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Ramesh Babu Unit 2

unit two of ramesh babu DSP textbook for engineering students.

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Nishita Shibu
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380 views133 pages

Ramesh Babu Unit 2

unit two of ramesh babu DSP textbook for engineering students.

Uploaded by

Nishita Shibu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Introduction to Signals 1.37 1.7.3. Amplitude scaling Consider a signal x(¢) thats fed to an. amplifier with a gain 3; then the output of an amplifier can be represented by 4 ¥(0) = 3x(¢) (1.50) ‘That is the output y(¢) is identical in shape to the input signal x(¢) but its amplitude is thrice everywhere. This concept is illustrated in Fig, 1.48. 1.7.4 Time sealing Levus considera signal x(r) shown be accomplished by replacing f by arin the si Ira =2, we getanew signal in Fig, 1.500. The time scaling of a signsl'can sal (0). yt) =x(24) ‘Observe that x(¢) is switching from 0 to 1 at = —land switching from 1 to'0 at 1=3. When y(t) =x(2/), (0) switches from Oto Vat¢=—0.5 and switches from 110 Oats = 1.5. In the original signal x(¢), magnitude is equal to | at t= Oand at¢=2. Butin the time sealed signal y(t), magnitude is equalto Latr=0 and at t= 1. This behaviour shows that x(Q) is compressed in time by 2 factor 2. ) = i 0 T z > % (a) Original signal 2 yO=*20 T is 2 3 62 F BPs a. s t (c) Time scaled signal (enlarged) ‘ Fig. 1.50 ‘Time scaling in CT signal, resulting signal x(21) is shown in Fig 1.50, Let x() be an audio signal If (x(t) were recorded a vice the recording speed ee #2) is the signal played back at Introduction to Signals 1.39 Now consider another signal’ y(¢) ='x(at) witha = 42 Fig. 1.500 shows x(4) which is expanded in time by a factor 2, 1 is similar t playback the audio signal at half the recording speed, In the discrete-time case, we write ¥(n) =x(an) where a > 0. “ 30) =s(2n) Let x(n) be a'sequence shown in Fig. 1.51. Then we can plot time sealed signal v(m) by substituting different values for n. =-1 a vel) =a-2)=2 Similarly »(0) =#(0)=4 y(1) =x) =2 y@)=x4)=0 140 Signats and Systems 1.7.5 Signal addition The sum of two continuous-time signals can be obtained by adding their ‘values at every instant. Similarly the subtraction of two continuous-time signals ‘ean be obtained by subtracting their values at every instant. itt + a4ax) ayo. + 0x40) : s xy ay Fig. 1.52 (a) Addition of CT signals (b) Subtraction of CT signals, Let us consider addition and subtraction of two signals x/(#) and x2(t) as shown in Fig. 1.53a and Fig. 1.53b respectively. +x) 2 ' 2 2 @ : ry af YO=x Ot) Fig. 1.53 The addition of two signals x;(¢) and x(t) can be obtained by considering each time interval separately as follows. ej(t) = 1 for 0 0 =0 for n<0 (1.38) The graphical Fepresentation of u(n) js shown in Fig. 1.20. 43-24 0 ba 3 Fig, 1.20 Wolk step esciionoe: 1.6.2 Unit ramp sequence ‘The unit ramp sequence is defined as ria)=n for n>0 =0 for n<0 ‘Tego pet fr ston 121. (1.39) 150 Signats ane Systems (i) The signal can be expressed as . ee ae jin 5041) +:25() +28 (f—1)+26(¢=2) +... =2 3 6-0) fi =) (ii) Given Fig. 1.71 Fig. 1.70 Aad td = 'S-2=-05;8 = 8, +83+8)=240-2~9 c=¢ FEO+C:=25-05-2=0:0=D, +d, 4D, =3=1-5—0 ‘From Fig. 1h ie cam observe that ie signin the faterval O <1 < Lis r(t). Att=1; ‘The signal changes from 1 to —1 and linearly increases (with a'slope 1). coera ape obitined by subsating2u(¢—1) from (i), Fort >2 the signal is zero, ‘This can be achieved by substracting r(¢ —9), Therefore the signal is x2(0) =r(¢) —2u(y — 1)—r(e—2) (it) The signal given is shown in Fig. 1,72, Introduction to Signaly \.S1 The signal is starting frow origin with a slope 1. Therefore the part of signal in the interval 0< ¢ <1 is unit ramp signal r(t). ACt= 1, the dope of signal is changing from 1 ta —1. Therefore add —2r(¢— 1) 10 get the signal with a slope of —1_ Att =3 the signal slope is changitig from —t to, 1 Hence add 2r(¢—3). Ati =4 the signal slope is changing from | to zero, Soadd —r(~4), Now the signal can be expressed ay a(t) =r(t) =2r0—1) +2413) Hr 4) Fig, 1.74 aia anit amp signal. At = 1 he signa value changing fom Tieteoy and rman th sae valve wa = 2. Therefore i net Pe) trom r(¢). The resultant signal is parecer aa bess 6 Bay ie Se 1 <¢<2is zero. So.add —u(t—1) to the US2 Signals and Systems ‘The resultant signal due to the combination of three signals is shown in Fig, 1.735) tt) 4-1) =vtt= 3) Fig. 1.75 ‘The signal in Fig, 1.74 in the interval 0<1-< 2 can be expressed as Hi) —r(t—1) ult 1)- Repeating the above procedure, we can express x4(f) as x4(0) =r() =r(t—1) —a( — 1) +r(¢=2) —r(t 3) — u(t 3)... (v) 50 to “10 Fig. 1.76 First draw a unit step signal u(¢) as shown in Fig, 1.77a. In the given si te al noid changing fom 101 a1 = 2 and ain se amp! =4. = - is oa ‘Therefore 2u(t—2) ton{t) to get « signal ds Introduction to Signals 1.53 At t= 4 the signal amplitude is changing from —1 to 1, Therefore add 2u(t—4). If we repeat this Process we can express x5(t) as 45(t) =u(t) —2u(r—2) +2u(t—4) —2u(t -—6)+2u(t —8)—2u(r= 10)... ee Solved Problem 1.12. Find the fundamental period T of the following continuous- time signals, (i) x(t) = je (ii) sinSOm 4 (ii) 20c0s (101 +=) Solution: @ Given x(t) = je Comparing this equation with standard form (1.58) we have Qo = 5, 2x 2x Time period T= Oe == 0.4m seo (ii) Given x(t) =sin50xt; Qo=50m 5 - 2x 1 Time period T = Ee 3g see (iii) Given x(¢) = 2000s (toe + =) from which Qo= 100 “ 5 2x 2m 1 Time [== = ponod T= 0, toe = 5 °° Solved Problem 1.13 Find whether the following signals are periodic or not. G) x(¢) = 2cos(10r +1) —sin(4r —1) (ii) cos 60x + sinS0xt (iii) 2u(¢)+2sin2r Gv) 3cos4r+-2sin2zxr () ult) 5 (vi) sin? ¢ AU, Nov 2008 158° ‘Signals and Systems Solution: ©), Given. (1) = 2e0s(101 4-1) —sin(at — 1) Tume period of 2cos(l0+1) is 7) = aif sl¥ wi ls Time peripd of sin(4¢—1) is = ‘The ratio of two periods is Hy _ 5/5 2 Baas = ‘soo is a rational number. Therefore the sum of two signals are periodic and the ‘period is given by Introditction (o Signals 1.59 . 2a(t) i { \ fh / © Fig. 1.82 (B) Seos4y + 2sinar ‘The petiod of the signal 3 cos4?\is 7) = # = Ese atid the period of the signal 2sinar is: 73 = = =2ste. « ' The ratio of tine periods 3 = $=] isnot rvional mmber Therefore the signal is not periodic. ’ © 1 i (¥) Given u(t) = 3 o ct ; 4 : wot } & z ea ' : os (a) ® Fig. 1.83 4 ‘The signal is not-periodic. } (vi) The signal x(9) =sin® 1 _ bcos 2¢ - 3 ! Qn, 2x > io. } Tepid of the signals? = Z= > = wee: The sig HN Solved Problem 1.14 Find whether the foilowing are periodic of not. (i) cos(Axn) AU; May 2008 (ii) else” (ii) sin (Fo 1) (iv) EP ol Fe Wy gePre)) (vi), 12cos(207) (vif) cos (j 1) Solution: Given, @ x(n) =cos(0.1n); a = 0.1% AU; Now 2006 AU, Moy 2008 The N takes smallest positive integer valuc, when m= 1. Therefore N =20 and the sequence is periodic. Gi) 2(n) =e" i =o 2x =—m= Or ‘The smallest value m for which NV is an integer is 3. N=3Q)=1 N=1. The given signal is periodic. L62 Signals and Systems (Gil) 2m) = sin (Fat 1) on n=> 7 = (Z)a-(@)eG)" ‘The smallest value of m for which N is an imeger is 3. ve (3 =7 N=7 The given signi is periodic: vy ol 4 Ee The time period of ell F)* is soci stsivosninnne (6:30) yields «-#|f I e(f)ens (nit) a I fart. 6.32) Li ‘Similarly Te . ty = Bn -4| | e(f))sin (nQot)dt + i siosn at (6.33) T -T/e tp We know that ei action sed ton = Seen © even function x even function = even function even function odd function = odd ‘and that for any even function x(t) ‘Time Periodic Signals 5,1} i fo, . © TR 2 ~= > [ x(e)dt (5.38) qThus the Fourier series expansion of an even periodic function contains only co- -sine terms and a constant. ~ sfx(t) isan odd function, then xe(t) =0, Substituting this in Eq, (5.32) for ay gis, Ne a=3 I Holt) 608 (not)dt (5.39) iy jes bts (HGH) is even the’ product in th above integral isc, implying that . Similarly we can show that ap = 0. Applying these conditions to Eq. (5.33) a tr 1 ois que [ie "| =F [jo J TR TY pul it joe [red io(i+F) ‘| Tt 9 . 3s: ee i ae vor - Forneven eM" =1, Hence cn =0 ic Fourier series of Eq. (5.4) contains sine and cosine terms of the ). By using trigonometric identity, we can write an 08( not) + by Sin(nQot) = An [eos(nQot + @n)] (5.42) ys we obtain cosine representation of x(t) which contains sinusoids of frequen- Fe gags Thats ies 0, 2200°-* . x(t) =do-+ D Ancos not + O) (5.43) I n=l (5.44a) (5.44b) 1 a (5.44e) series and the number 6s are a 7 ae T [ xi) sin(nlot)dt'| Sine te v TR 1a A |r if x(#)sin(nQar)de | odd w only 4 7 [ Mivostiag tr =35 (5.46) ex “ni Dy ir =0 (5.47) jolution: i ee O<1<2 Se : — Thessignal We pees ion Bhatt ti ahs ei =F =1 . 653 ‘The interval of integration is from tq = 0 to +7 = 2m. But during the interval Arsen tole Algnal ine ico: vAINe) id, 658) Ber Bint Sia $.17 fees. cot dt - “5 - “nel | =0 Avinkcintdl= 5, / sin x Gea bi —— OO 2 5.18 Signitly and ‘Systents Eq, i sine Fourier series, we obtai suiting? Ea, (5:57) im abe deintion of the cos a i) cya) = eHow! x) =o D a feo" +e ] Abily sa] =H + Lz ite aid a Ar eps] = ly (gene's + M =dy+ ot = = Ay ct) tH Ate (4%) estan, Shek Bi) gi—My (5.58) weal ie Letn = —h in the second summation of Ea. = (Ax = (4, = An it) iat Ak se) kr xi) ar 3(F ye +E, (30 e (5.59) Comparing Eq; (5-58) and Eq. (5.59) we can note that Au=Ai (-0)=% fog 6a) (5:58), then | ‘Let us define y= Ag, = Sen >0 sty) Ercan ees to:nithe Eq, (5.59) can be combined into 4 single rom Ei Multip! Substi in'Eq sis of Continvous-Timé Periodic Signtls 5.19 a K Aan= Eel == (5.64) Z | [ Multiply Eq: (5.64) by e720 and integrate over one period. Then iT wile / ate Pat = [ [3 cate] ela L i a nT = a i elite HE ar (5.65) weed x= 3 cot noe een Ee | =eo+ so cel + y eer Soa rae mh | Since: oy isa complex'nimber se know y= jonle!“*" Ge we feenlel (6.70) Note that nl =|e-,| and Ze, = —Ze=» Thuscog= eM 7) Pos i k@lat <= 6.74) _ ‘The Dirichlet conditions permit a Rate amnber Or discontinuities in each pe- as shown in Fig. 5.7. g aspect of Fourier series s to an average of the left (6.75) 5, 2 2k _E : Qy= ee (5:76) 7) Solution: The time period of the signal x() is T =4 s i | | : [roe 4 Fig. 5.9 ‘The signal x(¢) is defined oyer the interval fg = —2 to fo + T =3 as follows x(t) =1+2for —2<1<-1, =1 for—1 | x(t —to)e at © Lett—t =p, then Fourier Series Analysis of Continuous-Time Periodic Signals 5.31 “qe right-hand side of the above equation represents Fourier series synthesis equa- gion for x(—f), with the Fourier series coefficients c_,. Therefore we can write FSix(=1)|=c_5 ‘That is, the Fourier series coefficients of the time reversal of a signal are time of the Fourier series coefficients of the corresponding signal. IF x(—r) js even, that is x(—1) = x(1), then its Fourier series coefficients are also even en =0-n- Similarly, if x(t) is odd, so that x(—r) = —x(s), then its Fourier series coefficients are also odd c_, =—c, « Forx(t) even, the sequence of coefficients is also even. » For x(#) odd, the sequence of coefficients is-also odd. 5.8.4 Time scaling The time scaled signal of x(r) Is denoted as x(ar). If a < 1, the resulting time signal is expanded version Of x(¢). Ifa > 1, the signal x(ar) is compressed x(at). It the fundamental period of x(r) is T, then the fundamental ‘of x(at) is T//a, and the fundamental frequency in 29. The Fourier series coefficients of x(a) {s samie as x(¢), but the harmonics are now at the frequencies east FSjx(at)] = cy 6.94) “and the Fourier series coefficients (6.95) (6.96) Gan 5:32 Signals end Systems ant Ba 6.98) in Eg (5-99) ‘Substitute Eq. (5.97) Det pas | 5 ee pass FsmeOl=7) 20 niet (5.99) - ee a proof “We know x)= 3 ac ‘Applying conjugation on both sides we get x= x Cyto ay = y ctor -. arse@j-c,_ (6.101) Hence F(x} = FS|x"(1)| which implies “5.8.8 Parseval's theorem 1 period 7. If the ith the ea and 22(f) then cone we pie a cpa Fourier series coe! yer Nf x(a 7] (Os (5.102), (6.103) a Let x(t) be areal signal with fundamental period 7 and Fourier series coeflicients cq Then (a) Show that if e, =c®,, and:co must be real {b) Show that if x(1) is even, then its Fourier series coefficients must be real and even. a If xl) is odd signal with fundamental period 7 and Fourier series coet- ficients ¢, then show that ay =0 and c, are imaginary and odd, (ii) Lette) and (1) have Fourier coefficients c, and dy respectively. Then prove that Fourier coefficients of x(r)y(r) are given by EZ crdn—i {o== 5.36 Signalsund System isince a= OP" we get jeeeiaen =* aja =4 = je’ =? The coofficients are imuginary we eet a rae ae | ae. in _t The time period is T=4=>O0= FD The signals that satisfy the aboxe conditions a2 a ae Belt — Vane = * (on), _ Fourier Series Analysis of Continuous-Time Perioilic Signals 5.37 t 4) EO IEASIA)] = eu PSN =— rf ere MOM de — rf ape "dp = cn ate. ok FSfri(0)) =—=S— 5.38 Signalsiand Systems | Ifthe period of x(#) is T, then the period ofx(2r—!) 1s 7/2. “The Foutier coefficients of x(24) are 6»: on ves Hour cocmnitents FC 1) ES bax teow 4 Problem 5.45 Lets) eave signal wit Fundamental period ‘Tand Fourier coefficients cr | |) Brove that the Faurier coefficients of xe) are equal to Re{¢y}. (t) are equal to jlm{¢n}- (i) Prove that the Fourter coefficients of 0 = ' } Fourier Series Analysis of Continuous-Time Periodic Signals 5.39 F oes ‘We know } all) =00+ ¥ (anos nMot + bysinnDat) was fae) an (sey mat BA (F +g) (3-2) -} wath, 3 — elit s Flea + jy) new S40 Signals and Systems . 3 2 part (ii) n= 2 li + (nt) | e ‘The coefficient of cos3ar can be obtained by expanding the above series Os G+ (0) ote Gj +28?) PM Lo 4 (3+0nr)e™* G+ or) ae. 492) soanesa (jt )ootee~ “The coefficients of cos 3m is. 2(5 +90) =e (#) be-a period sign | whose Fourier series coeth- aie r AU Dec 2006 ‘Fourier Series Analysis of Continuous-Time Periodic Signals 5.41 - ‘Therefore by =0 for n=0 n2m 1"! . =" (5) otherwise 2x fil PST G _ 2m (1\""! ron () Using the Fourier Series es jocks dc and fre. 5.2 Signals and Systems ed power. vhich bl hone system w é J transted tO re received power? transmit ra If this signal Hz, compute quencies above 12 Solution: Given x(t)= atom cos 20.00000) cos soot) eos(20! 00x?) =(I- 1 (25,0004) — 1 4 99(15,000zt) = cos(20,000%!) = 3 goost 1 —cos2t=2sin*r 2e0sAcosB =cos(A—5) 4eos(A +8) Gy Average power P + blocks the compo- telephone system it therefore the signal When the signal is transmitted through & greater than 12KH2, nent }.00s(25,000n1), a5 its frequency 1s at the receiver end Is je) =exs(20,000%0)) —5 cos(15,000H?) ‘The average received power \ 5.40 Fourier Spectrum ‘ourier spectrum of a periodic: Foie Ee eo The plot of (*) can be obtained fauplnide SE Fotis ee ee Coefficients versus 2 15 known as amplitude spectra, and the The tee ga Phase Fours % metrilents vers | 5 net) Tris . together ar spectra } ‘ ote nitee are known as Fourier frequency ‘he ampt and phase of the Fourier Fourier Seriés Analysis of Continuous-Time Periodiy Signals 5.43 ‘Table 5.2 Properties of. quatnbat time Fourier series ‘Siti Pevigd = Fourier series coefficients Fundamental Ae _ iy & as = x0) a “ea Ax) AO Aen Bd, ale 4) Re(e,} =Rele-n) fon{cn} =—Im(e—n) Jeal| = lea 5.48 Sighaleand Systems pt aypressed assum of expo. Aik of dic’signal is EXP In exponsial Four series tbe PeMBE SEN SO qe, The amplitudes neentia| function of eomples frequencies: OLIN: 2° V1 Therefore we can ae pee feacesme To at ra sie pectrum ( ‘4 eee iac| vs (2) and phase spec Zeus iN two spectra: the magnitudes cram ([6) fF ane w ppectra: the mag! oe and negative frequencies. Hence ‘the The spectra can be plotted for both pes ne hwonsided spectra. ries representations __ Formulas for the coefficients yor == 9 fn “=F if x{tje ae cs Trigonometric form % Sy 2 or xt) = 2 + Zil@ conte a=% / Me ceaiCiodh Li +besinnQy = 038) ; fest mas boas if Meysinntir dt nS12,, 5.4 Se wre i 2)= 3+ Sasi) Aixam ‘ | ict Pourner Senes Analysis of Continuous-Time Perovic otgnals _ Table 5.4 Fourier series of periodic signals a * 7 a A SI Ee | = x(t) = 4! (sin Qo + $sin 3Qp7 + } sin SQor + a A My ry f 2A 44 1 / X= — —— F —— cos 2H Qor a2 Ta RK Sar yy =? 72 t : ey 2 12 \ x(t) Tos :2 2 2hnt i nina] +5, don —T2 Te n=l ‘Fourier Series Analysis of Continuous-Time Poriodic Signals 5.47 determine the fundamental frequency 9, and the Fourier series coefficients Cy such that ~ x)= Sy eel Solution: Given ~ x(t) = 2 +cos (%) +4sin (F) The time period of the signal cos (F) is Ta Basse SAB, Signals andl Systems tse fie ete Fourier series representation of the signal shows, for different values of 7, Solved Problem 5.21 Find:he phase spectrum Fig. $.14 and plot amplitude and! fey emi 549 li sind im oa @ 2a Shan ia spectrum for T =5 is shown jy ‘5:50. Signatsand Systonis The plot of magnitude (|Cy!) and the Phase Fig..5.18., 3 mois i ie |i in() _y> ey =0 c= 6-6= = 0.03118; Leg=—m; Leg = o=ca= sin7x/5 sees ==0.043; Zoy=—a; Zea=0 heg= =m, 2e-g=% ee S52 Signalsaud Systems saleelS) 0.129: Zy=0 Lei =0 in (32 sin) ois: Ze=0; Ze2=0 = rete Series Analy of Coniuous Time Peroc Signals 5.53 he magnitude nnd phase spectrum for 7 =15 is'shown in Fig. 5.20. Practice Problem 5.7 jodic rectangular wave from shown, Obisined the Fourier components of the Per? May 2005, Nov 2005 z in Fig:5,23. Ta 0 14 Fourier Series Analysis of Continuous-Time Periodic Signals 5.55 i i 1 ge Psi |! linn a bre ln 4D |e fer" 1] jan 4n2n? Fourier Series Analysis of Continuous-Time Periodic Signals 9.97 t eae ‘dt fe “alee le ela) 0 L forma i etter 0 i 1 = efile On) lo (eattene = :)} = x(t) (a) Determine the Fourier series represeniauion ed of continuous-time (Gi) Use the resutt of part (i) an he differentiation ProPe= Foutier series to termine the Fourier coefficients sf AU May 2008 Solution: oO ‘The signal is sketched as shown in Fig.5.28(2. Fourier Series Analysis of Continuous-Time Periodic Signals 5.59 IEFsfe(t)] 15 ¢y then FS eal = jnmey We know #5 [22] ua The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 6.1 Introduction Inthe previous chapter we studied that any continuous - time periodic signal, sat- isfying Dirichlet’s conditions can be expressed as linear combination of complex exponer eals /(hat the constants in the linear combination are known liscrete. The Fourler series provides us -signal. But Fourier series as such can- By applying certain conditions to the 62 Signals and System The Continuoas-Time Fétivier Transform 6.3 ns The ist 22 value Of the envelope of thespébtriin occurs when n = “| othe frequency of the fitst zero crossing is x. Somiana¥e ‘That is as T tends ij zero amplitude components yi ‘ With 2sinnQo (65) sepa fr dient beso are shown in Fig. 63, from which wy seeaieaiion of Fourier coefficient are ote —_— .—_ + = 6.16 Sienals ana Sy'ems : ¢ ‘This can be expressed as os ee lent) 3 w= x +z" (63) ___-a5 , ‘The Foutiet transform of and sen) 1 sos ' ‘are 25 (2) and Ay respectively: a ' Therefore : | ruon=tpesionrt(%) v0 = ult) 0) ae : ! Fig. 6.13 Steps to obtain the unit step signa, ~ ee problem 6.4 an the Fourier transforms of following signals. May, 2004 JNTU ) ae cet) Gi x(=e iii) en *lll sgn(t) @ = 1 pxum= i ae 1 dt = 1 2a o - Kya fe drt f em IO pp ep ny AUR = etn atin P+ i) XG) = je eA sgn) ed = i A eI dt ef te dt rm of some Standard signals - | Nov.2009, JNTU Nov 2006 May 2006) = 2nd errs = Taine =) (6.36) That is (5) fx sine (¥) (637) ‘The amplitude spectrum is shown in Fig: 6.15. AtQ=0; sine (9°) =r; Therefore X(UQ) at = 0is equal tor. A wsine (}) = 0; That is PR ee : ‘The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 6.21 wea) cer, fae (2) 62 practice Problem rind ihe Fourier transform of the following gvetsinsu(t) Gi) ule) ity eM sin Sie] for alle practice Problem 6.3 Find the Fourier transform of a gate pulse of unit height, unit width and cen- \epatitr=0) 65 Properties of Fourier Transform Inthis section we will discuss about some’ of the important properties of Fourier ‘tansform, which enable us to find Fourier transform of complex signals. In addi- tion these properties provide us a significant amount of insight into time domain _and frequency domain descriptions of a signal. | Unwrty Fourier transform of the sum of two ‘anarbitrary 6.22 Signals and Systems ya) . 4 sing | 05: os ‘ me Fig. 6:18 a Solution: i ata ee canbe expressed a5 (2) =2 6 (@+ 3%) +0.5:6(0+2a) + ‘We know F* (8Q))= 2 (2) +05 8(Q—Ay) +2 5(Q~2q, : a 55 5 s ; ; [$$ coved] =r[3]-F[5 om 6] ete FU=2" §(Q) and’ Fleos Qyt] = w [8(2+ 05) + 5(Q2—Qp)} a Fn =3 Pr 5(Q))-5 w[6(0+6) +8(0-6)) =548(0)— 5 n9(0+6)~5 n5{0-6) Se SEES and i =H 4. (XQ) [i ny (ja) = Le . = = 01+ (XU) (4p result rane A eat hs i se multiplying the Fourier transform by e~!%, Tha ik ee siting by de oe but introduces a linear Phase shift ce phase ect That isa time shift au in eee shift in the Sacer ime ris shifted in phase bY an amouny x transform. Each frequency component 'S sl Solved Problem 6:9 Find he Fourier transform ofthe signal shown in Fig. 6.19 The Continvous-Time Fourier Transform 6.25 Fig. 6.20 aa oie ee ase Seas of rectangular pulse Fix) = xO) ‘Using time reversal property x(a) =F) = Fin (-0) =%4 (99) 7 1 SU) =a CP) a8 J 1 Fle u(-)1= a 654 Frequency shifting property ‘According to this property multiplication of the signal eft with x(t) shifts the Senay acne } If Fls@)|=*U9) then F[x(¢je™] =x[j(Q-2o)] (645) Solved Problem 6.16 Prove that pecessary and sufficient comin: for x(!) wove reat x" U2) =X"(—J2) toy dt conjugate of XU) is Solution: oe. . Weknow xUa)= J xne™ Tex(t) ss real x7(1) =x(t)- The ¢ x"(jQ)= lj qe 4] () at jaince’ x)= *()] ‘The Continuous-Time Foures Transform 639 hn oF a EP pemsite Fika(®)) =Fie(t) x" (-1)] 4 Tai) pretol=F | [xoxt-2) a| ; = [ore —t)dt dr = L Jooemal] x(aje™ al =4 Ted ags (6:68) Letr—tT=A |” —dt=di 60. Signals and System® 5 f the signal x(r) =! Solved Problem 6.17 Find the Fourier transform of the $1 x(t) = re Solution: ‘We know that 2 F {sgn (l= FQ Eee. Fete a : F xqy=20x-J) Applying the dual property 1 hy) F [F] asses : = F( =i esen(-J9) eas rsgniO) | oa te —jnsgn G2) - HEEL SOTUOUS: Fe Oe ee =f [aon 0a ap "Ss f x(a) | iE Kine a ede =A(jQ) if alte Mae =H(jQ)X(jQ) FeO AG] =XGQ)\AUQ) . (6.70) 642 Sighalsand'S) xg 4 % 2 a0 ® A x awe - ~ 0 a) tb), Fig. 6.25 ai js convolution of theirs. i Se oT dividual transforms. Hence rs The Continuous-Time Fourier Tansform 683 I * Ne in IL ¥UQ) / soe mal dQ (6.72) ; bel)Par = 1 = 5 / PuaKMea = [xumpan ‘The term [A'(j2/ is often referred to as the energy density spectrum of the signal ttl, Tae a xu) anki UO) exc) 2ext-ja) ei ] “The Contintious-Time Fourier Transform 6.49 ‘Let the Fourier transform of the signal x(0) be X(jQ). ope find the Fourier transform of the following @ x()=x(2—-1)4+x(-2-1) (W a2(t) =x(2r—3) (w) a= ee 4 Solution: x1()=x(2-1)+x(-2-1) ‘The Fourier transform of x(—#) can be obtained using time reversal Using time shifting property Fix(—)] =X(—jQ) a Fie(2—1)| =e 9x(—0) Similarly Fix(-2-1)}= ex(-j0) f Flsi(¢)) = eX (—jQ) +e-X(—jQ) = 2X(—j2) c0s20 (i) Fh(t—3)) =e P2x(9Q) aa — x(t) in terms of a Fourje, f x oe 7” r r = 2 oe sxe) wat ‘The Foutter tansform of (0) 2 yer E a) xy) = FRU z= x cyt (e"™*'] aon = @8(2—n2) a) git exten mos and ce gheny 2 where the cy 5 are the 2 sin =+1 for k= 1,3,5,7--- =0 for k=0,2,4,6- 651 (6.78) el _— “6.52 signs ana soser® f | golved Problem 6:24 rns a - following signa a fans v3) 8-2)" ia ar Given pcifwsocalesjent-3)°°0-I u X(jQ)= [sfeceoslera)”? (-3) Ke nema 2 ; ‘ a tous fos)" ’ &) Fils a = nema iy aver xf) =te u(t). We know. Flew} =— 3+jQ Using differentiation in time propetty we have Flex(n)= i wa) Applying the above property to x(t) we obtain eal Deyo = v) 1 = peal ‘ 1-j2 1 by en em : : Pio [ae eae =f ~ 1+ = 2 e! —2QsinQ) i = rare Pome? . ele ne it | solved Problem 6.23 Find inverse Fours ansform of I = XQ) = Jo “ Gar | j ers Peel = ep + ‘ si . ‘Therefore 7 Pe <3 i= o Fite Ol= Gap (oH Ss Ath ‘ind inverse Be transform y XU) =c0s(2):1) < = =0 ] | pooner} ent ne - oe : fs = | etisalat + gene mlat {i | z evaorsral 1 vovemal 1 1 ety, =4 {jee TOO) cee t + yayaraay FFI), ol eg ere (a) ait = ~ The Continuous-Time Foutier Transform 6.57 y ate the signal again we get se- 10 ve ‘ofimpulses as shown in Figure 6.27(c). 29) =F [2] = (j2)X(jQ) Z(jQ) = F [10 6(Q-+4)—206(Q) +106(Q—4)] = 104? 204.10 e420 =20 (cos4~1) > (;9)'XGQ) =20(cos. 40 ~1) we now xua)=Fin®) —ailt— rm = x9) -M UD) & ar ¥l Q —jar =m ah (©) See page number 6.19. 6.7 Modulation | ‘The frequency range audible ‘o human beings, known as audible range, is betygs, | 201Hz and 20kHz. However the frequency spectrum of human voice and mje | lies between 200 Hz and 4kHz. Signals in the audible range are not transmingy directly for the following reasons, 1. ‘The wave length of audible signals is very long, To transmit such signals the size of antenna must be at Ieast‘one tenth of the signal wave lengh 1 For example, consider a 1500 Hz signal. The wave length of the signal is 3x 108/1500 =2 x 105 meters, and the antenna height required Is aleax 0.2 10° meters. This is impractical. 2, The audio signals attenuate rapidly in the atmosphere. interference will er 2 will occur if two or more audio signals are transmit! The Continuows-Tinte Fourier Transform — 6.59 Ffx(f)}=X(/Q) then 1 qyaye Fee msoet = HXiIO+0. y+x7(a- ay} (6.89) [xa AN fe ae B, a DD 0, 00, “O,) =P -(0.40,) J DDy Me Oy Fia.829.(@) Spectrum of modulating signal (message) (0) Spectrum of AMSC Spectrum of AM signal From Eq; (6:89) we find that the components, one having = ani s{(a-201* (ar oN 65 L +}{xyea- 9.)}+X O42] (69 . ples f x(t) is shifted to +, r It is plotted in Fig. 6.29 we see that spe £ resenct 2, ffeoce beranen Vga) and YulCiO) isthe nomresence And Presence ot spectrum of cos®.t, respectively. I ee ee SR Solved Problem 6.27’ Using the modulation theorem find the Fourier tra, form of y(t) =A rect (£) cos 2m fet GNTU May 2005 Given Ho) =Areet (4) cos 2m fet Let tie sransform of A(O=F U2) a A cos: 7 a ed Asi axtoi=F lio —) z ats > Fihte eyo" ~ F einem =F Aia-2,)4" 1 a = AL(Q+a.)) ie Gini be Fourier transform oF the following (NTU May 2005) —_— then the output poem" x= poo Pe em J acy de were ze Ih purl) Now #° We kriow that num) [oe®ee ‘Therefore ea es (695) a function of the system and #(f) ir : The Comiouos Tan Fourie Tana 6.68 property of Fourier transform we know ¥GQ) = X(jQ) H(jQ) (6.98) > Hu), (699) 2), ¥ (2) and H(jQ) are the Fourier transform of the input x(¢), out- * ae impulse response h(?) respectively. fevnecn ie 5 nuayt ! ya) n (52) HUQ) = a ae (6.100) enue ‘ju above cesult also can be obtained by applying Fourier transform to both sides i (698). That is alsa 5 40| (610) ‘&ie4 sinus and Systems re Solved Problem 6.29 The input a ated by the differential ‘equation £50) pp +19 HO ¥ ithe output of a causal LTI s im SEM ey ci (a) Find the impulse respons? of the system: ifx(t) Ste): (b) ‘What is the response ofthis sytem Solution: Given enor fly (= 200) | di (6.106) in Eg: (6.105) we have = 1 2 ~ yya= Gram Geena) “ey Gi D = gaia" GarF asa * Gary Gara) Cara 1 = War RAF GaP Gaya “aH ; Fo abe tue) =# eta ery —} Ze u(t) (6.107) (6.108) then meee Sy ar, 1 Fletul= T+ ja ein Flere 10) = T4972 “0 The Continuous-Time Fourict Transform 6.67 am 6.33 Findithe Fourier transfoim of x(0) = combr(*) X(t) comb (11 (6.116) (6.117) (6.118) tj 6.119) (6.120) (6.121) ae 2an 5s T ) =e COMB (i) (6, “Ay ‘The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 6.69 ‘Gaussian modulated cosine signal x(t) = e-* cosQ. -qhe Fourier transform of the function is xya)=Fbe|= f xpear = J on eI = [es dt ~~ 2 mettte | ee Ya ee F letp =t¥a+ 9%, ase = dp= Vad “The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 6.7! - e{n (+3)| = oll) sine (6.127) similarly | 3 ela(- 3)|=ere anes (6.128) Fixit) =¥(U2) =e! sine 2 +e sine a = Qs =2sine 2 cos 50 (6.129) Te sia) can be obtained by adding the flowing signals ‘6:72, Signals.and Systems bt sster With FERHENY rpg ; sem 6.37 Consider AU APR 2g, | 90M 1 HUO)= Fa43 ce the output Fora particular input x() this system ipobeer o ipa ; aeermat ol ‘The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform, 9! 6.38 Using partial fraction expansion find inverse Fourier trans~ ‘ SjQ+12 ie ty) XU9)= Gop ysGay+6 w m= ae . SjQ+12 ; XU0)= Gams mn 5j412. (6.138) (6.139) a 6:74 Signals pan Systeme =a 1 q r = MUM= 47a (ry, sett alaern) (6. ON 1 = U2)= FFA (6.143, Convolution of x) (r)and-x2(t) 18 a(t) =ai(t) 72(0 (6.14 ‘Taking Fourier transform on both sides we get x2) =¥iY)UQ) The Continuous-TimeFourter Transform 6:75 _a-ja ; HUD) = Fa 147) fa=jQ) _ vate (UO) = a) = Varsae =! (6.148) = (4=J9) (a~ ja) BU) = (ar 78) (a= ja) = (@-i9)? _ Po? jaan aes ae 2a a (6.149) (6.150) (6.151) 10) |R+ 55] = X(j2) oy. Me = 109) = Free (6.156) Bet Ie ag YU) =a" jarcs yoy = 200) = Y (6.157) XQ) jarc+1 i ¢ ———— 153) UO) =eree ith H(jQ) = -tan™ "ORC (6.159) are and /HUa)=—vin'2 (6.160) wes of the values of [XO snd UO) ae caloulated and ‘The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform: 6.77 | oa “Signalsand mn 1 Sys! tems! Solved Problem 6.42 Find the inverse Fourier tntin Fig: 6.37 and Fig. 638: yuan 10 srunsfotin of X(7Q) far ais, Pe, ¥Ua) = UME” aaa =o for —O, < 2S Q, 2, a(O= x ei eID ‘The Continuous-Time Fourier Transom 9° a eH Ps é = glee tl 1 ia 2(1—cosQqt) ‘how different phase spectra (Though the amplitude ‘the Fourier transform on the signal x(1) = determine Fourier transform of Tee 6.80 ‘Signals and Systems ive a transform of even es e ‘The signal x(t) is real. ‘Therefore the Fourier Part of the, Con Is given by 56 “pein {yore} Fe {xU9)} an “The inverse Fourier transform of Re(X(/9)} = Ile eH Thereture we can weite }{x(t)-ta(—1)) = Ile a “The sign xe) = 0 for <0, which implies that the Folded verstonx(-1) 9 be 1 > 0. Substituting this condition we get 3) =\le" = x(f)=2e* Solved Problem 6.45 Let-x(/) be a signal with Fourier transform mining Bez) 0 4) iven HO) = u(t) —u(t—4) onsideraxectanglar pulse T(Z) with 5 = 3 as shown in Fig: 6.40 Then the Fourier transform of the signal is Fin) =" ‘The signal h(t) =a(*-2). Hence nya) = 4S Fix(@) *h(@)] =XUM)HUQ) ‘The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform ©. nf) 2.0 2 Fig. 6.40 =|5(a)+8(a-3) +8(0-4)] 4S oo vo pales in3 5g shown in Fig-6.41. sc att ce Fourier transfor G~ a 1 = 3 Fig. 6.41 tan(o= 404) ea 2 \e Weknow Fha(?)sni)] = UMM) ai 113? 2 wean write ya) = 30 (eB 4 <7) fp =. fr) (-)} =i" —— +P [xa(inje"*) } = 1 for 24S? we Shee —*+Z ers opapmnetst owe XU! aati trtsts? xU0)= jo dt = Area of x(t) for —3 <1'< 1+ Area of x(f) for -2<1<0 + Area ofx(t) for0<1<1 =10)+2a+5} +e a kal res

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