UNIT VECTORS

- are vectors whose magnitude is exactly one(1) and used to point a

particular direction.

iii - points to (+)x axis.

ij

jjj - points to (+)y axis.

jk

kk - points to (+)z axis.

k
z

i
j
k

UNIT VECTORS
- are used as a another way of writing a vector.

A = Ax ii + Ay ij + Az ik
Axii

Ayij

- Vector Components

Ay

- Scalar Components

j
Az jik
k
Ajx
k
k

j
k

Az

A =

Ax=2 +=Ay2=+ A=z2 - Magnitude of the Vector

UNIT VECTORS
- are used as a another way of writing a vector.

A = Ax ii + Ay ij + Az ik
j o N of jE;
Given the vector A = 5 v, 53.13
k

j
k

Ax = 5 Cos 53.13o
Ax = 3
Ay = 5 Sin 53.13o
Ay = 4

Ayij

Az = 0

j
k

53.13o

Axii

A = 5 v, 53.13o N of E = (3 ii + 4 ij ) v
x

UNIT VECTORS
A vector, A = 4ii - 2 ij

jy j

ij
ik

Az ik = 3 ik

j
k

+ 3 ik , would mean;

Ax ii = 4 ii
ii

k Ay ij = -2 ij
j
k

jk

Ak

x
A =

2 + (3)2
(4)=2 + =(-2)=
=

A =

29= = 5.39
= =v =

UNIT VECTORS
Vector Addition/Subtraction

A B = (Axii + Ay ij + Az ik) (Bxii + By ij + Bz ik)

A B = (Ax j Bx)ii +j (Ay jBy) ij + j(Az Bjz) ik j
k
k j
j k
Example 1. Given the following vectors:
k
k

A = (-2ii + 3ij + 4 ik)m

a) B - A + C

j
k

j
k

k j

C = (-5ii - 2 ij + 2 ik)m

B = (3ii + ij - 3 ik)m
j

b) C - B - A

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Vector by a Scalar
A b = C - The product is another vector and takes the
direction of the given vector.
Example 2. Given the following, determine (a) a B and (b) a C.
a = 25 kg
B = 4 m, N10oE
C = (-5 ii -2 ij + 2 ik)N
j

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Scalar or Dot Product
A B = c - The dot product between two
vectors is a scalar quantity.

A B = ABCos

Where:
A & B magnitudes
of
the
given vectors
< - lesser angle between vectors connected tail-to-tail
Cases:

i.0o < 90o - Parallel or Acute Angle; A B is (+).

<
>
ii.90
o< 180o - Anti-parallel or Obtuse Angle; A B is (-).
>
o>
iii.
= 90
- Perpendicular; A B is zero(0).
>

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Scalar or Dot Product
Example 3. Given the following, determine the scalar product
between the given vector quantities.
A = 25 v, 25o S of W
B = 40 v, N10oE

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Scalar or Dot Product

A B = (Axii + Ayij + Az ik) (Bxii + By ij + Bz ik)

Multiplying, first, jvector A
j = Axiij+ Ayij + A
j z ik to jBxii , it jwill give us
the following:
j +1 j
k
k
k
k j 0k j
k 0
i ii)
(Axii + Ayij + Az ik) Bxii = AxBx(ii ii) + AyBx(ji ii) + AzBx(k
k

j (i
i ii) j= 1(1)
jCos
;j

k (i
ji

k k

kiji
jiki
jkii
kiji

= 0o ;j jCos 0 = +1j j
=k(jiij)
k= (ki k)
i k k
k k
jii)k= +1
j j j j
kj(-i)
i = 1(1)
Cos
; = 180o ; Cos 180 = -1
k(-i)
kij k
=
ij = -1
i=k
ik k(-k)
i
(-j)
j
j o j
j
j
k
ij = 1(1)
Cos
; = 90 ; Cos 90 = 0
=ij iik=iik ki=kik ii k= ij ki = ik ij
ijj k= 0
j j j j j j j j j j
j

jk k

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Scalar or Dot Product

A B = (Axii + Ayij + Az ik) (Bxii + By ij + Bz ik)

Multiplying, first, jvector A
j = Ax iji+ Ay j i+ A
j z k i to jBx i ,i it jwill give us
the following:
j
k
k
kj +1 j k j 0 k
k 0
i ii)
(Axii + Ayij + Az ik) Bxii = AxBx(ii ii) + AyBx(ji ii) + AzBx(k
k
(Axjii + Ayjij + Az jik) Bxjii = AxBxj j

It follows
that:
jk
jk

jk

jk

k k

k
j j

k k

(Axiki + Ayikj + Az ikk) Byikj = AyBy

(Axiji + Ayijj + Az ijk) Bziji = AzBz
jk
Therefore!
jk
k

jk

jk
k

k
A
B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

k k

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Scalar or Dot Product
Example 4. Determine a) dot product and b) angle between the given
vectors:

A = (-2ii + 3ij + 4 ik)m

B = (-5 ii - 2 ij + 2 ik)N

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Vector or Cross Product
A x B = C - The cross product between two
vectors is another vector quantity.

- Magnitude
A x B =AB Sin

Where:
A & B magnitudes
of the
given
vectors
- lesser angle between vectors connected tail-to-tail

5. Given the following, determine the magnitude and
Example
direction vector product between the given vector quantities.
A = 25 v, 25o S of W
B = 40 v, N10oE

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Vector or Cross Product
AxB=C
First Vector

Product
Second Vector

Right-Hand Rule: Direction

- The index finger points to the
direction of the first vector.
- The middle finger points to
the direction of the second
vector.
- The thumb points to the
direction of the product.
- First & second vectors lie on
one plane and the product is
perpendicular to the plane.

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Vector or Cross Product

i
A x B = (Axii + Ay ij + Az ik) x (Bxii + By ij + Bz k)
j
j give us
Multiplying, first, vector
Aj = Axii +j Ayij + Ajz ik to Bjxii , it will
the following:
j k 0j
k
k
kj
kj
k
i x ii)
(Axii + Ayij + Az ik) x Bxii = AxBx(ii x ii) + AyBx(ji x ii) + AzBx(k
k

Sin
; = 0o ;
(ii x ii) = 1(1)

k i i k ki ik i
i k
(ij xji) = 0 = (j x j) = (k x k)

k
j

Sin 0 = 0
k

j j
j
j
kj kj
ii x (-i)
i =
Sin
; = 180o ;
1(1)
k k
k k
k k

iji x (-i)
ij =
ij x(-j)
i =ik x (-k)
i
0 =
jk

jk

j j
j
k

j
k

Sin 180 = 0

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Vector or Cross Product

i
A x B = (Axii + Ay ij + Az ik) x (Bxii + By ij + Bz k)
j
j give us
Multiplying, first, vector
Aj = Axii +j Ayij + Ajz ik to Bjxii , it will
the following:
j k 0j
k
k
kj
k
-kk j
j
i x ii)
(Axii + Ayij + Az ik) x Bxii = AxBx(ii x ii) + AyBx(ji x ii) + AzBx(k
k

k
k
j Sin
ii xj ij =
j; =j 90o; Sin j90 j= +1
1(1)
ii xk ij =
+1,
along
k(+)z
-kaxis
k
j j
i
jii x ijj = +k
k k
j
kji jki

k ikj x ii = +1,kalong
k (-)z - axis
k k
i
jij x iji = -k

j x k = +1, along (+)x - axis

kjk
i xjkij = j+1, along (-)x - axis

kijj x kjik = +i
ki

kjk
i xkjij = k-i
i

jki kij
j
k x i = +1,
along (+)y - axis

j
iikj x k
ikj = +1,
along (-)y - axis

kijk xjkii = +j
ki

ijik x k
jik = -kij

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Vector or Cross Product

i
A x B = (Axii + Ay ij + Az ik) x (Bxii + By ij + Bz k)
j
j give us
Multiplying, first, vector
Aj = Axii +j Ayij + Ajz ik to Bjxii , it will
the following:
j k 0j
k
k
kj
k
-kk j
j
i x ii)
(Axii + Ayij + Az ik) x Bxii = AxBx(ii x ii) + AyBx(ji x ii) + AzBx(k
k

ii

k
j

ik
j

j
k

ii

ij

j
k
i

ij

i
A x B = (Ay Bkz - Az Bky)ii + (Az Bx - Akx Bz)ji +k (Ax By - Ay Bx)k
j

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Vector or Cross Product

i
A x B = (Axii + Ay ij + Az ik) x (Bxii + By ij + Bz k)
Using Matrix

ii

ij

i
k

ii

ij

Aj x

Aj y

Aj z

Aj x

Aj y

Bx

By

Bz

Bx

By

i
A x B = (Ay Bz - Az By)ii + (Az Bx - Ax Bz)ji + (Ax By - Ay Bx)k
j

MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Vector or Cross Product
Example 6. Determine a) cross product(magnitude & direction) and
b) angle between the given vectors.

A = (-2ii + 3ij + 4 ik)m

B = (-5 ii - 2 ij + 2 ik)N