
1 5
7 2 3 4
1
2 5
__
 ; __  __; __  __; __  __; and __  __
9
4 6
8 5 4 5
6
3 8
5 35 3 2
5
(___; ___; ___; ___; and ___)
39 48 10 15
12

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
multiply and divide fractions.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to use the reciprocal
when dividing.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

105

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

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47

Multiply and Divide Fractions

Class

General Operation Reminders

Multiplying Fractions

Dividing Fractions

Step 1: Multiply the numerators. Multiply the

denominators.
Step 2: Write the answer in simplest form.
Divide by the greatest common
factor if needed.

Step 1: Find the reciprocal of the divisor

(the second fraction) and rewrite the
problem as a multiplication problem.
Step 2: Multiply the numerators. Multiply the
denominators.
Step 3: Write the answer in simplest form.
Divide by the greatest common
factor if needed.

3
2
Example 1: Multiply __  __.
5
4
3
2

3
6
2 __
__
  _____  ___ GCF of 6 and 20 is 2.
5
4
54
20
6
62
3
3
___
 ______  ___.
The product is ___.
20
20  2
10
10

3
1
Example 2: Divide __  __.
6
4
3
1 __ __
1
4
4
__
   __  ___ GCF of 4 and 18 is 2.
6
4
6
3
18
4
42
2
2
___
 ______  __.
The product is __.
18
18  2
9
9

Practice on Your Own

Multiply or divide. Give your answer in simplest form.
4
1
1. __  __
5
3

3
1
2. __  __
4
4

2
1
3. __  __
9
2

3  __
2
4. __
5
5

4
1
5. __  __
7
4

4
6. __  4
11

9
7. ___  5
10

4
8. 8  __
3

Check
Multiply or divide. Give your answer in simplest form.
1
1
9. __  __
9
2

3
2
10. __  __
5
5

5
4
11. __  __
7
8

9
1
12. __  __
11
11

7  __
1
13. ___
7
12

6
14. __  6
7

3
15. __  2
4

4
16. 12  __
5

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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106

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SKILL

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48

Add and Subtract Fractions

Teaching Skill 48
Objective Add and subtract fractions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Add like fractions.

Review with students the meaning of like

fractions and unlike fractions.

Some students may benefit from a visual

model of adding like fractions. Encourage
students to use a model until they are
comfortable without it.

Point out that adding and subtracting

like fractions (fractions with the same
denominators) requires simple addition
or subtraction of the numerators; the
denominator in the answer does not change.

To create a model for fifths, have students

draw a rectangle and divide it into 5 columns
of equal length. Explain that each column
represents one-fifth.

Remind students that simplest form means

no common factors in the numerator and
denominator and no improper fractions.
Review with students how to convert an
improper fraction to a mixed number.
Work through the addition example.

Tell students they are going to find the

3
4
sum of __  __. Instruct students to begin
5
5
by shading 3 of the five columns in their
rectangle.

Review with students the steps for adding or

subtracting unlike fractions. Point out that in
some cases, one of the denominators may
be the LCD, in which case only the other
fraction must be rewritten. Work through the
subtraction example.

Since there are not enough fifths

to shade 4 more, draw a second
rectangle with 5 columns.
Instruct students to shade the remaining 2
fifths in the first rectangle and 2 more in the
second rectangle.

Ask: When subtracting a fraction from a

mixed number, what should you do first?
(Convert the mixed number to an improper
fraction.)

Instruct students to count the shaded fifths.

7
(7) Show that the sum is __. Remind students
5
that they can rewrite this as a mixed number.
2
1__
5
Ask: How would you model fourths?
(Draw a rectangle with 4 columns.) Tenths?
(Draw a rectangle with 10 columns.)

Have students complete the exercises.

 

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students add and subtract
fractions.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to add
and subtract fractions.

Have student practice this technique by

3
6 2
5
7
find the sums __  __ 1__ and ___  ___
7
7 7
12
12
12
___
 1.
12
As an extension of this exercise, have
1
7
students consider the example __  __. Ask:
4
8
Could you use this technique to add the
fractions as they are written? (No) What
1
would you need to do first? Rewrite __
4
2
__
as . Have students complete this problem.
8

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may add or subtract the
denominators.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

107

 

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

48

Add and Subtract Fractions

Class

General Operation Reminders

Adding and Subtracting Fractions
Like Fractions (same denominators)

Unlike Fractions (different denominators)

Step 1: Add or subtract the numerators.

Step 2: Write the sum or difference of the
numerators over the denominator.
Step 3: Write the answer in simplest form.

Step 1: Find the least common denominator

(LCD) and then rewrite each fraction
so that its denominator is the LCD.
Step 2: Follow the steps for adding or
subtracting like fractions.

5
1
Example 1: Add __  __.
8
8
5
1

5
6
1
__  __  _____  __ (GCF of 6 and 8 is 2.)
8
8
8
8
6
62
3
3
__
 _____  __ The sum is __.
8
82
4
4

3
1
Example 2: Subtract 1__  __.
2
4
3
1
Rewrite 1__ as __. The LCD of 2 and 4 is 4.
2
2
3 __
6
2
__
  __
2
2
4
The difference
6 __
3
3
__
  __
3
4
4
4
is __.
4

Practice on Your Own

Add or subtract. Give your answer in simplest form.
2
1
1. __  __
5
5

5
2
2. __  __
7
7

2
1
3. __  ___
5
10

4
1
4. __  __
9
3

5
2
5. 1__  __
9
9

3
7
6. __  __
8
4

5
2
7. 1__  __
3
6

5
2
1
8. __  __  ___
3
6
12

Check
Add or subtract. Give your answer in simplest form.
6
3
9. __  __
11
11

3
7
13. 1__  __
8
8

8
2
10. __  __
9
9

3
1
11. ___  __
7
14

7
1
12. ___  __
12
4

3
7
14. ___  __
5
10

3
1
15. 1__  __
8
4

3
1
4
16. __  ___  ___
5
15
10

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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108

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49

Percent Problems

Teaching Skill 49
Objective Find the percent of a number.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the percent of a number.

Review with students how to change a percent

to a decimal. Point out that if the percent is a
one digit number (e.g. 7%), they will need to
add a zero as a placeholder (e.g. 7%  0.07).

Explain to students that they can find

percents using proportions.
Write the following words on the board:
cents, century, centipede, and centimeter.
Ask: What does cent mean? (100) Ask:
What does percent mean? (per 100)
25 ? (Yes)
Ask: Is 25% the same as ____
100
Remind students that a proportion is two
ratios that are equal to each other. Write
%
is
on the board this proportion: __  ____. Tell
100
of
students that they can use this proportion to
solve percent problems. For example, have
students consider the following question:
What is 25% of 200? Have students
underline what is once, 25% twice, and
200 three times.

Ask: What do you have to remember when

multiplying by a decimal? (The number of
decimal places in the final product must equal
the number of decimal places in the factors.)
Tell students that percent problems can
easily be converted into equations. Review
the translation chart with students. Ask: How
can you represent an unknown quantity?
(You can use any variable, such as n or x.)
Work through the example with students.
Point out that the percent must be converted
to a decimal before multiplying.
Have students complete the exercises.
Encourage the students to estimate the
products before multiplying so they will know
if their answers make sense.

What is 25% of 200?

Explain that what (or n since what is an
unknown quantity) should be substituted for
is; 200 should be substituted for of; and
25 should be substituted for %.
25
n
____
 ____
200
100
Ask: How do you solve a proportion?
(Find the cross products.) What are the
cross products? (100n and 5000).

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 14, students find the product of
a decimal and a whole number.
In exercises 510, students find the percent
of a number.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
the percent of a number.

Write the equation 100n  5000 on the

board. Ask: How do you solve for the
variable? (Divide both sides of the equation
by 100.) Solve the equation:
100n _____
5000
_____

; n = 50. So, 50 is 25% of 200.
100
100
Have students use this strategy to answer
the following questions:

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS

What
What
What
What

Students may forget to change the percent

to a decimal before multiplying.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

109

is
is
is
is

80%
15%
35%
90%

of
of
of
of

50? (40);
400? (60);
120? (42); and
440? (396)

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49

Percent Problems

Class

Multiplying by percents:
Step 1: Change the percent to a decimal by dropping the % symbol and
moving the decimal point two places to the left.
Step 2: Multiply using rules for decimal multiplication.
Translating a percent problem into an equation:
Rewrite the percent as a decimal and then use the
translations at the right to rewrite the problem as
an equation.

Word

Mathematical Translation

what

an unknown quantity, such

as n or x

Example: What is 30% of 90?

is

equals or 

of

multiplication or  or  or ( )

n  0.30  90
n  27
Practice on Your Own
Multiply.
1. 0.25  72

2. 0.15  60

3. 0.20  1400

4. 0.06  500

Answer each question.

5. What is 12% of 50?

6. What is 70% of 30?

7. What is 22% of 150?

8. What is 10% of 450?

9. What is 50% of 168?

10. What is 65% of 4000?

Check
Multiply.
11. 0.08  250

12. 0.35  60

13. 0.40  600

14. 0.75  480

Answer each question.

15. What is 3% of 200?

16. What is 20% of 115?

17. What is 45% of 180?

18. What is 95% of 300?

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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110

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50

Simple Interest

Teaching Skill 50
Objective Calculate simple interest.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Calculate simple interest.

Review with students the formula for finding

simple interest. Point out that principle
is always a dollar amount, rate is always
a percent (but should be rewritten as a
decimal), and time is always the number
of years. Ask: What if the time is given
in months? (It must be converted to
years before substituting the value into the
formula.)

Materials needed: multiple copies of the

game cards shown below (index cards cut in
fourths work nicely)

Work through Example 1 with students.

Explain that each given value should be
substituted into the formula. Make sure
students understand that they will be
multiplying the three values.
Next, review with students how to find the
interest rate when the amount of simple
interest is already known. Point out that the
same formula is used; it is simply solved for r
and rewritten for convenience.

$5000

$7000

$9000

$450

$630

$640

$2000

1%

3%

4%

8%

2 years

3 years

5 years

10 years

Tell students they are going to play Match

Them Up.
Give each student a set of well-shuffled
game cards and instruct them to leave the
cards face down.

Have students complete the exercises.

Explain that there are four sets of four

numbers that correctly complete the formula
for simple interest.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 13, students find the products
and quotients of decimals and whole
numbers.

Remind students that the formula for finding

simple interest is I Prt, where I represents
the amount of simple interest; P is the
amount of principle; r is the interest rate; and
t is the number of years.

In exercises 48, students calculate simple

interest and find simple interest rates.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to
calculate simple interest and find simple
interest rates.

Ask: What does Prt mean? (the product of

P times r times t )
Tell the students that when you say Go,
they are to turn their cards over and try to
match the correct cards. The first student to
find all four sets wins.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to change the percent
to a decimal before multiplying.

Answers:
Set 1: $630 ($7000)(3%)(3)
Set 2: $450 ($9000)(1%)(5)
Set 3: $640 ($4000)(8%)(2)
Set 4: $2000 ($5000)(4%)(10)

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

$4000

111

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50

Simple Interest
Finding the Amount of Interest

Class

Finding the Interest Rate

Simple Interest Formula: I  Prt

Solve the Simple Interest Formula for r by

dividing both sides of the equation by Pt.
Prt
I
I
__
 ___
r  __
Pt
Pt
Pt

P  principle (the amount invested)

r  interest rate (written as a decimal)
t  time (number of years)
Example 1: What is the simple interest on an
investment of $3000 at 4% for 5 years?
I  Prt
P  $3000; r  4%  0.04; t  5
I  (3000)(0.04)(5)
I  $600

Example 2: A savings account of $1000

earned $120 simple interest in 4 years. Find
the interest rate.
I
r  __
Pt
I  $120; P  $1000; t  4
120
r  _______  0.03  3%
1000(4)

Practice on Your Own

Evaluate.
1. (500)(0.03)(5)

2. (4000)(0.02)(10)

120
3. ________
(1500)(4)

Use the formula for simple interest, I  Prt, to answer the question.
4. What is the simple interest on an investment of $5000 at 2% for 3 years?
5. What is the simple interest on an investment of $1800 at 4% for 2 years?
6. What is the simple interest on an investment of $10,000 at 4% for 5 years?
7. A savings account of $2500 earned $225 simple interest in 3 years. Find the
interest rate.
8. A certificate of deposit in the amount of $25,000 earned $2000 simple interest
in 2 years. Find the interest rate.
Check
Evaluate.
9. (1000)(0.05)(4)

10. (2500)(0.04)(5)

180
11. ________
(6000)(2)

Use the formula for simple interest, I  Prt, to answer the question.
12. What is the simple interest on an investment of $8000 at 6% for 5 years?
13. What is the simple interest on an investment of $75,000 at 8% for 2 years?
14. A savings account of $50,000 earned $25,000 simple interest in 10 years. Find
the interest rate.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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51

Add and Subtract Integers

Teaching Skill 51
Objective Add and subtract integers.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Add and subtract integers using a
number line.

Explain to students that adding and

subtracting integers is best understood by
thinking about absolute values, that is, the
numbers without the negative signs.

Materials needed: copies of the number lines

shown below.
Some students may benefit from visualizing
addition and subtraction using a number
line. Give each student copies of the number
lines. Tell students they are going to add
integers using the number lines.

Review with students how to add integers

with the same signs. Ask: If both signs
are positive, what will be the sign of the
sum? (positive) If both signs are negative,
what will be the sign of the sum?
(negative) Does it matter which number is
larger? (No) Work through Example 1.

10

15

Review with students how to add integers

with opposite signs. Stress that the sign of
the sum is determined by the larger number.
Work through Example 2.

10
5

0
5
0

5
0
5

10
5
10

10

15

Write 3  (7) on the board. Direct

students attention to the first number line.
Ask: What do each of the tick marks
represent on the number lines? (one unit)

Review with students how to subtract

integers. Ask: What is the opposite of 5?
(5) What is the opposite of 8? (8)
Work through Example 3.

Instruct students to place a dot on the number

3. Ask: If you were going to add 7 to 3,
which direction would you move on the
number line? (right) Since you are adding
7 instead, which way do you move? (left)
Instruct students to move 7 units to the left.
Ask: What is the result? (4)

Remind students that zero is neither positive

nor negative. Ask: When is the sum of
two integers zero? (when the numbers are
opposites, e.g. 4 and 4)
Have students complete the exercises.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 112, students add and subtract
integers.

10

10

Next, have students use the second number

line to add 13  15. Ask: Where do you
place your first dot? (13) In which
direction should you move? (right) Make
sure students arrive at 2 as an answer.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to add
and subtract integers.

After students have a good understanding

of adding integers, explain how to use the
number line to subtract integers. Have students
use the third and fourth number lines to
practice the following: 8  14 and 2  (9).
Make sure students know to move to the left
when subtracting positive numbers and to the
right when subtracting negative numbers (the
opposite of when adding).

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may confuse a subtraction sign
with a negative sign.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

Have the students make up additional

problems and draw their own number lines.

113

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51

Add and Subtract Integers

Class

Adding Integers
Same Signs

Subtracting Integers

Opposite Signs

Step 1: Ignore the signs.

Step 2: Add the two
numbers.
Step 3: Add the sign of the
larger number to the answer.

Step 1: Ignore the signs.

Instead of subtracting, add
Step 2: Subtract the smaller
the opposite of the second
number from the larger number.
number and then use the rules
Step 3: Add the sign of the
for adding integers.
larger number to the answer.

Example 1: Add 3  (9).

Example 2: Add 7  (12).

3  9  12

12  7  5

Since both numbers are

negative, the answer is also
negative.

Since the larger number

is negative (12 7), the
answer is also negative.

3  (9)  12

7  (12)  5

Example 3: Subtract 6  (3).

The opposite of 3 is 3.
639

Practice on Your Own

Perform each indicated operation.
1. 11  16

2. 22  18

3. 15  (10)

4. 3  14

5. 20  (9)

6. 6  ( 5)

7. 6  (13)

8. 8  14

9. 100  95

10. 7  (10)

11. 10  (10)

12. 25  (40)

Check
Perform each indicated operation.
13. 2  8

14. 10  18

15. 14  (21)

16. 7  (3)

17. 40  (35)

18. 17  4

19. 12  12

20. 18  (13)

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114

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52

Multiply and Divide Integers

Teaching Skill 52
Objective Multiply and divide integers.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Multiply and divide integers using
flashcards.

Inform students that multiplying and dividing

integers is just like multiplying and dividing
whole numbers; the only difference is
determining the sign of the final product or
quotient.

Materials needed: multiple copies of the

flashcards shown below
()()

Review with students the rule for multiplying

and dividing integers with like signs. Point out
that the sign of the answer is determined by
the number of factors that have a negative
sign. If none (0) of the factors are negative,
the product or quotient is positive. Likewise,
if both (2) of the factors are negative, the
product or quotient is positive. Ask: Does it
matter which number is larger or if the two
numbers have the same value? (No)

()()

()()

()  () ()  () ()  () ()  ()


(12)(10)

120

Next, review the rule for multiplying and

dividing integers with unlike signs. Ask: What
does unlike mean? (One of the signs is
negative and the other is positive.) Ask: Does
it matter which number is larger or if the
two numbers have the same value? (No)

15  5

3
(9)(9)

81

Have students complete the exercises.


15(3)

45


9(6)


(12)(6)

54

72

26  (2) 18  3 40  (8)

13
7(7)

49

6

5

8  (8) 3  (3)

1

1

Have students work in pairs. Give each pair

of students one set of flashcards. Have them
divide the cards into two groups; one group
with positive and negative signs only, and
one group with both numbers and signs.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 112, students multiply and
divide integers.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to
multiply and divide integers.

Instruct students to shuffle the group of cards

that has signs only. Students should take
turns drawing a card and stating a rule such
as positive times negative is negative.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

When students show an understanding of

how the products and quotients of signs
work, instruct them to switch to the cards
that have numbers.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to include the negative
sign when multiplying or dividing integers
with unlike signs.

Again, students should shuffle the cards and

repeat the process described above.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

()()

As an extension of this exercise, have

students create additional cards with a
variety of sign combinations.

115

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52

Multiply and Divide Integers

Class

Multiplying and Dividing Integers

Like Signs

Unlike Signs

Rule: When multiplying or dividing two

integers with like signs (both positive or both
negative), the product or quotient is always
positive.

Rule: When multiplying or dividing two

integers with unlike signs (one positive and
one negative), the product or quotient is
always negative.

Example 1: Multiply 5(10).

The signs are the same so the product is 50.

Example 2: Divide 27  (9).

The signs are different so the quotient is 3.

Practice on Your Own

Perform each indicated operation.
1. 5(3)

2. 24  (6)

3. 11(5)

4. 40  5

5. 9(7)

6. 18  (3)

7. 25(6)

60
8. ____
4

9. 13(2)

49
10. ____
7

11. 8(4)

48
12. ____
16

Check
Perform each indicated operation.
13. 7(10)

14. 42  (7)

15. 8(9)

16. 35  (5)

17. 4(16)

18. 144  12

19. 3(3)

120
20. _____
10

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116

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53

Simplify Radical Expressions

Teaching Skill 53
Objective Simplify radical expressions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Simplify radical expressions.

Review with students the definition of


simplest form. Ask: Is  4 written in
simplest form? (No) Why or why not? (4

1 written
is a perfect square factor.) Is __
7
in simplest form? (No, because there is a

5
fraction under the radical sign.) Is ___
3
written in simplest form? (Yes, even

Some students may benefit from seeing

the connection between square roots and
squares more directly.

Remind students that the first step in

simplifying a radical is to check for perfect
squares. If the number inside the radical is
the square of an integer, it can be simplified.
Write the following problem on the board:



2
 49   7  7   7

though there is a fraction, the denominator

does not have a radical in it.)

Ask: Since taking the square root of a

number is the inverse of squaring the
number, what can be said about the
square root of a number squared? (It is
equal to the number.)

Next, review with students how to simplify

radical expressions. Work through each
example. Point out that when the expression
involves a product or a fraction, it may be
more convenient to multiply or divide first,
then simplify. Provide the following example:
 
 20  5 . Ask: Is 20 or 5 a perfect square?
(No) If you multiply first, do you get a
perfect square inside the radical? (Yes,
100) Provide a similar example using a

45 ).
fraction (e.g. ___
5
Have students complete the exercises.

Have students complete the following table.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students simplify radical
expressions.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to
simplify radical expressions.

n2

1

4

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

9

n 2  n

1 2  1

2 2  2

3 2  3









































Write the problems below on the board.

2
Have students rewrite the problems as n
and then simplify. Remind students that if the
expression is a product, they can simplify
each term separately and then multiply.
Likewise, if the expression is a fraction,
they can simplify the numerator and the
denominator one at a time.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may leave a radical expression in
the denominator of a fraction.

 16

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

 4 2  4 ; 
81   9 2  9 ;

2


2

 36  100   6  6,  10  10,
6  10  60 



3 2  __3
9
9 ____
____
___



25 25
5 2 5
 

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Simplify Radical Expressions

Class

Definition: A radical expression is in simplest form when all of the following conditions are met.
1. The number, or expression, under the radical sign contains no perfect square
factors (other than 1).
2. The expression under the radical sign does not contain a fraction.
3. If the expression is a fraction, the denominator does not contain a radical expression.
How to Simplify Radical Expressions
Look for perfect square
factors and simplify these
first. If the radical expression
is preceded by a negative
sign, then the answer is
negative.

If the expression is a
product, simplify then
multiply, or multiply then
simplify, whichever is most
convenient.

Example 1: Simplify 81 .

Since 81 is a perfect
square factor, simplify the
expression to 9.


Example 2: Simplify 25 16 .

Since both numbers are
perfect squares, simplify then
 
multiply: 5  5  4  4 
5  4  20

 81   9  9  9


81  9  9  9

If the expression is (or

contains) a fraction, simplify
then divide, or divide then
simplify, whichever is most
convenient.


4
Example 3: Simplify  ___ .
49


2  2
4
2
__
 ___   ______
 
7
49
7  7

Practice on Your Own

Simplify each expression.


 

1.  25

2. 9 36

6. 2(32)

5. 100 4

3.

121

81
____

4. 81

1
8.  ____
625

7. 169

Check
Simplify each expression.


9.  16

10. 81 64

13. 2  50

14. 144

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

11. 49

12.

15. 9 4

118

25
___
4

16.

36
___
9

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54

Absolute Value

Teaching Skill 54
Objective Find the absolute value of
numbers and expressions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the absolute value of
numbers and expressions.

Review with students the definition of

absolute value at the top of the page.

Draw the table below on the board and

instruct the students to duplicate it on their
paper.

Have students read the statement that

begins with  6 . Ask: What other number is
6 units from 0? (6) Does that mean that
 6  is also 6? (Yes)

Negative
Value
1
2
3
4
5

Review the general rule with students.

Ask: Can the statement  n  2 ever be
true? (No) Why not? (The general rule tells
us that the absolute value of any nonzero
number is always a positive value.) Point
out that this makes sense, since distance is
always positive as well.

Positive
Value
1
2
3
4
5

Remind students that the absolute value of a

number is the distance between that number
and zero.
Tell students they are going to complete
the center column by using a number line.
Instruct students to draw a number line and
label it from 5 to 5. For each of the values
in the table, instruct students to count the
number of jumps (the distance) between that
value and zero. Encourage students to make
conjectures about the relationship between
 n  and  n . (They are equal.)

Review with students the steps for evaluating

an absolute value expression. Point out that
the expression inside the absolute value
symbols should be evaluated first, then find
the distance from zero.
Review each of the examples with students
and have them complete the practice
exercises.

Draw the table below on the board and

instruct students to duplicate it.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 112, students find the absolute
value of numbers and expressions.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
absolute value.

Expression

Simplified

7  4
 5  12 

( 3 )

( 7 )
( 4 )
 1 
 12 
 15 

 10  6 

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may change negative numbers to
positive numbers inside the absolute value
symbols before performing the indicated
operation.

Distance
from 0
(3)
(7)
(4)
(1)
(12)
(15)

For the first three rows, instruct students

to complete the second column for each
of the expressions. Then they should use
number lines to find the distance to zero and
complete the third column. For the last three
rows, have students make up expressions
that would result in column 2, and then
complete column 3. (Answers may vary in
column 1.)

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

Distance
from 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

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Absolute Value

Class

Definition: The absolute value of a number is the distance between that number and
zero on a number line.
 6  is read as the absolute value of 6 and means the distance between 6 and 0 on
a number line.

Distance of 6
6  6
3
0
5
General rule: The absolute value of any nonzero number is always a positive value.

To evaluate an expression that contains an absolute value:

Step 1: Evaluate the expression inside the absolute value symbols (as if they were
parentheses).
Step 2: Take the absolute value of the final result (make it positive).
Example 1:  7  7

Example 2:  14  9    5   5

Example 3:  0.5   0.5

Example 4:  20  23    3   3

Practice on Your Own

Find the absolute value of each expression.
1.  15 

2.  8 

3.  0.4 

4.  1.19 

5.  25  15 

6.  18  22 

7.  0.25  1 

8.  4.6  3.9 

9.  8  14 

10.  9  2 

11.  5  12  7 

12.  23  7  42 

Check
Find the absolute value of each expression.
13.  11 

14.  2.3 

15.  50  40 

16.  100  75 

17.  80  93 

18.  2.5  2.5 

19.  5.2  4.1 

20.  11  14  2 

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55

Order of Operations

Teaching Skill 55
Objective Use the correct order of operations
to evaluate expressions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Use the correct order of operations
to evaluate expressions.

Explain to students that order of operations

gives us a set of rules as to which operations
are carried out first when an expression
involves more than one operation.

Some students may benefit from manipulating

numbers and the order of operations.
Write the following numbers on the board:
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Tell students that you are
going to use each number exactly once,
along with one set of parentheses and one
each of , ,  , and  to arrive at a final
result of 4.

Review the correct order of operations with

students and the trick for remembering the
order.
Direct students attention to the first example.
Demonstrate why having a set of rules is
necessary by working out the problem left
to right instead of using the correct order of
operations. (8  2  3  6  3  18) Ask: Do
you get the same result? (No)

Write: 6  (2  3  4)  5. Work through the

correct order of operations to demonstrate
that the result is 4.





Have students consider the second and

third examples. Before working through
the examples, ask a volunteer to list the
operations they see in each problem, in the
order in which they would be performed.

6  (2  3  4)  5
6  (6  4)  5
6  10  5
62
4

Instruct students to repeat this exercise

using the same numbers and the same rules
to arrive at a result of 3. Point out that they
can have as many, or as few, numbers inside
the parentheses as they need. (Students
may arrive at different results; one possible
result is (2  3)  5  6  4.)

Have students complete the exercises.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 112, students evaluate
expressions using order of operations.

If students have trouble reaching an answer,

have them work in pairs. As students become
more comfortable, use larger numbers and mix
up the operations. For example, require the
use of one exponent, two additions, and two
subtractions. Be sure to specify whether any
parentheses are allowed.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to use
the correct order of operations to evaluate
expressions.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Sample problems:

COMMON ERRORS
Students may always work from left to right
and forget to follow the correct order of
operations.

1) Use the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 with

one exponent, and one each of , , and 
to arrive at a result of 13. No parentheses
3
allowed. Possible answer: 5  4  2  1.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

2) Use the numbers 2, 3, 4, 6, and 10 with

one exponent, one set of parentheses, and
one each of , , and  to arrive at a result
2
of 14. Possible answer: 3  10  (6  4).

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55

Order of Operations

Class

The Correct Order of Operations

1.

Parentheses

2.

Exponents

3.

Multiply / Divide

4.

Add / Subtract

(left to right)

(left to right)

One way to remember the correct order: Please excuse my dear Aunt Sally.
Example 1
Evaluate 8  2  3.

Example 2
2
Evaluate (6  4)  5.

Example 3
3
Evaluate 2  4  3  6.

8  6

10 2  5

84  36

100  5

8  12  6

20

20  6
14

Practice on Your Own

Evaluate each expression.
1. (5  1)  3

2. 8  8  16

3. 6  5  1

4. 24  3  5

5. (8  10)  3

6. 20  1  7

7. 7 2  1

8. 72  2 3

9. 21  15 3

10. 8  7  5

11. 3  6  2  9

12. (4  2) 2  9

Check
Find the absolute value of each expression.
13. (6  10)  4

14. 40  4  10

15. 5  10  2

16. 15  3  10

17. 4  8  4 2

18. 8  5  3  6

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56

Distributive Property

Teaching Skill 56
Objective Use the Distributive Property to
simplify expressions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Use modeling to understand the
Distributive Property.

Explain to students that multiplying a sum

(or difference) by a number is the same
as multiplying each of the addends by the
number and then adding the products.

Materials needed: grid paper

Some students may benefit from visualizing
the Distributive Property.
Draw a rectangle on the board with length
9 inches and width 4 inches. Label the width
4 and the length 6  3.
4
6+3

To demonstrate, write the following on the

board: 7  (3  2). Ask: If you follow the
correct order of operations, how would
you rewrite this problem? (7  5) What is
the solution? (35)

Have students draw a 4  9 rectangle on

their grid paper and label it the same way.
Instruct students to count
4
the total number of small
rectangles. (36)
6+3

Write the problem on the board again. This

time, demonstrate the Distributive Property
by rewriting the problem as 7(3)  7(2).
Ask: What is the solution to the problem
written this way? (21  14  35)

Next, have students break apart the grid

to show a 4  6 rectangle and a 4  3
rectangle.
4
4

Review with students how to represent the

Distributive Property in rule form. Point out
that the property works the same whether
there are numbers or variables, or both,
inside the parentheses.

Have students count the total number

of small rectangles in each of the larger
rectangles and add. (24  12  36)

Work through each example. Point out that

the placement of the parentheses does not
affect the way in which the property works.

Explain to students that the Distributive

Property works just like breaking apart the
grids. Have students rewrite the problem
4(6  3) using the Distributive Property and
the grids they drew. [4(6  3)  4(6)  4(3)]

Have students complete the exercises.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 112, students use the
Distributive Property to simplify expressions.

Instruct students to use grids to rewrite the

following problems using the Distributive
Property: 5(2  1); 8(4  3); and 6(7  2).
[5(2)  5(1); 8(4)  8(3); and 6(7)  6(2)]

CHECK
Determine that students know how to use
the Distributive Property.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

When students are comfortable working

with grids and numbers, have them draw
a rectangle with length 5  x and width 3.
Have them break the rectangle in two and
re-label each of the smaller rectangles.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may try to combine the terms inside
the parentheses before multiplying.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

5+x

3
5

3
x

Ask: How do you rewrite 3(5 x) using

the Distribute Property? [3(5)  3(x)] Work
a few additional examples if time permits.

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Distributive Property

Class

The Distributive Property of Multiplication

Multiplying a sum by a number:

Multiplying a difference by a number:

a(b  c)  ab  ac

a(b c)  ab  ac

Example 1: Simplify 7(2x  3).

Example 2: Simplify 15(3  4m).

7 (2x  3)  7(2x)  7(3)  14x  21

15 (3  4m)  15(3)  15(4m)  45  60m

Note: Remember, if a variable does not have a coefficient, assume the coefficient is 1.
Example 3: Simplify 11(5  y).

11 (5  1y)  11(5)  11(1y)  55  11y

Practice on Your Own

Simplify each expression.
1. 5(x  6)

2. 5(z  7)

3. (n  2)2

4. 4(3  k )

5. 8(6  y)

6. (m  3)6

7. 10(p  1)

8. (20  c)3

9. (q  1)7

10. 11(5  t )

11. (7  b)2

12. 9(4  w )

Check
Simplify each expression.
13. 12(c  2)

14. (3  a)5

15. 25(1  d )

16. 10(5  j )

17. (x  3)4

18. 15(2  y)

19. 3(g  25)

20. (m  1)9

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57

Combine Like Terms

Teaching Skill 57
Objective Simplify expressions by
combining like terms.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Simplify expressions by
combining like terms.

Discuss with students that combining like

terms simply means adding or subtracting
terms that are alike.

Some students may benefit from physically

matching like terms using circles, squares,
triangles, etc.

Point out that terms can be constants

(numbers), variables (letters), or a combination
of both. Stress that in order to be like terms,
the variable factors must be the same. That
is, the exponent of the variables must be the
2
same. Ask: Are 3x and 3x like terms? (No)
Why not? (Because the first term has an
exponent of 1 and the second term has an
exponent of 2.) Give several examples of like
terms and unlike terms.

Remind students that like terms must have

identical variable factors.
Write the following problem on the board:
12x  1  7x 19
Circle the constants and draw a square
around the terms with xs.
12x 

 7x  19

Ask: Can you add circles and squares

and get a common term? (No) Can you
add constants and variables and get a
common term? (No) What is the sum
of the terms that have squares around
them? (19x) What is the sum of the terms
that have circles around them? (20) What
is the simplified form of the expression?
(19x  20)

Remind students that a coefficient is the

number that precedes the variable. Ask: In
the term 7x, what is the coefficient? (7)
Explain that if a variable does not have a
coefficient, it is understood to be 1. Explain
to students that combining like terms is
achieved by adding (or subtracting) the
coefficients of the like terms.
Review both examples and then have
students complete the exercises.

Point out that this method works well when

there are multiple types of terms. Write the
following problem on the board:

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 114, students simplify
expressions by combining like terms.

7n  13m  6  3n  2m  10  n
Ask: How many different types of terms
are part of this problem? (3; constants,
ms, and ns) Circle the constants, draw
squares around the ms, and draw triangles
around the ns. Remind students to include
the negatives.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
combine like terms.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

7n

13m

6

3n

2m

10

n

Before simplifying, ask: What is the

coefficient of the last term? (1)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget that when a variable
does not have a coefficient, it is understood
to be 1.

Instruct students to simplify the expression.

Emphasize that they should be careful with
negatives. (3n  15m  4)

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

Have students work a number of problems

using this technique.

125

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57

Combine Like Terms

Class

Definition: An algebraic term is a number, a variable, or the product of

numbers and variables. Like terms are those terms that have exactly the
same variable factor. For example, 2x and 7x are like terms because they
both have the variable factor, x.
Combining like terms means adding or subtracting them. To combine like terms:
Step 1: Reorder the terms so that like terms are together.
Step 2: Add (or subtract) the coefficients of the like terms. If a variable
does not have a coefficient, it is understood to be 1.
Example 1

7x  5  2x  15

Example 2

6  2a  8b  4a  11

Reorder:

7x  2x  5  15

Reorder:

6  11  2a  4a  8b

Add:

7x  2x  (7  2)x  9x

Subtract:

6  11  5

Add:

5  15  10

Add:

2a  4a  (2  4)a  6a

Single term:

8b

Answer:

5  6a  8b

Answer:

9x  10

Practice on Your Own

Simplify each expression by combining like terms.
1. 2x  10x

2. 9m  (5m)

2
2
3. 6a  a

4. 10t  3t

5. 14b  (17b)

6. 12d 2  4d 2

7. 6x  7x

8. 5f  5f

9. 8.2h  2.8h

10. 4y  9  13y

11. 3  6x  7  4x

12. 2  4u  7  3u  10  12u

13. 9y  2x  4y  11x  3x

14. 16j  8  9j  4  7j

Check
Simplify each expression by combining like terms.
15. 9x  x

16. 5c  2c

19. 22m  16  m  5  11m

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

2
2
17. a  4a

18. 11.5z  3.1z

20. 7q  3r  2r  q  6r

126

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58

Connect Words and Algebra

Teaching Skill 58
Objective Connect words and algebra.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Connect words and algebra.

Point out to students that an algebraic

expression (or equation) is simply a
mathematical way of writing a phrase or
sentence.

Materials needed: multiple copies of the

flashcards shown below (index cards work
nicely), blank index cards
Have students work in pairs. Distribute
copies of the flashcards and have students
shuffle the cards and divide them in half so
that each student has six cards.

Ask: What is the difference between

an expression and an equation? (An
expression does not have an equal sign
while an equation does.)
Tell students that associating key words with
the correct operation is critical to being able
to make the connection between words and
algebra.

3x  1

n5

x7

1n  2
__

C  3(25)

t  6(2)

C  12  2.50

P  2(8)  2w

1 (6)(h)
A  __
2

I  (500)(2)r

A  50  10w

S  600  50w

Review with students the table of key words.

Provide some real life examples. Start with
the following two: (1)If your age is 10 years
more than your sisters, and your sister is
12, how do you find your age? (Add 12 plus
10.) If you receive $10 per week allowance
for 8 weeks, how do you find the total
amount you received? (Multiply 10 times 8.)
Have students provide additional examples.

Review with students key words and the

operations with which the words are associated.
Tell students they are going to make up
phrases or situations that match the algebraic
expressions and equations on the cards. Give
the following example: 5n  3. Ask: How
would you verbalize 5n? (5 times a number)
And 3? (increased by 3) Write the phrase on
the board: 5 times a number increased by 3.
Point out that variations of this phrase are also
correct, such as 3 more than 5 times a number.

Review the lawn cutting example with students

and then have them complete the exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 16, students write algebraic
expressions and equations.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to write
algebraic expressions and equations.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may not know the key words
associated with operations, and as a result
may use the wrong operation.

Next, write the equation C  40  5(d ) on

the board. Remind students that variables
typically represent something that makes
sense. For example, C might represent
cost and d number of days. Or, provide the
following scenario: There are 40 cookies in
a bag and Tom eats 5 cookies per day.
C  40  5(d ) could be the number of
cookies remaining at the end of any given day.

Students who made more than 1 error in the

Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Instruct students to take turns making up

situations to match the cards they have. As
an extension of the exercise, have students
make flashcards and continue.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

127

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Connect Words and Algebra

Class

To connect words and algebra, you must understand the operations involved
and how to represent them. Key words are helpful in determining the operations.
Key Words

Operation or Representation

a number; an unknown quantity

any variable, such as x or n

Twice, three times, etc.

multiplication (2n, 3n, etc.)

sum; more than; increased by

addition ()

difference; less than; decreased by

subtraction ()

each; per

multiplication

is; equals

Example: Jared must cut 6 lawns over the weekend. Each of the lawns takes
2 hours to cut. Write an equation representing the total time t to cut all 6 lawns.
Answer: Since each lawn takes 2 hours, multiply 2 times the number of
lawns to get the total time: t  6(2).
Practice on Your Own
1. Write an expression that represents the quantity 5 more than a number.
2. Write a phrase that could be modeled by the expression x  15.
3. John bought 3 CDs and 2 DVDs. Each CD costs $9.95, and each DVD costs
$14.98. Write an equation representing the total cost C.
4. A triangle has sides of length 7, 10, and s. Write an equation representing the
perimeter P of the triangle.
5. The value of a painting begins at $12,000 and increases by $500 per year.
Write an equation representing the value V of the painting at the end of any
given year y.
6. David has 56 baseball cards of which he sells 3 cards per week. Write an
equation representing the number of cards n he has left at the end of any
given week w.
Check
7. Write an expression that represents a number decreased by 6.
8. Tina bought 6 plates and 2 glasses. Each plate costs $6.99, and each glass
costs $22.98. Write an equation representing the total cost C.
9. Joseph opens a checking account with $400. Each month he adds $150 to the
account. Write an equation representing the total amount A in the account at the
end of any given month m.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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128

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59

Properties of Exponents

Teaching Skill 59
Objective Simplify expressions using
properties of exponents.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Simplify expressions using
properties of exponents.

Review with students the vocabulary at the

top of the student page and then the rule for
multiplying variables with the same base.

Some students may benefit from seeing

numbers and variables raised to exponents
written in expanded form.

2
2
Ask: Do the expressions x and y have
the same base? (No) What is the product
2
2
2 2
of x and y ? (x y ) Do you add the
exponents? (No) Why not? (The bases are
not the same.)

4
Write the following on the board: 3 . Ask:
How would you write this expression
without an exponent? (3  3  3  3).

Next, write the following on the board:

4
2
3  3 . Ask a volunteer to come to the board
and rewrite the product without using any
exponents. (3  3  3  3  3  3) Ask: How
would you write this in exponential form?
6
4
2
42
 3 6 and point out
(3 ) Write 3  3  3
that the result is the same.

Review with students how to multiply

expressions that have numbers and
5
variables. Ask: In the expression 7x , what
is the number 7 called? (the coefficient)
Emphasize that to find the product of two
expressions, multiply the coefficients but add
the exponents of those variables that have
the same base.

7
Move on to variables. Write: x . Ask: How
would you write this expression without
an exponent? (x  x  x  x  x  x  x) Have
the students write the following problem on
4
6
their paper: x  x . Instruct them to rewrite
the problem without using exponents and to
simplify their final answer.
10
(x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x  x )

Also point out that when a variable does not

have a coefficient, it is understood to be 1.
Likewise, when a variable does not have an
exponent, it is understood to be 1.
Work through each of the examples and then
have students complete the practice exercises.

Finally, present an example with variables

and coefficients. Write on the board:
4
2
3n  7n . Ask: What are the coefficients
in this problem? (3 and 7) What do you do
with them? (multiply them)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 112, students use properties of
exponents to simplify expressions.

Instruct students to rewrite the problem

without using exponents and simplify.
6
(3  7  n  n  n  n  n  n  21n )

CHECK
Determine that students understand
properties of exponents.

Have students use this technique to simplify

the expressions below. Remind students that
if a variable does not have a coefficient or an
exponent, they are understood to be 1.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

5
6
3
7
10
2x  12x (24x ); 5n  8n (40n );
2
4
6
5
5
10
6p  p (6p ); 7h  7h (49h )

COMMON ERRORS
When multiplying variables with exponents,
students may multiply the exponents rather
than adding them.

When students are comfortable writing out

and simplifying expressions, have them redo
the problems using properties of exponents;
a
b
ab
. Remind students that you
x x x
multiply coefficients and add exponents.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

129

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59

Properties of Exponents

Vocabulary:

Class

x 3 r exponent

r base

Rule: x a  x b  x ab

To multiply variables with the same base, add the exponents.

To multiply expressions that include numbers and variables:

Multiply the coefficients. If a variable does not have a coefficient, it is

understood to be 1.
Add the exponents of those variables that are the same. If a variable
does not have an expressed exponent, it is understood to be 1.
Example 1: 5n  6n
(5  6)(n

)  30n 2

11

3
Example 2: 4x  7x

Example 3: h 3k  3h 5k 2

(4  7)(x 31)  28x 4

(1  3)(h 35)(k 12)  3h 8k 3

Practice on Your Own

Simplify each expression.
1. 2x  5x

2. 3a  7a 3

3. 2  8mn

4. 15p 2  3pq

5. 5b 2c  5b 3c 3

6. 2xy  (3xy)

7. 16z 4  (z)

8. d 2e  8de

9. 6t  (3t )

10. w  w  w
2

11. 2r  11r  (r )

12. 5x  10y  xy

Check
Simplify each expression.
13. 15f  2f

14. 9  3x y

15. 20h  (3h )

16. 7ab  7ab

17. p 3q  4pq

18. 3u  7u 2v

19. g 3  g 4  g

20. 2y  8z  yz

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130

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60

Evaluate Expressions

Teaching Skill 60
Objective Evaluate expressions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Evaluate expressions.

Explain to students that evaluating an

expression simply means replacing the
variable with a given value and simplifying.

Explain to students that most expressions

can be evaluated for any given number.
Create the table below on the board and
have students duplicate it. Tell students
they are going to evaluate an expression for
several different values.

Review with students the order of operations

and point out that they will need to follow
them to correctly simplify expressions.
Also review integer operations as some
expressions, and some given values, may
involve negative numbers.

Value

Have students consider Example 1. Ask:

What two operations will be used to
simplify this expression? (multiplication
then addition) What number replaces y ? (6)
Work through the example.

Simplification

2

6(

)3

___  3  ___

1

6(

)3

___  3  ___

6(

)3

___  3  ___

6(

)3

___  3  ___

6(

)3

___  3  ___

Ask: Based on the center column, what

expression are you evaluating? (6y  3)
For what values are you evaluating the
expression? (2, 1, 0, 1, and 2)

Next have students consider Example 2.

Ask: What two operations will be used to
simplify this expression? (multiplication
then subtraction) What number replaces p?
(4) Stress that students must be careful
when working with negatives since it is easy
to overlook them when simplifying. Work
through the example.

Have students complete the table and check

their answers. (2, 1, 0, 1, 2; 12, 6, 0,
6, 12; 9, 3, 3, 9, 15)
Have students duplicate the two tables
below, identify the expression, and complete
the last two columns.

Have students complete the practice exercises.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 19, students evaluate
expressions.

Value

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
evaluate expressions.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Substitution

Simplification

3

4(

)5

___  5  ___

1

4(

)5

___  5  ___

4(

)5

___  5  ___

4(

)5

___  5  ___

Value

COMMON ERRORS
Students may not follow the correct order
of operations and may arrive at an incorrect
result.

Substitution

Simplification

3

3(

)2

___  2  ___

2

3(

)2

___  2  ___

3(

)2

___  2  ___

3(

)2

___  2  ___

When students are comfortable completing

tables, give them several expressions and
have them create their own tables using the
given values 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, and 3.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

Substitution

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Evaluate Expressions

Class

To evaluate a variable expression, replace the variable(s) with the given

value(s) and use the order of operations to simplify.
Example 1: Evaluate 10y  3 for y  6.
10y  3  10(6)  3

Replace y with 6 since 6 is the given value.

 60  3

Order of operations says to multiply first.

 63

Add.

Example 2:

Evaluate 6p  15 for p  4.

6p  15  6(4)  15

Replace p with 4 since 4 is the given value.

 24  15

Order of operations says to multiply first.

9

Subtract.

Practice on Your Own

Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
1. 7x  1 for x  5

2. 8m  12 for m  5

3. 2y  9 for y  6

4. 6p  3 for p  4

5. 27  9x for x  2

6. 10  4q for q  3

7. 7c  11 for c  3

1
8. __t  5 for t  9
3

1
9. __m  16 for m  20
2

Check
Evaluate each expression for the given value of the variable.
10. 2n  3 for n  9

11. x  7 for x  5

12. 15  3h for h  5

13. 15  7m for m  3

14. 5a  9 for a  1

1
15. __y  (4) for y  12
2

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61

Multiply and Divide Monomials

Teaching Skill 61
Objective Multiply and divide monomials.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Multiply and divide monomials.

Remind students that a monomial is a

number, a variable, or a product of a number
and one or more variables.

Materials needed: multiple copies of the

cards below.

Review with students the steps for

multiplying monomials. Have students
consider Example 1. Ask: What are the
coefficients of the two monomials? (6 and
7) What do you do with them? (Find their
product by multiplying.) How many variables
are present? (2; a and b) How do you find
their products? (You add the exponents of
the corresponding variables.) Work through
the example with students.

2x

3x

4x

5x

6x

7x

8x

x 2

2x 2

3x 2

4x 2

6x 2

7x 2

8x 2

x4

x5

x

2x 4

3x 5

3x 6

5x

Next, review the steps for dividing

monomials. Point out that the coefficients of
the numerator and the denominator may not
always reduce to a whole number.

x
2x

Emphasize that if the exponent in the numerator

is larger, then the difference between the
exponents stays in the numerator. Likewise, if
the exponent in the denominator is larger, then
the difference stays in the denominator.

Review with students the rules for multiplying

and dividing monomials.
Have students work in pairs. Give each
pair of students a well shuffled set of cards.
Instruct students to create a table on a piece
of paper that has 11 rows and 4 columns
with headings as shown below.

Work through Example 2 and then have

students complete the practice exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 112, students multiply and
divide monomials.

First Card

Second Card

Product

Quotient

Tell students they are going to select two

cards at a time. They should fill in the first
and second column of the table based on
what is written on the first and second card.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
multiply and divide monomials.

Then they should find the product of the

two monomials and the quotient of the first
monomial divided by the second monomial.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are ready
to move on to the next skill.

Demonstrate using the following example:

COMMON ERRORS
Students may multiply the exponents of the
variables rather than adding them.

2
5
You draw a 6x , then a 3x . Fill in those
terms in the first two columns. The third
7
column should be 18x and the last column
2
should be __3 . Have students repeat the
x
exercise 10 times to complete the table and
then check each others answers.

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

133

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61

Multiply and Divide Monomials

Multiplying Monomials

Class

Dividing Monomials

Step 1: Multiply the coefficients. If

a variable does not have a
coefficient, it is understood to be 1.

Step 1: If the expression contains numbers in the

numerator and the denominator, simplify the numbers
by reducing if possible.

Step 2: Add the exponents of

those variables that are the same.
If a variable does not have an
expressed exponent, it is
understood to be 1.

Step 2: Subtract the exponents of those variables that

are the same. If the exponent in the numerator is larger,
then the difference between the exponents stays in the
numerator. Likewise, if the exponent in the denominator
is larger, then the difference between the exponents
stays in the denominator.

a
b
ab
Exponents Rule: x  x  x

xa
Exponents Rule: __b  x ab
x

Example 1: 6a 3b  7a 2b 2
32 12
b
 42a 5b 3
 (6)(7)a

15m 4n 2 ______
5m 42 ____
5m 2
Example 2: _______
2 3 
32  3n
9m n
3n

Practice on Your Own

Multiply or divide.
4

1. 5mn  2m
2

1
3
3. 40a  __ab
2

20t 2
4. ____
8t 5

2
3
6. p qr  (3pq)

7. uv  (u 3)

12c 5d 2
8. ________
3c 3d 7

9x

4 3
2f g
5. _______
6f 2g 3

9. 12hk  12hk

36x y
2. _____
2

5tuv 2
10. ______
5tuv 2

2
11. 10xyz  (y z)

2w 5z
12. ______
18w 4

15. 8bc  (b c )

45p q r
16. _______
2

Check
Multiply or divide.
3x y
14. _______
5
2

13. 7s  5s t
3

60m n

3 3

15xy

100m n
17. _________
2 2
3

1 6
2
18. 9uw  (4u w ) 19. __x y  30x y

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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134

9p qr

56f g
20. ______
5 2
8f g

Holt Geometry

SKILL

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62

Multiply Monomials and Polynomials

Teaching Skill 62
Objective Multiply monomials and
polynomials.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Multiply monomials and
polynomials using algebra tiles.

Review with students the definitions at the

top of the page. Ask: How many terms does
a monomial have? (1) How many terms
does a polynomial have? (any number)

Materials needed: algebra tiles.

Tell students that they are going to model
the product of a monomial and a polynomial
using algebra tiles.

Review with students how to use the

Distributive Property. Emphasize that
students need to be especially careful when
working with negatives.

Ask: How do you find the area of a

rectangle given its length and width? (You
multiply the length times the width.)
Explain that you are going to use algebra
tiles to find the area of a rectangle that is 3x
units long and (x  5) units wide by counting
tiles. Write the equation A  3x(x  5) on the
board.

Direct students attention to Example 1.

Ask: What are the numbers 15 and 2?
(constants) What is the number 3? (the
coefficient of x) What do you do with these
numbers? (You multiply them.) Work through
the example.

Arrange the algebra tiles as shown below.

Have students draw a similar arrangement
on their paper and label as shown.

Direct students attention to Example 2. Point

out that the monomial includes a variable, so
students will need to pay careful attention to
the exponents. Ask: What do you do with
exponents when you multiply variables?
(You add them.)

x+5
11111

x
3x x

Work through the example and then have

students complete the practice exercises.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 112, students multiply a
polynomial by a monomial.

Ask: What is the area of each of the larger

2
squares? (x  x  x ) How many are
there? (3) What is the area of each of the
smaller rectangles? (x  1  x) How many
are there? (15) What is the total area of
2
the figure? (3x  15x)

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
multiply monomials and polynomials.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are ready
to move on to the next skill.

Demonstrate how to find the same product

using the Distributive Property to confirm the
answer.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may incorrectly distribute a
negative sign.

Repeat this exercise to find the products of

the following monomials and polynomials:
2x(x  3); x(3x  4); and 2x(3x  1)

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Have students confirm their answers each

time using the Distributive Property.
2
2
2
Answers: 2x  6x ; 3x  4x ; and 6x  2x

135

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62

Multiply Monomials and Polynomials

Class

Definition 1: A monomial is a number, a variable, or a product of a number and one

or more variables with whole number exponents.
Definition 2: A polynomial is a monomial or a sum or difference of monomials.
To multiply a polynomial by a monomial:
Use the Distributive Property to multiply each term in the polynomial by the
monomial. To do this, find the product of the coefficients (or constants) and the
product of the variables. Remember, multiply the numbers, but add the exponents of
the variables.
Example 1: 15 ( 3x  2 )
Distribute.
 15(3x)  15(2)
Multiply.
 (15)(3)x  (15)(2)
 45x  30

2
Distribute.
Example 2: 5y( 3y  6y  5 )
2
 5y (3y )  5y(6y)  5y (5) Multiply.
12
 (5)(6)y 11  (5)(5)y
 (5)(3)y
3
2
 15y  30y  25y

Practice on Your Own

Multiply.
1. 8(2d  5)

2. m(m  1)

3. 3b(3b  3)

4. 4(12  15q)

5. 5p(p  6)

6. 10w (5  3w)

7. 2r (5  r 3)

8. n 2(n 2  1)

9. 3g(3g  1)

10. 2e 2(e 2  e)

11. 2h(h 2  5h  15)

12. xy(x 3  xy 5)

13. 3(20x  10)

14. 4y (y  9)

15. 11(5  2k)

16. 7t (7  7t )

17. w 3(1  w)

18. 3g(g 2  5g)

19. p(p 2  2p  5)

20. u 2v 2(3uv  v 2)

Check
Multiply.

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136

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63

Simplify Polynomial Expressions

Teaching Skill 63
Objective Simplify polynomial expressions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Simplify polynomial expressions.

Point out to students that simplifying

polynomials works much the same way as
combining like terms. The goal is to put
together any terms that are similar.

Some students may benefit from physically

matching like terms using circles, squares,
triangles, etc.
Remind students that like terms must have
identical variable factors, regardless of how
many different variables are part of the term.

Review with students the steps for simplifying

a polynomial expression. Explain that terms
inside parentheses may not be similar to
other terms in the polynomial before they
are multiplied. However, after the Distributive
Property has been used, there may be more
similar terms in the polynomial. Point out that
this is the reason for using the Distributive
Property first.

Write the following problem on the board:

2
2
2
12xy  y  13  7x  9  2xy  3x

Ask a volunteer to identify the four different

2
types of terms in this expression. (xy, y ,
2
x , and constants) Ask: How many terms
have xy in them? (2) Instruct students to
place a circle around those two terms. Ask:
2
How many terms have a y in them? (1)
Instruct students to place a triangle around
that term. Ask: How many terms have an
2
x in them? (2) Instruct students to place
a square around those terms. Finally, ask:
How many terms are constants? (2)
Instruct students to underline the constants.

Direct students attention to the example.

Ask: Before you use the Distributive
Property, can you tell what the like terms
are? (No) Once the Distributive Property
has been used, what are the like terms?
2
2
(2x and x ; 12x and 10x) Remind
students to be careful of negatives.
Work through the last step of the example
and then have students complete the
practice exercises.

Students expressions should now look like

the following:
12xy

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 110, students simplify
polynomial expressions.

y2

 13 

7x 2

9

2xy

3x 2

Instruct students to simplify the expression

by combining like terms. Point out that
they should be careful with negatives; if a
negative (or a subtraction sign) precedes a
term, it goes with that term.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
simplify polynomial expressions.

(14xy  y  4x  4)
2

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are ready
to move on to the next skill.

Have students work the following problems

using this technique:

COMMON ERRORS

2
2
9t  3t  2  8t  4  2t
2
(Answer: 11t  11t  6)

Students may not recognize like terms,

particularly when there are multiple variables
with different exponents.

2
2
2
2
5x y  14xy  2xy  8xy  9xy  x y
2
2
(Answer: 6x y  5xy  6xy )

Explain to students that if an expression

contains any parentheses, they must first
distribute before they can match up like
terms. Work a few examples.

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

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63

Simplify Polynomial Expressions

Class

To simplify a polynomials expression:

Step 1: Remove all parentheses by using the Distributive Property (if needed).
Step 2: Identify and combine like terms.
Example: Simplify 2x(x  6)  x 2  10x.





2
2x( x  6 )  x  10x
2
2x(x)  2x(6)  x  10x
2
2
2x  12x  x  10x
2
3x  2x

Use the Distributive Property.

Multiply using properties of exponents.
Combine like terms.

Practice on Your Own

Simplify each expression.
1. 12m  7n  9n

2. 4x  y  6x  9y

3. 7p  3q  4(2p  q)

4. 5(d  2e)  3(5d  4e)

5. 24t 2  5t  15t  t

6. 2r 2s  rs  5rs 2  r 2s  7rs

7. 5(7f 2  3f  1)  20f 2  10f

8. p 2(3p  5)  p(7p  8)

9. 18g 2(1  2g)  5g 2  10g 3

10. jk(3j 2  5k)  j 2(2jk  4)

Check
Simplify each expression.
11. 2x  7x  5y

12. 9a  14b  b  7a

13. 20g  14h  6(g  2h)

14. 9u 3  4u 2  5u  u 3  10u  3u 2

15. 10(2p 2  p  1)  7p 2  3

16. 2c(9  5c)  6(c 2  c)

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138

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64

Multiply Binomials

Teaching Skill 64
Objective Multiply binomials.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Multiply binomials.

Review with students the definition of a

binomial. Ask: Will a binomial always have
two terms? (Yes)

Materials needed: algebra tiles

Tell students that they are going to model the
product of two binomials using algebra tiles.

Point out that multiplying binomials is much

like multiplying a polynomial by a monomial.
The only difference is that you must use the
Distributive Property twice.

Ask: How do you find the area of a

rectangle given its length and width? (You
multiply the length times the width.)
Explain that you are going to use algebra
tiles to find the area of a rectangle that is
(2x  3) units long and (3x  1) units wide
by counting tiles. Write the equation
A  (2x  3)(3x  1) on the board.

Direct students attention to the example.

Explain that you will be distributing the x to
both terms in the second set of parentheses
and also the 6 to both terms in the
second set of parentheses. Ask: If you are
multiplying two terms by two other terms,
how many terms should you end up with
before combining like terms? (4) Work
through the example.

Arrange the algebra tiles as shown

below. Have the students draw a similar
arrangement on their paper and label as
shown.

If time permits, present and explain the FOIL

method. Explain that FOIL reminds you to
multiply all four sets of termsthe first terms,
the outer terms, the inner terms, and the last
terms. Remind students that they will still
need to combine like terms.

3x + 1
x
x 1

x
2x + 3 x
1
1
1

Have students complete the practice

exercises using either the Distributive
Property or the FOIL method.

Ask: What is the area of each of the larger

2
squares? (x  x  x ) How many are
there? (6) What is the area of each of the
smaller rectangles? (x  1  x) How many
are there? (11) What is the area of the
smaller squares? (1  1  1) How many
are there? (3) What is the total area of the
2
figure? (6x  11x  3)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 110, students multiply binomials.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to
multiply binomials.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are ready
to move on to the next skill.

Demonstrate how to find the same product

using the Distributive Property (or FOIL) to
confirm the answer.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may multiply only the first terms
and the last terms, rather than distributing.

Repeat this exercise to find the products of

the following pairs of binomials:
(2x  2)(x  3) and (3x  2)(2x  1)

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

Have students confirm their answers each

time using the Distributive Property or FOIL.
2
2
Answers: 2x  8x  6 and 6x  7x  2

139

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64

Multiply Binomials

Class

Definition: A binomial is the sum or difference of two monomials.

To multiply a binomial by another binomial, use the Distributive Property twice.
Example: Multiply (x  6)(3x  5).
 x(3x  5)  6(3x  5)
 x(3x)  x(5)  6(3x)  6(5)
2
 3x  5x  18x  30
2
 3x  13x  30

First use of the Distributive Property.

Second use of the Distributive Property.
Multiply using properties of exponents.
Combine like terms (5x  18x  13x).

Practice on Your Own

Find each product.
1. (n  6)(n  3)

2. (c  12)(c  5)

3. (10q  3)(q  4)

4. (k  7)(3k  1)

5. (u  1)(u  1)

6. (r  6)(r  6)

7. (5a  4)(5a  4)

8. (3g  1)(8g  12)

9. (5z  8)(4z  2)

10. (4p  9)(2p  1)

Check
Find each product.
11. (x  4)(x  7)

12. (2w  6)(w  9)

13. (p  5)(p  5)

14. (2t  7)(2t  7)

15. (7y  3)(y  1)

16. (3m  4)(9m  2)

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140

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65

Special Products of Binomials

Teaching Skill 65
Objective Find special products of
binomials.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Verify the special products of
binomials using the FOIL method.

Explain to students that there are some

special products of binomials for which
they can use shortcuts. These are called
the squares of sums and differences and
difference of two squares.

Tell students they are going to verify the

formulas for finding special products of
binomials using FOIL. Remind students that
FOIL is an acronym for multiplying binomials.
It stands for :

Remind students that squaring a term means

multiplying it by itself. Point out that not only
does the variable get squared, but also the
coefficient, if applicable.

First

(Multiply the first term of each

binomial together.)
Outer (Multiply the two outside terms
together.)
Inner (Multiply the two inside terms
together.)
Last (Multiply the last term of each
binomial together.)

Review the formulas for finding the special

products. Explain that a is always the first
term and b is always the second term. The
formula applies regardless of whether there
is a variable in the first term or the second
term, or both.

2
Write the problem (x  3) on the board.
Ask: How do you rewrite this problem
without using an exponent?
[(x  3)(x  3)] Work through the FOIL
method.
2
Fxxx
O  x  3  3x
I  3  x  3x
L339

Review each of the examples with students,

point out each time what a is and what b is.
Make sure students are comfortable squaring
these terms.
Have students complete the practice
exercises.

2
(x  3)(x  3)  x  3x  3x  9
2
 x  6x  9

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 110, students find special
products of binomials.

Now have students use the formula for

finding the square of a sum to confirm that
the results are the same.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
recognize and find special products of
binomials.

Have students work the following examples

using FOIL: (2x  3) 2 and (4x  5) 2. Then
have them confirm the results using the
2
equation. Answers: 4x  12x  9 and
2
16x  40x  25.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Have students repeat this exercise for a square

of a difference using the following examples:
2
2
2
(x  6) , (3x  2) , and (5x  1) . Answers:
2
2
x  12x  36, 9x  12x  4, and
2
25x  10x  1.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to include the middle
term in the squares of sums and differences.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Finally, have students repeat the exercise for

a difference of squares using the following
examples: (x  7)(x  7), (2x  9)(2x  9),
2
and (10x  3)(10x  3). Answers: x  49,
2
2
4x  81, and 100x  9.

141

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65

Special Products of Binomials

Class

Reminder: An expression squared means that expression multiplied by itself.

2
2
For example, (7x)  (7x)(7x)  49x .
Formulas for Finding Special Products of Binomials
Square of a Sum

Square of a Difference

Difference of Two Squares

(a  b) 2  a 2  2ab  b 2

(a  b) 2  a 2  2ab  b 2

(a  b)(a  b)  a 2  b 2

Example 1: (4x  3) 2

Example 2: (5x  2)

Example 3: (3x  8)(3x  8)

a  4x ; b  3; ab  (4x)(3)
2
2
2
a  (4x)  16x
ab  12x so 2ab  24x
2
2
b 3 9

a  5x ; b  2; ab  (5x)(2)
2
2
2
a  (5x)  25x
ab  10x so 2ab  20x
2
2
b 2 4

(4x  3) 2  16x 2  24x  9

(5x  2) 2  25x 2  20x  4

a  3x and b  8
2
2
2
a  (3x)  9x
2
2
b  8  64
(3x  8)(3x  8)  9x 2  64

Practice on Your Own

Multiply.
1. (7x  1)

2. (w  6)(w  6)

3. (3p  5) 2

4. (m  9) 2

5. (5y  1)(5y  1)

6. (d  2) 2

7. (4b  7)(4b  7)

8. (10  3h)(10  3h)

9. (a  8)(a  8)

10. (2z  1)(2z  1)

Check
Multiply.
11. (6x  4)

12. (2t  1) 2

13. (u  3)(u  3)

14. (3h  5)(3h  5)

15. (y  7) 2

16. (q  6)(q  6)

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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142

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66

Factor GCF from Polynomials

Teaching Skill 66
Objective Factor the GCF from a
polynomial.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the GCF of two polynomials.
Some students have difficulty identifying the
GCF of terms that contain variables.

Review with students how to find the GCF of

two numbers. Then explain that the GCF of
two variable expressions is the largest power
of each variable present in both terms.

Tell students they are going to find GCFs of

variable expressions using factorization.
5
Ask: If you were to factor x , what would
it look like? (x  x  x  x  x)

Have students read the steps for factoring

the GCF from polynomials.

3
2
Write the expressions 15x and 24x on
the board, one underneath the other. Factor
each term as shown below:

Work through Example 1. Point out that there

are no variables in common, so the GCF is
a number in this case. Ask: After you have
rewritten the expression in factored form,
how can you check your answer? (You
can use the Distributive Property to multiply
the expression back outyou should get the
original polynomial.)

3
15x  3  5  x  x  x
2
24x  3  8  x  x

Next, circle the common factors and write

them on the board as a product to get a
single term.

Work through the second example with

students. Point out that if a term of the
polynomial is exactly the same as the GCF,
when you divide it by the GCF you are left
with 1, NOT 0.

3
15x  3  5  x  x  x

24x  3  8  x  x
2

2
Explain to students that 3x is the GCF of
the two terms.

Have students complete the practice

exercises.

2
4
Next, write the expressions 14x and 42x
on the board. Instruct students to use
factorization to find the GCF. Emphasize
that each number should be factored into
primes. Encourage students to line up the
numbers that are alike and do the same for
the variables. Ask a volunteer to present his
or her answer, including their factorization
and what they circled. The answer should
look like:

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 112, students factor the GCF
from polynomials.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to factor
the GCF from polynomials.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

14x  2 
2

7xx

4
42x  2  3  7  x  x  x  x

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget that when a term of the
polynomial is exactly the same as the GCF,
the quotient of the term and the GCF is 1.

 14x 2

Have students use this method to find the

GCF of the following pairs of expressions:
2
3
6
4
22x and 4x ; 36x and 27x ; 56x and 14x
4
Answers: 2x ; 9x ; 14x

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

3  x  x  3x 2

When you are comfortable that students

can correctly identify the GCF, write the
expressions as polynomials and have them
factor the GCF from the polynomials.

143

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66

Factor GCF from Polynomials

Class

To factor the greatest common factor (GCF) from a polynomial:

Step 1: Identify the GCF. Consider the coefficients and the variable terms.
Step 2: Divide the GCF out of every term of the polynomial.
Step 3: Rewrite the expression in factored form.
Example 1: Factor 2a  18b.
Step 1: The GCF of 2 and 18 is 2. There are no variables in common so 2 is the GCF.
Step 2: Divide 2 out of each term: 2a divided by 2 is a and 18b divided by 2 is 9b.
Step 3: 2a  18b  2(a  9b)
3
2
Example 2: Factor 18x  6x .
Step 1: The largest integer that will divide evenly into 18 and 6 is 6. The largest power of x
2
2
present in both terms is x . So, the GCF is 6x .
2
3
2
2
2
Step 2: Divide 6x out of each term: 18x divided by 6x is 3x and 6x divided by 6x is 1.
3
2
2
Step 3: 18x  6x  6x (3x  1)

Practice on Your Own

Factor each polynomial.
2
1. x  6x

2. 3x  12

3. 15x 2  5x

4. 7x 2  14

5. 6x 2  5x

6. 4x 2  8

7. 12x 2  9x

8. 3x 3  3x

9. 5x 3  x 2

10. 3x 3  6x 2

11. x 4  x 3

12. 2x 4  2x 2

Check
Factor each polynomial.
13. x  5x

14. 20x  5

15. 8x  16x

16. 12x  9

17. 10x 3  x 2

18. 27x 3  18x

19. x 3  x 2

20. 2x 4  6x 2

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67

Factor Trinomials

Teaching Skill 67
Objective Factor trinomials.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Factor trinomials.

Review with students the definition of a

trinomial. Explain that most trinomials of the
2
form ax  bx  c can be factored into two
binomials.

Some students may benefit from discovering

patterns on their own when learning to factor
trinomials.
Present the following statements:
2
(x  5)(x  2)  x  7x  10

Instruct students to read Steps 1 and 2.

2
Point out that if the coefficient of x is 1, then
2
both factors will always be x since x  x  x .

2
(x  4)(x  3)  x  7x  12
2
(x  3)(x  9)  x  12x  27

Instruct students to read Step 3. Explain that if

the last term in the expression is positive, you
use the same signs (either both  or both 
depending on the sign of the middle term). If
the last term is negative, use opposite signs.

2
(x  6)(x  4)  x  10x  24

Ask: On the left side of the first statement,

what is the sum of the two constants?
(7) Where is the 7 on the right side? (the
coefficient of the middle term) What is the
product of the two constants? (10) Where
is the 10 on the right side? (the last term)

Instruct students to read Step 4. Explain that

the factors that go in the last position have
to be two numbers such that their product
equals c (the constant) and their sum equals
b (the coefficient of the middle term).

Repeat these questions for each of the

statements, then ask students to make a
general statement about what the sum of
the two constants should be and what the
product of the two constants should be. (The
sum should be equal to the coefficient of the
middle term and the product should be equal
to the last term.)

Work through the example. When you get

to Step 4, remind students that they are
looking for the factors of 12 that add up to
4. Have students verify that the factors are
correct using FOIL to multiply the binomials.
Have students complete the practice exercises.

Repeat the exercise using the following

statements:
2
(x  5)(x  3)  x  2x  15

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 19, students factor trinomials.

(x  7)(x  2)  x  5x  14
2

CHECK
Determine that students know how to factor
trinomials.

2
(x  6)(x  3)  x  9x  18

Guide students to realize that the general

statement they made works regardless of the
signs.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Present the following problem:

2
Factor x  7x  18. Ask: What are the
factors of 18? (1, 18 and 2, 9 and 3, 6)
Explain that since the product of the factors
must equal 18, one of them should be
negative. Ask: Which set of factors has
a sum of 7 if one of them is negative?
(2, 9)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may choose the wrong factors of c
or may use the wrong signs in one or both of
the binomial factors.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

Write the factored form on the board and

then have students work more problems.

145

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67

Factor Trinomials

Class

Definition: A trinomial is a polynomial that has three terms. For example, x 2  5x  4

2
is a trinomial. The factored form of x  5x  4 is (x  4)(x  1).
To factor a trinomial:
Step 1: Set up a product of two ( ) where each will hold two terms. It will look like (
Step 2: Find the factors that go in the first positions of each set of ( ).
Step 3: Decide on the signs that will go in each set of ( ).
Step 4: Find that factors that go in the last positions of each set of ( ).

)(

).

Example: Factor: x 2  4x  12.

Step 1: (
)(
)
2
Step 2: (x
) (x
) The only possible factors of x are x and x.
Step 3: (x  ) (x  ) The last term is negative, use opposite signs.
Step 4: (x  6) (x  2) The factors of 12 are 1  12 or 3  4 or 6  2 and the
only pair of these that can have a sum of 4 (the coefficient of the
middle term) is 6 and 2.
Practice on Your Own
Factor each polynomial completely.
2
1. x  5x  4

2. x 2  3x  10

3. x 2  4x  3

4. x 2  x  20

5. x 2  2x  24

6. x 2  10x  21

7. x 2  10x  16

8. x 2  8x  9

9. x 2  18x  45

Check
Factor each polynomial completely.
2
10. x  7x  10

11. x 2  11x  28

12. x 2  7x  30

13. x 2  3x  2

14. x 2  49x  48

15. x 2  7x  60

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68

Solve One-Step Equations

Teaching Skill 68
Objective Solve one-step equations.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Solve one-step equations.
Materials needed: multiple copies
of the flashcards shown below
(index cards work nicely)

Explain to students that inverse operations

are operations that undo each other.
Direction students attention to the first
example. Ask a volunteer to read the
addition equation x  5  15. Ask: What
operation is being done to the variable?
(5 is being added to it.) How can you undo
this? (Subtract 5.) So, what is the inverse
operation of addition? (subtraction)
Work through the next example. Stress that
since subtraction is the inverse operation of
addition, addition is the inverse operation of
subtraction.

n  12  4

n  6  2

n  8  12

n  1  5

n  15  11

5n  50

7n  42

9n  45

n
__
4

n
___
 2

n
___
 100

Go through a similar process to explain the

multiplication and division examples. Remind
students that they should be careful when
working with negatives.

15

5

Tell students they are going to practice

identifying inverse operations and then
solving one-step equations. Remind students
that inverse operations undo each other.

Ask: If a multiplication equation contains

2x, what do you divide by? (2) Does
that mean the answer is negative? (not
necessarily) Give examples if time permits.

Have students work in pairs. Give each

pair of students one set of equation cards.
Instruct students to mix the cards up and
leave them face down.

Have students complete the practice

exercises.

Students should take turns drawing one

card at a time. The student who draws the
card should face it toward their partner. The
partner should read the equation aloud,
identify the operation being done to the
variable, and then identify how to undo the
operation. The partner does not need to
solve the equation. The student holding the
card should then turn the card around and
read it, confirm their partners answers, and
then solve the equation.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 112, students solve one-step
equations that require addition, subtraction,
multiplication, or division.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to solve
one-step equations.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Students should repeat the exercise until

all the cards have been drawn and all the
equations solved.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to use an inverse
operation when solving equations.

An extension of this exercise is to have

students make their own index cards
which should include addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division equations.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

n39

147

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

68

Solve One-Step Equations

Class

To solve a one-step equation, do the inverse of whatever operation is being done to

the variable. Remember, because it is an equation, what is done to one side of the
equation must also be done to the other side.
Solve an addition equation
using subtraction.

Solve a subtraction equation

using addition.

x  5  15
5 5
x
 10

x  8  3
8 8
x
 5

Solve a multiplication equation

using division.

Solve a division equation

using multiplication.
x
___
 3
12
x
12  ___  3  12
12
x  36

7x  42
7x ___
42
___

7
7
x6

Practice on Your Own

Solve.
1. m  5  9

h
2. __  3
6

3. 6x  54

4. b  15  25

5. 4y  12

6. k  9  3

7. p  7  2

t
8. __  7
3

x
9. __  1
4

10. 5 h  16

11. 12x  24

12. r  2  9

13. 3x  15

14. c  11  1

15. d  9  5

s
16. __  5
6

17. z  2  17

w
18. __  12
4

19. 10b  120

20. x  99  100

Check
Solve.

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148

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

69

Solve Multi-Step Equations

Teaching Skill 69
Objective Solve multi-step equations.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Solve multi-step equations.

Explain that multi-step equations are

equations that involve more than one step.

Tell students they are going to solve multistep equations to answer the following
question: What are two-step equations?

Ask: When you do operations on

numbers, which comes first, addition and
subtraction or multiplication and division?
(The order of operations tells you to multiply
and divide before you add and subtract.) Since
you are undoing operations when you
solve an equation, what order should you
follow? (the reverse order) Explain that this
is not required, but that it makes the process
easier.

Review with students how to solve multistep equations. Instruct students to solve
each problem and then write the letter
corresponding to the correct answer above
the problem numbers at the bottom of the
page.

Review the example with students. Point out

that if students divide each term by 9 in the
first step, they will be working with fractions
for the rest of the problem. If you add 6 first,
only the last step may produce a fraction.
Have students complete the practice
exercises. Point out that exercises 7, 8, and
9 have parentheses and that students will
need to use the Distributive Property before
they use inverse operations.

1. 5x  6  54

15

2. 6x  2  1

8

3. 24  2x  2
x
 10
4. 15  __
5
5. 20  4x  40
x
6. 27  __  15
2
7. 2(1  x)  48

25

12

25

12

13

8. 4(2x  3)  7x  1

9. 5x  2  9x  30

11
1
__
6
24

10. 5(x  6)  3x  x  18

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 19, students solve multi-step
equations.

Two-step equations are equations that:

CHECK
Determine that students know how to solve
multi-step equations.

8 4 10 1

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Answer: Two-step equations are equations

that like to dance.

6 2

7 5 3 9 1

COMMON ERRORS
Students may perform an inverse operation
on only one side of the equation.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

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149

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

69

Solve Multi-Step Equations

Class

To solve an equation, you need to isolate the variable on one side of the equals
sign. Follow the order of operations in reverse to solve a multi-step equation. That
is, add and subtract before you multiply or divide. Sometimes, you need to use the
Distributive Property before you use inverse operations.
Example: Solve 9x  6  21.
9x  6  21
6 6
9x
 27
9x ___
27
___

9
9
x3

Add 6 to both sides.

Divide both sides by 9.

Practice on Your Own

Solve.
1. 3x  2  10

2. 7m  3  45

t
3. 12  __  17
3

p
4. __  3  5
4

5. 12  9y  20

6. 26  5c  4

8. 5(2n  1)  5

9. 2(h  3)  5h  3

x
7. 3 __  2  9
3

Check
Solve.
10. 8x  1  17

d
11. 3  __  7
5

12. 12  6g  14

t
13. 18  __  15
2

14. 3(x  4)  5

15. 5(z  2)  3z  14

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150

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

70

Solve Equations with Variables on Both Sides

Teaching Skill 70
Objective Solve equations with variables on
both sides.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Solve equations with variables on
both sides to complete a magic
square.

Review with students how to solve multistep equations. Point out that when there are
variables on both sides of an equation, one
of the steps will be to move one of the variable
terms to the other side. Ask: Is x 3
equivalent to 3 x ? (Yes) Then, does it
matter on which side the variable ends up?
(No) Encourage students to always move the
smaller variable expression, rather than the
larger one, to avoid having extra negatives.

Explain to students that a magic square is

a square in which all the rows, columns,
and diagonals have the same sum. Give the
following example.

Have students look at the example. Ask:

To which side do you want to move the
variables and why? (To the left side so that
the result will be positive.) Point out that it
is not incorrect to move the variable to the
other side, but avoiding negative results also
avoids possible errors.

Tell students they are going to complete

another magic square by solving equations
with variables on both sides.
Have students draw the following magic
square on a piece of paper.
1.

Work through the example with students,

noting each inverse operation as you
perform it.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Have students complete the practice exercises.

1

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 19, students solve equations
with variables on both sides.

6.

Instruct students to
solve each of the
equations below and
place the answer in
the corresponding
box.

When complete, students should find the

sum of each of the rows, columns and
diagonals and confirm that they have created
a magic square.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to solve
equations with variables on both sides.

1. 4x  5  6x  11

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

2. 10x  3  15  x
3. 5  5x  4x  4
4. x  3  3x  11

COMMON ERRORS
Students may perform an operation on only
one side of the equation, particularly when
there are several operations involved.

5. 2x  10  6x  6
6. 15  3x  5x  19
Answers: 1) 3; 2) 2; 3) 1; 4) 4; 5) 4; 6) 2

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Point out that the sum of

the entries in each row,
column, and diagonal is
15.

The sum of each row, column, and diagonal

should be 0.

151

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Date

Class

SKILL

Are You Ready?

70

Solve Equations with Variables on Both Sides

To solve an equation with variables on both sides:

Step 1: Move all the variable expressions to one side of the equals sign by adding
or subtracting.
Step 2: Isolate the variable by adding or subtracting any constants and then
multiplying or dividing by any coefficients.
Example: Solve 7x  12  3x  8.
Step 1: Subtract 3x from both sides.

7x  12  3x  8
3x
3x
4x  12 
8

Step 2: Add 12 to both sides, then divide both sides by 4.

4x  12  8
12
12
20
4x
___
 ___
4
4
x 5

Practice on Your Own

Solve.
1. 3y  5  9y  13

2. 4  11m  7m  1

3. 9x  15  7  x

4. 1  3t  9  8t

5. x  11  7x  8

6. 3b  5  2b  5

7. k  7  5k  6

8. 16  3x  5x  8

9. 6a  4  7a  5

Check
Solve.
10. 15x  1  13x  17

11. 9  4t  2t  1

12. 6y  5  7y  1

13. p  13  5p  5

14. 5b  11  7  6b

15. x  8  5x  10

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152

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

71

Solve Equations with Fractions

Teaching Skill 71
Objective Solve equations with fractions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Solve equations with fractions.

Point out to students that solving equations

with fractions is no different than solving
equations with integers.

Some students are not comfortable working

with fractions. Tell students that you are
going to show them how to do away with, or
clear, the fractions before they begin solving
an equation.

Remind students that the reciprocal of a

fraction is the inverted form of the fraction.
3 What
2 ? __
Ask: What is the reciprocal of __
3 2
is the reciprocal of 8? (Since 8 can be
8 , the reciprocal is __
1.)
written as __
1
8
Review with students the steps for solving
equations with fractions. Remind students
that when you add fractions that have the
same denominators, only the numerators are
addedthe denominator remains the same.

 

Remind students that it is okay to multiply

an equation by a constant as long as you
multiply each piece of the equation by the
same constant. Explain that this will result in
an equivalent equation.
2
11
Write the equation 3x  __  __ on the
3
3
board. Ask: What do you need
2 by to get rid of the
to multiply __
3
denominator? (3) Will that take care
11 as well? (Yes) What happens
of the ___
3
to the 3x ? (It also gets multiplied by 3.)
Why? (Anything you do to one piece of the
equation, you must do to all the pieces in
order to have an equivalent equation.)

Work through the example with students

following the steps provided. It may be
beneficial to review how to simplify the
products of fractions.
Have students complete the practice
exercises.

Now write the following on the board:

2  3 __
11 . Instruct students to
3(3x)  3 __
3
3
simplify the equation. (9x  2  11) Point
out that since this is an equivalent equation
to the original equation, the solution will be
the same. Have students solve the problem.
(x  1)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 19, students solve equations
that contain fractions.

 

CHECK
Determine that students know how to solve
equations with fractions.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Tell students that if there is more than one

fraction and the denominators of the fractions
are not the same, they should multiply by
either the LCD of the two fractions or the
product of the two denominators. Work the
1
x
example __  __  5 first by multiplying the
4
2
equation by 4 and then by multiplying the
equation by 8 to demonstrate that you get
the same answer. Then work additional
problems.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may add the denominators of the
fractions and arrive at an incorrect answer.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

 

153

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

71

Solve Equations with Fractions

Class

You solve multi-step equations with fractions just like you solve multi-step equations
with integers.
Step 1: Use inverse operations to undo any addition or subtraction.
Step 2: When the coefficient of the variable is a fraction, multiply each side of the
equation by the reciprocal of the fraction and then simplify. If the coefficient
is not a fraction, but there are other fractions in the equation, multiply by the
reciprocal of the coefficient rather than dividing.
4
Example: Solve __x  12  8.
5

4
__
x  12  12  8  12
5

4
__
x  20
5
5 __
5
4
__
 x  20  __
4 5
4
5 5
5 __
4
__
 x  20  __
4

Add 12 to both sides.

Multiply by the reciprocal.

Simplify.

x  25
Practice on Your Own
Solve.
2
1. __x  5  17
3

1
2. __x  3  9
7

5
7
3. 4y  __  __
3
3

1
11
4. 2x  __  __
6
6

3
1
5. x  __  __
8
8

9
1
11
6. __x  __  __
5
5
4

3
5
1
7. __y  __  __
7
7
2

9
8. 6x  3x  ___
25

5
9. 4y  9y  __
2

Check
Solve.
5
10. __x  11  21
2

3
11. __y  8  7
4

10
4
12. 5x  __  ___
7
7

10
5
13. y  ___  __
11
11

3
7
1
14. __x  __  __
5
2
2

3
15. 8x  5x  __
8

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154

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SKILL

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72

Solve for a Variable

Teaching Skill 72
Objective Solve an equation for a given
variable.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Solve an equation for a given
variable.

Explain that there are equations that involve

multiple variables and it is helpful to write the
equation in terms of a particular variable. To
do this, you solve for that variable.

Some students may have difficulty

determining in which order to take certain
steps.
Write the equation 4x  5  2y  11 on
the board and tell students you are going to
guide them in choosing the correct steps to
solve this equation for the variable y. Write
the following on the board:

Point out that solving for a variable works

exactly the same as solving any equation.
Once you have identified the variable that
you are solving for, you isolate that variable
using inverse operations.

4x  5 

Write the example provided on the board.

Ask: If you are solving for y, what should
your final answer look like on one side of
the equation? (y  something) If you were
solving for x instead, what should one side
of your equation look like? (x  something)

4x 

 2y
2y
6
4x ___
___

 ___
x

y

Have students fill in each box based on the

operation that is being undone. Ask: In the
first step, if you want to isolate y, should
you add 5 to both sides or 11? (11) Point
out that the second step is merely simplifying
the addition from the first step. Ask: In the
third step, if you are solving for y, should
you divide by 4 or by 2? (2) Again, point
out that the final step is merely simplifying
the division from the third step.

Work through the solution. Remind students that

they should be following the order of operations
in reverse when solving equations. Emphasize
that the coefficient of the variable they are
solving for should be 1 when they are done.
Have students complete the practice exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 19, students solve an equation
for a given variable.

When you get to the final step, ask: Have

you solved for y ? (Yes) How do you
know? (because y is completely by itself)

CHECK
Determine that students know how to solve
an equation for a given variable.

Set up and have students solve the

additional problems provided below for the
variable y in the first problem and for x in the
second problem.
3x
3x  4y  7y  12 and ___  12  y  3
2
2
Answers: y  x  4 and x  __y  10
3
When you are comfortable that students
know in which order the inverse operations
should be performed, have them solve other
equations without providing the steps.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may try to multiply or divide before
they add and subtract.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

 2y  11 

155

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Date

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Are You Ready?

72

Solve for a Variable

Class

Solving for a variable is the same thing as transforming an equation to represent one
quantity in terms of another.
To solve for a variable, identify the variable in the equation that you wish to isolate and
then use inverse operations on each side of the equation to isolate the desired variable.
Example: Solve the equation 8x  3  2y  15 for y.
You want to isolate y, so you need to move everything else to the other side of the
equation.
8x  3  2y  15
8x  3  15  2y  15  15
8x  12  2y
2y
8x ___
12 ___
___


2
2
2
4x  6  y

Subtract 15 from both sides.

Simplify.
Divide both sides by 2.
Simplify.

Practice on Your Own

Solve each equation for the indicated variable.
1. 3x  y  15; y

2. y  5  3x ; y

3. I  prt ; t

4. 3x  3y  12; y

5. V  r 2h; h

6. 7y  21x  14; y

1
7. A  __bh; h
2

8. 2x  4  9  y ; y

9. 2x  5  6y  9; x

Check
Solve each equation for the indicated variable.
10. y  6x  11; y

11. V  wh; h

12. 7x  7y  42; x

13. 8x  2y  22; y

14. 3x  4  y  8; y

15. 5  2y  8x  1; y

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156

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

73

Distance and Midpoint Formulas

Teaching Skill 73
Objective Find the length and midpoint of a
segment with given endpoints.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the length of a segment
with given endpoints using the
Pythagorean Theorem.

Present the distance formula. Explain that

the subscripts in the expressions x 1, y 1, x 2,
and y 2, are simply a way of labeling the two
points, first point and second point.

Explain to students that the distance formula

is actually the Pythagorean Theorem written
in a different form.

Encourage students to always assign one of the

points as (x1, y1) and the other as (x2, y2). This
will make things less complicated when they are
substituting the values into the formula.

Remind students that the Pythagorean

Theorem states that when a and b are
the two legs of a right triangle and c is the
2
2
2
hypotenuse, then c  a  b . Point out
that if you solve this equation for c, then

c  a 2  b 2 .

Work through the distance example with

students. Remind them to be careful when
working with negatives.

Plot the points (1, 2) and (6, 7) on a

coordinate plane. Connect the two points
and then draw the two legs of a right triangle
using dotted lines as shown below.

Next, present the midpoint formula. Explain

to students that they are simply finding the
average of the x-values and the average of
the y-values. Some students find this easier
to remember than the formula.

y
(6, 7)
6

Again, encourage students to always assign

one of the points as (x 1, y 1) and the other as
(x 2, y 2). Work through the midpoint example
with students.

4
2

Have students complete the practice

exercises.

x
4

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16 students find the length
and the midpoint of a segment with given
endpoints.

Ask: How can you find the length of the

vertical leg of the right triangle? (Subtract
the y-coordinates of the two points.) Label
the two y-coordinates y 1 and y 2 so students
will see the connection to the distance
formula. Follow a similar process for the
horizontal leg.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to use
the distance and midpoint formulas.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Rewrite the distance formula using the

Pythagorean Theorem and the example
above and solve for the length of the



hypotenuse. (25  25  50  52 )

COMMON ERRORS
Students may not understand how to
correctly substitute values into the formulas.

Have students use this technique to find the

length of the segments with the following
endpoints: (2, 3) and (5, 7) [5]; and (2, 4)

and (3, 3) [74 ].

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

(1, 2)

157

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73

Distance and Midpoint Formulas

Distance Formula
d

Midpoint Formula

 y2
x 1  x 2 y_______
, 1
M  _______
2
2


2
2

(x 2  x 1)

 (y 2  y 1)

Example: Find the length of the segment with

endpoints (4, 3) and (1, 1).
Let (4, 3) be (x 1, y 1) and (1, 1) be (x 2, y 2).


2
2
d  (1  4)  (1  3) 

Example: Find the midpoint of the segment

with endpoints (4, 3) and (1, 1).
Let (4, 3) be (x 1, y 1) and (1, 1) be (x 2, y 2).


2
2

(5)

Class

 (2)

 

 

3 4
3
4  1 3  1
M  _______, _____  __, __  __, 2
2
2
2 2
2

 25  4  29

Practice on Your Own

Find the length and the midpoint of the segment with the given endpoints.
2. C (1, 1) and D (3, 2)

1. A (2, 3) and B (5, 7)

M(

), d 

M(

), d 

M(

5. J (4, 4) and K (2, 1)

M(

), d 

4. G (2, 3) and H (2, 5)

3. E (5, 7) and F (0, 2)

M(

), d 

6. L (4, 3) and M (0, 0)

), d 

M(

), d 

Check
Find the length and the midpoint of the segment with the given endpoints.
7. A (2, 1) and B (8, 7)
M(

), d 

9. E (2, 5) and F (1, 2)

M(

8. C (0, 2) and D (5, 1)

M(

), d 

10. G (3, 6) and H (1, 2)

), d 

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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M(

158

), d 

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

74

Solve and Graph Inequalities

Teaching Skill 74
Objective Solve an inequality and graph its
solution on a number line.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Graph an inequality on a number
line.

Review with students how to read and

interpret the four inequality symbols.

Some students may need additional help

with graphing solutions on number lines.

Explain that solving an inequality means finding

all the numbers that makes the inequality a
true statement. Ask: If x is less than 3, can
x equal 6? (No) Write the inequality x  3 on
the board and draw a number line. Point to 4,
5, and 6 and tell students that these numbers
result in a false statement. Ask: What is the
first integer that makes the statement true?
(2) Draw an open circle on 3 and explain that
you use an open circle because the inequality
is , not . Shade the number line from the
open circle at 3 to the left. Explain that you
include numbers between 2 and 3 because
fractions and decimals (less than 3) will also
result in a true statement.

Prepare multiple copies of the cards shown

below. Give each student one set of wellshuffled cards and instruct them to leave the
cards face down.
x<3
x3
x 3
x > 3
x1

Point out that the steps for solving an inequality

are the same as those used when solving an
equation. Review each example with students.
When you review Example 2, stress that you
must reverse the inequality symbol.

x>1
x 1

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 19, students solve and graph
inequalities.

x < 1
x>0

CHECK
Determine that students know how to solve
an inequality and graph its solution on a
number line.

x0

Review with students what each inequality

symbol means.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Tell students they are going to play Speed.

When you say Go, students should flip all
their cards over and try to match the correct
graph to each inequality. The first student to
correctly match all ten sets of cards wins.
(Cards are matched in the order presented
above.)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to reverse the inequality
symbol when multiplying or dividing by a
negative number.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

An extension of this activity is to prepare

cards that have unsolved inequalities and
matching graphs.

159

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74

Solve and Graph Inequalities

Class

To solve an inequality, you need to find the numbers that make the inequality a true
statement.
You use the same process to solve an inequality that you do to solve an equation.
The only difference is that when you multiply or divide by a negative number, you
must reverse the inequality symbol.
Example 1: Solve x  7  3 and graph its
solution.
x  7  3
x  7  7  3  7

Add 7 to both sides.

x4
Graph the solution (numbers less than 4).
Remember to use an open circle since x  4
and shade to the left.
0

Example 2: Solve 3x  6 and graph its

solution.
3x ___
6
____

Divide both sides by 3.
3
3
x  2 Simplify. Reverse the inequality
symbol since you divided
by a negative number.
Graph the solution (numbers greater than
or equal to 2). Remember to use a closed
circle and shade to the right.

5
0

Practice on Your Own

Solve and graph each inequality.
1. x  3  2

1 y  2
3. __
3

2. 12n  24

4. b  4  5

5. y  8 14

6. 4t  16
0

1
8. __x 1
2

7. p  9 5

9. 5m  15
0

Check
Solve and graph each inequality.
10. x  8  11

11. 10n  70

1y  2
13. __
5
0

12. d  3  2

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160

1
15. __m 2
4

14. 7x  28
10

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75

Graph Linear Functions

Teaching Skill 75
Objective Graph a linear function.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Graph a linear function by finding
the x- and y-intercepts.

Remind students that every linear function

can be written in slope-intercept form,
y  mx  b. Point out that when written in
this form, it is possible to graph the linear
function using the slope and the y-intercept.

Remind students that all they need to graph

a line is two points. Explain that they can use
the x-intercept and the y-intercept as the two
points.

Discuss the concept of slope with students.

Remind students that the slope of a line
indicates how steep the line is and can be
interpreted as the amount of rise (change
in vertical position) over the amount of run
(change in horizontal position).

Draw and label the following on the board:

y
4
2

Next remind students that the y-intercept is the

point where the line crosses the y-axis. Ask:
Which axis is the y-axis? (the vertical axis)

4 2
2
4

Direct students attention to the example.

7
Ask: What is the slope of the line? (__)
6
What is the y-intercept? (0, 5) Work
through the example with students.

2 4
(0, 5)

Point to the point (4, 0). Ask: What is this

point called? (the x-intercept) Why?
(because it is the point where the line
crosses the x-axis) What is the value of y
at this point? (0) Explain to the students
that they can find an x-intercept from an
equation by substituting 0 for y and then
solving for x.

Ask: Since you need rise over run for the

slope, what do you do if the slope is an
integer? (Put a 1 in the denominator.)
Have students complete the practice
exercises.

Follow a similar process to establish that the

y-intercept can be determined by substituting
0 for x and then solving for y.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students graph linear
functions.

Present the following example: y  3x  9.

Show students how to find the x-intercept
by substituting 0 for y (x  3). Then draw
a coordinate plane and plot the x-intercept.
Remind students that the x-coordinate is
always the horizontal position and that the
y-coordinate is the vertical position.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to graph
linear functions.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Next, have students find the y-intercept by

substituting 0 for x and solving for y (y  9).
Then plot the point on the coordinate plane.
Draw a line through the two points.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may plot the y-intercept on the
wrong axis.

Have students use x- and y-intercepts to

graph the following equations:
1
y  2x  4; y  __x  3; and y  5x  5.
2

Students who made more than 1 error in the

Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

(4, 0)

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Graph Linear Functions

Class

When a linear function is written in slope-intercept form (y  mx  b), you have two
pieces of information that help you graph the functionthe slope and the y-intercept.
slope (m)  rise over run (how much the line rises
vertically from left to right compared to how much it runs
horizontally). If the slope is negative, the line will fall
from left to right, rather than rising.

y-intercept (b)  where the

function crosses the vertical (y)
axis. The point is (0, b).

7
Example: Graph the function y  __x  5
6
Step 1: Place a dot on the y-intercept (0, 5).
Step 2: Fall 7 units vertically and then run 6 units to the right.
Place a second dot at the new location.
Step 3: Draw a line through the two dots.

y
4
2

x
2 4

4 22
4

Practice on Your Own

Graph each function.
3
1. y  __x  1
y
2
4
2

5
2. y  __x  4
6
4
2

x
2 4

4 22

5. y  2

4
2
2 4

2 4

4
2

8. y  x  3

x
2 4

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162

2 4

9. y  2x  1

4
2

4 22

4 22

4
2

Check
Graph each function.
7
7. y  __x  5
y
4

4 22

2
6. y  __x  4
5

4
2
4 22

2 4

4 22

4 22

2 4

4
2

4 22

4. y  x  5

3. y  2x  3

x
2 4

y
4
2

4 22

x
2 4

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76

Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Teaching Skill 76
Objective Determine when a pair of lines is
parallel or perpendicular.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Graph a pair of lines to determine
whether they are parallel,
perpendicular, or neither.

Remind students that the slope of a line

determines how steep or how flat the line is.
Draw a pair of parallel lines on the board.
Ask: What would you say is true about the
steepness of the two lines? (The steepness
is the same.) Explain that this is true for every
pair of parallel lines; the steepness is the
same so the slopes are equal.

Some students may benefit from visualizing

why equal slopes produce parallel lines.
Present the following equations:

y  3x  4
y  3x  1

Have students graph the two lines on the

same coordinate plane using the y-intercept
and the slope. Remind students that a slope
of 3 means rise 3 and run 1 and that the
y-intercept indicates where to place the
beginning point. Students graphs should
look like the following:

Work through the first example with students.

Next, draw a pair of perpendicular lines on
the board and explain that the slopes are
negative reciprocals. Give several examples
of negative reciprocals. Tell students that it
is easy to find the slope of a line written in
slope-intercept form, so if the line is written
in any other form, rewrite it in slope-intercept
form. Then work through the second
example with students.

y
4
2
4 2
2

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 19, students determine whether
a pair of lines is parallel or perpendicular.

x
2 4

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
determine whether a pair of lines is parallel
or perpendicular.

Ask: What kind of lines are these?

(parallel) Have students repeat the exercise
for several sets of parallel lines. When
complete, ask: What is true about every
pair of parallel lines? (They have equal
slopes.)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Next, have students graph the following lines

on the same coordinate plane:
3
2
y  __x  4 and y  __x  5. Point out
3
2
that the slopes of the two lines are negative
reciprocals. Ask: What kind of lines are
these? (perpendicular lines) Have students
graph several sets of perpendicular lines
to arrive at the conclusion that lines with
negative reciprocal slopes are perpendicular.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may incorrectly identify two lines as
being perpendicular when their slopes are
reciprocals, rather than negative reciprocals.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Finally, have students graph a pair of lines

that is neither parallel nor perpendicular.
Explain that these lines are intersecting lines,
but not perpendicular.
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76

Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Parallel Lines

Perpendicular Lines

If two lines are parallel, they have

equal slopes. So, if two lines have
equal slopes, they are parallel.
Example 1:

y  7x  5

If two lines are perpendicular, they have slopes that

are negative reciprocals. So, if two lines have slopes
that are negative reciprocals, they are perpendicular.
Example 2:

y  7x  9

y  3x  5
x  3y  8

Remember, when an equation is

First, rewrite the second equation in slope-intercept
8
1
written in the form y  mx  b, the form: y  __
x  __. The slope of the first line is 3 and
3
3
coefficient of x is the slope.
1
1
the slope of the second line is __. Since 3 and __ are
3
3
Since the slope of both lines is 7,
negative reciprocals, the lines are perpendicular.
the lines are parallel.
Practice on Your Own
State whether the linear equations in each pair are parallel, perpendicular, or neither.
1.

4.

7.

y  6x  3
1
y  __x  7
6

3x  2y  5
3y  2x  3

yx3
y  x  5

2.

5.

8.

y  3x  2
2y  6x  6

y  5  6x
y  6x  1

y6

3.

6.

9.

x  2

8x  2y  3
x  4y  1

y  3x  9
1
y  __x  4
3

3y  x
3x  y

Check
State whether the linear equations in each pair are parallel, perpendicular, or neither.
1
y  5  7x
2x  y  5
x  __y  1
3
10.
11.
12.
1
2y  4x  3
2y  6x
y  __x  2
7

13.

y2
y70

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

1
y  __x  3
4
14.
2y  8x  1

164

15.

x  2y  0
y  1  2x

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77

Solve Proportions

Teaching Skill 77
Objective Solve proportions.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Solve proportions.

Review with students the definition of a

proportion. Point out that you can also think
of a proportion as two equivalent fractions.

Tell students that it is possible in many

proportions to follow a pattern to solve the
proportion.

Ask: If two fractions are equivalent, what

is true about their simplest forms? (They
are equal.) Write two equivalent fractions on
5
1
the board, such as __  ___. Ask: Is this a
2
10
true statement and why? (Yes, because the
fractions are equivalent.) Tell students that
this is a proportion.

Write the following proportion on the board:

36
12 ___
___
 . Ask: If you look at the
16
48
numerators, what are you multiplying by
to get from 12 to 36? (3) What are you
multiplying by in the denominators to get
from 16 to 48? (3)
Write the following on the board:
3

Show students by pointing what the cross

products of this proportion are. (1  10
and 2  5) Ask: What is true about the
cross products? (They are equal.) Explain
to students that this is the key to solving
proportions.

36
12 ___
___

16

3
Explain that because you are multiplying
both the numerator and the denominator by
the same number, you still have equivalent
3
ratios since __  1.
3
2

Review with students the steps for solving a

proportion. Then work through the example.
Remind students that it does not matter
which side the variable is on when solving an
equation.

9
18
Write the following on the board: ___  ___
x
16

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 112, students solve
proportions.

2
Have students find the value of x by
multiplying 16 times 2. (32)

CHECK
Determine that students know how to solve
proportions.

Tell students that this process also works

if you are dividing the numerator and
denominator by the same number. Write
8
72
the following on the board: ___  __
x . Have
45
students draw a diagram of the division, like
the multiplication diagrams above. ( 9 on
each piece; answer: x  5)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may multiply the numerators
together and the denominators together,
rather than finding the cross products.

Have students use this technique to solve

8 ___
9
3
2
__
the following proportions: __  __
x ; 12  x ;
5
15 ___
30 11
18 __
6
88 __
77 ___
11
___
___
 x ; __  ___
x ; 33  x ; and 48  x .
17
8
(x  20; x  4; x  34; x  56; x  11; x  6)

Students who made more than 3 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

48

Then have students solve problems with x in

the numerator.

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Solve Proportions

Class

Definition: A proportion is an equation that shows two equivalent ratios.

Key property: The cross products of a proportion are equal.
To solve a proportion, follow these two steps:
Step 1: Find the cross products.
Step 2: Simplify if necessary and solve the equation for the variable.
4
x
Example: Solve __  ___
6
12
Step 1: Find the cross products.
Step 2: Simplify and solve.
4 ___
x
__

6

12

6  x  4  12

6  x  4  12
6x  48

Multiply.
Divide both sides by 6.

x8
Practice on Your Own
Solve each proportion.
2
x
1. __  ___
5
25

11
22
2. __  ___
x
4

8
x
3. ___  ____
16
160

100
x
4. ____  ____
500
100

9
45
5. ___  ___
x
10

90
x
6. ___  __
12
4

15
5
7. ___  __
x
7

30
x
8. ___  __
7
21

45
5
9. ___  __
x
8

1
x
10. ___  ___
99
33

8
2
11. __  __
x
9

8
32
12. __  ___
x
3

Check
Solve each proportion.
3
x
13. __  ___
7
49

15 5
14. ___  __
x
30

13
x
15. ___  __
2
4

66
6
16. ___  __
x
12

11
22
17. __  ___
x
4

6
x
18. __  __
5
4

1
x
19. ___  ___
55
44

12
24
20. ___  ___
x
5

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78

Function Tables

Teaching Skill 78
Objective Generate ordered pairs for given
values of a function.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Generate ordered pairs for given
values of a function.

Explain to students that function tables are

used to generate ordered pairs in the form
(x, y). These ordered pairs can be used to
graph a function.

Some students may need additional practice

evaluating functions.
Remind students that when you evaluate a
function, you apply a rule to an input value to
generate an output. Understanding the rule
that is being applied is critical to completing
a function table.

Review with students how to evaluate a

function for a given value of x. Remind
students that they should be particularly
careful when substituting negative values
into a function.

Write the following function table on the

board and have students copy it on their
paper.

Direct students attention to the example.

Point out that the x-values are called inputs.
Ask: In this example, what are the inputs?
(2, 1, 0, 1 and 2) Explain that the inputs
are substituted into the function, and the
y-values that result are called the outputs.
The ordered pairs are the points (x, y).

x
2

)1

1

y  3(

)1

1

y  3(

)1

1

y  3(

)1

1

y  3(

)1

1

Have students consider the rule that is

being applied to the input values, 2, 1,
0, 1, and 2. Have a volunteer try to write an
algebraic expression that represents the rule.
Guide the volunteer if needed. (y  3x  1)
Then have students write the function in the
center column of the table and complete the
function table.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 18, students generate ordered
pairs by completing function tables for given
inputs.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to
complete function tables.

Have students work in pairs for the next part

of the exercise. Instruct each student to
write down a function (rule) in the form of
an algebraic expression (e.g. y  2x  6),
but not show their partner. Each student
should then create a function table similar
to the one above for their function. They
should use boxes, rather than variables, as
above. When they have created their tables,
they should exchange papers, try to figure
out their partners rule, and then complete
the table. Repeat the exercise until you feel
comfortable that students understand how to
complete function tables.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may not perform the operations of
a functions rule correctly and may arrive at
an incorrect output for a given input.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

y  3(

1

Work through the example, making sure

students understand how the function is
being applied to the input values to generate
the outputs. Then have students complete
the practice exercises.

y

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78

Function Tables

Class

A function table is a set of solutions to an equation. When given a set of x-values,

substitute the values into the equation to find the corresponding y-values. Use the
x- and y-values to generate ordered pairs.
Example: Generate ordered pairs for the function y  5x  2 for x  2, 1, 0, 1, 2.
y  5x  2

x
2
1
0
1
2

y
y
y
y
y







5(2)  2  10  2  8
5(1)  2  5  2   3
5(0)  2  0  2  2
5(1)  2  5  2  7
5(2)  2  10  2  12

8
3
2
7
12

2
1
0
1
2

8
3
2
7
12

Practice on Your Own

Generate ordered pairs for each function for x 2, 1, 0, 1, 2.
1. y  3x  1
x

2. y  4x  5

2
1
0
1
2

2
1
0
1
2

3
1
5. y  __x  __
2
2
x

3. y  x

2
1
0
1
2

2
1
0
1
2

1
6. y  __x  4
2

4. y  x 2  3

2
1
0
1
2

7. y  (x  2)

2
1
0
1
2

2
1
0
1
2

8. y  (x  2) 2
x

2
1
0
1
2

Check
Generate ordered pairs for each function for x 2, 1, 0, 1, 2.
9. y  4x  3
x

10. y  3x  10

2
1
0
1
2
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

1
1
11. y  __x  __
2
2

2
1
0
1
2

2
1
0
1
2

168

12. y  (x  3)
x

2
1
0
1
2
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79

Ordered Pairs

Teaching Skill 79
Objective Plot ordered pairs on a coordinate
plane.
Remind students that all points in the
coordinate plane have two coordinates, an
x-coordinate and a y-coordinate.
Sketch a coordinate plane on the board.
Point to the origin and explain that the
intersection of the x- and y-axes is called the
origin and has coordinates (0, 0).
Explain that the x-coordinate of a point tells
how many units to move to the left or right of
the origin. The y-coordinate tells how many
units to move above or below the origin.
Tell students you are going to plot the point
(3, 4). Place your marker at the origin and
draw 3 small hops to the right and then 4
small hops up. Draw a dot at (3, 4). Point out
that you always move horizontally before you
move vertically.
Label the four quadrants on the coordinate
plane and review with students where the
x-coordinates are positive (to the right of the
y-axis), and where they are negative (to
the left of the y-axis.) Do the same for the
y-coordinates and then work the examples.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 112 students plot ordered pairs
on a coordinate plane.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to plot
ordered pairs on a coordinate plane.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may use the x-coordinate to move
vertically and the y-coordinate to move
horizontally.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Plot ordered pairs on a coordinate
plane to determine what kind of
quadrilateral a four-sided polygon is.
Materials needed: multiple copies of the grid
below with points already plotted

6
4
2

x
8 6 4 2
2

4
6
8
Tell students they are going to locate points
on a coordinate plane to identify four special
quadrilaterals.
Review with students how to plot ordered
pairs on the coordinate plane. Emphasize
when to move to the left and/or down.
Next, write the four ordered pairs on the
board: A(3, 1); B(2, 1); C(2, 4); and
D(3, 4). Instruct students to locate, label,
and connect the four points and to name
quadrilateral ABCD. (square)
Repeat the exercise for points E(7, 8);
F(7, 0); G(4, 2); and H(4, 7). (trapezoid)
Repeat the exercise for points J(0, 5);
K(4, 7); L(6, 5); and M(2, 7).
(parallelogram)
Repeat the exercise for points N(1, 3);
P(1, 7); Q(2, 7); and R(2, 3). (rectangle)
As an extension of this exercise, have
students locate and plot points that form a
scalene triangle, an isosceles triangle, an
equilateral triangle, and a right triangle.
169
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79

Ordered Pairs

Class

Ordered pairs are x- and y-coordinates of points in a coordinate plane. Points look
like (x, y).
The x-coordinate is the horizontal coordinate of the point. It tells how many units
to move to the left or right of the origin. The y-coordinate is the vertical coordinate.
It tells us how many units to move above or below the origin. Positive coordinates
indicate movement to the right and up. Negative coordinates indicate movement to
the left and down.
The table shows in which quadrant points lie.

Q1

Example: Plot the points A(2, 5) and B(3, 1)

on the coordinate plane given.

Q2
Q3
Q4
Point A lies in Quadrant 1 and point B lies in Quadrant 3.

(, )

Q2

Q1

(, )
(, )
(, )

A
x

B
5

Practice on Your Own

Graph each point on the coordinate plane provided.

Q3

1. A(2, 5)
10

2. B(3, 1)

Q4

3. C(0, 6)
4. D(7, 4)

5. E(9, 6)
6. F(8, 0)
7. G(5, 5)

x
10

10

8. H(8, 1)
9. J(0, 2)

10. K(2, 2)

11. L(1, 9)
10

12. M(4, 1)

Check
Graph each point on the coordinate plane provided.

y
5

13. A(0, 4)
14. B(2, 3)

15. C(5, 3)

16. D(4, 2)
17. E(3, 0)

18. F(5, 4)

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170

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

80

Graph Functions

Teaching Skill 80
Objective Graph functions on a coordinate
plane.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Graph quadratic functions.
Remind students that quadratic functions are
2
functions with degree 2. Ask: Is y x a
quadratic function? (Yes) How about
2
y x 6? (Yes)

Remind students that all points in a coordinate

plane have two coordinates, an x-coordinate
and a y-coordinate. Point out that function
tables are one way to generate ordered pairs.
With enough ordered pairs, it is possible to
sketch the graph of most functions.

Tell students they are going to graph the

2
standard quadratic function, y  x .
Have students complete a function table
for the x-values 2, 1, 0, 1, and 2. Check
student answers.

Review with students the steps for graphing

functions. Stress that if a specific domain is
given, only the ordered pairs generated from
that domain should be plotted. The points
should not be connected since there are no
other points in the domain of the function.
Work through the example with students.
Remind students that when plotting points
on a coordinate plane, you always move
horizontally first, then vertically. Also remind
students that first degree polynomials should
have graphs that are lines, and second
degree polynomials should have graphs that
are parabolas. Have students complete the
practice exercises.

y  x2

Ordered
Pair

2

2
(2)  4

(2, 4)

1

(1)  1

(1, 1)

(0)  0

(0, 0)

(1)  1

(1, 1)

(2)  4

(2, 4)

2
2
2

Next have students plot the points and connect

them. (The graph should be a parabola with
vertex at (0, 0).) Tells students they have just
graphed the standard parabola.
Next, have students complete a function
2
table for y  x  2 and graph the function
on the same coordinate plane as their first
graph. (The graph should be a parabola with
vertex at (0, 2).) Ask: What happened to
the standard parabola? (All the points were
shifted up 2 units.)

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 13, students graph functions
for a given domain. In exercises 46,
students graph continuous functions.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to graph
functions.

Repeat the exercise for the function

2
y  x  5. (The graph should be a parabola
with vertex at (0, 5) since all the points
were shifted down 5 units.) Ask: What do
you think will happen to the standard
parabola if you graph the function
2
y x 7? (All the points will be shifted up
2
7 units.) What if you graph y x 15?
(All the points will be shifted down 15 units.)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may not perform the operations of
a functions rule correctly and may arrive at
an ordered pair that is not on the graph of
the function.

Repeat the process to demonstrate

horizontal shifts. On a new set of axes,
2
2
graph y  (x  3) ; y  (x  4) ;
2
y  (x  7) . Point out that a horizontal shift
is backwards of what you might think.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
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171

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

80

Graph Functions

Class

To graph a function, follow these steps:

Step 1: Make a table of values. If the domain is given, use those x-values. If a
domain is not given, choose several values such as 2, 1, 0, 1, and 2.
Step 2: Plot the ordered pairs.
Step 3: If a specific domain is not given, draw a line or curve through the points.
2
Example: Graph y  x  3 for
the domain, D: {2, 1, 0, 1, 2}.

x
y  x2  3
2
2 (2)  3  4  3  1
2
Note: Since a specific domain is given, 1 (12)  3  1  3  2
0 (0)  3  0 3  3
do not draw a line through the points.
2
1 (1)  3  1  3  2
2
2 (2)  3  4  3  1
Practice on Your Own
Graph each function for the given domain.
1
2
3.
2. y  x  2
1. y  __x  3
2
D: {4, 2, 0, 2, 4}
D: {2, 1, 0, 1, 2}
Y

(x, y)
(2, 1)
(1, 2)
(0, 3)
(1, 2)
(2, 1)

n  n n 
n

n  n  n

X


n
n

D: {3, 2, 1, 0, 1}

n  n n
n

y  (x  1) 2

n  n n 
n

n

n

n

n

n

n

Graph each function.

2
4. y  x  5

5. y  2x  3

6. y  (x  2) 2

n  n n
n

n  n n 
n

n  n n 
n

n

n

n

n

n

n

Check
Graph each function. If the domain is given, graph the function for only that domain.
2
2
2
8. y  x  1
9. y  (x  2)
7. y  __x  1
3
D: {6, 3, 0, 3, 6}
Y

n  n n
n

X


n  n n 
n

X



n  n n 
n

n

n

n

n

n

n

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172

X


Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

81

Solve Quadratic Equations

Teaching Skill 81
Objective Solve quadratic equations by
taking the square root.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Solve quadratic equations by
factoring a difference of squares.

Remind students that there are a number of

ways to solve quadratic equations: factoring;
grouping; using the quadratic formula; and
taking square roots. Point out that when the
2
equation to be solved has only an x term
and a constant, the quickest way to solve the
equation is to find the square root.

Some students are more comfortable solving

quadratics by factoring. Explain to students
that they can factor any quadratic equation
that can be solved by the square root
method.
Remind students that there are special
quadratics called differences of squares.
Write the following equation on the board:
2
x  36  0. Then remind students that
the factored form of this equation is
(x  6)(x  6). Ask: What happens to
the middle terms when this product is
multiplied out? (They are opposites, 6x
and 6x, and have a sum of zero.) Have
students practice factoring simple differences
of squares.

Remind students that when you solve the

2
equation x  9, you get two answers, 3
2
and 3. To illustrate this, ask: Is 3 equal to
2
9? (Yes) Is (3) also equal to 9? (Yes)
Review with students the steps for solving a
quadratic equation by taking square roots.
2
Emphasize that the x term must be on one
side of the equal sign and the constant must
be on the other side. Also point out that the
2
coefficient of the x term should be 1 before
finding the square root.

Next, remind students that when solving

quadratic equations, if either factor is equal
to zero, then the whole product is equal to
zero. This explains why you are allowed
to set each factor equal to zero and solve.
Write (x  6)(x  6)  0 on the board and
demonstrate how to solve the equation to get
x  6 and x  6.

Work through the example with students.

Remind students to use inverse operations
when moving terms from one side of the
equation to the other.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 19, students solve quadratic
equations by finding the square root.

2
Next, write the equation x  49 on the
board. Ask: How can you make this look
like a difference of squares? (Subtract 49
from both sides of the equation). Then how
can you solve the equation? (Factor and
solve.) Have students practice several of
these types of problems.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to solve
quadratic equations by isolating the variable
and taking square roots.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

2
Next, write the problem 7x  28 on the
board, and then subtract 28 from both sides
2
to get the equation 7x  28  0. Ask: Is
this a difference of squares? (No) Why
not? (7 is not a perfect square, nor is 28.)
Remind students that they can factor out the
GCF. Demonstrate using the problem above.
2
[7(x  4)  0] Point out that there is now
a difference of squares and the problem
can be solved by factoring. Work several
problems similar to the example.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget that finding the square
root of a number results in both a positive
answer and a negative answer.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

173

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

81

Solve Quadratic Equations

Class

One method of solving quadratic equations is to find the square root of both sides of
2
the equation. This method only works when the equation is limited to an x term and
a constant.
To solve a quadratic equation by the square root method, follow these steps:
2
Step 1: Simplify the expression by combining like terms and then isolate the x term.

Step 2: Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x 2.

Step 3: Find the square root of both sides of the equation. Remember, you will get
a positive and a negative value as your answers.
2
2
Example: Solve 5x  3x  32.
2
2x  32
2
x  16
x  4 or 4

Step 1: Subtract 3x 2 from both sides.

Step 2: Divide both sides by 2.
Step 3: Find the square root of both sides.

Practice on Your Own

Solve each equation.
2
1. 7x  28

x

2. 3x 2  x 2  32
x

or

4. 2x 2  x 2  3
x

5. 200  2x 2
x

or

7. 220  5  x 2
x

or

or

8. 10x 2  5x 2  125
x

or

or

3. 4x 2  4  60
x

or

6. 10x 2  27  7x 2
x

or

9. 2x 2  6  x 2  30
x

or

Check
Solve each equation for the indicated variable.
2
10. 12x  12

x

x

or

13. 8  x  3x
2

x

11. 6x 2  10  140

or

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

or

14. 20  x  80
2

x

or

174

12. 19  x 2  17
x

or

15. 2x  150  650

2

x

or

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

82

Complete the Square

Teaching Skill 82
Objective Complete the square and write
a trinomial as the square of a
binomial.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Recognize perfect square
trinomials and rewrite them as the
square of a binomial.

Remind students that some quadratic

equations can be solved by finding the
square root of both sides. Write the example
2
(x  3)  7 on the board and point out that
since both sides of the equation are squares,
the square root method can be used to solve
the equation.

Remind students that some products are

special. Provide the following examples:
2
2
(x  6) and (x  6) . Explain to students
that these special products are called
respectively the square of a sum and the
square of a difference.
Have students FOIL the first product to get
2
x  12x  36. Ask: Once you multiply out
the product, what is true about the middle
term in relation to the original product?
(It is twice 6.) What is true about the last
term in relation to the original product? (It
is the square of 6.) Repeat this exercise for
2
(x  6) .

Emphasize that before you can take the

square root, both sides of the equation must
be in the form of a perfect square. Point out
that completing the square allows you to
rewrite an equation in this form.
Review with students the steps for
completing the square and work through the
example. Then briefly discuss the limitations
2
of this method: the coefficient of x must be
1 before you begin the process, and when
the coefficient of x (b) is an odd number, the
answers will contain fractions.

To reinforce this, have students square

several sums and several differences.
Next, write the following on the board:
2
x  49. Ask: If the last number is
x 
the square of the constant in the product,
how do you find that constant? (Find
the square root of the last number.) Then
what would you do to find the coefficient
of the middle term? (Double it since it
should be twice the constant in the product.)
Demonstrate using the problem above.

(49  7 then 2(7)  14) How would you
2
write the trinomial as a square? (x  7)
Have students use this process to find the
middle term of several square trinomials and
then write them as squares.

Have students complete the practice

exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 19, students complete the
square and write the given trinomial as the
square of a binomial.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to
complete the square.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Next, write the following on the board:

2
. Ask: Since the middle
x  10x 
term is always twice the constant in the
product, what can you do to the 10 to
find the middle term? (Divide it by 2 to get
5.) Then what do you do to find the last
term? (Square the 5 to get 25.) How do you
2
write the trinomial as a square? (x  5)
Have students work several problems using
this process.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to divide b in half when
writing the trinomial in factored form.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

175

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

82

Complete the Square

Class

Completing the square makes it possible to solve a quadratic equation by creating a

perfect square trinomial on one side of the equation so that you can find the square
root of both sides.
2
If a quadratic is in the form x  bx, follow these steps to complete the
square and write the trinomial as the square of a binomial.

 

b
Step1: Add the quantity __
2
expression.
Example:

2
x  18x 

 

b
b
b  18, so __  9 and __
2
2

b 2
Step 2: Write the trinomial as x  __ .
2

to the

 (9)  81
2

b
Since __  9, rewrite the expression as
2
2
(x  9) .

x 2  18x  81
Practice on Your Own
Complete the square for each expression. Write the resulting expression as
the square of a binomial.
2
1. x  8x 

2. x 2  12x 

3. x 2  x 

4. x 2  10x 

5. x 2  22x 

6. x 2  3x 

7. x 2  14x 

8. x 2  24x 

9. x 2  9x

Check
Complete the square for each expression. Write the resulting expression as
the square of a binomial.
2
10. x  6x 

11. x 2  16x 

12. x 2  5x 

13. x 2  20x 

14. x 2  2x 

15. x 2  7x 

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176

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

83

Tables and Charts

Teaching Skill 83
Objective Determine percentages from a
table of data.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Create a table of data and
determine percentages for
various categories of the data.

Explain to students that tables are often

used to organize data into categories. The
left column is usually a description of the
category, and the right column is usually the
number of items that fit into that category.

Materials needed: coins (18 pennies, 12

nickels, 12 dimes, and 8 quarters); marbles
or any other colored counter such as skittles
or M&Ms (14 of one color, 16 of another, 20
of another, and 10 of another)

Have students consider the table in the

example. Ask: What are the categories of
data? (white, silver, red, and black) How
many items are in the white category?
(336) How many items are in the black
category? (96)

Tell students they are going to create a table

of data and then find the percentage that
each category of data represents.
Have students divide into two groups. Give one
group of students the coins and the other group
the colored counters. Have the students discuss
what the categories should be for their tables.
(types of coins, and colors of counters) Using
these categories, have students draw a table
and fill in the title row and the four categories in
the left column. The tables should look like:

Explain to students how to find the

percentage of the data that any given
category represents using the formula
provided. Then work through the example
with students.
Also point out that to determine what
percentage multiple categories represent,
first find the sum of the items in the
categories you are interested in, and then
divide by the total number of items.

Coin
Pennies

Have students complete the practice exercises.

Nickels

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students use tables to
determine percentages.

Dimes

Color

Number
of
Marbles

Quarters

CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
percentages based on data in a table.

Next have the students count the total number

of items they have. Then, they should divide
their items into the categories they have
created and count the items in each category.
Have the students record their findings in the
right column of their tables.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Review with students how to find the

percentage that each category represents.
Have the students find the percentages for
each of their categories. Ask: What is the
sum of all the percentages? (100%) Why?
(Because all the items have been accounted
for.)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may add the total number of items
incorrectly.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Number
of Coins

Have the two groups trade items, create new

tables, and find new percentages.

177

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

83

Tables and Charts

Class

A table can be used to organize data into categories.

To determine what percentage any one category represents, divide the number of
items in that category by the total number of items.
Example: The table shows the distribution of colors of cars sold by a
certain car dealership in Florida. Find the percentage of cars that are
white.
336
336
number
of white cars
_________________
 ___________________  ____  0.42  42%
336  192  176  96
800
total number of cars

Color
White
Silver
Red
Black

Find the percentage of cars that are red or silver.

176  192
368
number
of red cars or silver cars
__________________________
 ___________________  ____  0.46  46%
336  192  176  96
800
total number of cars
Practice on Your Own
The table shows the number of students at a local high
school who prefer certain types of sports activities. Find
each of the following:
1. the percentage of students who prefer bicycling
2. the percentage of students who prefer canoeing
3. the percentage of students who prefer hiking or
weight-lifting

Number
of Cars
336
192
176
96

Sports
Number of
Activity
Students
Hiking
90
In-line skating
114
Bicycling
168
Canoeing
180
Weight-lifting
48

The table shows the number of baseball players in the Major League,
including pitchers, who have achieved certain batting averages
throughout the regular season. Find each of the following:
4. the percentage of players whose batting average is
under 100
5. the percentage of players whose average is between
200 and 299
6. the percentage of players whose average is between
100 and 399
Check
The table shows the number of people in each age group who
attended a middle school concert. Find each of the following:
7. the percentage of people whose age is between
20 and 29
8. the percentage of people whose age is 50 or older
9. the percentage of people whose age is under 30

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

178

Batting
Average
0 to 99
100 to 199
200 to 299
300 to 399

Number of
Players
209
165
638
88

Age
Number
Group
of People
Under 20
96
20 29
30
30 39
123
40 49
36
50 and over
15

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

84

Find Measures of Central Tendency

Teaching Skill 84
Objective Find the mean, median, and
mode of data.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Find the mean, median, and
mode of a set of data collected by
the student.

Explain to students that there are three

common measures of central tendency used
to represent a set of data: the mean, the
median, and the mode.

Tell the students they are going to collect

data from their class mates and then find the
mean, median, and mode of the data.

Explain that the mean is the arithmetic

average. Ask: How do you calculate an
average? (Find the sum of the values and
divide by the number of values.) Have
students review the mean example.

Ask: Can you find the average of data

such as favorite kind of car, favorite
color, type of pet, etc? (No) What about
the median of such data? (No) Why not?
(There are no numerical values.) Explain that
this type of data is called qualitative data,
while numerical data is called quantitative.
Point out that only quantitative data has
measures of central tendency.

Next, explain that the median is the middle

number when the data values are written
in order from least to greatest, if there is an
odd number of data values. Ask: If there is
an even number of data values, is there a
middle number? (No) Explain that the median
is the average of the two middle numbers.
Have students review the median example.

Have the students select the data they

would like to collect from their classmates.
Discuss their choices to make sure the data
is quantitative (and appropriate). Provide
examples if needed (e.g. average number
of math homework problems they do every
night, how many miles they live from school,
number of movies they watch per month, etc.)

Finally, explain that the mode is the data

value that appears the most often. Point
out that there can be two modes (called bimodal) if two values appear the most often.
Have students review the mode example and
then complete the practice exercises.

Once each student has selected an

appropriate data topic, have them write a
specific question to collect their data. Then
have the students ask each of the other
students in the class their question. They
should record the answers on a sheet of
paper.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 19, students find the mean,
median, and mode of sets of data.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
measures of central tendency.

When everyones data has been collected

and recorded, review with students how to
find the mean, median, and mode of sets of
data.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Instruct each student to count the number

of data values they collected (Everyones
should be the same if they asked each
student their question.) Then have students
find the mean, median, and mode of the data
they collected.

COMMON ERRORS
When finding the median, students may
forget to order the data values before they
select the middle term.

Write all the data topics on the board and

have students select a new set of data to
collect. Repeat the exercise.

Students who made more than 2 errors in

the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.
Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
All rights reserved.

179

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

84

Find Measures of Central Tendency

Class

Example: Find the mean, median, and mode of the data set: 10, 12, 13, 15, 10.
Mean

Median

Mode

The mean is the average of the data The median is the middle
number when the values are in
sum of all the values
values: _________________
number of values
order from least to greatest.

The mode is the data

value that appears
the most often.

10
 12 13  15  10 ___
60
____________________

 12
5
5

10 is the only data

value that appears
more than one time.

10, 10, 12, 13, 15

Practice on Your Own

Find the mean, median, and mode of each data set.
1. 7, 6, 11, 9, 7

2. 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4

3. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Mean 

Mean 

Mean 

Median 

Median 

Median 

Mode 

Mode 

Mode 

4. 5, 4, 4, 4, 7, 6, 6, 6

5. 3, 1, 7, 10, 4

6. 22, 16, 24, 18

Mean 

Mean 

Mean 

Median 

Median 

Median 

Mode 

Mode 

Mode 

7. 5, 13, 1, 9, 5, 10, 6

8. 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9

9. 42, 35, 15, 18, 25

Mean 

Mean 

Mean 

Median 

Median 

Median 

Mode 

Mode 

Mode 

Check
Find the mean, median, and mode of each data set.
10. 4, 12, 7, 10, 7

11. 15, 10, 15, 25, 10, 15

12. 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9

Mean 

Mean 

Mean 

Median 

Median 

Median 

Mode 

Mode 

Mode 

13. 2, 10, 5, 9, 4, 6

14. 9, 9, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5

15. 12, 23, 18, 36, 11

Mean 

Mean 

Mean 

Median 

Median 

Median 

Mode 

Mode 

Mode 

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

180

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

85

Circle Graphs

Teaching Skill 85
Objective Read and understand information
presented in a circle graph.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Create a circle graph to
understand what the percentages
represent.

Remind students that there are a number of

different types of graphs used to organize
data: bar charts, line graphs, circle graphs,
etc. Tell students that circle graphs are also
sometimes called pie graphs.

Materials needed: protractors and a compass

Have students work in groups of 2 or 3. Give
each group a compass and a protractor.
Then assign each group one of the questions
below. It is okay to have multiple groups
working on the same question.

Point out that each type of graph has some

special feature. The circle graph is used when
you want to present data as a fraction or
percentage of a whole. Ask: What does the
whole circle represent as a percentage?
(100%) What determines how big a slice
any one category of data gets? (what
percentage of the data it represents)

How many pets does your family have?

(0, 1, 2, 3, or more than 3)
How far do you live from school? (less than
1 mile; 1 to 5 miles; 6 to 10 miles; 11 to 15
miles; or more than 15 miles)
What is your favorite subject? (math,
English, history, science, or foreign
language)

Have students look at the circle graph in the

example. Ask: Why does Brand E have the
biggest slice? (Because it represents the
biggest percentage of the data.)

Tell the students they are going to create

their own circle graphs by following the steps
below:

Explain to students how to calculate the number

of items in any one category using the given
percentages. Then work through the examples.

1) Ask each student in the room and the

teacher the question you were assigned.
Record the answers and then count the total
number of answers you have.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 14, students use circle graphs
to answer questions.

2) Find the percentage of your data in each

of the categories by dividing the number of
answers in that category by the total number
of answers you recorded. The titles of the
categories and the percentages will be the
labels on your circle graph.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to read
and understand information presented in a
circle graph.
Students who successfully complete the
Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

3) To determine how big a slice (central

angle) of the circle graph each category
should get, express your percents as
decimals and multiply by 360. (You may
need to remind students why this works.)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to add the percentages
before multiplying when answering an or
question.

4) Use your compass to draw a large circle.

Then use a protractor to draw each central
angle.

Students who made more than 1 error in the

Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

5) Label your circle graph with the

appropriate category titles and percentages.

181

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

85

Circle Graphs

Class

Circle graphs are used to present data as a fraction or percentage of a total. When
you know the percentage of the data that a certain category represents, you can
find the number of items by multiplying the percentage (converted to a decimal)
times the total number.
Example: The circle graph shows the distribution of cars
manufactured by certain makers found in a high school
parking lot one day. The total number of cars is 350.

Brand E
32%

Brand D
30%

How many of the cars are made by Brand C?

Multiply: 0.12  350  42
How many of the cars are made by Brand E or Brand A?
First add the two percentages (32  18  50%),
then multiply by the total.

Brand C
12%

Brand A
18%

Brand B
8%

0.50  350  175

Practice on Your Own
John has a collection of 600 sports cards. The circle graph shows the distribution by
sport of the cards John owns.
1. How many of Johns cards are baseball cards?

Hockey
10%

2. How many of Johns cards are not baseball cards?

3. What percentage of Johns cards are either baseball,

Baseball
28%

Basketball
24%

basketball, or football cards?

4. How many of Johns cards are either baseball, basketball, Race Car
Drivers
6%

or football cards?

Football
32%

Check
The circle graph shows the grade distribution of students who attended a high school
football game. The total number of students who attended is 250.
5. How many juniors attended the game?
6. How many middle school students attended the game?

Middle School
10%
Freshmen
19%

Seniors
22%

7. What percentage of the students who attended the

game were either freshmen or sophomores?
8. How many of the students who attended the game were
either freshmen or sophomores?

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

182

Sophomores
21%

Juniors
28%

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

86

Line Graphs

Teaching Skill 86
Objective Read and understand information
presented in a line graph.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Create a line graph by plotting
given points and connecting line
segments.

Remind students that line graphs are created

by plotting points on a coordinate plane and
then connecting the points.

Materials needed: rulers; multiple copies of

a grid with values 2 to 22 on the x-axis
and 2 to 22 on the y-axis. Grid should be
labeled in increments of 2.

Point out that when written as x and f (x), f (x)

represents the y-value of the point. Explain
that it is possible to locate the y-value for
any given x-value, and visa versa.

Some students may better understand how

to read a line graph if they practice making
one.

Have students look at the line graph in the

example. Ask: Which axis is the x-axis?
(the horizontal axis) Which is the y-axis?
(the vertical axis) In a coordinate pair,
which value is written first? (the x-value)

Tell students they are going to create a line

graph using a few critical points and then
locate other points on the graph.
Write the following points on the board:
(0, 0); (10, 6); (14, 16); and (20, 22).

Next, direct students attention to the questions

in the example. Ask: In the first and second
questions, which value is given, x or y? (x)
Work through the first two questions. Ask: In the
third and fourth questions, which value is
given? (y) Work through the last two questions.

Instruct the students to plot these points on

their grids. Be sure students understand
which coordinate represents horizontal
movement and which represents vertical
movement. Before moving on, check students
points to make sure they are plotted correctly.

Have students complete the practice exercises.

Next, instruct students to use a ruler to

connect the points they plotted and then
label the graph as f (x). Explain that the point
(14, 16) means the following: when x is 14,
f (x) is 16.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN

In exercises 16, students find values on a
line graph.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to read
and understand information presented in a
line graph.

Then instruct students to use their graph to

answer the following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

x is 5, what is f (5)? (Answer: 3)

x is 12, what is f (12)? (Answer: 11)
f (x) is 19, what is x ? (Answer: 17)
f (x) is 6, what is x ? (Answer: 10)

Repeat the exercise using the following

points and questions.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may not understand whether they
should be looking for the x-value or the
y-value on the graph.

(0, 2); (4, 6); (6, 14); and (20, 20)

1)
2)
3)
4)

Students who made more than 1 error in the

Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

When
When
When
When

183

When
When
When
When

x is 2, what is f (2)? (Answer: 4)

x is 13, what is f (13)? (Answer: 17)
f (x) is 19, what is x? (Answer: 17)
f (x) is 10, what is x ? (Answer: 5)

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

86

Line Graphs

Class

To read a line graph, remember that a function table generates coordinate pairs.
So, (x, f (x)) is also a coordinate point (x, y).
To find f (x) at a particular x, look for the y-value of the point with that x-coordinate.
To find an x such that f (x) is a specific value, look for the value on the y-axis, and
y
then find the corresponding x-coordinate.
20

f (x)

Example: Find each value for the graph of f (x) shown.

15

What is f (8)?
Answer: 16 since y  16 when x  8

10

What is f (4)?
Answer: 6 since y  6 when x  4

What is x such that f (x)  8?

Look for the x value where y  8.
Answer: x  6

x
5

10

15

20

What is x such that f (x)  17

Look for the x value where y  17.
Answer: x  13
Practice on Your Own
Find each value for the graph of f(x) shown.

y
f (x)

20

1. f (4) 
15

2. f (0) 

10

3. f (15) 
4. What is x such that f (x)  10?

5. What is x such that f (x)  4?

x
5

10

15

20

6. What is x such that f (x)  18?

Check
Find each value for the graph of f (x) shown.

y
20
f (x)

7. f (11) 

15

8. f (7) 

10

9. What is x such that f (x)  16?

5

10. What is x such that f (x)  4?

x
5

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184

10

15

20

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

87

Logical Reasoning

Teaching Skill 87
Objective Draw conclusions from given
statements.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Determine when a conclusion
drawn is an incorrect conclusion.

Remind students that a conditional statement

consists of a hypothesis and a conclusion
and that it provides information about
relationships between facts or events.

Tell students they are going to determine

which conclusions you read are incorrect.
Instruct students to write the numbers 1
through 3 on a piece of paper. If the conclusion
you provide is true, students should place a T
beside that number. If the conclusion is false,
they should place an F beside the number.

Point out that sometimes, when the conditional

statement is true, additional conclusions
can be drawn from the statement. However,
sometimes no additional conclusion can be
drawn without more information.

Write the following statements on the board

and tell students the statements are true.

Make the following statement: If it rains

today, I am going to read a book. Ask: Do
you know what I am going to do if it does
not rain today? (No). Can you draw any
conclusions if it does not rain? (No)

If an angle is acute, then the measure of

the angle is less than 90 degrees.
The measure of ABC is not less than
90 degrees.
Read the first conclusion: ABC is an
obtuse angle. (False)

Next have students consider the example

provided. Here, two statements have been
given and both are assumed to be true.
Point out that between the two statements,
there is enough information to draw a valid
conclusion. Work through the example.

Read the second conclusion: ABC is a

right angle. (False)
Read the third conclusion: ABC is not an
acute angle. (True)

Have students complete the practice exercises.

Discuss the correct answers with students.

PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 15, students draw conclusions
based on a set of true statements.

Repeat the exercise using the following

statements and conclusions.
An isosceles triangle has exactly two sides
with equal lengths.

CHECK
Determine that students know how to draw
conclusions from true statements.

DEF has two sides of length 8.

Conclusion 1: DEF is an isosceles triangle.
(False)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Conclusion 2: DEF could be an isosceles

triangle. (True)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may try to draw a conclusion even
when there is not enough information.

Conclusion 3: DEF could be an equilateral

triangle. (True)
Discuss the correct answers with students.

Students who made more than 1 error in the

Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

185

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

87

Logical Reasoning

Class

Certain types of statements, called conditionals, provide information about relationships

between facts or events. You can often draw conclusions based on conditional statements.
Example: Draw a conclusion from the two true statements below.
If two lines are parallel, then they have equal slopes.
Line m is parallel to line n and the slope of line m is 2.
Conclusion: Since the two lines are parallel, they must have equal slopes.
So, the slope of line n is also 2.
Practice on Your Own
Draw a conclusion from each set of true statements.
1. If a polygon is a quadrilateral, then it has 4 sides.
Figure ABCD is a quadrilateral.

2. If two angles are adjacent, then they share a common vertex.

Angle ABC and angle CBD are adjacent angles.

3. If the sum of two angles is 180 degrees, then the angles are supplementary.
A has a measure of 70 and B has a measure of 110.

4. If a triangle is an isosceles triangle, then it has exactly two sides of equal length.
DEF is an isosceles triangle with one side of length 8 and the other side of length 13.

5. If the coordinates of a point are both negative, then the point lies in the third quadrant.
The coordinates of point P are (1, 9).

Check
Draw a conclusion from each set of true statements.
6. If a triangle is equilateral, then it is equiangular.
Triangle MNP has sides of length 8, 8, and 8 and an angle with measure 60.

7. If an angle is obtuse, then its measure is greater than 90 degrees.

HJK is an obtuse angle.
8. If the product of the slopes of two lines is 1, then the lines are perpendicular.
3
2
Line p has a slope of __ and line q has a slope of __.
3
2
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186

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

88

Conditional Statements

Teaching Skill 88
Objective Determine whether a conditional
statement is true, write its
converse, and determine whether
the converse is true.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Complete conditional statements
based on well known geometric
properties.
Tell students they are going to match several
hypotheses with a conclusion that makes the
conditional a true statement.

Review with students the different parts of a

conditional statement.
Point out that all conditional statements are
not necessarily true. Provide the following
example: If a polygon has 4 sides, then it
is a rectangle. Ask: Is this always a true
statement? (No) Why not? (There are other
types of quadrilaterals that have 4 sides.)

Remind students that the hypothesis is the

if part of a conditional statement, and the
conclusion is the then part.
Provide students with copies of the following
conclusions.
1) then it is equidistant from the sides of the
angle.
2) then they are complementary angles.
3) then the intersect in exactly one point.
4) then it is a rectangle.
5) then corresponding angles are congruent.
6) then the triangles are similar.
7) then it is a right triangle.
8) then they are congruent.
9) then it is an octagon.
10) then the lines are parallel.

Review with students how to find the

converse of a statement. Ask: What is the
converse of the previous statement? (If a
polygon is a rectangle, then it has 4 sides.)
Is the converse true? (Yes) Stress that the
truth value of a statement and its converse
may be the same, or may be different.
Review the example with students and then
have them complete the practice exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 14, students examine conditional
statements, write converses, and determine
truth values of both.

Next, read one hypothesis at a time (with its

corresponding letter) and have students write
that letter beside the correct conclusion.
When you have read all the hypotheses,
read the answers aloud and discuss any
errors students made.

CHECK
Determine that students understand conditional
statements, converses, and truth values.

A) If a triangle has one right angle, (7)

B) If a quadrilateral has diagonals of equal
length, (4)
C) If the slopes of two lines are equal, (10)
D) If two lines intersect, (3)
E) If two angles are vertical, (8)
F) If the sum of the measures of two angles
is 90 degrees, (2)
G) If a point is on the bisector of an angle, (1)
H) If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, (5)
I) If the corresponding sides of two triangles
are proportional, (6)
J) If a polygon has eight sides, (9)

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.
COMMON ERRORS
Students may incorrectly determine truth values,
particularly when the conditional statement and
its converse have different results.
Students who made more than 1 error in the
Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

187

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

88

Conditional Statements

Class

Conditional Statements
Hypothesisthe if part of Conclusionthe then part of
a conditional statement
a conditional statement

Conversea statement formed by

interchanging the hypothesis and
the conclusion

Example:
Conditional statement: If a polygon is a pentagon, then it has 5 sides. (True)
Hypothesis: A polygon is
a pentagon.

Conclusion: It has 5 sides.

Converse: If a polygon has 5

sides, then it is a pentagon. (True)

Practice on Your Own

Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each conditional.
1. If a triangle is a right triangle, then the sum of its acute angles is 90 degrees.
Hypothesis:

Conclusion:

2. If two lines are parallel to a third line, then they are parallel to each other.
Hypothesis:

Conclusion:

Tell whether the given statement is true or false. Write the converse.
Tell whether the converse is true or false.
3. If a polygon is a triangle, then the sum of the measures of its angles is 180 degrees.
Converse:
4. If two angles are right angles, then they are congruent.
Converse:
Check
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each conditional.
5. If two planes intersect, then they intersect in a line.
Hypothesis:

Conclusion:

Tell whether the given statement is true or false. Write the converse.
Tell whether the converse is true or false.
6. If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.
Converse:
7. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular, then the parallelogram is a
rhombus.
Converse:
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188

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

89

Counterexamples

Teaching Skill 89
Objective Find counterexamples to prove
that a given statement is false.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Determine which given values
are counterexamples for false
statements.

Explain to students that when you determine

whether a mathematical statement is true or
false, you determines its truth value.

Some students may benefit from working

problems where there are several types of
counterexamples.

In order to determine that a mathematical

statement is true, the statement must be true
for all real numbers. However, to determine
that a statement is false, you need to find
only one counterexample.

Write the following numbers on the board:

1
1
5, 1, __, 0, __, 1, and 5.
2
2
Remind students that a counterexample to a
statement is a particular example or instance
of the statement that is NOT true. If you can
find a single counterexample, then the given
statement is false.

Review with students the definition of a

counterexample. Emphasize that if you can
find a single number for which a statement is
not true, then the statement is false.

Tell students they are going to test several

statements to try to determine if they are
false.

Have students consider the example. Remind

students that real numbers consist of whole
numbers, integers (positive and negative),
fractions, decimals, and irrational numbers.

Work through the first statement with

students. Write the following on the board:
n  n. Instruct students to try each of the
numbers you wrote on the board and identify
each number that is a counterexample.

Work through the example with students,

reviewing the strategy as you go. Then, have
students complete the practice exercises.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In exercises 16, students find counterexamples
to prove that given statements are false.
CHECK
Determine that students know how to find
counterexamples.

5  5 False

1  1 True 1  (1)
1
1
1
1
__
 __ True __  (__)
2
2
2
2
0  0 True

1  1 False
1
1
__  __ False
2
2

Review students findings with them. Based

on the results of the test, all negative
numbers are counterexamples for the given
statement.

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Have students repeat this exercise for the

statement below.
1 ___
1
1 __
1
__
__
n  n 2 (counterexamples: 2 ,  2 , 1, 5)
5n  5n (only 0 is a counterexample)
1
1
__
__
n n (counterexamples: 1, 2 , 1, 5)

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to try fractions or
negative numbers when searching for
counterexamples.
Students who made more than 2 errors in
the Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

5  5 True 5  (5)

189

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

89

Counterexamples

Class

Definition: A counterexample to a statement is a particular example or instance of the

statement that is NOT true.
Example: Find a counterexample to show that the statement below is false.
Statement: 1  n  1  n, where n is a real number.
Strategy to find a counterexample:
Step 1: Always try n  0 first.

1010

11

Step 2: Try n  1 next.

1111

2  0 True

Step 3: Try n  1 next.

1  (1)  1  (1)

True
02

False

STOP: n 1 is your counterexample.

If n  1 had produced another true statement, then you would try a positive and
1
1
negative fraction, such as __ and __. Then larger numbers, both positive and
2
2
negative, until you found a number that produced a false statement.

Practice on Your Own

Find a counterexample to show that each statement is false.
1 __
1
3
2
2. __
1. n  2n  3n , where n is a real number
n
n , where n is a real number
n

n

3
n
3. __  __
n, where n is a real number
3

n
4. __ 2n, where n is a real number
2
n

n

5. (n  1)  n  1, where n is a real number 6. n 2  n, where n is a real number

n

n

Check
Find a counterexample to show that each statement is false.
1 ___
1
3
2
8. n  n , where n is a real number
7. __
n  n 2 , where n is a real number  0
n
n
9. __ 5n, where n is a real number
5

n
10. 3n  3n, where n is a real number

n
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n

190

Holt Geometry

SKILL

Are You Ready?

90

Tree Diagrams

Teaching Skill 90
Objective Draw a tree diagram.

Alternative Teaching Strategy

Objective Draw a tree diagram as part of an
experiment.

Explain to students that a tree diagram can

be used to organize all the possible outcomes
in a sample space, particularly when an
experiment involves more than one event.

Materials needed: several coins and several

sets of 4 cards (Ace, King, Queen, and Jack)
Tell students they are going to flip a coin and
then draw a card. While doing so, they will
be making a tree diagram showing all the
outcomes that did occur and all those that
did not occur. When they put them together,
the tree diagram will show all possible
outcomes of the experiment.

Point out that a tree diagram looks like the

branches of a tree. As you move from left to
right on the diagram, each smaller branch
represents a new type of possible outcome.
Have students read the example. Ask: When
Marie spins the first spinner, how many
possible outcomes are there? (4) What
are they? (1, 2, 3, or 4) Point out that these
will be the first branches of the tree. Ask:
When Marie spins the second spinner,
how many outcomes are there? (3) What
are they? (red, blue, or yellow) Explain that
each number branch should have three
smaller branches that list each of the colors.

Give each student a coin and a set of four

cards. Instruct students to begin a tree
diagram by creating a starting point labeled
Flip and Draw. Next, have each student flip
their coin. Then, they should draw one branch
from their starting point and label it with the
outcome they got (either heads or tails).
Next, instruct students to draw one card from
the four they were given. Then, they should
draw one branch from their already existing
branch and label it with the card they drew.

Work through the example with students and

then have them complete the practice exercise.
PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN
In Practice on Your Own, students draw a
tree diagram.

For example, if a student flipped a head and

then drew a King, his or her diagram should
look like the following:

CHECK
Determine that students know how to
create a tree diagram showing all possible
outcomes for a given experiment.

King
Flip
and
Draw

Students who successfully complete the

Practice on Your Own and Check are
ready to move on to the next skill.

Ask: When you flipped the coin, how many

possible outcomes did you NOT get?
(1) Instruct students to add that outcome to
their tree beneath the outcome they did get.
Ask: When you drew the card, how many
possible outcomes did you NOT get? (3)
Have students add those outcomes to the
branch on the outcomes they did get. Ask:
Should the bottom branch of your tree have
the same set of second outcomes as the
first? (Yes) Have students complete their tree
using this information.

COMMON ERRORS
Students may forget to connect each of
the first sets of outcomes with each of the
second set.
Students who made more than 1 error in the
Practice on Your Own, or who were not
successful in the Check section, may benefit
from the Alternative Teaching Strategy.

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

All rights reserved.

Heads

191

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Name

Date

SKILL

Are You Ready?

90

Tree Diagrams

Class

Tree diagrams can be used to organize all the possible outcomes in a sample space,
particularly when an experiment involves more than one event.
Example: Marie is playing a game in which she must spin two spinners. The
first spinner is divided into four equal sections, each numbered 1, 2, 3, or
4. The second spinner is divided into three equal sections, one that is red,
one blue, and one yellow. Draw a tree diagram showing all the possible
combinations of numbers and colors that Marie could spin.
Answer: Since there are two events, there should be two sets of branches. One set
will represent the first spin and should include all four numbers as possibilities. The
second set will represent the second spin and should include all three colors on
each of the number branches.
Red
1
Blue
Yellow
Red
2
Blue
Yellow
Play Game
Red
3
Blue
Yellow
Red
4
Blue
Yellow
Practice on Your Own
Elizabeth is at a carnival. She is playing a game that
asks her to pick a door and then pick a curtain behind
the door. There are 3 doors and 4 curtains behind
each door. Draw a tree diagram showing all possible
ways that Elizabeth could choose a door and a curtain
behind the door.
Play
Game
Check
Mark gets to choose a snack when he gets home from
school. He can have plain or chocolate milk to drink,
and either a piece of fruit, popcorn, or peanut butter
sticks to eat. Draw a tree diagram showing all possible
snacks that Mark could choose if he gets only one
drink and one thing to eat.
Snack
Choices
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192

Holt Geometry

MEASURES
METRIC

CUSTOMARY
Length

1 millimeter (mm)  0.001 meter (m)

1 centimeter (cm)  0.01 meter
1 decimeter (dm)  0.1 meter
1 kilometer (km)  1,000 meters

1 foot (ft)  12 inches (in.)

1 yard (yd)  36 inches
1 yard  3 feet
1 mile (mi)  5,280 feet
1 mile  1,760 yards
1 nautical mile  6,076,115 feet
Capacity

1 milliliter (mL)  0.001 liter (L)

1 centiliter (cL)  0.01 liter
1 deciliter (dL)  0.1 liter
1 kiloliter (kL)  1.000 liters

1
1 teaspoon (tsp)  __ fluid ounce (fl oz)
5
1
1 tablespoon (tbsp)  __ fluid ounce
2
1 cup (c)  8 fluid ounces
1 pint (pt)  2 cups
1 quart (qt)  2 pints
1 quart (qt)  4 cups
1 gallon (gal)  4 quarts
Mass/Weight

1 milligram (mg)  0.001 gram (g)

1 pound (lb)  16 ounces (oz)
1 centigram (cg)  0.01 gram
1 ton (T)  2,000 pounds
1 decigram (dg)  0.1 gram
1 kilogram (kg)  1,000 grams
1 metric ton (t)  1,000 kilograms
Volume/Capacity/Mass for Water
3
1 cubic centimeter (cm ) r 1 milliliter r 1 gram
1,000 cubic centimeters r 1 liter r 1 kilogram

TIME
1 minute (min)  60 seconds (sec)
1 hour (hr)  60 minutes
1 day  24 hours
1 week (wk)  7 days

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1 year (yr)  12 months (mo),

or about 52 weeks
1 year  365 days
1 leap year  366 days

193

Holt Geometry

Name
CHAPTER

Date

Class

Enrichment
Name that Shape

Locate each point in the coordinate plane, label and connect the points in the order
in which they are written. Then, connect the last point to the
y
first, and write the word(s) that best describes the figure.
6

1. A (5, 2)

B (4, 2)

C (1, 3)
6 4 2

D (4, 3)

Figure ABCD is a

4
6
y
6

2. E (4, 1)

F (3, 1)

G (3, 5)
Figure GEF is a

6 4 2

2
4
6
y

3. H (2, 4)

J (2, 2)

4
2

K (1, 5)
L (1, 1)
Figure HJKL is a

6 4 2

4
6
y
6

4. M (4, 5)

N (0, 5)

P (4, 5)
6 4 2

Q (5, 2)

R (5, 2)

Figure MNPQR is a

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195

Holt Geometry

Name
CHAPTER

Date

Class

Enrichment
All About Angles

Complete each sentence below. Then, find the word in the seek-and-find and circle
it. Words may be written up, down, forwards, backwards, and diagonally.
angle.

1. An angle whose measure is less than 90 degrees is a(n)

angle.

2. An angle whose measure is exactly 90 degrees is a(n)

3. An angle whose measure is greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees
angle.

is a(n)

with a common endpoint.

4. An angle is a figure formed by two

5. The common endpoint shared by the two sides of an angle is called the
.
angles.

6. Two angles that have the same measure are called

7. If the sum of the measures of two angles is 90 degrees, then the angles are
angles.
8. If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180 degrees, then the angles are
angles.
angles.

9. Two angles that share a side and a vertex are

angles.

10. Two nonadjacent angles formed by intersecting lines are

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196

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Enrichment

CHAPTER

Angle Mania

One angle has a measure that is 20 more than one-third of one-half of the other
angle. The measure of the larger angle is twice the measure of the smaller angle.
What kind of angles are they?
To discover the answer, match each angle in Column 1 to the best description in
Column 2. The description that is not used is the answer.
Column 1

Column 2

A
D

1. B

ABD and DBC

acute angles

C
obtuse angles

2.

3.

right angles

45
30

linear pair
4.
60

120
D

G
E

5.
F

complementary angles
DEF and GEH

H
supplementary angles

6.
135

45
adjacent angles

7.
135

140
vertical angles

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197

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

CHAPTER

Enrichment

Measuring Up

Class

What Arabic numeral is equivalent to the Roman numeral MMMDCXLV?

To discover the answer, measure each of the angles below with a protractor and
then answer the four questions. Write each of your answers in the blanks provided.

1. How many of the angles are obtuse angle?

2. How many of the angles have a measure that is greater than 55?
3. How many of the angles have a measure that is less than 70?
4. How many of the angles are acute angles?

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198

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

CHAPTER

Enrichment

Really Radical

Class

The sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, is a famous sequence. After the first two
terms, each term in the sequence is the sum of the previous two terms. We see
this famous sequence in nature, music, and mathematics. Who discovered this
sequence?
To find the answer, simplify each expression in Column 1 and find the corresponding
answer in Column 2. Then, write the letter above the corresponding exercise
number.
Column 1

Column 2

1. 121

A 4

2. 36 64


B 10

3. 36 64

C 25

4. 25 9


D 6


5. 25 9


E 14

6. 49 9


F 3

7. 2 18

I 21


2

8. 9

L 7


4

9. 5

N 2

98

2

11. 144
16

10.

10

___

O 9

____

R 11

11

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199

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Enrichment

CHAPTER

Angles and More Angles

A perfect number is a number which is the sum of its own positive factors (other
than itself). For example, the following numbers are perfect.
6123
28 1 2 4 7 14
What is the next perfect number?
To discover the answer, find the value of x in each figure. Then, cross out the
answer in the box at the bottom of the page. The sum of all the remaining angles is
the next perfect number.
2.

1.
62

3.

45

37

5. x

4.

6.

7.

8.

60

3x

38
x
2x

9.

3x

100

10.

2x

11.

108

110

12.

115

13.

14.
60
5x

x
4x

13x
x

65

45

10

20

73

90

30

83

110

60

120

53

35

71

118

115

36

40

105

72

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200

Holt Geometry

Name
CHAPTER

Date

Class

Enrichment
Perimeter Practice

What is a 9-sided polygon called?

To discover the answer, match each figure in Column 1 to the figure in Column
2 whose perimeter is the same. Then, write the letter above the corresponding
exercise number.
Column 1

Column 2
15

1.

13

10

17

E
7

2.
13

16

19
13

G
20

15

24

3.

12

20

12

9
N

4.

11

13

11

11

13

19

11

18
20

4
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201

4
Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Enrichment

CHAPTER

The Right Riddle

Riddle: What has 100 legs but cannot walk?

To discover the answer, find the value of x in each special right triangle. Then,
cross out the answer and the corresponding letter in the code box. The remaining
letters will reveal the solution.
1.

2.

3.

30

45

4.

30

x
24

45

10
5.

6.

9
60

7.

8.
x

82

30

10 3

x
45

60

5 3
9.

10.

11.

12.

45

18

7 2

16

30

45

x
x

60

7 3

10

83

93 S

11

142 R

13

18

5 2 T

53 T

7 3

103 S

62 N

21

6 3 S

12 3 G

14 3 L

14

20

15

24

7 2

9 2




Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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202

H


T


12

R



16

Y


10 2 R


8 2

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Enrichment

CHAPTER

The Right Answer

Complete the crossword puzzle.

DOWN
right triangle has legs of equal length.

1. A(n)

2. The two shortest sides of a right triangle are the

3. a b c is the
2

Theorem.

4. The distance around a right triangle is its

5. The non-right angles of a right triangle are

angles.

ACROSS
.

1. The side of a right triangle that is opposite the right angle is the
2. A right triangle has exactly one angle with measure

degrees.

3. The length of the shortest leg of a 30-60-90 triangle is

of the hypotenuse.
4. A right triangle cannot be a(n)

the length

triangle.

5. The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of length 3 and 4 is
6. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the
7. The legs of a 45-45-90 triangle are
8. A right triangle can be a

side.

triangle.

1
2
1
3
2

4
4

5
5
6
7
8

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203

Holt Geometry

Name
CHAPTER

10

Date

Class

Enrichment
Finish It Off

The area of each figure is given. Plot the given points and then find the missing
coordinate(s) for each figure. Note: the missing coordinate is always positive.
1. The area of parallelogram ABCD is 28 square units.

A (3, 1)

B (4, 1)

D (9,

C (2,

4 2
2

y
6
4

2. The area of triangle EFG is 21 square units.

E (2, 2)
F (5, 2)
G (1,

6 4 2
2

y
6
4

3. The area of circle P is 25 square units.

The center of the circle is (1, 3) and the circle
passes through the point ( , 3)

2
6 4 2
2

4
6
y

4. The area of trapezoid HJKL is 42 square units.

6
4

H (2, 4)
J (

, 4)

K (5, 2)

6 4 2
2

L (4, 2)

4
y

6
6
4

5. The area of right triangle MNP is 27 square units.

M (3,

6 4 2
2

N (3, 4)

P (3, 4)
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204

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

CHAPTER

11

Class

Enrichment
Which Pie Is It?

The information provided in a table can be used to create a circle graph. Match the
table in Column 1 to the circle graph in Column 2 that presents the same distribution
of data. Each circle graph is missing one percentage. Fill in the missing number.
1. Data: Coins in a Piggy Bank
Type of Coin

Number of Coins

Quarter

45

Nickel

60

Dime

45

Penny

A.

15%

40%
35%

150

2. Data: Dollar Bills in a Bank Tellers Drawer

Type of Bill

Number of Bills

One

200

Five

80

Ten

40

Twenty

80

B.

20%

10%

C.

Color of Car

Number of Cars

Red

20

Blue

80

Black

50

White

50

??%

25%
D.

250

100

500

400

900

350

1400

150

15%

50%

??%

15%

5. Value of Paintings at an Art Show

Price Range

Number of Paintings

$100

100

$100 to $500

100

$501 to $1000

140

$1000

60

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25%

35%

4. Cell Phone Plans

Number of
Customers

50%

??%

3. Data: Cars in a Parking Lot

Number of
Minutes

??%

E.

10%
25%

??%
25%

205

Holt Geometry

Name

Date

Class

Enrichment

CHAPTER

12

Inside, Outside

What is a 7-sided polygon called?

To discover the solution, match the correct answer in Column 2 to the problem in
Column 1. Then, write the letter above the corresponding exercise number.
Column 1

Column 2

1. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a hexagon.

2.

Find x if the figure is an isosceles

trapezoid.

50

3. Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular pentagon.

A. 45

E. 90

G. 108

x
Find x if the figure is a regular
octagon.

4.

H. 120

5. What is the sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a

decagon (a 10-sided polygon)?

N. 130

6. What is the average of the measures of the angles of a

quadrilateral?

O. 135

7. x

Find x.

P. 360

8. Find the measure of each exterior angle of an equilateral triangle.

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T. 720

206

Holt Geometry