Child

Protection

in the Philippines

A Situational Analysis

Child
Protection

in the Philippines
A Situational Analysis

 Our vision is a world in which every child attains

the right to survival, protection, development and
participation.
Our mission is to inspire breakthroughs in the way
the world treats children and to achieve immediate
and lasting change in their lives.
Our values;
Accountability
Ambition
Collaboration
Creativity
Integrity
Save the Children 2011
Author:
Jay A.Yacat
Project Manager:
Wilma Banaga
Child Protection in the Philippines:
A Situational Analysis
Design:
Keen Media (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
Published by:
Save the Children Child Protection Initiative
in Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Production:
Keen Media (Thailand) Co. Ltd.,
22nd Floor, Ocean Tower II,
75/42 Sukhumvit 19,
Bangkok 10110, Thailand
For information contact:
Dominique Pierre Plateau
Regional Representative
Child Protection Initiative
in Southeast Asia and the Pacific
Save the Children
14th floor, Maneeya Center, South Building
518/5 Ploenchit Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Tel ++ 662 684 1046/7
Fax ++ 662 684 1048
www.savethechildren.net

CONTENTS

Acronyms

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

20

Chapter 4

31

Chapter 5

41

Chapter 6

52

Chapter 7

61

Chapter 8

70

References

75

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF CHILD PROTECTION

IN THE PHILIPPINES

CHILDREN IN RESIDENTIAL CARE

CHILDREN IN EXPLOITATIVE AND

HAZARDOUS WORK SITUATIONS

CHILDREN IN SITUATIONS
OF TRAFFICKING

CHILDREN IN SITUATIONS OF
DISASTERS AND OTHER EMERGENCIES

CHILDREN IN SITUATIONS OF
ARMED CONFLICT

SYNTHESIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ACRONYMS
ABK
ACADED
AFP
AIDS
AMA
AO
ARMM
ASEAN
ASG
Asia ACTs
BCPC
BSSD
CAFGU
CAR
CDW
CEDAW
CEDC
CFM
CHR
CIU
CNSP
CPCP
CPI
CPIE
CPP-NPA-NDFP
CWC
DepEd
DILG
DOH
DOJ
DOLE
DRR
DRRRM
DSWD
E-VAT
ECCD
ECOP
ECPAT
EO
EOCD
ERDA
ERPAT
FLEMMS
GAD
GRP

Pag-Aaral ng Bata para sa Kinabukasan or Education for Childrens Future

Anti-Abuse and Discrimination Division
Armed Forces of the Philippines
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Ang Mapagkalingang Ama (A Caring Father)
Administrative Order
Autonomous Region in Muslin Mindanao
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Abu Sayyaf Group
Asia Acts Against Child Trafficking
Barangay Council for the Protection of Children
Bahay Silungan sa Daungan (Shelter at the Port)
Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit
Cordillera Administrative Region
Child Domestic Workers
Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
Children in Especially Difficult Circumstances
Child Friendly Movement
Commission on Human Rights
Crisis Intervention Units
Children in Need of Special Protection
Comprehensive Programme on Child Protection
Child Protection Initiative
Child Protection in Emergencies
Communist Party of the Philippines-New Peoples Army- National Democratic Front of
the Philippines
Council for the Welfare of Children
Department of Education
Department of Interior and Local Government
Department of Health
Department of Justice
Department of Labor and Employment
Disaster Risk Reduction
Disaster Risk Reduction Resource Manual
Department of Social Welfare and Development
Expanded Value Added Tax
Early Childhood Care and Development
Employers Confederation of the Philippines
End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children
for Sexual Purposes
Executive Order
Early Childhood Care and Development
Educational Research and Development Foundation, Inc.
Empowerment and Reaffirmation of Paternal Ability
Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey
Gender and Development
Government of the Republic of the Philippines

HIV
IACAT
IEC
ILO
INGOs
IPEC
IRR
LCPC
LDRRMC
LGU
MDG
MGB
MILF-BIAF
MIMAROPA
MNLF
MTPDP
NAIA
NBI
NCCP
NCLC
NCR
NCSD
NDCC
NDRRMC
NECCDCC
NG
NGO
NPAC
NPACL
NRRD
NSC
NSCB
NSO
NTSB
OCD
OFW
PATD
PCTC
PD
PES
PGR
PIA
PIC
POEA
PPA
PSWDO
PTBP
PTCAs
RA
RCLC

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking
Information and Educational Campaign
International Labour Organization
International Non-Government Organisations
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
Implementing Rules and Regulations
Local Councils for the Protection of Children
Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils
Local Government Unit
Millennium Development Goals
Mines and Geosciences Bureau
Moro Islamic Liberation Front- Bangsamoro Islamic Liberation Front
Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, Palawan
Moro National Liberation Front
Medium Term Philippine Development Plan
Ninoy Aquino International Airport
National Bureau of Investigation
National Coalition for Childrens Participation
National Child Labor Committee
National Capital Region
National Council for Social Development
National Disaster Coordinating Council
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
National Early Childhood Care and Development Coordinating Council
National Government
Non-Government Organisation
National Plan of Action for Children
National Programme Against Child Labor
National Recovery and Reintegration Database
National Survey on Children
National Statistical Coordinating Board
National Statistics Office
National Training School for Boys
Office of Civil Defense
Overseas Filipino Worker
Philippines Anti-Trafficking in Persons Database
Philippine Center on Transnational Crime
Presidential Decree
Parents Effectiveness Service
Population Growth Rate
Philippine Information Agency
Program Implementation Committee
Philippine Oversees Employment Administration
Philippine Ports Authority
Provincial Social Welfare Development Office
Philippine Time Bound Program
Parents, Teachers and Community Associations
Republic Act
Regional Child Labor Committee

RRCY
RSCC
RSCWC/RCWC
SBM
SSRM
SUMAMPI
SWAs
SWDAs
TUCP
UN CRC
UNICEF
VF
WFC

Regional Rehabilitation Center for the Youth

Reception and Study Center for Children
Regional Sub-Committee/Committee for the Welfare of Children
Sagip-Bata Manggawa
Safer Schools Resource Manual
Samahan at Ugnayan ng mga Manggagawang Pantahanan sa Pilipinas
Social Work Agencies
Social Welfare and Development Agencies
Trade Union Congress of the Philippines
United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child
United Nations Childrens Fund
Visayan Forum
World Fit for Children

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
Save the Children defines child protection as measures and structures to
prevent and respond to abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence affecting
children in all settings1. Such processes are essential to ensuring childrens
rights to survival, development and well-being in all settings at all times. It
is when children are not protected that their rights as well as their families
are most threatened. In addition, reaching the most vulnerable and isolated
populations helps ensure the health and well-being of all and is indispensible
in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG)2. For example, children
who are most at risk of extreme poverty and hunger are the most vulnerable
to violence, exploitation, abuse and discrimination. Marginalised children are
also denied access to essential services such as health care and education.

Update on the Child Protection

Initiative

Update on the Child Protection

Initiative

Social protection for children in difficult

situations: Lessons from Indonesia and
ASEAN

http://www.adb.org/SocialProtection/
default.asp

Crawford, PI. Child protection:Theoretical

background. Chapter 14.

Philippine Institute for Development

Studies. (2009). Global Study on Child
Poverty and Disparity:The Case of the
Philippines. Discussion Paper Series
2009-07.

Children without appropriate care are

children who are not receiving suitable,
continuous and quality care, nurture
and guidance at a physical, emotional,
social and psychological level from
either their families or from other
primary carers who are meant to
replace the family environment and
who are responsible for their well being
and development.This definition
includes children within their own
families, children in alternative care, and
children who have become separated,
either voluntarily or involuntarily, from
their families, including children on the
move. It also refers to children in deve
loped, developing, fragile and emergency
contexts.

There have been attempts to link child protection with social protection
which has now become a trend especially among member countries of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).3 Social protection refers to
policies and programmes designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability4. It has
also been demonstrated that an investment on child protection, which can be
considered an integrated part of social protection, could be an efficient means
to reducing poverty and increasing future growth5. Ensuring that children are
provided access to basic education, health, and nutrition services enhances
their potential to earn income in the future. In this sense, social protection for
children increases the likelihood of breaking the intergenerational transmission
of poverty6.
However, child protection work involves not only developing systems and
mechanisms that provide meaningful protection for all children in the longer
term but also strengthening the capacity of a variety of actors to protect
children. It is only through the concerted efforts of individuals and groups, adults
as well as children, that child protection can become effective and sustainable.
The Save the Children Child Protection Initiative (CPI) became operational in
May 2009 and aims to facilitate the delivery of better and larger programmes
that meet childrens protection needs in Asia and globally. The CPI has identified
specific priority result areas for the period 2010-2015 which include:
Children without appropriate care7
Child protection in emergencies
Child labour.
Whilst a broad range of issues are included in the scope of the work of the CPI,
the following sub-themes are also a priority for CPI attention and resources:
a. Children on the move: The term Children on the Move is used to refer to
those children moving for a variety of reasons, voluntarily or involuntarily,
within or between countries, with or without their parents or other primary
caregivers, and whose movement might place them at risk (or at an increased
risk) of inadequate care, economic or sexual exploitation, abuse, neglect
and violence.

Children on the Move is an umbrella definition which brings together a

series of categories of children to highlight their common protection
needs, these include, for example: children who have been trafficked,
children who migrate (e.g. to pursue better life opportunities, look for
work or education or to escape exploitative or abusive situations at home
or because of other protection needs); and children displaced by conflict and
natural disasters.8
b. Sexual violence against children in or after emergencies;
c. Children associated to armed conflicts or armed groups;
d. Family separation in declared emergencies.
These priority sub-themes were selected in recognition of the particular
vulnerabilities faced by children in such situations, and of the particular strengths
and expertise of Save the Children.
Save the Children in the Philippines seeks to prioritise across the following
strategy areas: children in residential care, children in armed conflict and
disasters, children in situations of migration (including for trafficking purposes),
and children in exploitative and hazardous work conditions.
This situational analysis was commissioned by the CPI as a preliminary exercise
to develop evidence-based recommendations to guide Save the Children in the
Philippines to develop interventions under the CPI priority result areas, building
on existing programmes and technical expertise.
Specifically this study aimed to a) conduct a rapid assessment of the situation of
children in the Philippines in relation to the CPI priority result areas; b) identify
gaps in existing policies, programmes and services; and c) provide a set of
recommendations for Save the Children child protection interventions.
The following components have been identified as elements of an effective child
protection system:
1. Legal and policy framework, including regulations and standards
compliant with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
1989 (UNCRC), other international standards and good practice.
2. Effective regulation and oversight to ensure that standards are upheld
at all levels. Some argue that this component necessitates the existence of a
specific agency or ombudsperson dedicated to child protection and/or child
welfare, with the mandate, means, authority and responsibility to ensure that
the system works effectively.
3. Preventive and responsive services, including both the institutions and
structures (formal and informal, government and nongovernmental) that
deliver the services, and the processes through which services are delivered.
These include case management systems, other information systems, and
appropriate budgeting and management. In a formalised system, this will have
as a core element, a social work system providing a response to specific child
protection issues and cases.

Save the Children Alliance definition

2009 developed by the Working Group
on Children on the Move

4. Effective coordination particularly on case management between

relevant government and non-governmental actors and between sectors at
different levels.
5. Knowledge and data on child protection issues and good practices to
inform evidence-based policy development and advocacy.
6. A skilled child protection workforce that can respond and expand to
meet the specific protection issues arising in emergencies. Practitioners with
minimum skills in social or community work who can be trained quickly and
have a core understanding of child protection issues. A workforce should
also include those with data management skills and policy-makers able to
develop appropriate policy and legislative measures which rapidly respond to
the immediate risks that children face.
7. Childrens voices and participation.
8. An aware and supportive public.
9. Adequate funding for all of the elements listed above, and appropriate
budgeting processes that cover both long- and short-term needs for child
protection systems.
This study looks into the following elements of effective child protection
systems: a) knowledge about the root causes to and the extent of violence
against children in the identified priority area; b) appropriate policies and
regulations; c) prevention measures; d) provision of necessary treatment,
rehabilitation and compensation to child victims; and e) ways to monitor and
measure progress.
Informed by a Child Rights Situational Analysis framework, the following aspects
were examined for each of the priority areas:
The nature, extent, geographical distribution and prevalence
Which children are in need of (or are at the risk of needing) care
and protection
The chief factors that put these children at risk, covering both the immediate
and root causes of harm
The views of children themselves on their situation and what should be done
to improve it.
Research documents, case studies, census data and other statistical information
that cover the period 2000-2009 were actively sought and collected. Meanwhile,
a total of 9 key informants9 from selected NGOs and other organisations
identified by Save the Children in the Philippines served as key resource persons
for particular CPI areas.

see Appendix for the names of the key

informants and their respective
institutions and a copy of the key
informant interview
guide

Chapter 2

OVERVIEW OF CHILD PROTECTION

IN THE PHILIPPINES
The study covers the period 2000-2009, which coincides with the term of
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. This decade may be considered as a very trying period
for the Philippines, and continues to be so as the country faces the challenges of
a ever ballooning population, massive poverty, the increasing disparity between
the rich and the poor, growing lack of livelihood opportunities, continuing
exodus of skilled workers, political instability, a bureaucracy riddled by
corruption, and pockets of civilian strife and armed conflict.
Based on census data in 2000, the population grew from 76.95 million to about
92.23 in 2009.10 While the population growth rate (PGR) dropped to a record
low 1.91 percent, the country still has the fourth highest PGR in the Southeast
Asian region11. Further analysis shows that the highest population growth rates
were recorded in the poorest areas like the Autonomous Region of Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM) and Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN)12.

Population
Growth Rate

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2.06

2.05

2.02

2.01

2.00

1.96

1.96

1.93

1.91

Poverty incidence rose to 26.9 percent for families in 2006 compared to 24.4
percent in 2003.13 Out of 100 Filipinos, 33 were poor in 2006, compared to 30
in 2003. To support a family of five in the National Capital Region (NCR), sole
breadwinners need at least a monthly income of PhP 8,254 (USD 183.85) for
food and non-food needs.14 The minimum monthly income is pegged at only
PhP 7,000 (USD 157.58).15
In 2006, about 36 million were estimated to be children under 18 years old.16
This accounted for 41.73 percent of the total population at the time (around
86.264 million) who need support or are dependent on the adult population.
Children were found to be among those considered the poorest among the
basic sectors. In the 2003 National Nutrition Survey,17 about 18 percent of
children surveyed from 6,683 households reported having missed meals because
there was no food or no money to buy food, 15.1 percent reported that they
were hungry but did not eat because there was no food or money while about
5.2 percent did not eat for a whole day because of lack of food or money.
Children from poor and impoverished regions also suffer from lack of access to
basic and quality education, health, and basic services. They are also the hardest
hit in times of disasters and other emergency situations.
This poverty situation is difficult to reconcile with the Arroyo Governments
pronouncements of economic growth from 2003-2006.18 Growth in Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) does not always translate to poverty reduction. Data
also show that this growth was not enough to take 26.9 percent of Filipino
families out of poverty because prices of commodities increased faster than the

10

http://www.census.gov.ph/data/
sectordata/popproj_tab1r.html

11

http://www.un.org/esa/population/
publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_
Highlights_ rev.pdf

12

http://www.census.gov.ph/data
census2007/index.html

13 http://www.nscb.gov.ph/
pressreleases/2008/
PR-200803-SS2-02_pov.asp
14

http://www.nscb.gov.ph/
pressreleases/2007/
Jun21_PR-200706-SS1-03_Pov.asp

15

1 dollar = 44.422 pesos as of June 20,

2008

16

Data taken from the State of the

Worlds Children Report 2008 http://
www.unicef.org/sowc08/index.php.
The National Statistics Office has yet
to release figures from the 2010
census.

17

2003 National Nutrition Survey, Food

and Nutrition Research Institute

18

http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_
accounts.asp

increase in their income which remained below the poverty line.19 Inflation rate
was higher between 2003 and 2006 (6.61) than between 2000 and 2003 (4.42).
The country is also facing a worsening fiscal crisis. President Arroyo aggressively
pushed for the passage of the expanded value added tax (E-VAT) law in 2005.
The Government claimed that the additional revenues generated will be used
for social services. But the finance department has already earmarked 100
percent of E-VAT proceeds for 2005 towards debt servicing, 70 percent in 2006,
60 percent in 2008, and 50 percent by 2010.20
The National Government (NG) debt has grown to an average of PhP 3.85
trillion (USD 86.67 billion) from 2001-2006.21 As of October 2007, the countrys
debt is pegged at USD 86 billion (PhP 3.798 trillion). Freedom from Debt
Coalition22 touted President Arroyo as the largest borrower of all the postMarcos regimes with an average gross borrowing of USD 69.56 billion (PhP
3.09 trillion pesos). She also holds the record of paying the largest (an average
of PhP 2.83 trillion in debt payments). This seems to be the Arroyo strategy
in confronting the debt problem: borrowing aggressively to repay old debts. In
fact, government spending in 2007 registered 39.18 percent (PhP 612.80 billion)
on debt servicing alone.23 Adding the expenditures in interest payments and
principal amortisations, the sum would account for a whopping 78.86 percent of
total government spending.
This focus on debt servicing was done at the expense of public spending on
education, health and social services. Combined government expenditure for
these sectors amounted to only 15.2 percent or USD 5.30 billion (PhP 237.76
billion) in 2007. This inadequate prioritisation on education and health may
contribute to the reasons why the Philippines may not reach the MDGs that
focus on universal access to basic education and maternal health.24
Table 1. Comparisons of Basic Child Indicators Compared to
Government Spending
Year

Infant
Mortality
rate

Government
spending on
Health

Net enrolment
ratio (primary
school)
Male

19

The U.P. Centennial: Do U.P.

Graduates Know How To Use Statistics?
By Romulo A.Virola, Statistically Speaking, http://www.nscb.gov.ph/headlines/
StatsSpeak/2008/041408_upStats.asp

20

www.bulatlat.com/news/5-30/5-30evat.htm

21

Debt Snapshot, Freedom from Debt

Coalition, http://www.fdc.ph

22

Freedom from Debt Coalition or FDC

is a nationwide multi-sectoral coalition
more popularly known as a debt
watchdog.

23

Debt Snapshot, Freedom from Debt

Coalition, http://www.fdc.ph

24

Factsheet on the Millennium

Development Goals, National
Statistics Coordinating Board,

Government
spending on
Education

Government
spending on
Debt servicing

Female

2000

29.52

3.4

2001

28.7

3.3

92

93

14.03

2002

28.7

3.4

91

94

17.79

2003

24.98

2.9

92

94

17.22

2004

23.51

1.7

92

94

14.9

30.1

2005

23.51

1.4

92

94

14.7

34.1

2006

22.81

1.3

90

92

13.9

32.3

13.95

Meanwhile, at the World Summit for Social Development held in Copenhagen

in 1995, the 20/20 Initiative was crafted. This initiative proposed that to achieve
universal coverage of basic social services, 20 percent of budgetary expenditure
in developing countries and 20 percent of aid flows should, on average, be
allocated to social services. However, on average, basic social services account
for only 8.6 percent of the Philippines national budget, in contrast to the
combined debt service and defence budgets which account for about
40.6 percent.

The country still faces an inadequate number of public school facilities and lack
of qualified teachers. The same story seems to run in the health sector. More
teachers and health professionals are migrating to the United States, Europe
and the Middle East for better prospects. The best teachers in English, Science
and Math are leaving in droves, and many of those remaining in the country are
those often ill-trained or inexperienced.25 In the health sector, most experienced
nurses, including faculty members of schools and colleges of nursing who would
have taught/trained current/future student nurses, as well as doctors who have
shifted into nursing, are leaving behind a much-weakened health system. The
number of hospitals closing down or scaling down operations has also increased
over the last few years.26 The lack of government support has pushed some
public hospitals to demand payments from patients. Reports of patients being
detained in government hospitals have also surfaced.
This inadequate funding support contributed to the rising costs of education,
which have pushed children out of schools. Data from the 2003 Functional
Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS) revealed that out-ofschool children and youth (age 6-24) cited employment or looking for work
as the top reason for not attending school. Employment data show that 36
million of the 55.4 million population 15 years old and over have entered the
labour force in April 2006.27 Notice that there are no disaggregated data for
children 15- under 18 who have entered the labour force. Also, this count does
not include children in the informal labour sector. This push towards work
has exposed many children to vulnerable and dangerous situations such as
trafficking, working in hazardous environments, or becoming involved in
criminal activities.
While total employment in April 2006 grew by 2.5 percent (33.0 million),
the total unemployed persons numbered 2.93 million in 2006, up by 0.7
percent over the previous years record of 2.91 million. This translates to an
unemployment rate of 8.2 percent. The incidence of underemployment went
down to 25.4 percent in April 2006 from 26.1 percent in the previous year.
The continuing lack of adequately paying jobs and livelihoods have pushed many
Filipinos to look for greener pastures abroad. There are no data available for
children from 15-18 years old who are working abroad.
Remittances from the OFWs have shored up the economy by contributing an
estimated total of PhP 85.4 billion (USD 1.90 billion) from April to September
2005, compared to the 2004 estimate of PhP 79.3 billion (USD 1.77 billion).
However, services and resources allotted for the migrant sector have not been
very responsive to their needs28 and the needs of their families, especially
the children.
25

An emerging concern due to the massive overseas employment is the

phenomenon of children left behind29. Millions of children today grow up
with a parent or both parents living and working away from home.
Few actions are made to support the increasing number of children left behind
to cope, remain safe, and have a healthy childhood as they grow up in this new
type of family setting. Nor are there enough efforts to support the individual
parents left behind to care for the children or to the alternative care givers like
grandparents, aunts, and friends. There is a prevailing assumption that given their
new financial capacities, these children and families of migrant workers are in
situations that are better than the rest. But experiences show that this is not
always the case and long-term separation from parents without having

http://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-17/617-titsers.htm

26

http://www.iht.com/
articles/2006/05/24/news/manila.php

27

http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_labor.
asp

28

Philippine Human Rights Watch Ten

Point Agenda for the Protection and
Empowerment of the Migrant Sector
http://www.pmrw.org/agenda.asp

29

http://www.asia-acts.org/website/index.
php?option=com_content&view=article
&id=74&Itemid=93

these children supported by other able and caring adults can be detrimental for
childrens development, sense of well-being, and their future.
Another major government response to these fiscal problems is to attract
foreign capital through tourism and direct foreign investment. In 2007 alone,
the tourism industry generated foreign exchange receipts estimated at USD
2.9 billion, USD 2.23 million worth of investments and USD 77.7 thousand
worth of jobs.30 Domestic tourism also rose spurred by President Arroyos
holiday economics.31 Womens groups have linked tourism to the spread of
prostitution.32 Places with the most number of sex workers are also primary
tourist areas. Sex tourism has become rampant, and many areas in Southeast
Asia, including the Philippines, are seen as popular sex tour destinations.
According to the End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of
Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT), children have been preyed upon not
only by paedophiles but also by those who are afraid of contracting Human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS) from older women and therefore prefer children as sex partners.

30

http://www.pia.gov.
ph/?m=12&fi=p080117.htm&no=28

31

Holiday economics is the term coined

for the practice of shifting holiday
observances. This is now an official
government policy after President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo signed Republic Act
9492 into law in July 25, 2007. .http://
newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=78742

32

http://www.manilastandardtoday.
com/?page=business04_mar29_2006

33

http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/JB22Ae01.html

34

Development aggression may also refer

to structural violence perpetuated by
the State in the name of development

35

Monitoring report of KABIBA

Alliance http://www.reliefweb.int/
rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MUMA-7EM7YE?OpenDocument

36

http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/07/16/
philip16404.htm

37

Concluding Observations: Philippines,

Committee on the Rights of the Child,
June 2005, par. 26, p. 6.

10

Meanwhile, in 2007, the total foreign direct investments reached PhP 212.5
billion (USD 4.73 billion), posting a 29.8 percent growth compared to 2006. The
following industries received the major chunks of investment pledges: electricity,
private services, mining, construction, and finance and real estate. Between
2004 and 2007, foreign investors pumped USD1.4 billion into the countrys
mining industry.33 In order to sustain these investments, the government
has been developing generous incentives which include tax exemptions and
holidays, simplified application procedures, and assurance of low labour costs.
For example, foreign-owned companies have been allowed to operate large
scale mining facilities and pesticides-dependent mono-crop plantations in
Mindanao. These have led to the displacement of hundreds of families from their
communities. There are even reports of military involvement in suppressing the
protest of displaced communities. In the ensuing violence, an estimated total of
2,380 children were affected by militarisation and development aggression34 in
early 2008.35
As political stability is valued by foreign investors and creditors, the Arroyo
government has adopted a hard line stance against individuals and groups
considered as disturbing the peace. After aligning herself with the United
States War on Terror, President Arroyo has prioritised the enactment of the
Human Security Act, which poses serious threats to political and civil rights in
the country.36 Extra-judicial killings of media men, militant activists and union
leaders have also increased. The human rights group, Karapatan, has estimated
the number of executions at 800 since 2001. Rights groups have long been
campaigning for the government to stop these killings. It was only when business
groups, foreign investors and the international community sent strong warning
signals did the government take heed.
Increased militarisation in the countryside has resulted in thousands of children
and families displaced from their war-torn communities or harmed after being
caught in the crossfire. Children are also either recruited to take up arms
or tortured for being suspected agents of the insurgents. To this date, local
governments have not done anything to respond to the issue of summary
executions of youth and children under 18 suspected to be members of gangs
despite the serious concerns noted by the Committee in 2005.37

All these problems are compounded by widespread corruption in all levels of

government. While the Arroyo administration vows to fight against graft and
corruption, a total of six corruption scandals have been exposed in the seven
years of the Arroyo regime costing an estimated PhP 7.3 billion (USD 162.5
million). A former government official turned whistleblower, who testified
against the alleged shady deal in a multi-million broadband deal, revealed that
a 20 percent kickback in all government deals is deemed acceptable by the
bureaucracy. In Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
in 2006, the Philippines ranked as the 8th most corrupt nation with a score
of 2.5.
In its pursuit of largely development and economic goals, the Arroyo regime
implemented policies in the last seven years without full cognizance of their
potential negative impact on the promotion, protection and fulfilment of the
basic human rights of all its citizens, especially children and young people.

GENERAL PROTECTION FRAMEWORK IN THE PHILIPPINES

EXISTING LAWS AND POLICIES
Child protection needs a clear foundation in national legislation. In its concluding
observations to the Philippine Government in 2007, the United Nations
Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has noted the fairly advanced
general legal framework for child protection in the Philippines.38 Table 2
summarises some of the laws enacted from 2000 to 2009.
Table 2. Child protection laws enacted from 2000-2009
Law

Title

Description

Year Enacted

Republic Act
No. 8972

Solo Parents Welfare

Act

Provides for benefits

and privileges to solo
parents and their
children

2000

Republic Act
No. 8980

Early Childhood Care

and Development
(ECCD) Act

2000

Republic Act
No. 9231

An Act Providing
For The Elimination
Of The Worst Forms
Of Child Labor And
Affording Stronger
Protection For The
Working Child

2003

Republic Act
No. 9208

Anti-Trafficking in
Persons Act

Creates the Inter2003

Agency Council Against
Trafficking (IACAT)
Considers as trafficking
the adoption of children
for prostitution,
pornography, sexual
exploitation, forced
labour, slavery,
involuntary servitude or
debt bondage
38

Concluding Observations: Philippines,

Committee on the Rights of the Child,
October 2009,

11

Law

Title

Description

Year Enacted

Republic Act
No. 9262

Anti-Violence Against
Women and Their
Children Act of 2004

Gives the protection of

the law to women and
children suffering from
domestic abuse

2004

Republic Act
No. 9255

an Act Allowing
Illegitimate Children
to Use the Surname
of their Father

Amends the Family

Code of the Philippines

2004

Republic Act
No. 9344

Juvenile Justice and

Welfare Act

Establishes a
comprehensive juvenile
justice and welfare
system and creates
the Juvenile Justice
and Welfare Council
under the Department
of Justice, and of its
Implementing Rules and
Regulations (IRR)

2006

Republic Act
No. 9346

Prohibits the imposition 2006

of the death penalty

Republic Act
No. 9710

Magna Carta of
Women

Republic Act
No. 9775

Anti-Child
Pornography Act

Provides the full

2009
legal armour against
producers, transmitters,
sellers and users of
child pornography
in whatever form, as
well as the means
of production,
dissemination and
consumption, in public
and private spaces

Republic Act No.

9745

An Act Penalizing
Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman
and Degrading
Punishment

Recognizes torture
committed against
children as punishable
by law

2009

2009

Republic Act 7610 or Child Abuse Act. Entitled An Act Providing For
Stronger Deterrence And Special Protection Against Child Abuse, Exploitation
And Discrimination, Providing Penalties For Its Violation And For Other
Purposes, RA 7610 is the policy to provide special protection to children
from all forms of abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation and discrimination, and
other conditions prejudicial to their development; provide sanctions for their
commission and carry out a programme for prevention and deterrence of and
crisis intervention in situation of child abuse, exploitation and discrimination.
This was signed into law in 1992, and provides the general framework unto
which all child protection laws in the Philippines are subsequently framed.
39

Concluding Observations: Philippines,

Committee on the Rights of the Child,
October 2009,

40

http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/
ra2009/ra_9858_2009.html

12

However, the CRC also voiced concerns over the lack of legislation with regard
to the prohibition of corporal punishment and the status of children born out
of wedlock39. As of this writing, RA 9858 was already passed to enable children
born out of wedlock to parents who were not allowed by law to marry for
being minors to qualify for legitimation40. While couples who had children when

they were below the marrying age would not need to go through the process of
having to adopt their own offspring, legitimation becomes automatic only upon
the marriage of the parents. Unfortunately, the law is still silent on the status of
children born of:
couples who are not legally married, or of common-law marriages;
bigamous marriages;
adulterous relations between the parents;
marriages that are void from the beginning under Article 35 of the Family
Code, except where the marriage of the parents is void for lack of authority
on the part of the solemnising officer, but the parties or either of them
had believed in good faith that the solemnising officer had authority, in
which case the marriage will be considered valid and the children will be
considered legitimate (Article 35, par. 2);
marriages that are incestuous and void from the beginning under Article 37;
void marriages for reasons of public policy under Article 38.
Meanwhile, a version of a law prohibiting corporal punishment passed the House
of Representatives in 2010 but failed to make headway in the Senate as the 14th
Congress drew to a close.41
The following section describes the national policy frameworks currently in
force that shape the direction of child protection in the Philippines: Child 21 and
the National Plan of Action for Children (NPAC).
Child 21: The Philippine National Strategic Framework for Plan Development
for Children or Child 21 sets a vision for Filipino childrens welfare and
development in the year 2025. It provides a road map, rather than a
comprehensive or detailed plan, for national government, local government units,
private initiatives and non-governmental organisations to use when planning
priorities for action and in allocating and utilising resources to promote the
rights of Filipino children. The vision of Child 21 was that the services of these
stakeholders would converge on the child and on the protection of his or her
rights throughout his or her life cycle.
As a rights-based framework, Child 21 identified protection as one of the
rights categories. Interestingly, the term Children in Need of Special Protection
(CNSP) was used to replace the category Children in Especially Difficult
Circumstances (CEDC), a trend that seemed to emerge in national and
international child rights legal documents in this decade. We could remember
that the CEDC as a term which was heavily criticised for the tendency to
isolate the focus of possible rights issues on particular conditions deemed to
be dysfunctional or marginal.42 While the term CNSP may also potentially lead
people to view them as a distinct group apart from other children, the intention
is both to address the ways in which they may be marginalised from general
forms of provision, and to provide for the specific services which may be needed
in order to overcome their problems, as these children often have needs beyond
those of children in ordinary situations.
41

National Plan of Action for Children (2005): The National Plan of Action
for Children (NPAC) has been drawn in an attempt to concretise the vision in
Child 2143. NPAC seeks to harmonise with the Millennium Development Goals
(MDG) and World Fit for Children (WFC) goals and targets.
The NPAC considers children in need of special protection as a special sector
of children in requiring unique interventions. The following are considered to be

http://www.pinasglobal.com/2/2010/08/
pambansa/anti-corporal-punishmentact-of-2008-muling-isusulong-sakongreso/

42

See dela Cruz et al (2001) for more

discussion.

43

The Filipino Child of the Millenium:

National Plan of Action for Children
2005-2010.

13

in need of special protection: a) children who experience violence, abuse and

exploitation; b) children in situations of commercial sexual exploitation; and c)
children in emergency and difficult circumstances.
In particular, the NPAC prescribes: a) broad nationwide interventions, cutting
across life stages; b) interventions specific to a particular life stage; and sectorspecific interventions. In terms of protection, NPAC is aligned with the
Comprehensive Program on the Protection of Children, a joint effort by the
Department of Justice and the Department of Social Welfare and Development.
Localising the NPAC. The success of the NPAC depends on a large extent to
its adoption at the local government level. However, localising the policies,
programmes and services continues to be a challenge. Existing mechanisms for
localisation do not work well. While local government units (LGUs) are urged
to formulate local development plans for children, annual investment plans for
children, local codes for children, and annual local state of the children reports,
only a minority of the LGUs have complied. Monitoring by the Department of
Interior and Local Government (DILG) should focus on ensuring that the local
plans, investments and programmes are implemented accordingly and that they
reach the target groups of children. Lack of awareness of local chief executives
on new policies and programmes and lack of capacity of local government
personnel are some of the factors that prevent policies and programmes from
reaching the target groups.
An effort to encourage compliance from LGUs is the search for childfriendly cities and municipalities. Initiated by the Council for the Welfare of
Children (CWC), the Presidential Award for the Most Child-Friendly Cities and
Municipalities was launched in November 1999 to promote the Child Friendly
Movement (CFM). However, the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF)
study on child-friendly cities in the Philippines observed that cities dubbed as
child-friendly varied greatly in fulfilling expectations.44 It also cautioned against
a tendency among LGUs to rest on their laurels once they were recognised for
their efforts. It is clear that the State Party should continue to explore other
strategies that may help LGUs internalise these processes even without the
external rewards.
The goal of the child-friendly awards is not just to encourage LGU compliance
but more importantly to truly benefit children. Thus, the local chief executives
need to understand what the child-friendly concept truly means, and what it
entails in terms of developing programmes and budget allocations for children.
As such, assessments should consider not only reports from the LGUs but also
the views of community beneficiaries. It should also include successful efforts to
involve children in planning and developing policies and programmes for children
and in actions to address violence against children, such as summary executions,
corporal punishment, and other forms of violence in all settings.

44

UNICEF & Innocenti Research Centre,

Making Philippine Cities Child Friendly:
Voices of Children in Poor Communities,
2005

45

Special Committee on the Protection of

Children, Department of Justice http://
www.doj.gov.ph/files/Filipino_children.
pdf

14

Comprehensive Programme on Child Protection (CPCP)45: With CPCP,

it is envisioned that by 2010, all identified CNSP will have been provided with
appropriate interventions including rescue, recovery, healing, and reintegration
services; and legal and judicial protective measures. Children at risk shall
also be prevented from becoming victims of various forms of abuse, neglect,
exploitation, and violence by making available and improving basic social services
such as education, health, and nutrition.

COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

The Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC) is the focal inter-agency
body of the Philippine government for childrens concerns. It is tasked to: a)
coordinate and monitor the implementation of the NPAC/Child 21; b) formulate
and advocate policies on children; and c) monitor the States implementation of
the CRC. One of the main strengths of the CWC is to serve as the conduit of
the seven line agencies, two coordinating bodies and other individuals that make
up the CWC Board. It is also very open to collaboration with NGOs and other
civil society organisations. This created many opportunities for different NGOs
to engage and work with the government.
At the CWC itself, there is the National Task Force for Children in Need of
Special Protection. This government task force is composed of the chairpersons
of the sub-task forces for the different categories of children. The Special
Committee for the Protection of Children, composed of 9 Government
agencies and 3 NGOs, receives reports on regular basis from the Task Force on
Child Protection on the nature of child abuse cases. These different inter-agency
and multi-sectoral task forces function under the CWC Technical Management
Committee which recommends policies to the Council Board.
With the passage of RA 8980 or the Early Childhood Care and Development
(ECCD) Act of 2000, CWC was mandated to serve as the National Early
Childhood Care and Development Coordinating Council (NECCDCC) as well.
As such, it is expected to promulgate policies and guidelines for the nationwide
implementation of ECCD Program. The Regional Sub-Committee/Committee
for the Welfare of Children (RSCWC/RCWC) was designated as subnational
extension of the national CWC, based on the implementing rules and
regulations of RA 8980. At the regional level, 17 RSCWC/RCWC function as the
focal institution and facilitate collaborative efforts in child protection. In addition,
they also link up collective efforts between the national government and the
local government units (LGUs).
However, CWC is challenged in fulfilling its other obligations, such as policy
formulation and advocacy, and monitoring of the implementation of the UN
CRC, due to a number of factors: a) inadequate funding support; b) inadequate
personnel; and c) the lack of clout to actually influence other government
agencies. In 1987, the CWC was transferred from the Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD) to the Office of the President in order
to strengthen its functions and mandate.46 However, it was returned to the
DSWD in 2007, with the position of the Executive Director downgraded from
its previous Undersecretary level, a move which may diminish its status as an
inter-agency, multi-sectoral monitoring body. With its roles and functions, the
CWC must have a strong and assertive leadership in order to influence the
different agencies in all matters pertaining to children. The different line agencies
need to work more actively to enable CWC to perform this role.
Meanwhile, the DSWD has also established the Crisis Intervention Units (CIU)
on a nationwide scale. Another government agency, the Department of Justice
(DOJ), has a Special Committee for the Protection of Children which drafted
the CPCP. A DOJ-attached agency, the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI),
has a Task Force on Child Protection, and also an Anti-Abuse and Discrimination
Division (ACADED).
46

DSWD Annual Report, 2006.

15

BUDGET ALLOCATIONS FOR CHILDREN

As long as debt servicing is given high priority in government budgetary
allocations and expenditures, support for programmes and services will never
be enough to meet the proposed goals of the Philippines vis--vis international
agreements. Spending for basic social services amounted to only 20 percent
to 30 percent in both regional and local levels. Data about actual spending for
children under-18 were inaccessible. The lack of a clear system for budgetary
allocations for children may have prompted the State to cite in its report
to the CRC the system used by several international NGOs (INGOs) with
programmes in the Philippines, such as Plan Philippines, as a possible model
on how to allocate budget for children based on the major cluster of rights47.
This absence of budgetary allocations and expenditures for children reflects a
general lack of value for childrens welfare. This is maybe one of the main factors
why programmes do not have a significant impact on the lives of children and
households.
While the budget shares of children-targeted and family-targeted programmess
in DSWD were somewhat protected from 2000-2001, the per capita spending
declined on the average in real terms.
Table 3. Real Per Capita DSWD Expenditures, 2000-200148
2000

2001

Women

0.64

0.57

Children

10.05

8.74

Family

3.68

2.99

Untargeted

2.28

1.37

Meanwhile, it is interesting to note that the clientele of the DSWD has

dramatically shifted towards services to families from 2004-200749. After families,
the next biggest groups of DSWD clients are children and women with the
youth and the disabled/senior citizens as the smallest groups. However, the
DSWD has been serving much less than 1 per cent of the total population of
the last four groups: women, children, youth and the elderly.

47

Government of the Philippines Report

to the UN CRC, September 2007.

48

Manasan, R. & Villanueva, E. (2005).

The impact of fiscal restraint on budget
allocations for womens programs. Policy
Notes 2005-04.

49

Virola, R.A. Statistics on violence

against women and children: A morally
rejuvenating Philippine society? Statistically Speaking. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/
headlines/StatsSpeak/2008/090808_
rav_wedc.asp#table4

50

The Subaybay Bata Monitoring System

was initiated by the CWC to gather
data on the implementation of the
UN CRC by the national government
line agencies. It has 143 indicators
that cover the seven major clusters
of childrens rights.The output of this
system is an annual State of the Filipino
Children Report.

16

Available data from the Council of the Welfare of Children indicate that around
50% of its budget in 2008 and 2009 focused on the coordination for plan and
policy formulation, and, monitoring and evaluation of enforcement of laws and
policy implementations. Another 25 percent went to advocacy and resource
mobilisation, and the remaining 25 percent was spent on technical assistance to
strengthen the capabilities of intermediaries such as RSCWCs and LGUs.

MONITORING AND DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM

While numerous efforts have been taken to develop and mainstream a
monitoring system (Subaybay Bata Monitoring System50), a comprehensive
report has yet to be produced. Information on children is not updated and
data collection seems to be more on an ad hoc basis. Data available from the
countrys primary statistical agencies, National Statistics Office (NSO) and the
National Statistical Coordinating Board (NSCB), are not disaggregated by age,
gender, ethnic group, rural or urban, and other relevant categories.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Preventive measures include information campaigns and training on child rights
and child protection, support to parents and caregivers, and inspection and
monitoring services. The CPCP adopts an approach that includes actions and
interventions that will (i) sensitise families, communities and LGUs on the
CRC; (ii) facilitate effective access of children at risk to relevant early and basic
education and vocational training; (iii) equip children with knowledge and life
skills to protect themselves; (iv) promote responsible and effective parenting
education among families of CNSP; (v) support livelihood activities and facilitate
access to credit and employment opportunities; (vi) establish effective built-in
screening and monitoring mechanisms for children at risk within basic social
services at barangay, city, and municipal levels; (vii) organise, activate, and
strengthen local councils for the protection of children (LCPC), particularly
at barangay level and (viii) upgrade technical competencies of programme
managers, supervisors, social workers, and other service providers in helping
children.
Promoting awareness of UN CRC. To date, there are no measures that adequately
determine the level of awareness and understanding of the UN CRC among
Filipinos. Available data, such as those cited in the State reports to the
UNCRC51, are not direct measures of how the UN CRC was disseminated by
the State Party. In fact, children and adult participants in the three consultations
conducted by the NGO Coalition have observed that the awareness and
knowledge of the UN CRC are shared only by children and adults who have
been involved in childrens rights work. Most of their knowledge about rights
came from trainings and workshops organised by the NGOs.
On the other hand, UNICEF builds the capacity of local governments in coming
up with local ordinances and allocated budgets for women and children52.
Tools such as Crafting a Childrens Code and Moving Forward with Gender
and Development (GAD) are used by local councils that enact local laws and
budgets. Currently, UNICEF is providing technical assistance in the development
of a GAD Code for the Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao.
UNICEF also provides orientation to local officials on the Convention on the
Rights of the Child (CRC) and Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination
against Women (CEDAW). It builds their capacity to respond to these two
international instruments through planning, budgeting, legislation and reporting.
Promoting access to early education. The Department of Social Welfare
and Development (DSWD) used to provide for public day care centres. It has
since become the responsibility of local government units (LGUs) by virtue
of the 1991 Local Government Code. Since then, the DSWD has focused on
accreditation standards setting, compliance monitoring, provision of technical
assistance and/or capability building. There are also day care centres that are
operated by NGOs, faith-based organisations, parents groups and private
individuals. Day care centres are designed to provide supplemental parental
care to children of working mothers during part of the day. It can accommodate
30 children at a time; with morning and afternoon sessions, a centres capacity
doubles to 60. Some factories and government agencies and corporations also
provide worksite-based child care centres for their employees.

51

Government of the Philippines Report

to the UN Committee on the Rights of
the Child, September 2007

52

http://www.unicef.org/philippines/
aboutus_13424.html

17

Promoting responsible parenting. The government, through the DSWD,

has implemented training and capability building programmes targeted at parents
(Parents Effectiveness Service or PES) and Parents, Teachers and Community
Associations (PTCAs). However, it was noticed that PES sessions are attended
mostly by mothers. Thus, specially designed modules for fathers were developed:
the Empowerment and Reaffirmation of Paternal Ability (ERPAT) and Ang
Mapagkalingang Ama (AMA) or the Nurturing Father.
Organising LCPC. Another strategy is the organisation of local councils for
the protection of children (LCPC) at all levels of local government, especially at
the barangay level. The barangay is the primary implementing structure closest to
children. This unit, however, has to implement many other duties in compliance
to a multitude of directives coming from the local chief executive and national
level agencies. There is an urgent need to support barangays to directly respond
to the needs of children. While organising rates are high, their functionality
remains in question. In most cases, the activities of the BCPCs depend on
the priorities of the local chief (barangay captain), who also sits as chair of
the BCPC. The programmes take off or falter depending on his/her interest.
Wherever childrens concerns are not the main priority, the BCPCs are not
convened, or if convened at all, are non-functional. In many cases, civil society
groups undertake initiatives without much barangay support. The same is true at
the municipal, city or provincial levels.
Upgrading competencies of child care providers. UNICEF has also helped
the Philippine Government in the capacity-building of child care providers53. It
has assisted in the following:
Scaling up gender-sensitive capacity building for day care workers and
teachers to guarantee effective and gender-fair teaching-learning practices
in day care centres and schools.
Designing recovery, rehabilitation and reintegration services for abused
children to address the special needs of girls.
Building the capacity of health sector workers, male and females to provide
women access to prenatal care and health facilities with more skilled birth
attendants.
Promoting youth participation, which addresses the specific barriers that girls
children face from participating actively at home, in school, in the community
and in the larger society.

PROGRAMMES AND SERVICES FOR CHILDREN, FAMILIES

AND COMMUNITIES
The CPCP also requires services that will (i) strengthen and expand monitoring
and rescue mechanisms such as Sagip-Bata Manggawa (SBM) and Bantay
Banta, among others, and link them with the LCPCs; (ii) improve psychosocial
recovery and healing services and social reintegration programmes; (iii) promote
alternative family care for children without families or children deprived of
a family environment; (iv) empower families and communities to facilitate
psychosocial recovery, healing and social reintegration.
53

http://www.unicef.org/philippines/
aboutus_13424.html

54

Administrative Order No. 5 Series of

2008, Omnibus Guidelines on the
Management Of DSWD-Operated
Crisis Intervention Units.

18

Rescue mechanisms. In general, the Crisis Intervention Unit (CIU), a special

unit of the DSWD, provides integrated services such as immediate rescue and
protection, augmentation assistance during disasters, provision of direct financial
and material assistance, and referrals for medical, legal, psychosocial, temporary
shelter, and other services to clients54. Rescued children are provided Critical
Incident Stress Debriefing. Then they are referred to appropriate centres for
temporary shelter and protective custody.

For child pornography cases, rescue operations are handled by the National
Bureau of Investigation in cooperation with the appropriate local government
unit and their social welfare and development offices55.
Meanwhile, government operations to rescue street children in Manila have
been heavily criticised for being ineffective, indiscriminate, and involuntary, done
for the wrong reasons, and seen by the supposed beneficiaries as arrests56, and
thus become child protection issues as well.
Rescue mechanisms for the following child protection issues are discussed in
separate chapters: children in exploitative and hazardous working conditions
(Chapter 4); children in trafficking situations (Chapter 5); children in disasters
(Chapter 6) and children in armed conflict (Chapter 7).
Psychosocial recovery and healing services and social reintegration.
A review conducted in 2000 categorised the available services into: centrebased, street-based and community-based services57. Centre-based services
provide any of the following services: a) skills training, values formation
and alternative education or tutorials; b) legal assistance, case work and
psychological/psychiatric services; and c) recreation, sports and even livelihood
opportunities. Street-based services usually offer street education, which
adopts a protective approach that includes counselling, referral to health centres,
health education, first aid, and advocacy for prevention.

55

Implementing Rules and Guidelines of

RA 9775

56

Scerri, C. (2009). Sagip o Huli?: Rescue

of Street Children in Caloocan, Manila,
Pasay and Quezon Cities. Bahay Tuluyan.

57

Protacio-Marcelino, E., Dela Cruz,T.,

Balanon, F., Camacaho, A. & Yacat, J.
(2000). Child Abuse in the Philippines:
An Integrated Literature Review and
Annotated Bibliography.

19

Chapter 3

CHILDREN IN RESIDENTIAL CARE

About one year and eight months ago, an unidentified man handed a one-day-old baby
girl to a Tacloban City resident.The girl is just one of the many abandoned children now
in the care of one of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
regional offices.
In the Philippines, residential care remains to be the primary response to child
abandonment, neglect and abuse. Residential care, or care provided in any nonfamily-based group setting, such as places of safety for emergency care, transit
centres in emergency situations, and all other short and long-term residential
care facilities including group homes, is only one of the many forms
of alternative care. Other forms of alternative care include:
Kinship care: family-based care within the childs extended family or with
close friends of the family known to the child, whether formal or informal
in nature;
Foster care: situations where children are placed by a competent authority
for the purpose of alternative care in the domestic environment of a family
other than the childrens own family, that has been selected, qualified,
approved and supervised for providing such care;
Other forms of family-based or family-like care placements;
Supervised independent living arrangements for children.
Of the four priority areas included in this study, children in residential care
received the least amount of attention in terms of research and documentation.
In 2003, a total of 2,732 children were reported to have been deprived of a
family environment and separated from parents58. Of this number, about 98.31%
or 2,686 children were brought to institutions. Males comprised the majority
(1,655) compared to females (1,031). The data was silent as to what happened
to the remaining 46 children who were not brought to institutions. No data
beyond 2003 is currently available.
The reasons for admission include economic difficulties and family problems
such as separation, neglect and abuse, abandonment and death of parents59. The
length of stay of children ranges from six months to three years. The rate of
discharge for male children is higher than for female children, especially those
aged 6-12 years. However, older male children tend to stay longer.
Among the factors hindering discharges are uncooperative parents, inadequate
support for parents, slow judicial process particularly for court-related cases,
limited manpower and unskilled staff.

58

Written replies by the Government of

the Philippines concerning the list of
issues received by the CRC relating to
the consideration of the Second Periodic
Report of the Philippines, 22 April 2005.

59

Philippines Country Report on

Alternative Care, 2003.

20

Forty-two percent of the 8,338 children admitted in 1998-2002 have been

reunited with their families, 9 percent were transferred to other residential
facilities for long-term care, 5 percent were placed for adoption, and 2 percent
for an independent living programme. The remaining 42 percent were discharged
for a variety of reasons, such as death and leaving the centre without
permission/runaway.

The DSWD administers residential care facilities not only for children but also
for abused women, substance abusers, mentally ill, elderly and persons with
disabilities, as well as community-based centres. Community-based centres
provide preventive and rehabilitative services for children, youth, persons with
disabilities, senior citizens and victims of disasters and natural calamities. This
chapter focuses only on residential care of children who are abandoned or
neglected. Separate discussions for residential care services for children rescued
from exploitative or hazardous work conditions (Chapter 3), children rescued
from trafficking (Chapter 4), and children in armed conflict situations (Chapter
5) were included in other chapters.
In 2002, a review of these residential care programmes outlined areas for
improvement in how the DSWD manages these centres and institutions.60
These include: adopting a programme supervision model for residential
care (supervision of all centres not just those operated directly by DSWD);
increased use of volunteers at residential centres; reforms to the licensing and
accreditation of residential centres operated by NGOs; and increased use
of NGOs to operate centers and institutions (transferring ownership). Some
of these recommendations have been implemented: increased use of volunteers
as house parents in centres, development of improved standards for licensing
and accreditation of all residential centre operators have been implemented.
As of 2008, there were about 61 residential care facilities being managed by the
DSWD. These are:
Reception and Study Center for Children (RSCC) - A child-caring
facility that provides psychosocial services to children 0 to 6 years of age.
The RSCC aims to help the child achieve child survival, development and
protection.
Haven for Children - A facility that provides rehabilitation services for
boys aged 7- 13 years who are recovering from substance abuse.
Nayon ng Kabataan - A child-caring facility that provides care and
treatment for children aged 7 to 17 years old who have behavioural
problems and whose needs are not met by their parents and guardians.
Home/Center for Girls - A child-caring facility that provides protection,
care, treatment and rehabilitation services to abused and exploited girls
below 18 years old.
Home for Boys - A child-caring facility that provides protection, care,
treatment and rehabilitation services to abused and exploited boys below
18 years old.
Lingap Center - A transitional home for street children aged 7 to17 years
who are abandoned or whose parents cannot at the time provide for their
needs adequately.
Marillac Hills (Also known as National Training School for Girls) - A childcaring facility that provides care and rehabilitation to female children in
conflict with the law, abused and exploited girls below 18 years old.
National Training School for Boys (NTSB) - A rehabilitation facility that
provides care and rehabilitation services to male children in conflict with the
law who are below 18 years old.
Regional Rehabilitation Center for the Youth (RRCY) - A
rehabilitation facility that provides care and rehabilitation services to male
children in conflict with the law who are below 18 years old.
Youth Hostel - A facility that provides temporary shelter to youth aged
13- 16 Years-old who are pursuing secondary formal education technical
education away from their family.

60

See Hoffman, J. (2002).Technical

Assistance on DSWD Institutions and
Centers: Final Report

21

These facilities have an average capacity of 50 beds, except for the National
Centre for the Mentally Challenged (Elsie Gaches Village) with 400-490 beds,
and another two for abandoned and sexually abused children that have 125
beds each. However, current admissions exceed the capacity of these centres.
Meanwhile, as of 2007, DSWD has licensed a total of 2,135 Social Welfare
Development Agencies (SWDAs) and Social Work Agencies (SWAs). Of this
number, 264 have been accredited with 145 providing residential care service.
The majority of these institutions cater to abandoned, neglected and abused
children with an average capacity of 30-40 beds.
Contrary to popular belief, most children in residential care are not orphans,
but have one or both parents alive, as well as other relatives who could care
for them. They are likely to be separated indefinitely from their families and
communities. Children are primarily placed in residential care by their families
because they are too poor to look after them. Families often feel it is the only
way to ensure that their children get an education and enough food and other
essentials. For example, parents bring their children to religious convents in
the hope that the institution would take them in. Some parents convince their
children to consider a religious vocation so as to ensure board and lodging, and
education for them in the future.
Available data bear this out. In SOS Childrens Village Manila, located in a highly
urbanised area, only 35 percent of the children in care are orphans; about
45 percent of children are abandoned and neglected by their parents, and 15
percent are born out of wedlock and their mothers are in their teen-age years
or unmarried and with no means of survival61. From economic woes to outright
collapse of families, there is a worrying trend that more and more children are
left to governments social services and to non-governmental child-care agencies.
There are no reliable and updated national figures regarding the numbers of
children presently living in residential care. While it was reported that up to
100 children are abandoned and turned over to the DWSD every two months,62
there is no way to verify these numbers.
61

1988-2005, CV Statistics on Children &

Youth, SOS Manila Pedagogical Team.

62

http://www.usnewslasvegas.com/
national/pia-pushes-for-foster-care-actof-2010-to-protect-abandoned-children/

63

Csaky, C. (2009). Keeping Children Out

of Harmful Institutions.The Save the
Children Fund.

64

The boy was brought to a nearby public

hospital and was diagnosed as suffering
from severe developmental retardation.
He was turned over to the appropriate
DSWD agency with strict medical
supervision. Desptie their best efforts,
however, the young boy expired the next
day. As of this writing, the identities of
the parents and family of the boy are
still unknown.

The residential care literature cites discrimination against certain groups

of children children with physical and/or mental disabilities, children from
minority ethnic groups, children of single mothers and those from broken
families leads to these children being disproportionately represented in
institutions63. While stories abound of differently abled children being left on the
door steps of strangers and even media institutions (the most recent case was a
boy with severe developmental dysfunctions found in front of station of one of
the countrys largest media networks)64, there are no exact figures to support
the anecdotal information.
In some countries, more girls are abandoned into institutional care than boys.
Available data in the Philippines show a different picture. For example, in
2007, about 878 abandoned children (487 boys and 391 girls) were served by
DSWD65. About 36 percent are children aged 1 to 5 years. Meanwhile, children
who suffered from neglect numbered to 2,249 (1127 boys and 1122 girls).
Children aged 1 to 5 years also made up the largest group.

65

Virola, R.A. Statistics on violence

against women and children: A morally
rejuvenating Philippine society? Statistically Speaking http://www.nscb.gov.ph/
headlines/StatsSpeak/2008/090808_
rav_wedc.asp#table5

22

If residential care is still considered a viable intervention for abandoned and

neglected children then an examination of the geographic distribution of
DSWDs residential care facilities would reveal a glaring disparity in those who

would have access to these interventions. For example, none of the residential
care facilities were present in two regions: Region IV-B (MIMAROPA) and
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Interestingly, the National
Capital Region is overrepresented, with half of the residential types located in
the region.
Table 4. Regional distribution of DSWD Residential Care Facilities
RSCC Haven for
Children

Nayon ng
Kabataan

Region I
(Ilocos Region)

Home
for
Girls

Home
for
Boys

Lingap
Center

Marillac
Hills

NTSB

Region II
(Cagayan Valley)

Region III
(Central Luzon)

Youth
Hostel

Region IV-A
(Calabarzon)

RCCY

Region IV-B
(Mimaropa)
Region V
(Bicol Region)

Region VI
(Western
Visayas)

Region VII
(Central
Visayas)

Region VIII
(Eastern
Visayas)

Region IX
(Zamboanga
Peninsula)

Region X
(Northern
Mindanao)

Region XI
(Davao Region)

Region XIII
(Caraga)

National Capital
Region (NCR)

Region XII
(Socsargen)

ARMM
(Autonomous
Region in
Muslim
Mindanao)
CAR (Cordillera
Administrative
Region)

23

EXISTING LAWS AND POLICIES

In June 2009, the UN General Assembly adopted the Guidelines for the
Alternative Care of Children66 which seek in particular to:
Support efforts to keep children in, or return them to, the care of their
family or, failing this, to find another appropriate and permanent solution,
including adoption and kafala of Islamic law;
Ensure that, while such permanent solutions are being sought, or in cases
where they are not possible or are not in the best interests of the child,
the most suitable forms of alternative care are identified and provided, under
conditions that promote the childs full and harmonious development;
Assist and encourage governments to better implement their responsibilities
and obligations in these respects, bearing in mind the economic, social and
cultural conditions prevailing in each State; and Guide policies, decisions and
activities of all concerned with social protection and child welfare in both the
public and private sectors, including civil society.
Prior to the Guidelines, efforts have been made by the Government to improve
the policies governing residential care. Executive Order No. 15 series of 1998
as amended by Executive Order No: 221 dated June 30, 2003 authorises the
DSWD to set standards, accredit and provide consultative services to public
and private institutions, organisations and persons engaged in social welfare and
development activities.
Likewise, Administrative Order (AO) No. 140 series of 2002 as amended by AO
NO.6 series of 2005 also known as the Omnibus Guidelines on the Registration
and Licensing of Social Welfare and Development Agencies and Accreditation
of Social Welfare and Development Programs and Services was developed to
enforce standards in the registration, licensing and accreditation of agencies
engaged in social welfare and development activities for purposes of authorising,
regulating and monitoring the operation of such agencies in the Philippines.
Memorandum Circular (Me) No. 24 series of 2004 also known as Procedures
for the Selection of Residential Care Centers of Excellence serve as reference
to the implementation of AO No. 1 series of 2004 entitled Indicators for
Residential Care Centers of Excellence which was prepared in line with the
Departments effort to improve service delivery and provide the best quality
care for the clients being served. Primarily the nomination and assessment
conducted was focused on DSWD residential care facilities considering that the
DSWD is the lead agency on social welfare concerns and to be in the forefront
of demonstrating and providing the best quality care for the sectors it serves.
Further, AO No. 11 series of 2007 also known as Revised Standards on
Residential Care Service presents the ladderised standards on the operation
of a residential care facility using the indicators for must, desired and
exemplary standards. The standards are developed encompassing the five (5)
work areas of operations as a residential care facility namely: (1) Administration
and Organization; (2) Program Management; (3) Case Management; (4) Helping
Strategies/Interventions; and (5) Physical Structures and Safety.
66

http://www.unicef.org/aids/files/
UN_Guidelines_for_alternative_care_
of_children.pdf

67

DSWD, Guidelines on the Transfer

of DSWD Residents to other Social
Welfare Agencies, 2008. http://www.
dswd.gov.ph/phocadownload/laws/
AONo22008.pdf

24

To further implement its de-institutionalisation scheme, the DSWD issued a set

of guidelines on the transfer of DSWD residents to other SWAs in 200867. The
guidelines also provide for the protection of the welfare and best interests
of the children, for example, it was explicitly stated that siblings should not
be separated.

However, the Foster Care bill, which seeks to strengthen and propagate the
system of foster parenting in the country to care for abandoned, abused and
neglected children, has yet to be passed in both houses of Congress. A present
version of the bill68 considers foster care as an initial step towards the foster
childs return and reintegration to his or her biological family, or possible
placement with an adoptive family. An abandoned, neglected or orphaned minor
may be placed under foster care, provided that the child does not have a family
that is willing and capable of caring for him or her. The child may also be a victim
of sexual or physical abuse, has development or physical disabilities, or has other
special needs.

COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

The DSWD is the primary welfare agency of the government mandated to
set standards, accredit and provide consultative services to public and private
institutions, organisations and persons engaged in social welfare activities, and
monitor performance and compliance to standards by institutions, organisations
and persons engaged in social welfare activities, both public and private.

BUDGET ALLOCATIONS AND EXPENDITURES

Standards setting, licensure and accreditation services only get a very small
portion of the total DSWD budget (0.24 percent in 2008 and 0.13 percent
in 2009). In 2008, the bulk of the budget was allocated to direct services
to community and centre-based clients (46 percent). However, in 2009, the
largest portion shifted to training and capability-building services and resource
augmentation provided to intermediaries (83.9 percent). Only about 14.7
percent of the DSWDs budget went to direct services. This shift somewhat
emphasised DSWDs role change from primary service provider to capacitybuilder, relinquishing the former role to LGUs. Furthermore, this budget cut
also signalled the push for de-institutionalisation at least from within DSWD
agencies and institutions. In order to increase contributions from nongovernment sources, a number of opportunities, including: (a) increased local
cost sharing by Local Government Units (LGUs); (b) contiguous LGUs providing
joint support for regional centres; (c) contracting NGOs to manage centres; and
(d) funding for repair and rehabilitation of centres are being examined.
Meanwhile, private welfare agencies generate funds mostly from international
funding agencies and the private sector to run their residential care facilities as
these institutions are not subsidised by the government.

MONITORING AND DATA COLLECTION

Aside from being a service provider, DSWD is also a regulatory office, where
it is mandated to register, license and accredit Social Welfare and Development
Agencies (SWDAs) and Social Work Agencies (SWAs) providing social welfare
and development programmes and services to the poor, the disadvantaged and
marginalised individuals.
The license and accreditation certificates issued by the Department to the
concerned Social Work Agency is an assurance that these SWAs have met the
required standards and are capable of providing quality service to its target
beneficiaries. Further, through this initiative, the Department will pursue its
efforts in strengthening partnership and collaboration with SWAs through
the development of standards, programmes and interventions appropriate to

68

Senate Bill 2486, the Foster Care Act of

2010 http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_
res.aspx?congress=15&q=SBN-2486

25

the type of residents being served, and provision of technical assistance and
capability building among others.
This is also in preparation for the devolution of DSWD programme and services
to concerned LGUs and the provision of appropriate programmes and services
to clients with special needs that are not available in DSWD facilities.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES
DSWDs AO No. 3 Series of 2008 encourages all residential care facilities
managed by DSWD, LGUs or NGOs to strive towards achieving excellence
and determine their exemplary performance on the delivery of programmes
and services to their respective clientele based-on the set standards. It also
recognises and provides awards/incentives to DSWD, LGU and NGO residential
care facility/ies proclaimed as Centers of Excellence.

PROGRAMMES AND SERVICES FOR CHILDREN

The different residential care facilities of DSWD offer a similar set of services to
children and youth. The services are described as including the following: social
services (case management); homelife services (provision of food, personal
care and other needs); educational services (school attendance for schoolage residents, tutorial services); dietary services (provision of appropriate
meals); health services (provision of physical and dental examinations upon
admission including psychological and psychiatric evaluation); recreational and
other cultural activities; and spiritual enhancement (Bible reading and
attendance in masses). Meanwhile, only the RSCC, as an organisation that caters
to children 0-6, offer placement services.
Case management is handled by professional (licensed) social workers in all
centres, with an average of 30 cases of children in government centres, while the
caseload is less than 30 in private agencies. Teams composed of psychologists,
medical doctors, nurses and house-parents provide support services to facilitate
the childrens healing and recovery. Depending on the circumstances, other
professionals are also involved, such as lawyers, psychiatrists and physical or
occupational therapists.
An alternative to residential care is the foster family care. Foster care is touted
to be a promising alternative to the overburdened residential centres and group
homes. However, there seem to be a dearth of any discussion about the existing
efforts in foster care.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TO CHILDRENS RIGHTS AND

CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Evidence from listening to children leads to the conviction that many features
of institutional care present several issues and challenges to the promotion
of childrens rights. Some of these include childrens experience of abuse and
maltreatment, stigma and discrimination, developmental delays, attachment
issues, and others.
Abuse and maltreatment: Children in some institutions face violence
from care-givers and other children. The extent and nature of such abuse and
maltreatment at the hands of staff that provide the services is often not revealed
by children for fear of recrimination. In the regional consultation workshops,

26

several children participants reported the existence of physical, mental and

emotional abuse by house parents. 69
While corporal punishment is prohibited in residential institutions under
section 1.4 of the Standards in the Implementation of Residential Care Services
(Administrative Order No. 141) (2002), it could be possible that staff may
discipline children with beatings or restraints, or by locking them up. In some
institutions, children with disabilities may face violence in the guise of treatment.
In 2009, two young girls who sought shelter in a government centre after they
were raped accused a male social worker in Mandaue City of molesting them.70
In 2007, a suspected American paedophile was arrested in the United States for
taking nude photos of young boys from an orphanage in a municipality in Davao
Oriental71. US authorities confiscated his digital camera and laptop for containing
nude photos of kids from the orphanage.
Three boys in the House of Joy orphanage confirmed that detained suspected
paedophile Paul Carlock fondled their sex organs and took photos of them
naked. Carlock is a retired policeman and went to the Philippines to volunteer
as Christian missionary. The kids fondly called Carlock as Kuya Paul the Clown.
He first arrived in the orphanage in 2004 and stayed in the orphanage for two
weeks on that same year. In 2007, he stayed in the orphanage for two months.
The orphanage houses at least 40 orphaned and abused young children.
After the incident, the DSWD issued a reminder that foreigners should not
be allowed to sleep in orphanages to ensure protection of the orphans from
possible abuse.
Exploitation and trafficking of children in institutions. While it is
especially difficult to obtain statistical data on the exploitation and trafficking
of children in institutions, there is evidence to suggest this is a widespread
and growing concern72. An existing modus operandi is that children placed
in institutions are, in effect, then trafficked under the guise of inter-country
adoption. Children, including those with parents, are being recruited into
institutions for the purposes of financial gain via inter-country adoption.
Unscrupulous adoption agencies collude with care institutions to coerce
or deceive parents into giving up their children so that they can be adopted
overseas.
In December 2009, a Singaporean lady was nabbed by local police in connection
to the discovery of nine unregistered infants under the care of an unlicensed
orphanage operating in Pililia, Rizal. The authorities believed that the babies were
fattened up, vaccinated and provided with genuine or fake birth certificates
before being transferred to Jala Jala, another Rizal town, and flown to a
commercial adoption agency in Singapore owned by the arrested lady.

69

NCR-Luzon NGO Consultation on the

UNCRC Implementation. April 2008.

70

Abused twice over: Social worker

molested us 2 rape victims. http://
globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/
news/view/20090811-219756/Socialworker-molested-us--2-rape-victims

71

http://www.gmanews.tv/story/67958/
dswd-bans-foreigners-from-sleeping-inorphanages

72

Van Reisen, M. & Stefanovic, A. (2004).

Lost Kids, Lost Futures:The European
Unions response to child trafficking,
Terre des Hommes: Geneva.

73

Stigma and discrimination: Children who are or have been in residential

care are frequently stigmatised and discriminated against at school, and even
by the local community. For example, pregnant teens may become targets of
discrimination.

Rutter, M., & The English and Romanian

Adoptees Study Team (1998). Developmental catch-up, and deficit, following
adoption after severe global early
deprivation. Journal of Child Psychology
and Psychiatry, 39, 465-476.

74

Developmental delays: Research has demonstrated that young children

who are institutionalised before the age of six months may suffer long-term
developmental delay.73 74 But young children who have experienced residential
care after 6 months as an emergency measure are more likely to recover

Marcovitch, S., Goldberg, S., Gold, A.,

Washington, J.,Wasson, C., Krekewich,
K., & Handley-Derry, M. (1997). Determinants of behavioural problems in
Romanian children adopted in Ontario.
International Journal of Behavioral
Development, 20, 17-31.

27

from their deprived background and catch up on their physical and cognitive
development once they have been placed in a caring family environment.
Attachment issues: One of the most often observed impact of
institutionalised care is a reduced potential to form secure, long-lasting
attachments, and reduced access to individuals who take a real personal
interest in the childs problems and achievements. This may be due to a
restricted choice of friends, especially from outside the institution or the
reduced or no possibility to maintain contact with family members and friends.
Children in institutions may also be exposed to short-term care activities
organised or sponsored by well-meaning individuals or groups. However,
without the appropriate orientation of these care-givers and the children
themselves, children may feel rejected once the caregivers leave and thus feel
used as charity objects.
Imposition of religious beliefs: In the Philippines where many charitable
institutions are run by religious organisations, institutions are used to provide
religious or secular education to poor or orphaned children. In this setting,
the imposition of religious beliefs contrary to childrens family background is
a real concern. For example, almost all DSWD-run residential care provide
for spiritual enhancement activities which are described as Bible reading and
attendance in masses.
Lack of preparation for adult life: An unintended consequence of longterm institutionalisation is a lack of preparation for adult life when leaving
the institution. There may be inadequate resources to assist them in finding
accommodation and employment, developing relationships, and getting access
to services.
The lack of life options available to children leaving long-term institutional care,
in particular, makes them more vulnerable to criminal behaviour as a means of
survival. They are also more likely to develop antisocial behaviour, attachment
disorders, and to struggle with positive parenting. Generally, children leaving
care are more likely to be dependent on the State and other service-providers
for their own wellbeing and survival and less able to contribute to economic
growth and social development.

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS THAT PUT CHILDREN AT RISK

Less investment on social services increases child abandonment:

Countries that spend less on public health and social services are more likely
to have higher numbers of institutionalised children possibly as a consequence
of not providing mother child residential care facilities and counselling services
to prevent abandonment and rehabilitate parents who are at risk of abusing/
neglecting their child. Furthermore, in the absence of adequate health and social
services for parents (e.g. mental health and alcohol/drug addiction services)
children are likely to remain in institutional care for longer periods of time.
Questions of quality care: While there are national enforceable standards
governing the running of childrens homes, there is inadequate data on how
exactly the DSWD regulates organisations, monitors standards and inspects
facilities that are providing care for children. It is very likely that poorly funded
and badly managed facilities also provide low material standards of care.

28

Poorly trained or overloaded caregivers could also do more harm than good.
While the use of non-professional caregivers as house parents have somewhat
eased the case load of social workers, these paraprofessional caregivers need to
undergo regular seminars and trainings to ensure that they are competent and
professionally responsive to the needs of the children and also to provide the
necessary protection to the children.
Temporary care and serial placements: Since residential care is an
expensive intervention, most private agencies can only afford temporary care.
As a result, a child is often moved from one temporary care placement to
another. In fact, SOS Childrens Villages report that most of the children that
were referred to them have experienced two or more temporary out-ofhome care placements. This serial placement strategy may have a substantial
negative effect on the well-being of the child and could foster their deep distrust
and disbelief in long-term relationships. Healing could be a long and enduring
process, temporary out-of-home care placement may potentially increase
childrens vulnerability.

CHILDRENS VIEWS AND THEIR PARTICIPATION

The participation of children who are separated from their families, in making
decisions on matters that affect them, has become recognised as an issue of
major importance around the world, not least for childrens protection and
personal development.
Residential care, such as welfare homes, may offer opportunities for participation
of children in running the home. Such is the case for Tambayan Center for the
Care of Abused Children, Inc., an NGO that works with adolescent street girls
in Davao. Tambayan (literally, a place to hang out in) manages a drop-in shelter
wherein the children have a hand in drafting and enforcing shelter policies. There
is no accessible data to indicate that this is a common practice among NGO-run
shelters and centres.
Recently, the DSWD bared the plan to operationalise the existing framework
in upholding the participation of children in DSWD centres and institutions for
their rehabilitation and recovery. This aims to create an enabling environment
in DSWD residential care facilities to facilitate the recovery and healing of
children. The pilot implementation will be done in DSWDs Home for Girls and
Regional Rehabilitation Center for Youth from 2010-2012.

WHAT SAVE THE CHILDREN CAN DO

Policy advocacy
Support efforts to deinstitutionalise child care systems through the closure
or transformation of existing institutions that are harmful or inappropriate
within a reformed care system. This would include the reunification or
resettlement of children in long-term or inappropriate residential care.
Advocate with, and support, governments to develop legislation, policies
and practices, in line with the UN Guidelines, including minimum standards
for all forms of care, and the registration and inspection of residential care
facilities. Holding governments to account in relation to the implementation
of laws, policies and practices and monitoring public spending on family-based
alternative care.

29

Support for interventions

Develop and pilot models of alternative quality family- and community-based
care (including kinship care, foster care, independent living, and adoption)
as well as appropriate systems for gate keeping, regulation, monitoring
and inspection.
Develop improved case management processes, including care planning for
children in care to enable their reunification and reintegration or to place
the child in a stable and durable quality family or community-based care
placement.
Education, awareness-raising and capacity-building
Use media work on care issues, including in emergencies, to influence public
awareness and support for institutional and family-based care.
Host or sponsor events to build awareness and support for care reform,
to raise awareness of the UN Guidelines, to increase government and donor
support for family- and community-based care and supports, and to share
best practices.
Strengthen Save the Children capacity as well as civil society and community
motivation and capacity to care and protect children, including support for
improved training for social workers, paraprofessionals, and volunteers, as
well as parenting education and support to avoid family separation.
Research and documentation
Research the use of residential care and best practices in alternative forms
of care, and family support services as well as discriminatory practices in
the placement of children including those affecting children with disabilities,
minority ethnic groups, children of unmarried mothers, etc.
Map the numbers of children in alternative care and the reasons for their
placement, and contributing to research on these issues, making sure
childrens voices are heard.
Produce high-impact research and policy reports on the use of family and
community-based care, including in emergencies, and will have linked this
to influential country, regional and global advocacy for policy and practice
change including regional and international conferences.
Build strong partnerships with local and international academics and
academic institutions to deliver high-quality research and capacity-building.

30

Chapter 4

CHILDREN IN EXPLOITATIVE AND

HAZARDOUS WORK SITUATIONS
Tamtam75is a 17 year old worker in a sugarcane plantation who has endured countless
days of working under the scorching heat of the sun. He began working in the
plantation cutting and loading sugarcanes since he was 12.
Tamtam is one of the many migratory workers or sakadas who are paid on a
pakyaw or lump-sum basis. His work ranges from weeding of grasses, cultivation,
and fertilising to cutting and loading of canes during the harvest/milling season. His
fingernails are already disfigured. He often complains of fatigue and chest pains but
has no money for check-ups.
In the Philippines, a significant number of children are indiscriminately made to
participate in economic activities at very young ages. Unscrupulous employers
take advantage of their predicament - luring them to work in industries which
are clearly hazardous even by adult standards. The National Survey on Children
(NSC) indicated that there were about four million economically active children
aged five to 17 years in 2001, which constituted 16.2 percent of the total
population of children in the same age group. The results also indicated that 2.2
million (1.4 million males and .8 million females) or 11 percent of all children
ages five to 14 were employed. Out of the four million child workers, about 60
percent or 2.4 million were exposed to hazardous working environments.
A study by the National Commission on Child Protection in the Philippines in
2008 revealed that nationwide 2.1 million children aged less than 15 years old
were found in workplaces like farms, factories, mines, even red-light districts.
The commission recorded 1.8 million child workers in 2007. The Philippines is
cited as one of the countries with a significant incidence of child labour in the
agricultural sector, according to a report from the US Department of Labor.
The report lists the goods produced using child and forced labour in the 77
countries studied.
Working children may be found in diverse sectors of the Philippine economy.
Of the countrys working children, 64 percent are in agriculture, 16.4 percent
are in sales, 9.2 percent are in production work, and 8.8 percent are in service
trades. The major areas in the formal sector of the economy where children
can be found working are the garments industry, wood-based industry and
the food industry. Hiring of apprentices in these industries is common. The
rest of the children are in the metal and mining industry. In addition, according
to the US Department of Labors Bureau of International Labor Affairs, the
hog, banana, coconut, rice, rubber, sugarcane, tobacco, corn industries in the
country use child labour. It also noted that child labour can be found in the gold
mining sector, fashion accessories manufacturing, pyrotechnics industry, and
pornography.
Most of the attention has focused on the formal sector. The status of children
in the informal sector remains hidden and unknown. These largely unrecognised,
unrecorded and unregulated small-scale activities constitute the informal sector
which, as of January 2005, is said to have employed some over 15 million people.

75

The case is based on a study by the

Center for Investigative Research and
Multimedia Services (CIRMS), Ang Mga
Batang Negros: A Study on Child Labor
Incidence and Dynamics, 2005.

31

Nevertheless, studies show that in this sector, children are mostly found in
agriculture, in the garments and handicraft sectors working for subcontractors,
in the street-vending trade, in illegal trade such as prostitution, and in domestic
or bonded labour wherein children are pledged to landlords in payment of debt.
In 2007, the DOLE reported that some 41,200 children, mostly in the informal
sector and in the sugar industry, have been successfully withdrawn from the
worst forms of child labour by the DOLE-led, multi-sectoral Philippine Time
Bound Program (PTBP). Household workers, sidewalk vendors, and workers
in unregistered family-based enterprises are among those that comprise the
informal sector.
Based on geographic distribution, about 70 percent of child labourers were
found in rural areas and only 30 percent in urban areas. Urban-based child
workers were a little older than their rural counterparts: the average age of
urban-based child workers is 15 while the rural average age is 14. The regions
with the highest incidence of child labour are: Southern Tagalog or Region IV
(11.5 percent), Central Visayas or Region VII (9.7 percent), Eastern Visayas or
Region VIII (8.7 percent), Bicol or Region V (8.6 percent), Southern Mindanao or
Region XI (8.5 percent) and Negros-Panay or Region VI (7.9 percent).
Generally, there are more child male workers than child female workers.
The gender ratio showed 173 male child workers for every 100 child female
workers. More boys are expected to participate in paid work in poor
households while girls are expected to a certain point or to stay at home to
help care for the house or their younger siblings. Thus, more female children are
engaged in work that is considered to be less economically productive (such as
domestic work). As a consequence, boys have higher child labour participation
and employment rates while girls have higher enrolment rates.
According to the Philippines Survey on Working Children conducted in 2000 by
the National Statistics Office, there were 240,000 children employed in private
households. These jobs account for 13.7 percent of paid employment in the
Philippines. The 2004 ILO-IPEC report on child domestic labour quoted a figure
of 29,000 child domestic workers in the Philippines between the ages of 10 and
14 and 273,000 between 15 and 19 years old. Meanwhile, the Visayan Forum
Foundation (VF), a non-government organisation working with child domestic
workers for more than a decade, estimates that there are at least one million
children in domestic work in the Philippines.76 The discrepancy in these figures
underscores the lack of attention provided to children in domestic labour.
Most child domestic workers are very young and undereducated. They work for
almost 24-hours, all week long except when allowed a day off; mostly underpaid,
if paid at all. Many also work in bondage - for advances during their recruitment,
for salary advances or deductions. Many child domestic workers also report
experiencing physical and verbal abuse from their employers. Some reveal they
were forced to eat leftovers, or compete for dog food, or sometimes even
forced to drink liquid detergent mixed in juice.
76

Visayan Forum Report on Compliance

with ILO Convention No.182 on the
Worst Forms of Child Labour.

77

Another maid files criminal charges vs

Mariano Tan, http://housemaidsabuse.
wordpress.com/2009/09/09/anothermaid-files-criminal-charges-vs-marianotan/

32

In 2009, an 18-year old kasambahay (domestic worker) was rescued by the

DSWD and the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) from the clutches of
her employer, a very rich tycoon, after a fellow kasambahay escaped and told
her parents of their daughters ordeal77. The victim reported that she and the
other helpers were not allowed to use the telephone or cell phone, talk to
fellow house helpers, laugh, sit in their (familys) chairs, look outside the window,

watch TV, read any material or write, eat at any time, sleep or rest before their
tasks were completed. In her extreme hunger, she even scrounged for dog food.
However, she received a terrible beating when she was caught.
She has also experienced being choked, kicked, and had her head banged against
the wall even for very minor infractions. She was also made to do her chores
naked. Her women employers then took photos of her in the nude. When she
finally asked permission to leave, she was forced to sign a new contract. She was
working for the tycoon and his family since she was 13.

EXISTING LAWS AND POLICIES

The Philippines is a signatory to many international laws and declarations related
to child labour. Among these laws are the ILO Convention 138, which sets 16
as the minimum age for employment; ILO 182, which prohibits the worst forms
of child labour; and Republic Act 9231 of 2003 which is the local version of ILO
182. The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), through Department
Order No. 4, prohibits persons below 18 years old to engage in any type of
hazardous work. Meanwhile, the law that upholds the rights and dignity of
domestic workers has yet to be passed.
In 2009, DOLE finally came out with guidelines for companies facing closure
for employing minors under dangerous circumstances, four years after the law
banning the worst forms of child labour has been enacted. Department Circular
No. 3 provides guidelines for the closure of establishments under Republic Act
No. 9231, An Act Providing for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child
Labor and Affording Stronger Protection for the Working Child.
Under the circular, a business establishment that violates any of the provisions
of RA 9231 more than three times may be ordered closed by the labour
secretary or DOLE regional director. However, prior notice and a hearing would
be required before a closure order may be issued unless there are grounds for
immediate closure. Immediate closure shall apply in the following circumstances:
Violation of any provision of RA 9231 which resulted in death, insanity or
serious physical injury to a child worker; the establishment employed the child
for prostitution or lewd shows; there is imminent danger to the life and limb of
the child.
However, the guidelines came two years too late for a 13-year-old boy who died
in an accident while working in the shipping firm in Davao City.78 In a raid done
on the shipping compound following the complaint of the boys father, a team
from the DoLE and The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) found
at least 14 children who were hauling heavy cargos in its compound.
The investigation revealed that the child workers were made to work seven
hours a day, from 9 p.m. to 4 a.m., and were paid P50 to P100, depending on the
work they accomplished.

COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

The National Programme Against Child Labor (NPACL) is a comprehensive
programme which consolidates the efforts of various social partners to
eliminate the worst forms of child labour and to transform the lives of child
labourers, their families and communities, towards their sense of self-worth,
empowerment and development. The guiding principles of the NPACL include

78

Davao shipping firm faces charges over

child labor, Philippine Daily Inquirer,
March 23, 2007. Retrieved from:
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view/20070323-56639/
Davao_shipping_firm_faces_charges_
over_child_labor

33

demonstrated caring quality service delivery, continuous learning, competencybuilding and service innovation, rights-based and needs-driven advocacy and
action, partnering, supportiveness, convergence of resources, both financial
and human, strong sense of social responsibility, results orientation, diversified
resource base. Partners within the National Programme Against Child Labor
(NPACL) are hoping that these policies would be instrumental in achieving the
75 percent reduction in local child labour incidence by 2015.
The NPACL is implemented through a multi-sectoral coordinating body
in congruence with the goals enunciated in the Medium Term Philippine
Development Plan (MTPDP) and the Philippine National Strategic Framework
For Plan Development for Children, 2000-2025 (Child 21). Institutional
mechanisms of the NPACL at the national and regional levels involving interagency efforts have also been established, with the Department of Labor
and Employment (DOLE) Bureau of Women and Young Workers taking
the lead role.
The NPACL is being implemented by partners at different levels:
At the Local Level - The Program Implementation Committee (PIC) is
composed of representative(s) from local government units (LGUs), local
representatives of the partner agencies, NGOs and community or peoples
organisations, the working children themselves and their family.
At the Regional Level - The Regional Child Labor Committee (RCLC) is
composed of regional representatives of the partner agencies and the
chairperson of the PIC
At the National Level - The National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) is
composed of national representatives from member agencies: Department
of Health (DOH), Department of Education (DepEd), Department of
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), Department of Interior and
Local Government (DILG), Philippine Information Agency (PIA), Employers
Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP), Trade Union Congress of the
Philippines (TUCP), National Council for Social Development (NCSD) and the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), with its Undersecretary as
Chairman.

BUDGET ALLOCATIONS AND EXPENDITURES

The activities designed to eliminate the worst forms of child labour lacked
DOLEs support. It was revealed that DOLE has been only allocating about
PhP 500,000 (USD 11,363) annually for prevention efforts.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES
The Philippine Time Bound Program (PTBP) is harnessing the collective action
of social partners to transform the lives of child labourers, their families and
communities towards a sense of self-worth, empowerment and development.
The PTBP was realised through the efforts of the ILO and the National
Coalition for Childrens Participation (NCCP). They pooled their resources,
skills and expertise to implement the programme.

34

Civil society initiatives

The ABK (Pag-Aaral ng Bata para sa Kinabukasan or Education for Childrens
Future) Initiative is implemented by ChildFund Philippines, Educational Research
and Development (ERDA) Foundation, Inc., World Vision Development
Foundation, Inc. in order to combat exploitative child labour education,
awareness-raising, and capacity building. The project, which is now on its second
phase (ABK2), is funded by the US Department of Labor.
The project helped to set up Bantay Bata sa Komunidad or BBK, or community
watch groups (CWGs), made up of local leaders, parents, teachers and others
chosen by the communities. The voluntary CWG members received training
in childrens rights and on child labour and helped to identify child participants
who were engaged in dangerous work and who did not attend school regularly.
They monitored whether children were in school, and persuaded parents to
stop their children doing dangerous work and let them go to school. They also
worked with local schools and officials, who took steps to ensure appropriate
quality of education. Several CWGs became integrated into the official barangay
(local government) structure, thereby making them sustainable.
The project achieved impressive results. Nearly 17,000 girls and boys gave up
doing hazardous work such as making fireworks (usually at home), harvesting
sugarcane, deep sea fishing and sex work and began attending school regularly.
Meanwhile,VF systematically coordinates with school administrations and other
partners to assist child domestic workers (CDW) who combine work and
study, as a strategy to prevent them from sliding into other worst forms of child
labour. This involves strengthening of existing efforts with the schools tapped in
the previous programme period in the areas of improving curriculum, providing
immediate assistance to students in need, improving Kasambahay centres in
schools, and organising activities in tandem with SUMAPI and teachers. The
Batangas centre also offers alternative classes and trainings.

PROGRAMMES AND SERVICES FOR CHILDREN, FAMILIES

AND COMMUNITIES
At present, the focus of actions in the country is on the elimination of risk to
children rather than on ending their participation in all forms of work.79 Such
approach is needed to accommodate the poverty element in child labour and
allow the families flexibility in maintaining their essential survival mechanisms
while protecting the children involved. Thus, among the emerging strategies now
being pursued by the government is the focusing of rescue efforts on the most
exploitative forms of child labour or the high-risk children such as the very
young (below age 12 or 13), those in hazardous working conditions, or those in
bonded labour.
For the rest of the working children, however, until alternatives for survival are
set in place, heightened efforts should be exerted to assure that they are in jobs
that are not harmful to their health and physical and mental development, that
they have opportunities for education and recreation, and that they receive the
same conditions of employment and protection as ordinary workers in addition
to their rights as children. The protection of existing labour legislation, standards,
as well as welfare schemes designed to protect workers well-being, should be
extended to them. At the same time, sufficient and effective programmes of
rehabilitation are needed to complement the said strategy.

79

http://ipecphils.tripod.com/phillaws/
intro.htm#SITUATION

35

To realise the foregoing objectives in the area of law enforcement, community

groups and local government units have been mobilised to immediately respond
to complaints of child abuse and exploitation and to assist the concerned
children in obtaining redress for the violation of their rights. Nevertheless, to
assure them complete and adequate relief throughout the entire judicial process,
the training of significant actors such as labour inspectors, prosecutors, judges,
social workers and NGOs for a better comprehension of the laws and legal
procedures on children, and for a deeper sensitisation on childrens rights still
need to be intensified.
The immediate measures required for the protection of child workers, as
suggested above, would be ineffective unless accompanied by schemes to
address the root causes of child labour. Thus, aside from existing social welfare
services to needy families, income generating or community livelihood projects
must be strengthened to increase the families earning power. In like manner,
educational programmes that are free, relevant to the needs of the child
workers and flexible enough to allow them enough time to carry on traditional
but non-hazardous work should be made accessible to them.
The Sagip Batang Manggagawa (Rescue Child Laborers) is an inter-agency
programme, which aims to respond to cases of child labour and rescue victims
from hazardous and exploitative conditions. The quick reaction teams have also
been strengthened and consist of teams of policemen and social workers to
rescue children and women victimised by prostitution and sexual exploitation.
In 2006, the Sagip-Batang Manggagawa quick action team (SBMQAT) rescued at
least 46 child workers from various sweatshops in the National Capital Region
(NCR). The rescued minors included those working as guest relations officers
in KTV bars and as house helpers, cutters, factory workers, and delivery boys
in sub-standard working conditions. Charges have also been filed against the
childrens employers for violating Republic Act 9231. The DOLE-NCR has begun
summary hearings for the childrens employers for underpayment of wages and
non-payment of special, legal, holiday pay and night shift differential.
Since 2005, the DOLE-NCR has ordered the closure of 10 establishments in
Metro Manila found violating RA 9231.
Civil society intitiatives
The Kasambahay Program is the national initiative of Visayan Forum (VF) that
provides direct services and social protection; acts for the empowerment and
promotion of self-help organisations; conducts advocacy for legislation and
policies, programmes and related services; and offers a Resource Center that
documents and consolidates material on child domestic workers.
The Direct Services and Social Protection component consists the continued
provision of immediate response to child domestic workers at risk. This involves
providing immediate assessment, and removal and interception during trafficking
if needed, while making medical, legal, psychosocial, and police assistance readily
available by tapping available resources from government agencies, NGOs,
workers and employers groups within the National Program Against Child Labor.
Send your concerns through our email hotline here.
VF offers psychosocial services in temporary shelters which provide, apart from
a place of help and safety in crisis for abused CDWs referred and reached out,
the opportunity to develop deeper relationships between care-givers and among

36

other initially distrustful CDWs, the opportunity to make informed choices in

the future, and the opportunities to learn life skills that may help them engage
in income generation. Eventually, they are reintegrated to their families or other
foster institutions whichever is appropriate. A half-way house in the Manila port
is also initially part of the programme to help intercepted, stranded or run-away
working children who are victims of trafficking.
The Visayan Forum envisages entering into long-term working arrangements for
joint action on domestic work. The recent extension of partnership with the
Philippine Ports Authority to five years of continued operation of the halfway
house for stranded domestic workers is an example. It is also working closely
with the national Social Security System (SSS) and the National Health Insurance
System (PhilHealth) where the Visayan Forum has been asked to assist in social
security registration and remittances of domestic workers.
The strength of institutionalisation of the organisation of domestic helpers, such
as SUMAPI, ensures that self-help mechanisms and support groups of domestic
helpers shall continue long into the future. The provision of work contracts,
minimum work standards espoused through the Batas Kasambahay would
guarantee the legal framework for ensuring minimum standards of work.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TO CHILDRENS RIGHTS AND

CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Significant health and safety risks: Most of the countrys working children
are exposed to very poor working conditions. Children in agriculture are
exposed to heavy loads, chemicals used for fertilisers and pesticides, and to
natural elements such as rain, sun and strong winds. Those in fishing suffer from
ruptured eardrums and shark attacks. On board the fishing vessels, they have to
endure congested, unsanitary conditions and poor food which often lead
to illnesses.
Factory child workers risk cuts and other injuries from accidents caused by
modern machineries and from the lack of protective mechanisms such as gloves
and masks. Children in garment factories and in wood industries suffer from
back strain, hand cramps, eye strain, headaches and allergies due to dust. Those
in the pyrotechnics manufacturing run the additional risk of injury or death
caused by the accidental explosion of their products.
Those involved in street trades suffer not only from sickness due to exposure
to heat, rain, dust and fumes, but also from the risk of vehicular accidents.
Also, child scavengers suffer from tetanus infections, while those engaged
in prostitution get constantly exposed to sexually transmitted diseases and
maltreatment from sadistic customers.
Child domestic labourers may have to use electrical equipment and other
unfamiliar machinery, chemicals, acids, and other materials that are considered
health hazards, often with very little protection and no training. In addition, they
are expected to be on call 24 hours a day.
Exposure to abuse and violence: Child domestic workers are prone to
verbal, physical and sexual violence. The Visayan Forum has documented cases of
physical abuse that sometimes result in serious physical injury or even death. In
one case a child died six months after her employer forced her to drink acid for
unclogging drains; another was burned with an iron by her employer;

37

yet another child was forced to kneel on a wooden stool for hours with fire
extinguishers in both hands.
Economic exploitation: Aside from the substandard working conditions
suffered by children at work, they face exploitation by their employers in terms
of long hours of work, insufficient rest periods and extremely low wages. On the
average, children work from 4 to 6 hours a day, earn below P1,000 per month,
and are paid in pakyaw or piece rate. A significant number do not even get
paid since their contribution to the total production efforts of their families are
not recognised by employers. It is estimated that 55.7 percent of the countrys
working children are unpaid family workers, 38.2 percent are wage and salary
workers, and 7.1 percent work on their own account.
Negative psychosocial impact: Child labour not only entails physical
repercussions such as stunted growth and diseases, but also certain psychosocial effects. The work, in which many children are engaged in, may distort their
values, lead to loss of dignity and self-confidence, and expose them to anti-social
behaviour. Children who work in the streets are also exposed to frequent
molestation and harassment by peers, adult syndicates and even law enforcers.
Educational deprivation: Child labour also takes its toll on the education of
the working children. Out of the 70 percent of the countrys working children
who are still able to go to school, half experience problems of high costs of
education (28.7 percent), distance (23.8 percent), and difficulty in catching up
with lessons (22.1 percent). Working students complain of low grades (41.4
percent), absenteeism (25.3 percent), and tardiness (26 percent). Working
students tend to be chronic drop-outs.

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS THAT PUT CHILDREN AT RISK

Poverty as a major push factor: Child labour is rooted in poverty and the
lack of economic opportunities. Consistently, child labour statistics reveal that
poverty incidence among families with child labourers was about twice the
national incidence rate. Meanwhile, the lack of economic opportunities in the
locality force children to find work even in extreme or hazardous conditions.
In-depth studies of selected sectors such as fishing,80 and pyrotechnics,81 82
all point to poverty and the need to earn additional income for the family
contribute to the decision to allow or even compel children to work.
Meanwhile, majority of children who render domestic work also come from
impoverished households.83
80

Remedio, E. (2002). Children in Pa-aling

and Kubkub Expeditions: An Assessment
Report for the Deep-Sea and Fishing
Sector Studies. Manuscript. ILO-IPEC.

81

Ano, D. (2002). A Cursory Assessment

Study on the Situation of Child Labor in
the Pyrotechnics Industry. Manuscript.
ILO-IPEC.

82

Edralin, D. (2002). In Depth Study on

the Situation of Child Labour in the
Pyrotechnics Industry. ILO-IPEC.

83

Brillantes, R. (1996). Developing Strategic Services for Child Domestic Workers:

Using Survey Data on their Working
and Living Conditions in Metro-Manila.
BWYW-DOLE.

38

Prioritising income over education: Many parents prefer to send their

children out to work rather than to school, either because there is no school
within a reasonable distance of the family home, or because they cannot do
without the income the working child brings in, or because they cannot meet
the costs of sending the child to school, or again because they cannot see
what use schooling would be to him. Income from child labour, no matter how
small, is welcome to very low-income households, whether it be in the rural or
urban setting. These households need their childrens earnings to augment their
households income. Simply said, child labour is necessary for the survival of the
household as resources and economic opportunities are not sufficient to meet
the households minimum basic needs.
The demand for child labour: Another major factor in the increase in the
number of working children is the demand for child workers. Employers know

all too well the advantages of employing children. They represent a docile work
force, which could be hired and replaced at a fraction of adult wages. They do
not join labour unions and very seldom complain. Above all, employers who hire
children gain a competitive advantage in both national and international markets
due to the low wages they pay children.
The economic value of children: Many parents view children as an
economic investment or as a form of social insurance, particularly in poor
households. However, due to poverty, parents expect an early return of their
investment, as the need for livelihood support is more pressing at present.
The economic value of children is also viewed through a gendered lens. For
example, child domestic work is perceived by some parents as lighter and less
arduous task than other employment opportunities available for children in their
community. It requires no formal training or special skills or qualification yet it
provides the guaranteed and regularincome needed by the household.

CHILDRENS VIEWS AND PARTICIPATION

In 1995, the Visayan Forum organised the first domestic workers association
in the Philippines, the SUMAPI (Samahan at Ugnayan ng mga Manggagawang
Pantahanan sa Pilipinas). This self-help organisation originated from VFs early
efforts to reach out and organise young girls at the Luneta Park where they
congregated during their days off every Sunday.
Today SUMAPI is among the largest registered national organisations with
roughly 10,000 members nationwide. It is composed of linked core groups
acting as support networks based in parks, schools, churches and other transit
points for trafficking. Together they raise their voices on behalf of the plight of
domestic workers, and they aim to increase protection for child domestics via
national laws and codes of conduct. SUMAPI mobilises domestic workers for
the yearly Domestic Workers Day celebration. The nationwide celebrations take
place in public parks where domestics organise themselves throughout the year,
and members organise trips to Social Security registration booths, counselling
centres as well as other government agencies.
The programme is currently moving towards the formalisation and registration
of SUMAPI as a workers group. Strengthening of organised core groups and
chapters as a workers group to enhance a meaningful participation of the
CDWs in crucial aspects of the programme in line with the over-all strategy
and advocacy agenda for CDWs in the Philippines. This involves workshops to
process their experiences and perceptions at work; to improve leadership and
advocacy capacities, and; to deepening reflection in life during school retreats.
Core groups leaders and advocates are identified and trained to become
advocates in their immediate spheres of action such as schools, communities,
LGUs, etc.
VF also conducts flexible outreach services for child domestic workers in
schools, churches, recreational parks, ports, and waiting areas identified as areas
of high concentration of child domestic workers. The outreach uses creative
methods in counselling and orientation about legal entitlements, social security
system registration, and other informational especially of newly recruited CDWs
especially during transit. In particular, the programme assists domestic workers
to avail of social security (SSS) benefits by conducting regular registration
sessions in the field during their days off.

39

WHAT SAVE THE CHILDREN CAN DO

Strong advocacy and awareness-raising campaign that promotes the acceptance
of fundamental principles on childrens rights, decent work standards and
employment contracts, gender-sensitive and child-centred strategies. The
advocacy campaign needs to be directed to child workers, parents, employers,
communities, religious groups, media advocates, national government institutions,
local government leaders, policy-makers, the general public and other civil
society groups.

40

Chapter 5

CHILDREN IN SITUATIONS OF
TRAFFICKING
One late evening, a distressed woman appeared at the doorstep of the Bahay Silungan
Sa Daungan (BSSD), a shelter for victims of human trafficking at the Sasa Wharf
in Davao City.The woman suspected that her 16-year-old daughter was aboard
the SuperFerry vessel that was preparing to leave for Manila. She wanted the ship
searched and her daughter prevented from heading for an uncertain fate in the big
city. It was 9:30 p.m.The boat was leaving in 15 minutes.
The social worker from Visayan Forum, an NGO focusing on the rights of domestic
workers, quickly contacted SuperFerry officials and asked to see the passenger
manifest. She did not find the girls name but saw that of the girls 21-year-old sister.
After a quick scan of the photos of passengers taken at the SuperFerrys boarding
gate, the social worker confirmed that the girl had indeed boarded the vessel, using her
older sisters identity.
The ships captain was asked to hold the vessels departure while she, the victims
mother and some BSSD volunteers as well as port and SuperFerry personnel boarded
the vessel and discreetly searched the ship. In minutes, they found the girl, whose
identity has been kept confidential. Shortly after 10 p.m., the ship was on its way
to Manila.
Each time a vessel leaves Davao Citys Sasa Wharf, BSSD social workers
reported that they intercept as many as 20 passengers headed for Manila,
potential victims of human trafficking syndicates. The Philippines is known as a
source, transit and destination country for domestic and cross-border trafficking
of women and children for the purpose of sexual exploitation and forced labour.
The United Nations estimates that the Philippines has contributed from 600,000
to 800,000 victims of trafficking in persons.
Enticed by the lure of employment in Metro Manila or abroad and pushed by
grinding poverty in Mindanao, these victims are coerced or deceived into a
variety of exploitative situations in the Philippines or abroad: bonded labour,
prostitution or abusive domestic work. Others are exploited for illegal activities
(like begging, illegal trade or adoption), organ trading, marital services or for
armed conflict. The study also cites a DSWD report that from 1997 to 2002,
there was an estimated 95 documented cases of child trafficking mostly from
Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula).
In many cases, the victims are female and minors, as the rescue exemplified.
The girl later told BSSD personnel she had been recruited to work for
P9,000 a month as a waitress during the day and a karaoke attendant at night
in a restaurant somewhere in Luzon. Witnesses said the girl had four other
companions who managed to make the voyage to Manila.
However, the lack of a data collection and monitoring system makes it difficult
to determine the number of trafficked children. In Cebu, an NGO recorded
534 women and girls who were trafficked for sexual purposes from 1997 to
2000. Another NGO, Antonia de Oviedo, recorded 22 trafficked girls from

41

1999 to 2002. In Cagayan de Oro City, the Philippine National Police recorded
14 child trafficking cases from 2001-2003, but the exploitative purpose was not
identified. The regional office of the DSWD reported four trafficking cases for
sexual purposes in 2001 and two cases in 2002.
Available data may not accurately reflect the magnitude of child trafficking in the
country. In the period between 2006 and 2007, data from the DSWD indicate
that it has served about 806 cases of child trafficking, with incidents of child
labour and prostitution (sexual exploitation) comprising more than half of the
cases. The large number of cases of trafficking for labour purposes underscores
the trafficking dimensions of child labour.84 Unfortunately, there was no
disaggregation by gender.
Table 5. Child Trafficking Cases Served by DSWD, 2006-2007
Number of cases

Total

Victims of child labour

281

Victims of prostitution

264

Other forms of child trafficking

181

Victims of illegal recruitment

24

Victims of pornography

20

Victims of paedophiles

19

Victims of cyber pornography

17

TOTAL

806

Table 6 reveals that trafficking targets mostly female adolescents between the
ages 13-17, accounting for almost 80 percent of the cases served by DSWD.
However, there are also victims as young as 0-2 years. Trafficking of babies for
intercountry adoption also seems to be on the rise. In 2008, a Singaporean
owner of an adoption agency, a former mayor and a social worker were arrested
in JalaJala, a town in Rizal, for being allegedly involved in baby trafficking. Police
discovered nine babies being cared for in an unlicensed and unregistered
adoption home in the town (see also Chapter 3).
Table 6. Child Trafficking Cases Served by DSWD by Age and
Sex, 2006-2007
Age

Male

Female

Total

0-2

11

3-5

10

10

20

6-12

25

30

55

13-14

41

266

307

15-17

78

335

413

162

644

806

TOTAL

84

Flores-Oebanda, C. (2006) Addressing

vulnerability and exploitation of child
domestic workers: An open challenge
to end a hidden shame. Expert Group
Meeting for the Elimination of all Forms
of Discrimination and Violence against
the Girl Child.

42

Most of the children (557 or 69.1 percent) served by DSWD originated from
Central Visayas. Cases from the NCR follow with 258. These figures are not
surprising since international ports and airports are located in these regions.
Central Luzon accounts for the third largest group. Meanwhile, cases from the
Zamboanga peninsula account for about 10 percent of the cases. Zamboanga has
been identified as the exit point for cross-border trafficking to other Southeast

Asian nations such as Malaysia. Cagayan Valley, where Batanes, the northernmost
island, is located, may also serve as exit points to Taiwan. However, the data
do not indicate whether the cases are trafficking within the country or across
borders.
Table 7. Child Trafficking Cases Served by DSWD by Origin,
2006-2007
Region
Region I (Ilocos Region)

Total
22

Region II (Cagayan Valley)

84

Region III (Central Luzon)

138

Region IV-A (Calabarzon)

12

Region IV-B (Mimaropa)

13

Region V (Bicol Region)

Region VI (Western Visayas)

11

Region VII (Central Visayas)

557

Region VIII (Eastern Visayas)

21

Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula)

93

Region X (Northern Mindanao)

28

Region XI (Davao Region)

36

Region XII (Socsargen)

Region XIII (Caraga)

National Capital Region (NCR)

258

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM )

--

Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)

From July to December 2008, the Social Welfare Attach Office in Malaysia
provided services to 177 distressed Filipinos and victims of trafficking.85
Among them are 37 or 20 percent male while majority or 140 or 80 percent
were female. A total of 54 or 30 percent (9 male and 45 female) were labour
trafficking victims while 63 or 35 percent female were victims of sex trafficking.
The 51 distressed Filipinos (21 male and 30 female) were either overstaying, sick,
old, or pregnant. Nine children born to one Malaysian parent but without proper
documentation were considered overstaying aliens and had to be repatriated.
The female victims of labour trafficking were often employed as household
helpers. Male labour trafficking victims worked as waiters, farm workers,
factory and construction workers. On the other hand, the female victims of sex
trafficking are employed in massage parlours, bars and pub houses.
Majority of those served belong to the working group of 20 to 40 years old.
Eighty-four of the 177 fall within the 20 to 29 years old age group while 37
represent the 30 to 39 age group. There were 13 that are 19 years old and
below. These cases are those that fall under the sex trafficking category.
An emerging issue is the involvement of children in organ trafficking. Organ
Trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transport, transfer, harbouring or
receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of
coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a

85

Cabilao, F. (2009). International Social

Welfare Services:The Malaysian Experience. Social Welfare and Development
Journal, 3(4); 2-11.

43

position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits

to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for
the purpose of exploitation by the removal of organs, (tissues or cells for
transplantation).86
Andreas was 16 when his mother begged him to sell a kidney for food for
his siblings and beer for her shop in a Manila slum. His case is not an isolated
one. Initial results of six days of data-gathering done in 2007 in 3 towns in the
Philippines yielded interesting results. Calauag town had 42 organ providers
from 6 out of 81 barangays; Lopez town had 98 providers from 40 out of 95
barangays; and Gumaca town had 50 donors from 12 out of 59 barangays.
Attempts to conduct research on the health and other situation of the donors
failed because of incomplete donor registries, i.e. with some 10 donors giving
the same address. There were no procedures in place to establish true
names, ages and addresses of donors. Some hospitals provided incomplete
registries of transplants, which did not coincide with the operating room and
anaesthesiologists records, thus understating the total number of transplants
involving foreigner recipients. Since the screening process do not rigorously
verify the ages of donors, it is very possible that there would be a number of
underage donors.

EXISTING LAWS AND POLICIES

Government legislations and initiatives have been in place to safeguard childrens
rights and welfare in this area. In Article IV Section 7 of Republic Act No. 7610,
child trafficking is the act of trading and dealing with children including, but
not limited to, the act of buying and selling a child for money, or for any other
consideration, or barter. Any person guilty of child trafficking shall suffer a
penalty of reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua. The penalty shall be imposed
in its maximum period when the victim is under 12 years of age.
The Philippines in March 2003 enacted a comprehensive anti-trafficking law
called The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 or the Republic Act No. 3208.
This long awaited law defines trafficking in numerous ways. It makes illegal the
recruitment, transportation, transfer or harbouring, or receipt of a person, with
or without the persons or victims consent, within or across national borders
for the purpose of exploitation such as sexual exploitation, forced labour
services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, and removal or sale of organs or
other similar acts.

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Also, it makes illegal the threatening of people or using force or other forms of
coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or position. Interestingly,
introducing for money or other consideration, any Filipina to a foreigner
as a possible spouse or offering any Filipina to a foreigner as a prostitute
is considered trafficking in persons. Also maintaining or hiring a person
to engage in prostitution or pornography is also considered trafficking in
persons.3
The penalty structure set up by R.A. 9208 is as follows:
Qualified Trafficking in Persons (denoting trafficking of persons under the age
of 18): life imprisonment and a fine of P2 million to 5 million.
Trafficking in Persons: 20 years imprisonment and a fine of P1 million to
2 million.
Promoting Trafficking in Persons: 15 years imprisonment and a fine of
P500,000 to 1 million.

 Use of Trafficked Persons for Prostitutionfirst offense: 6 months community

service and a fine of P50,000
subsequent offenses: 1 year imprisonment and a fine of P100,000.
However, despite the presence of a law, traffickers continue to be emboldened.
Government lawyers have managed to win only eight cases against persons
accused of human trafficking four years since RA No. 9208 was passed. Four
of the cases that ended in convictions were in Quezon City and two each in
Zamboanga and Batangas.
Slow court proceedings and the victims lack of interest to pursue charges
against suspects have resulted in a low rate of conviction in human trafficking
cases. In 2007, only eight convictions were reported to have resulted from
the 248 cases filed under the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003. The low
conviction rate may be attributed to, among others, the victims refusal to testify
against recruiters, which weakens the governments cases.Victims often refuse
to blow the whistle on recruiters for fear of reprisal. Even social workers and
volunteers have experienced being harassed by recruiters.

COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

The Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking or IACAT was created to monitor
and coordinate the implementation Republic Act 9208. It also came up with
a strategic plan of action that includes prevention, protection, recovery and
reintegration. Likewise, Executive Order 220 created the Executive Council to
suppress trafficking of women and children.
On the other hand, the Inter-Country Adoption Board was created to act as
the central authority on matters related to inter-country adoption in order
to protect the Filipino child from trafficking and sale or any other practice in
connection with adoption which is harmful, detrimental, and prejudicial to the
child. The Task Force on Illegal Recruitment which is headed by the Philippine
Oversees Employment Administration (POEA) and composed of the DOJ, PNP
and the Presidential Task Force on Anti-Organized Crime respond to cases of
illegal recruitment which may include the trafficking and sale of children.
Executive Order 62 created the Philippine Center on Transnational Crime
(PCTC) which implements a concerted programme of action on all law
enforcement, intelligence and other government agencies for the prevention and
control of trafficking of women and children. It also undertakes research and
data banking on trafficking (CWC 2006). Likewise, the Department of Tourism
has programmes which monitor child abuse and prostitution especially those
committed by tourists coming to the country.
To ensure the effective implementation of programmes and services, a
Philippine Guidelines for the Protection on the Rights of Trafficked Children
was formulated. However, the Philippine Government was placed in Tier 2 in
the 2007 U.S. Department of States Trafficking in Persons Report for not fully
complying with the Trafficking Victims Protection Acts minimum standards for
the elimination of trafficking but is now making significant efforts to do so. There
are also reports of immigration and police officers who are complicit in human
trafficking.87
87

2006 US Department of State Human

Rights Report , page 45

45

MONITORING AND DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM

The IACATs initiative was to come up with a reliable database system that
would help Philippine law enforcement intercept child trafficking in the countrys
exit and entry points and assist prosecution in bringing the criminals to justice.
The database, called the Philippines Anti-Trafficking in Persons Database (PATD),
was launched in 2009 to provide systematic records keeping and monitoring
system of trafficking cases to aid programme development and policy
formulation. It covers the services provided to victims, the cases filed with low
enforcement agencies and the prosecution services, and is now undergoing
pilot-testing in three regions
Meanwhile, the DSWD developed the National Recovery and Reintegration
Database (NRRD), another database system for trafficked persons. The NRRD
has been pilot-tested in seven regions (Regions I, II, III, IV-A, IV-B, IX, and NCR.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Early detection and prevention are essential in stopping the incidences of
trafficking and sexual exploitation of women and children.
State initiatives
The Government of the Philippines has been using advocacy, information and
education on womens and childrens rights among policy makers, communities
and other groups. Fourteen government agencies are involved in anti-trafficking
efforts, much of which are prevention-oriented. In 2007, the IACAT established
an anti-trafficking taskforce at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) to
share information on trafficking. The national IACAT also developed a standard
orientation module on trafficking in person. This served as a minimum guide in
the conduct of community education and awareness raising activities.
Meanwhile, the Philippine Overseas Employment Agency (POEA) has also
installed measures to protect OFWs from employer abuse which includes
higher minimum wage and minimum employment age, as well as preemployment seminars, trainings for OFWs and screening of employers. The
government also showed an anti-trafficking infomercial on local TV networks.
Officials have made efforts to control mail-order bride businesses through
increased monitoring. Government offices conduct information campaigns
on child labour and sexual exploitation for the hotel industry and other
tourism businesses.88
The DSWD launched a National Family Violence Prevention Program where
families were also informed about the rights of women and children as well as
necessary behaviour to protect them. To prevent trafficking in children, social
workers have been posted at the airports to monitor the travel of children
abroad. Minors travelling unaccompanied must register with the DSWD to
ensure that they are travelling for appropriate purposes.89
88

Trafficking in Persons Report 2003

89

This action plan is an abstract of the

action plan which the government of
the Philippines submitted during the
Asia Regional Initiative Against
Trafficking (ARIAT) meeting in
March 2000.

46

Civil society initiatives

Asia ACTs is a regional campaign to fight child trafficking in Southeast Asia. It is
part of the International Campaign against Child Trafficking (IcaCT) coordinated
by Terre des Hommes, Germany and the International Federation of Terre des
Hommes.

Asia ACTs continuously expands the areas, organisations and events in the
countries that join December 12 activities as Day Against Child Trafficking.
December 12 marks the adoption of the UN Protocol to Prevent, Punish
Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN
Convention against Trans-national Organized Crime in Palermo, Italy. Since the
start of the anniversary celebration in 2003, December became a very special
month of educational and commemorative activities.

PROGRAMMES AND SERVICES FOR CHILDREN, FAMILIES

AND COMMUNITIES
The need for specialised services has been highlighted. Most facilitate the
childrens rehabilitation once they have been victimised. But even, they
acknowledge that the problem is one of prevention and has to be attacked at its
source-poverty and recruiters who readily take advantage of vulnerable families
(Racelis and Aguirre 2005). Also, parents of children must be educated and their
values re-oriented because it was found that some parents themselves were the
masterminds for these crimes as a way of easing the families financial burden
(CWC 2006).
State interventions
The reintegration programmes of the Government of the Philippines focus on
facilitating the recovery of women and children from traumatic experiences and
their return to normal life. This assistance includes, individual and group therapy
sessions focusing on overcoming fear, shame, self-denial, guilt and self-blame.
These programmes also provide information on options available to victims for
work, continuing education, and vocational training in order to help addresses
the economic aspects of reintegration process.
The governments Half-Way Home programme works with NGOs to
repatriate victims and provide them temporary shelter, transportation,
counselling and financial assistance. The government trains law enforcement
officials on dealing with trafficking victims. Philippine embassies take steps to
assist victims abroad. Consular officials in embassies receive awareness training
on dealing with trafficking victims. The Philippines Anti-trafficking law seeks to
adhere to the international norm of exercising the human rights standards of
treating persons trafficked as victims of a crime, rather than as criminals of the
acts related to trafficking.
In the Philippines, the Department of Justice has created the Task Force on
Protection of Women Against Exploitation and Abuse and well as the Task Force
on Child Protection. These task forces are composed of state prosecutors
designated by the Secretary of Justice to address the cases of abuse, exploitation
and discrimination committed against women and children.
Civil society interventions
Hotlines are in place to facilitate reporting of cases. Bantay Bata (Child Watch)
began in 1991 and allows the public, including children, to call a telephone
number to report cases of child abuse and exploitation. The radio, TV and print
media are also utilised to inform the public about reporting of the cases of
abuse and exploitation.
The Visayan Forum, in partnership with the Philippine Ports Authority, set up
strategic halfway houses across the country beginning in the year 2000. These
shelters provide 24-hour safety and catchment services for trafficking victims,

47

such as temporary shelter, travel assistance, quick case referrals and legal
services, and telephone hotline counselling.
In these shelters, more than 4,000 victims have availed themselves of custody
and safe haven while waiting for the proper inspection of recruiters permits and
records, or simply a return ticket home.Volunteers and staff comb the terminals
everyday to provide stranded victims with contact numbers so they can call the
hotline during an emergency. Through the programme, the concerted action
of the port community has come to full force. This community is composed of
government agencies (PPA administration, port police and coast guard, security
guards), employers (shipping companies and their crew on ground and on
board), and workers (including porters, stevedores, vendors, etc.).
Several NGOs provide grants of financial and technical assistance for those who
are interested in starting their own small businesses.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TO CHILDRENS RIGHTS AND

CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Children in trafficking situations for labour and sexual purposes face similar
issues and challenges as those children who are engaged in worst forms of child
labour: threats to health and safety through diseases or injuries; psychosocial
impacts; economic exploitation; educational deprivation; exposure to abuse
and violence. For example, children trafficked across borders live in constant
fear of their lives and safety. Since many of them are undocumented aliens,
the perpetrators take control of their usually fake passports, and frequently
threatening them of imprisonment.

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS THAT PUT CHILDREN AT RISK

It is widely accepted that no single reason accounts for why children are
trafficked, but rather a wide range of factors and layers of vulnerabilities related
to children as individuals, their families, and the socio-economic context in
which they live. Child victims of trafficking are rarely affected by only one factor;
rather, it is the compounding of several factors that renders them susceptible
to being exploited. Despite the fact that the particular factors which can render
children vulnerable to trafficking vary between localities and communities, key
common elements can be identified.
The following were identified as some of the primary factors that cause the
environment of trafficking to flourish in the Philippines.190 Push factors are those
that drive children to be forced or lured into trafficking. Poverty seems to be
the prime catalyst and is exacerbated by other factors:
Family breakdown: Families in which there is a lack of care and support
for children, which can take place within the context of single-parent families,
divorced or separated parents or guardians, child-headed households or families
with large numbers of children.

90

The factors are taken from UNICEF

Report, Reversing the Trends: Child
Trafficking in East and South-East Asia,
2009.

48

Lack of educational and viable employment opportunities: In rural

areas, many families struggle to earn an adequate income, largely due to the
lack of employment opportunities. Most children, particularly those from
large families, are obligated to help out. Working children may be frequently
absent from school, or may drop out altogether, leaving them with low levels of

education. Lack of educational attainment results in fewer work opportunities

and choices, resulting in vulnerability to labour exploitation. Such children
are frequently vulnerable to exploitation because they are more likely to
accept unskilled or lower-skilled employment, such as domestic service or
factory work.
Meanwhile, pull factors constitute those elements that attract or lure children
into trafficking.
Promise of higher wages: Other countries and big cities are perceived to
be more progressive and offer opportunities not available in small towns and
villages. This can influence a child to believe that life will improve there because
wages are typically higher and a better standard of living is attainable. In the
Philippines, stories of girls and women who made it big overseas abound,
which is succinctly captured by the saying: Japan, Japan sagot sa kahirapan
(Japan, Japan the answer to poverty), as testament to the success of many
Filipinas who worked in Japan.
Demand for child labour: The lower cost in employing child workers, the
perceived ability to manipulate and control children who are often unaware of
their rights to protection, their lower likelihood of involvement in labour unions,
can all contribute to the demand for child labour.
Demand for illegal adoption: The demand for adoption, whether operating
within or outside legal and regulated processes, has fuelled the abduction and
sale of children, particularly infants. In the Philippines, the adoption process takes
a very long and arduous period that many adoptive parents would resort to
other means.
Demand for sexual relations with children: Child sex offenders, as well as
paedophiles, spur the demand for sex with both boys and girls, which in certain
contexts is supplied through the trafficking of children for sexual purposes.
Rapid globalisation is also changing the landscape and dynamics of child
trafficking. Two features of globalisation may play a significant role: improved
travel and the growing use of new technologies.
Improved travel: Low-cost travel is an emerging feature of globalisation.
Interestingly, budget airfare, which significantly lowered the cost of travel from
the Philippines to other Asian countries such as Malaysia and Singapore, made it
easier and cheaper for traffickers to do their deed.
The growing use of new technologies: The interconnectedness of people
within and across countries via mobile phones, social networking sites, chat
rooms, and e-mail will continue to thrive as the Internet becomes more
accessible and communications technology becomes increasingly mobile. Some
of the implications of this with respect to trafficking have already been seen.
Cases of trafficking of women and girls via contact over the Internet or through
cell phones have already been observed.
Meanwhile, efforts to combat child trafficking have been hampered by poor
legal and regulatory frameworks, weak law enforcement, under-resourced social
welfare services, and limited capacity of service providers.

49

Limited capacity of service providers and implementers: In the

aforementioned case of the Singaporean adoption agency owner accused of
trafficking, the police were at a loss as to what law will be used to file charges
against the accused. The police inspector used PD 603 of 1974 that punishes
the crime of operating a colorum (unlicensed and unregistered) orphanage. This
allowed the accused to post bail. If found guilty, the punishment would just be
a month in jail and a P200 fine. When confronted about the choice, the police
revealed that this was the advice given by the regional office of DSWD. This
confusion reveals the lack of capacity of service providers to fully implement
the various laws governing child trafficking.
The interplay of these factors, with increasing poverty as the major catalyst,
results in conditions favourable to trafficking of children within the country
and across borders.

CHILDRENS VIEWS AND THEIR PARTICIPATION

Asia ACTS believe that only through the participation of children will the
regional campaign be successful.
In fact, the Philippine Guidelines for the Protection of Trafficked Children
explicitly states that centres that receive children victims of trafficking should
have a home-like atmosphere and should not feel like a prison where children
do not have the voice to express themselves.

WHAT SAVE THE CHILDREN CAN DO

Research and documentation

Link data collection on trafficking to migration-related information systems
(e.g. institutions which already collect data on migration on a regular basis)
and agencies that detect exploitative employment practices.
Collate and promote best practices on how to prevent and respond to
child protection concerns in trafficking situations. Identify research gaps and
conduct research to inform policy and programming.
Programming and interventions
Promote the active participation of children in policy and programming
Come up with measures that aim to decrease the vulnerability to trafficking
and re-trafficking and to increase the livelihood options of families of at risk
groups.
Ensure that victim survivors have access to safe accommodation and to all
necessary assistance (e.g. free medical and legal aid, interpreters, contacts
with relevant service providers in country of origin, etc.).
Advocacy and networking
Participate in the prevention of child trafficking through informational
campaigns targeting identified at-risk groups as well as potential exploiters of
the victims of trafficking.
Strengthen the coordination among different agencies and institutions that
work in preventing, detecting and combating child trafficking in source, transit
and destination areas.

50

Training, education and capability-building

Provide tools and assistance for capacity building of professionals working
with children (teachers, social workers, police, etc) on the protection issues
confronting victim-survivors of child trafficking.
Conduct trainings and other educational activities to help prepare
institutions, organisations, groups and individuals to address child trafficking
and to correctly deal with the victim-survivors of trafficking.

51

Chapter 6

CHILDREN IN SITUATIONS OF
DISASTERS AND OTHER EMERGENCIES
Seven year old Alyssa nearly lost her father in the flash floods that hit the coastal
towns of Real, Infanta and Gen. Nakar (REINA) in Quezon in late 2004. She witnessed
his father struggle against the ferocious waves that threatened to swallow him. Her
cousin, Aileen, witnessed how the currents snatched her younger sister. Her aunt braved
the waters to save her, but lost her life in the process. Aileens sister would wake up in
the middle of the night crying and calling her aunts name.
The Philippines ranks number 12 among 200 countries and territories whose
populations are most at risk from natural hazards according to the United
Nations Mortality Risk Index. Typhoons and flooding are the most prevalent
natural hazards since 2000, and these events trigger landslides, mudslides, and
storm surges.
The Philippines has long tried to minimise the damage caused by the 20 or
so typhoons that hit the archipelago every year. Despite a combination of
preparation and mitigation measures, high death tolls and destruction persist.
The risk to human life from natural disasters in the Philippines has increased
dramatically over the past years. From 1990 to 2000, natural disasters affected
the lives of 35 million people.
Nationwide in 2001 to 2005, 2,892 people were killed and 909 others went
missing in typhoons and other storms, which caused damage totalling PhP 26.05
billion (USD 521 million), according to the National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC).91 During the past century, bad weather has cost the country
about PhP 15 billion (USD 300 million) a year just in infrastructure. This estimate
does not include losses to employment and other economic opportunities.
The International Red Cross estimated that some 5.9 million Filipinos were
killed or injured as a result of natural or manmade calamities from 1991 to 2001.
Moreover, data on children affected by natural disasters are not disaggregated
and the emergency responses are not yet child-focused. As a result, specific
needs of children are not given consideration in disaster responses.
The Moro Gulf Earthquake with 7.6 intensity triggered a tsunami which
affected Southern Philippines and resulted to the death of around 3,800
persons and destruction of properties. In 2004, the country experienced
twenty-five (25) weather disturbances, four of these occurring successively in
November and first week of December and brought massive landslides and
flooding in Southern and Central Luzon. More than 1, 000 people have been
killed or were missing after mudslides and flash floods devastated three coastal
towns in Quezon province.
A devastating mudslide buried alive a thousand children in their classrooms and
some in their homes, completely wiping out a whole town in Southern Leyte
in 2005. The typhoon that hit Bicol in 2006 left hundreds of families homeless,
hungry, and exposed to epidemics.
91

National Disaster Coordinating Council

website

52

In 2009, consecutive typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng wrought destruction to

most of Luzon, including Metro Manila. The two typhoons brought to fore the
weaknesses of the countrys disaster management system. Typhoon Ondoy
affected a total of 993,227 families (4,901,234 persons) in 2,018 barangays, 172
municipalities, 16 cities of 26 provinces in Regions I, II, III, IV-A, IV-B,V,VI, IX, XII,
ARMM, CAR and NCR. The total number evacuated inside 244 evacuation
centres was 15,798 families or 70,124 persons.
It was reported that about 10,000 people are still living in evacuation centres.92
To make matters worse, 40 percent of evacuation centres were located in
areas prone to climate change and flooding, 61 percent of them did not have
electricity, 58 percent of evacuees were clueless on their relocation plans.
On the other hand, Typhoon Pepeng affected 954,087 families (4,478,284
persons) in 5,486 barangays, 334 municipalities, and 33 cities in 27 provinces
in Regions I, II, III,V,VI, CAR and NCR. The total number evacuated inside 54
evacuation centres was 3,258 families or 14,892 persons.
However, the data collection systems do not provide information about the
number of children affected.

EXISTING LAWS AND POLICIES

The inability of the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) to
respond effectively to the twin typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng clearly showed
the need to strengthen the governments response to disasters and other
emergencies. Thus, in May 2010, a new law, RA 10121, was signed which aims to
institutionalize disaster risk management at all levels of government in order to
better cope with the various calamities that hit the nation every year.
The law acknowledged that there was a need to adopt a disaster risk reduction
and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and
proactive in lessening the socio-economic and environmental impacts of
disasters including climate change, and promote the involvement and
participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels,
especially the local community.
This Act also provides for the development of policies and plans and the
implementation of actions and measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster
risk reduction and management, including good governance, risk assessment and
early warning, knowledge building and awareness raising, reducing underlying risk
factors, and preparedness for effective response and early recovery.
The landmark agreement that is pushing countries and communities to reduce
risks of disasters is the UNs International Strategy for Disaster Reductions
Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015): Building the Resilience of Nations
and Communities which was signed by 168 countries including Philippines.
The HFA stresses that nations and communities needs to ensure that
disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with strong basis for
implementation; identify, assess and monitor disaster risk and enhance early
warning; use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety
and resilience at all levels; reduce the underlying risk factor and strengthen
disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.

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COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

The National Disaster Coordinating Council which was created under PD 1566
was recently renamed as National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council by virtue of R.A.10121. The NDRRMC is empowered with policymaking, coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring and evaluation
powers. Among the functions of the NDRMC are the development of a national
disaster risk reduction and management framework, which shall provide for a
comprehensive, all-hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency and community-based
approach to disaster risk reduction and management.
Under the new law, the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) would remain, headed
by an administrator who shall also be executive director of the NDRRMC. At
the local government level, the barangay disaster coordinating councils are now
abolished and its functions would be assumed by existing barangay development
councils, which shall serve as local disaster risk reduction and management
councils (LDRRMC).
The LDRRMC would ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and
climate change adaptation into local development plans, programmes and
budgets as a strategy in sustainable development and poverty reduction.
While the NDRRMC would still be recommending the declaration and lifting of
a state of calamity, the LDRRMC may also make its own recommendation to the
local Sanggunian for immediate implementation.

RESOURCE ALLOCATION FOR DISASTER RESPONSE

The present calamity fund appropriated under the annual General
Appropriations Act would now be known as the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Fund and it shall be used for disaster risk reduction
or mitigation, prevention and preparedness activities such as but not limited to
training of personnel, procurement of equipment, and capital expenditures.
It can also be utilised for relief, recovery, reconstruction and other work or
services in connection with natural or human-induced calamities, which may
occur during the budget year or those that occurred in the past two years from
the budget year. Of the amount appropriated for NDRRM Fund, 30 percent shall
be allocated as Quick Response Fund or standby fund for relief and recovery
programmes in order that living conditions of people in communities or areas
stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be
normalised as quickly as possible.
Available data indicate that national calamity fund decreased from P998.5 million
in 2001 to about P700 million from 2003 to 2005.
When a state of calamity has been declared by a LGU Board, the local
executive may authorise the use of the LGUs Local Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Fund. Under the new law, LGUs are mandated to set aside 5
percent of their estimated annual revenue to support disaster risk management
activities, but not limited to pre-disaster preparedness, purchase of life-saving
rescue equipment, post disaster activities, and payment of premiums on calamity
insurance. In occasions when the local fund has been used up or is not sufficient
to respond to a disaster situation, a request for national government assistance
can be made.

54

Other sources of funds within the government bureaucracy can be utilised for
disaster management.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES
The new law also provides for the integration of disaster risk reduction
education into the school curricula and Sangguniang Kabataan programme and
mandatory training for public sector employees. The Department of Education
has already come up with a Disaster Risk Reduction Resource Manual (DRRRM)
that is responsive to the needs during the occurrence of disasters. The manual
aims to provide school administrators, teaching and non-teaching staff with
a handy and ready reference on what to do before, during and after the
occurrence of a calamity/disaster brought about by both human-induced and
natural hazards. More aptly called the Safer Schools Resource Manual (SSRM),
the said reference includes various components, particularly, equity of assistance,
resource management, impact reduction, disaster prevention and mitigation and
organisation of a disaster control group.
Government agencies have developed a range of information and educational
campaign (IEC) materials and organised an annual Disaster Consciousness
Month.
Early warning, forecasting and monitoring systems have been improved, with at
least 10 new radars installed in the typhoon-entry zones in the eastern Bicol
region to alert the populace. The Mines and Geosciences Bureau has developed
flood and landslide susceptibility maps to identify flood-prone and landslide
prone areas.
Table 8. Flood susceptible areas
Location

Number of areas

Abra

Bulacan

Cagayan

Cavite

Ilocos Norte

22

Ilocos Sur

32

La Union

Metro Manila

15

Mountain Province

Rizal

55

Table 9. Landslide susceptible areas

Location

Number of areas

Abra

Benguet

Cagayan

Ilocos Norte

23

Ilocos Sur

30

La Union

Mountain Province

Disaster mitigation refers to risk reduction measures or activities that address

specific hazards. For example, in Marikina City, within Metro Manila and one
of the worst-hit areas, a community-based volunteer group has installed flood
markers and begun distributing bahangas, six-person rubber rescue boats
designed to transport residents through the narrow streets of Metro Manila
to higher ground.93
In 2009, disaster mitigation officials in Albay have started evacuating close to
10,000 families residing within a radius of six to eight kilometres from the crater
of Mayon Volcano after it spewed lava which flowed half a kilometre down-slope
upon the order of the governor of Albay. The province of Albay was touted to
have the best disaster mitigation, response and rehabilitation programme in the
country.

PROGRAMMES FOR CHILDREN, FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES

There are three phases of disaster response: immediate relief, short-term
recovery, and the long-term recovery phase. The first phase is the immediate
relief, which often includes medical assistance, food, clean water, and other
necessities, such as mosquito nets for the recent flood victims because dengue
is very prevalent in Southeast Asia.
The second phase is the short-term recovery, which happens within the first
year. This includes temporary housing, temporary schools, initial rebuilding
of infrastructure, and services for displaced children and families such as the
psychosocial services. During the short-term recovery phase, most families and
parents are busy cleaning up their damaged homes or retrieving their belongings,
leaving their children at the temporary shelters, which often exacerbates any
trauma that the children are facing.
While relocation options are being explored, UNICEF is continuing to support
learning activities and child-friendly spaces in the evacuation centres, along
with psychosocial support activities, to help children come to terms with their
distressing experiences.

93

Disaster mitigation begins at home,

IRIN. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/
newsdesk/IRIN/ebef7769f06275e5f004ac08b8c51224.htm

56

UNICEF is also providing education materials for schools, including school kits
for children, teaching materials for staff and library sets for schools. As they have
often lost everything in the flood, children in evacuation centres get a school kit
in a UNICEF backpack, which they can use as a school bag. This includes pens,
pencils, crayons, scissors, glue, a ruler and a notebook. They also get a pair of
sandals and a water jug.

Third, the long-term recovery phase, which usually involves multiple years,
includes livelihood restoration and training, scholarships for disaster-affected
students, permanent rebuilding of homes, schools, and infrastructure, and
psychosocial support. Disaster preparedness is also part of the long-term
recovery phase, especially for places that are prone to disasters.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TO CHILDRENS RIGHTS AND

CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Children are one of the most vulnerable groups during a disaster. Factors such
as their age affect their vulnerability and shape their ability to cope and survive
in a disaster context. Children have particular needs that must be met for their
healthy growth and development. Exposure to disaster can be a traumatic
experience for children, affecting future full development potential.
Health and safety: Health problems surface in the evacuation camps. Colds
and respiratory illnesses are common.
Psychosocial distress: During emergencies, children are exposed to a variety
of extreme circumstances, some of which are beyond their capacity to cope. It is
now accepted that in addition to meeting basic needs, such as food and shelter,
it is essential to consider the emotional and developmental support of children.
They recover from distressing experiences more quickly when supported by
their family and community in a child-friendly environment.
Exploitation and gender-based violence: Sexual violence and exploitation
are chronic risks to girls and boys in situations of emergency. In times of social
crisis, when their support and protective structures are limited or nonfunctional,
children particularly those who are displaced are most vulnerable to abuses
such as rape, incest, molestation, trafficking and early marriage.

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS THAT PUT CHILDREN AT RISK

Family separation: Children are at risk of being separated from their primary
caregivers during emergencies, either as a direct result of the emergency or as a
result of its consequences.
Overcrowding and lack of adequate facilities: Typically, 12 families or
about 55 persons crowd in a schoolroom. There is barely enough living space
in this 7 x 7-meter room. Evacuees are cramped at a density of one person in
less than one square meter of space, way below the recommended 3.5 square
meters of space per individual. Evacuees generally sleep on plastic mats over
concrete flooring. Families usually share a meal of rice, noodles, and canned
goods provided by aid agencies. Typically, there are one or two bathing facilities
in a camp. Some evacuees have to wait in line as early as 1:00 am if they want a
quick shower.
Loss of educational opportunities: Since schools are used as evacuation
centres in times of disasters, classes are suspended for an indefinite period.
While school authorities are advised to devise scheduling and shifting strategies
that would enable pupils using these evacuation classrooms to revert to regular
classes as soon as possible and for the evacuee pupils to hold classes within the
premises of the evacuation school, the situation in the school/evacuation camp
is usually not conducive for learning.

57

CHILDRENS VIEWS AND THEIR PARTICIPATION

In the aftermath of flash floods in the municipalities of Real, Infanta and Gen.
Nakar (REINA) in the province of Quezon in 2004, children who joined the
activities of Christian Childrens Fund (now ChildFund) Philippines Child
Centered Spaces shared in various ways their fears and great sense of loss
during and after the floods94. They feared the loss of their lives and their
loved ones. They feared the loss of their homes and personal belongings. They
lamented the loss of their school which was a significant space in their lives.
While childrens participation in the development process is recognized,
the recognition of childrens participation in disaster risk reduction is an
emerging concern. Although much attention is given to the needs of children in
emergencies, it is mostly from the point of view of adults acting on behalf and
in the best interest of children. There is less focus on working with, and
not working for, children in reducing their vulnerabilities and disaster risk.
While much of the supports for children need to be in the context of their
family, community and culture, there should be an increased focus in working
with children.
There are occasions when children and young people can become drivers of
change.95 In 2006, the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) conducted a risk
assessment of landslide for the Southern Leyte region which determined that,
within the Municipality of San Francisco, 8 barangays (villages) were at high risk.
These included Sta. Paz Sur and Sta. Paz Norte, which housed a high school and
an elementary school, respectively.
Following debates about whether and how to relocate the high school, the
headmaster opened the decision to a community-wide referendum to include a
vote each for the children of the school. Broadly the students were in favour of
the relocation and their parents against it, because the parents were concerned
about the children having to travel to school in a different community and the
loss of livelihoods with the relocation of a school (e.g. loss of lunch business
for local shops). In addition, different political affiliations of the leadership in the
two barangays led to confusion over the exact risk communications of the MGB.
Student organisations in the high school embarked on an education campaign
about the physical processes of landslides, and a great many students wrote
to the School Division Superintendent expressing their desire to relocate. The
students proposal won the vote by 101 to 49.

94

CCF. (2006).Voices and Spaces of

Resilience: Children Rising Above the
Flash Floods of REINA.

95

Plan International, Children and Young

People at the Center of Disaster Risk
Reduction for the Global Platform First
Session in Geneva, June 2007

58

The students and their parents helped construct a temporary tent school
over one weekend. The tents, water supply and toilets were provided by the
international development agency Plan Philippines, along with a scholarship
programme helping poorer students with uniforms and school supplies. The
children reported feelings of excitement about the whole process and did not
express any regret about the decisions to move, though they did report some
difficult conditions in the temporary school. A permanent new school is now
being constructed nearby, with co-financing from Plan. The permanent school
will include earthquake mitigation measures such as steel ties on the roof.
Toilets are also being built in each classroom in preparation for its use as an
evacuations shelter.
Childrens participation is especially important in situations of disaster. Giving
children information and involving them in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
activities actually help them build resiliency, gain a sense of security and control

over their situation, and contribute significantly to disaster prevention and

response in their community.
The recognition of childrens right to participation brings the Save the Children
to the fore of demonstrating replicable models on child-centred disaster risk
reduction. Child-centred DRR works towards ensuring childrens access
to appropriate and sufficient information on DRR, instituting process and
mechanisms for getting childrens perspectives and ensuring that these influence
the design and implementation of DRR programmes, and opening venues for
children to actively participate in DRR activities according to what they are
capable of doing at their specific stage of development. Child-centred DRR also
means putting childrens best interest as a primary consideration, and ensuring
that child-specific needs and concerns, especially those of marginalised groups
of children, are primarily addressed. It also strengthens the accountability of
government and other duty bearers in preventing, mitigating and responding
to disasters.

WHAT SAVE THE CHILDREN HAS BEEN DOING

After about 29 years in the Philippines, Save the Children has already developed
an emergency response system. For example, even before Super Typhoon Megi
hit, Save the Children has already began pre-storm preparations days in advance
and responded quickly. The agency distributed family kits of essential supplies
for families who lost homes and essential possessions. It immediately activated
the crisis management team and initiated contact with other aid agencies and
the government, as well as with the UN, to coordinate responses in health and
nutrition, water and sanitation, education and child protection. Finally, Save the
Children also sent a five-person team to conduct rapid assessments of childrens
needs in the aftermath of the typhoon.
In 2009, Save the Children has coordinated with Philippine authorities in helping
to evacuate thousands of residents to safety in the communities near the lavaoozing Mayon volcano.
As a pioneer of child-centred Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), Save the Children
works with schools to develop and practice emergency simulation exercises and
evacuation drills for teachers and students. It encouraged children to play a key
role in assessing the risks they face, helping to draw up emergency preparedness
plans and maps, taking part in drills and evacuation simulation activities and
raising awareness about risks amongst their peers and adults in their community.
It has also worked with community leaders to carry out risk assessment
mappings of their neighbourhoods and identified vulnerable households. These
leaders have already stockpiled goods like clean clothes and other emergency
supplies for situations such as the Mayon Volcano eruption.
In the communities of Guinobatan and Camalig, which are near the volcano, Save
the Children has mobilised the volunteer emergency response teams the agency
trained.
About 12,000 people from these communities are now in 40 shelters. The
emergency response teams are already overseeing two Child Friendly Spaces
in evacuation centres, and will set up more of these in the days to come. These
spaces give children an opportunity to play in a safe space and receive support
amidst the potential trauma of an emergency situation.

59

Save the Children has worked on disaster risk preparedness in the Philippines
since 2003. Together with children and schoolteachers, the agency developed
My Little Book on Disaster Preparedness, which the Philippine government
has adopted for use in 65 schools. This series of workbooks contains lessons,
stories, games, and activities designed to educate children about different kinds
of natural hazards and safety precautions.

WHAT SAVE THE CHILDREN CAN DO

Research and documentation

Conduct a systematic documentation and evaluation of its DRR programme
in Bicol.
Collate and promote best practices on how to prevent and respond to
child protection concerns in local contexts in disaster and other emergency
situations. Identify research gaps and conduct research to inform policy and
programming.
Programming and interventions
Replicate Save the Childrens experience in disaster risk reduction in Bicol
to other disaster-prone areas.
Ensure all Save the Children child protection in emergencies (CPIE)
programming adopts a rights-based approach, by developing inclusive
programmes, promoting childrens participation, seeking stakeholders
accountability and strengthening local civil society.
Promote the active participation of children in policy and programming,
including in peace building and in the development of child friendly spaces.
Advocacy and networking
Advocate with and support governments to strengthen legislation, policies,
services (and other interventions) to improve the prevention and response
to children affected by emergencies.
Support governments and other key agencies to include a stronger focus on
child protection in DRR and emergency preparedness.
Build on existing community based child protection services, and mobilise
local organisations, communities and children to take actions to prevent and
respond to CPIE.
Advocate and mobilise for increased child protection resources.
Participate in national interagency groups to strengthen the focus on CPIE.
Build new partnerships with the media, academia and the private sector to
sensitise them on child protection in emergencies.
Training, education and capability-building
Provide tools and assistance for capacity building of professionals working
with children (teachers, social workers, police, etc).
Promote child friendly and inter-sectoral reporting mechanisms and services.
Promote the integration and harmonisation of humanitarian response with
development work on CPIE, in particular by promoting a systems-building
approach.
Build the capacity of Save the Children staff, humanitarian workers, peace
building personnel and local partners on quality standards and programming,
using internationally adopted guidelines and other materials.

60

Chapter 7

CHILDREN IN SITUATIONS OF ARMED

CONFLICT
The peace agreement in the Mindanao region between the Philippines
government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) has yet to be realised.
There are reports of an increase in rebel ranks and a lethal mix of militant
groups in southern Philippines, foreshadowing the escalation of violence and
attacks in these areas. There also has been a resurgence of the Communist New
Peoples Army throughout the country, with reports of increased use of young
people as fighters in rebel activity.96
Armed confrontations between the CPP-NPA-NDFP and state forces have
been increasing since 2003, particularly intensifying in 2005, while those against
the MILF-BIAF (and MNLF/ASG) have been decreasing since 200397. It is
relevant that during the period covered the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines (GRP)-NDFP peace talks were suspended in 2004 while the GRPMILF talks continued.
During armed conflict, family members can be separated, schools and child
care centres closed or destroyed, and the routines children are used to
become disrupted. Schools and barangay centres, including health centres, are
often temporarily used as military camps and detachments causing parents
to have second thoughts about sending their children to school for fear that
violence may erupt anytime. In Basilan alone, 14 schools remain closed since
July 10, 2007.98
Worse, children are the most affected in situations of armed conflict. The
military offensive against the rebels in Central Mindanao declared by former
President Joseph Estrada in 2000 and in 2003 brought direct threats to life and
physical security, lack of food security, threat to privacy of home and presence of
danger in public places (Quitoriano 2004).
According to the Annual Consolidation Reports for 2000-2003 of the Disaster
Response Monitoring and Information Center of DSWD, 1.2 million persons
were adversely affected and displaced by the conflict nation-wide in 2000, and
93 percent were from the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
and Region XII in Central Mindanao. In 2001, 122,373 persons were displaced
in Central Mindanao, representing 43 percent of total displaced persons
nation-wide. In 2002, 34,824 persons were affected by conflicts in the region,
representing 74 percent of all displaced persons nation-wide that year. In
February 2003, the government launched a quick offensive against the MILF. By
the first quarter of the year, 292,901 persons from the provinces of Cotabato,
Maguidanao, and Sultan Kudarat, had been displaced from their homes.

96

Philippine Human Rights Information

Center (PhilRights), Deadly Play
Grounds:The Phenomena of Child
Soldiers in the Philippines, 2005.

97

In the first quarter of 2008, an estimated total of 2,380 children were affected
by militarisation and development aggression in Talaingod, Davao del Norte;
Baganga and Cateel, Davao Oriental; New Bataan, Compostela and Monkayo,
Compostela Valley Province; and Barangay Manuel Guianga, Tugbok District,
Davao City. 99

IBON. (2006). Uncounted Lives:

Children,Women And Conflict In The
Philippines. UNICEF.

98

Documentation by KARAPATAN
Childrens Rehabilitation Center Daily

99

Bulletin as of December 2007

61

The need for humanitarian aid in Central Mindanao became very evident
during the third quarter of 2008 as a result of resurgence in the armed conflict
between government forces and factions of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.
Over half a million people were displaced during the immediate period from
August to September 2008. Because of the prevailing state of insecurity in their
communities, large numbers of displaced children and their families continued
to seek refuge in cramped, makeshift shelters in evacuation centres, and others
stayed with host families in communities surrounding the evacuation camps
established by the government. Being the most vulnerable, children were
greatly affected by the worsening of the armed conflict and the protracted
displacement, conditions which made it more difficult for them to attain their
basic rights to survival, protection, and development.

EXISTING LAWS AND POLICIES

The Philippines Government is a State party to CRC and to the Optional
Protocol to the CRC on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict. The
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict requires
ratifying governments to ensure that children under 18 years are not recruited
compulsorily into their armed forces.
The Philippines Republic Act 7610, adopted in 1992, in Article X, Sec. 22
(B) declares children as zones of peace and entitles them to protection. The
law prohibits the voluntary or forcible recruitment of children under 18 to the
armed forces, and other non-State armed opposition groups and their use as
guides, couriers, and spies. The Act does not, however, specify penalties for those
who violate the law.
It also guarantees the rights of children arrested for reasons related to armed
conflict to: ensure childrens detention facilities are separated from those
of adults except where families are accommodated as family units; free legal
assistance, immediate notification of parents or legal guardians concerning the
arrest of the child; and release of the child within 24 hours to any social welfare
agency, parents, or legal guardians as determined by the court.
The law also provides for the care and humane treatment of rescued or
surrendered child soldiers. The Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD) is the leading government agency in the rehabilitation/reintegration
of child soldiers.RA7610 sets rules and regulations ensuring care and humane
treatment of a child taken into custody by government forces in an area of
armed conflict. RA7610 and its amendment, RA7658, follow the international
communitys condemnation of the forced or compulsory recruitment of
children into armed forces as among the worst forms of child labour.
Republic Act 9208 prohibits any person, natural or juridical among others
to recruit, transport or adopt a child to engage in armed activities in the
Philippines or abroad. The law stipulates a penalty of 20 years imprisonment
and a fine of not less than lone million pesos or more than two million pesos
for the recruitment, transportation, and adoption of children to engage in armed
activities. No such case has yet been filed, however and, despite a range of legal
safeguards to protect children in armed conflict, they have yet to be adequately
implemented.

62

Republic Act 8371, or the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act, meanwhile

provides for the non-recruitment of children of indigenous cultural communities
into armed forces under any circumstances.
The 2003 Republic Act 9208, or the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act, declares
as unlawful the recruitment, transport or adoption of a child to engage in armed
activities in the Philippines or abroad, and provides the maximum penalty for
traffickers if the trafficked person is a child.
In 2000, an inter-agency Memorandum of Agreement in the Handling and
Treatment of Children Involved in Armed Conflict (MOA) has been signed
between the military, police and relevant government agencies. The MOA
provides for procedures needed from the time of rescue or surrender of
the child up to his or her placement under the protection of the DSWD
or the LGU.
Aside from the CRC, the Philippines is a signatory to international agreements
that prohibit the employment of children in armed conflicts. Unfortunately,
the Armed Forces of the Philippines estimates that around 13 to 18 percent
of the total strength of the armed rebel groups in Mindanao are children. The
civilian population and relief workers confirm the presence of fighters who are
believed to be 13 to 17 years old, 55 percent of them are boys and 45 percent
are girls. Many of these children come from poor families and have dropped out
from elementary school. They served as couriers, spies or guides (CWC 2006).
Unknowingly, their employment in the armed struggle is a form of exploitation
and abuse that stifles their best interest and deter their development rights.

COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

The CWC coordinates the activities related to the concerns of children in
armed conflict through the Subcommittee on Children Affected by Armed
Conflict and Displacement, another inter-agency body.

MONITORING AND DATA COLLECTION

The CHRs Child Rights Center has been monitoring and assessing the situation
of the displaced children through the agencys regional offices, ensuring their
rights would be respected and recognised.
Moreover, the CHR designed an intake form for children which did focus on
childrens issues and asked, specifically whether or not the children displaced or
affected by armed conflict have been denied humanitarian access.

BUDGET AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION

Data gathered from the Disaster Response Monitoring and Information Center
of the DSWD indicates that relief assistance to the region from 2000 to 2003
was quantitatively small compared to the cost of war (expenses of the AFP and
the MILF) and the cost of destruction in terms of lives and property. Per capita
spending for each displaced person in 2000 was mere 108 pesos. It rose to 653
pesos per capita in 2001, then to 1,614 pesos per capita in 2002, and slid down
to 234 pesos per capita in 2003. Even if calculations are based on the 2002 high
end per capita spending of 1,614 pesos, this figure merely translates into four
pesos per day. This is perplexing because, according to IBON Facts and Figures,
the government has already spent more than 73 billion pesos to prosecute the

63

war since 1970, which translates to a spending pattern of 7.1 million pesos
per day.
Specifically, the Provincial Social Welfare Development Office (PSWDO) of
the DSWD is responsible to respond assistance to the province in crisis. In
Cotabato, for example, the provincial legislature (Sangguniang Panlalawigan)
allocated 10 million pesos calamity fund for year 2003 to PSWDO, but
disbursed 12 million pesos in calamity funds for that year. The calamity fund is
usually augmented by external sources like the national government, foreign
donor agencies, and non-governmental aid agencies.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

State initiatives
Prevention focuses on the delivery of basic services in areas of armed conflict
such as livelihood programmes, educational assistance and alternative learning
programmes, health and nutrition, food security, basic facilities and infrastructure,
and participation and capacity-building for local governance and community
development.
Advocacy and mobilisation aims to create awareness of the issue, educate
society through the media, and involve organisations in protecting children
from armed conflict and in preventing their recruitment by armed groups.
For example, Modules on Child Protection in Times of Emergency have been
distributed by the Subcommittee on Children Affected by Armed Conflict and
Displacement, an inter-agency body under the Council for the Welfare of the
Children of which the CHR is a member. The objective would be to increase
the capacities of local social workers and officers of disaster coordinating
councils.

PROGRAMMES AND SERVICES FOR CHILDREN

As shown, government and non-government support were basically in terms of
relief goods. Though appropriated, aid resources from government are mainly
visible in the evacuation centres. Upon return to their homes, the displaced
families are directed to access basic support services supplied by bureaucratic
arms of local governments, which under normal conditions find themselves
inadequately equipped to respond effectively. Educational and psychosocial
interventions on children to ease the trauma of war are still needed.
State initiatives
The programme for reconciliation, reintegration into mainstream society and
rehabilitation includes programmes to address the legal status and security of
former rebels, as well as community-based assistance programmes to address
the economic, social and psychological rehabilitation needs of former rebels,
demobilised combatants and civilian victims of the internal armed conflict.
Within the OPAPP structure, relevant agencies and instrumentalities working
in this component are the National Amnesty Commission which is in charge of
addressing the legal status and security of former combatants, and the National
Program for Unification and Development Council (NPUDC), tasked with
the implementation of programmes for the reconciliation and reintegration
of former rebels to address their economic, social and psychological
rehabilitation needs. As a signatory to the MOA, the NPUDC is tasked to
provide programmes and services for the reconciliation, healing, recovery
and reintegration of rescued/surrendered child soldiers in coordination with
concerned agencies, especially the DSWD.

64

Local government attention to children is usually pushed from the outside, and
the children are not the direct beneficiaries. The accomplishment records for
2001 to 2003 indicate that much of the local governments initiatives in the area
of assistance for children is still limited to capacity-building to duty-bearers like
government officials, teachers, social workers, prosecutors and police. Narrative
accounts from displaced persons indicate that the impact of these initiatives is
not yet felt on the ground, much less felt by the displaced children.
Civil society initiatives
The Philippine Human Rights Information Center (PhilRights) is engaged
in mainstreaming Child Rights Programming in two provinces in Mindanao,
involving local government units, civil society organisations and children.
Coherence and consistency among child-related policies and programmes is
also being sought.
Aside from the researches elaborating the condition of child soldiers, PhilRights
has also conducted educational discussions to disseminate the information in
selected study sites. The two target areas for the information dissemination
and advocacy are Lanao del Norte and North Cotabato, where incidence
of recruitment of children as soldiers was found. Among the intervention
programmes to be formulated in these two areas are: These are: (1) AwarenessRaising and Popular Education Activities; (2) Trainings; (3) Agenda-building and
Planning Workshops; (4) Children and Youth camp; (5) Advocacy and Lobby; and
(6) Information, Campaign, and Education (EIC) Material Development.
Meanwhile, Community and Family Services International (CFSI), a Philippinesbased international humanitarian NGO, uses a blended rather than solely
sequenced approach to engagement, participation and action.100 The process
engages IDPs from the moment of displacement and does not reduce the
experiences of the affected people into artificial stages. Individuals are
empowered to make their own decisions commencing with whether to return
to their homes or settle elsewhere. They are assisted to rebuild communities
based on expressed need and cultural expectations, and the subsequent
outcomes are sustainable. At the completion of the project the intervention
had stimulated further initiatives for building social capital and community in
affected areas.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TO CHILDRENS RIGHTS AND

CHILD DEVELOPMENT
While there may be data on disaster preparedness in the region highlighting
food and non-food needs, these data hardly look into the psychosocial effects of
armed conflicts especially on children. Further, there seem to be no long-term
assessments on the conflicts impact on poverty, inter-ethnic relations and the
coping abilities of the affected population.
Internal displacement: Displacement is a common consequence of armed
conflict. It is a time when the people lose their ability to labour for survival
and the time when their human rights are either derogated or violated. A
baseline study conducted by the Child Rights Center of the Commission of
Human Rights of the Philippines validates that the armed conflict in Mindanao
has displaced many Filipino children, a majority of them belongs to the poorest
families in 433 villages.

100

Frederico, M., Picton, C.J., Muncy, S.,

Ongsiapco, L.M., Santos, C. & Hernandez,V. Building community following
displacement due to armed conflict: A
case study. International Social Work,
50(2): 171184.

65

Exposure to physical harm and violence: Children, including possible child

soldiers, have been killed during military operations to crush opposition forces,
particularly members of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).
Exposure to threats of violence: Children may be subjected to deliberate
verbal, mental and physical threats being members of a community tagged as
supporting rebel armed groups, or as individuals with kinship ties to a family
member suspected of being a part of these groups.
Psychosocial distress: Children caught in the crossfire live in mortal fear
for their lives and their loved ones. The stress of constant evacuation and
relocation every time a conflict ensues also exacts a psychological toll. Children
are also traumatised as they witnessed the death of, or violence against, their
loved ones. Other children with similar experiences developed extreme fear
reactions in the presence of military personnel or phobias of motorcycles like
those favoured by assassins. Some children grew up harbouring guilt feelings,
blaming themselves for the death or anguish of their parent.
Some children also express a sense of hopelessness, and a scepticism over the
future due to a deep sense of a lack of control over events.
Disruption of routines: Combat operations disrupt normal routines of play
and education of children more so if the fighting occurs nearby. Childrens
movements become drastically limited.
Loss of schooling: There is a tendency for internally displaced children to
stop schooling for at least the length of their displacement. This could be due
to a variety of reasons: the evacuation centre is located far from the school; the
family could no longer afford it; or the children have to work to help support
the family.

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS THAT PUT CHILDREN AT RISK

Recruitment into armed groups: Human Rights Watch observes that

children most likely to be recruited are: (1) poor; (2) separated from their
families; (3) displaced from their homes; (4) living in a combat zone; and (5) with
limited access to education101 . They also come from communities, which have
inadequate social services.
Recruitment of children usually takes place in areas where there is less or no
government presence at all. Adolescents are reported to be the usual targets
for recruitment as soldiers. They are perceived to be trusting and innocent
like a child, yet have the strength and stamina of adults. These children are also
reported to be more impulsive and aggressive especially when their families have
become victims of NPA liquidations or military aggressions.

101

see Makinano, M. (2002). Child

Soldiers in the Philippines. www.
childprotection.org.ph

102

UNICEF. Uncounted Lives: Children,

Women and Conflict in the Philippines,
Children,Women and Conflict in the
Philippines: A Needs Assessment of
Children and Women Affected by
Armed Conflict, 2006.

66

A UNICEF study found that many children fighting with the MILF are orphans
who have been militarily trained, expected to do auxiliary assignments, and
defend the community when it is under attack.102 Meanwhile, it also pointed to
a large number of children at risk of being used as porters, cooks, and message
carriers. The recruitment and use of children as soldiers by the MILF, the Abu
Sayyaf Group and the New Peoples Army continued from 2005 to 2007.
There are no indications of the Philippine Armed Forces formally recruiting
soldiers below the age of 18, although there have been reports of government-

backed paramilitary groups recruiting children for military training. There were
also reports that children who were captured or rescued from armed groups
were subsequently used in CAFGU operations.Vigilante groups in Mindanao,
set up by the military as village defence groups, recruited children from
indigenous communities.103 In 2004 children were also reported to have been
recruited from ethno-linguistic sub-groups in Davao City, Mindanao, by vigilante
groups set up by the military as part of its counter-insurgency efforts against
the Communist Party of the Philippines New Peoples Army (CPP-NPA)104 in
southern Mindanao. Sometimes, they are deployed not just against rebels but
also in clan rivalries that take place in parts of Mindanao.
Easy access to arms: Guns are easily accessible in places like Maguindanao.
Access to weapons promotes desensitisation to the violence represented by
these arms.
Deplorable conditions in evacuation centres: The Commission on Human
Rights (CHR) raised the alarm over what it described as the deplorable
conditions in evacuation centres for children who make up two-thirds of the
more than 500,000 people forced from their homes in the ongoing conflict in
Mindanao. The difference in the governments responses to natural disasters and
the Mindanao conflict was glaring. In a tent or evacuation centre, Cardona said
the conservative estimate ratio between children and adults was 2:1, ranging
from days-old newborns up to school-age children.
The children could not sleep comfortably at night, the supply of mats was scant,
and most had mosquito bites. Those who still managed to go to schools with
water facilities were the lucky ones who could take a bath there, but those left
at the evacuation centres the entire day ended up either dirty or suffering from
skin diseases.
Loss of family livelihood: Dire economic straits may push children to enter
paid work. This increases their vulnerability to economic and sexual exploitation,
and trafficking.

WHAT SAVE THE CHILDREN HAS BEEN DOING

Save the Children, through its Disaster Preparedness and Response Mindanao
(DPR Mindanao) Program, organised the Mindanao Emergency Response
Network (MERN) as a product of a long, dynamic mobilisation and organising
processes. Much of SCs disaster preparedness and response activities since
2003 have gravitated around MERN both as a recipient of programme support
and as a mechanism through which program components are implemented.
MERN was initially set up as loose group of participating non-government
organisations (mostly local) that is committed to improve accountability and
delivery of aid and other types of intervention with effective coordination as
a key strategy. It has developed a Vision, Mission, and Goal, and its own set of
Principles of Conduct for Non-government Humanitarian Agencies in Mindanao
that is patterned after the one adopted by the International Federation of the
Red Cross.
MERNs formation was driven by its potential to position itself as a platform
where organisations can share data, information, and analyses, as well as come
up with coordinated plans of action to ensure that resources are maximised
during emergencies and disasters. Over the years, this is manifested by a more

103

Philippine Coalition to Protect Children

Involved in Armed Conflict (Protect
CIAC) & Southeast Asia Coalition
to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
(SEASUCS), Preventing Childrens
Involvement in Armed Conflicts in the
Philippines: A Mapping of Programs
and Organisations, November 2007,
draft version.

104

Philippine Human Rights Information Centre (PhilRights), Deadly Play

Grounds:The Phenomena of Child
Soldiers in the Philippines, 2005.

67

efficient sharing of information across its members; organisations no longer

competing for resources; organisations carefully positioning themselves to avoid
duplication of services, MERNs ability to access resources from other donors,
among others. It is now recognised by many as a potent network in providing
timely and relevant humanitarian response.
In order to facilitate the growth of MERN, Save the Children DPR Mindanao
has been conducting various capacity-building and organisational development
activities in the past years
Save the Children also partners with MERN in the delivery of initiatives to
displaced or recovering communities in the provinces of Lanao del Norte,
Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, North Cotabato, Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat,
Saranggani, Zamboanga del Sur, Sulu, and Basilan. These initiatives include the
delivery of relief services, funding support to implement local initiatives for
risk-reduction, rehabilitation, and emergency response for disaster-affected
communities.
As a network, the goal for MERN is to be an independent coordination
mechanism among local NGOs that can deal with other stakeholders in
emergency response such as UN Agencies and donor agencies. Save the
Children teamed up with organisations such as German Technical Cooperation,
Oxfam, Lutheran World Relief, GoP-UNMDP Act for Peace Programme, among
others to promote MERN as an implementation mechanism of their respective
emergency/rehabilitation projects or for capacity-building activities.
There are efforts to replicate the MERN model to organise the local NGOs
working in Caraga Region to participate in emergency response and disaster
risk reduction actions.

WHAT SAVE THE CHILDREN CAN DO

Programming and interventions

Ensure all Save the Children CPIE programming adopts a rights-based
approach, by developing inclusive programmes, promoting childrens
participation, seeking stakeholders accountability and strengthening local
civil society.
Collate and promote best practices on how to prevent and respond to child
protection concerns in local contexts in emergency situations. Identify
research gaps and conduct research to inform policy and programming.
Advocacy and networking
Advocate the government for the implementation of the UNCRC Optional
Protocol on Children Affected by Armed Conflict and for other international
commitments in collaboration with UNICEF and other NGO networks.
Advocate for the implementation of UNSC resolution 1882, especially
the trigger for listing parties in conflict who commits sexual violence
against children.
Advocate with and support governments to strengthen legislation, policies,
services (and other interventions) to improve the prevention and response
to children affected by emergencies.
Promote child friendly and inter-sectoral reporting mechanisms and services.
Advocate for a more child friendly MRM with clear links to assistance and
reintegration of children associated with armed forces or groups.

68

 Promote the integration and harmonisation of humanitarian response with

development work on CPIE, in particular by promoting a systems-building
approach.
Support governments and other key agencies to include a stronger focus on
child protection in DRR and emergency preparedness.
Build on existing community-based child protection services, and mobilise
local organisations, communities and children to take actions to prevent and
respond to CPIE.
Promote the active participation of children in policy and programming,
including in peace building and in the development of child friendly spaces.
Participate in national interagency groups to strengthen the focus on CPIE.
Build new partnerships with the media, academia and the private sector to
sensitise them on child protection in emergencies.
Advocate and mobilise for increased child protection resources.
Education, training and capability-building
Provide tools and assistance for capacity building of professionals working
with children (teachers, social workers, police, etc).
Build the capacity of Save the Children staff, humanitarian workers, peace
building personnel and local partners on quality standards and programming,
using ARC, internationally adopted guidelines and other materials.

69

Chapter 8

SYNTHESIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Providing children with all the necessary support to enjoy their childhood and
develop their full potential is not only a duty to which State parties committed
while ratifying the Convention on the Rights of the Child; it is the only way for
each society to ensure its own progress and development.
Certain groups of children will require specific attention, as their exposure
to threats and abuses is high either because they grow up in an unstable
environment, with no sufficient protection networks, or because the adults they
deal with do not see their best interests as a top priority. This is particularly
true in the Philippines for:
children deprived of parental care, out of which an unspecified number
live in residential facilities;
an undefined number of children especially young girls who are
victims of violence at home, at school, in the neighbourhoods,
in institutions and in public security facilities;
an undefined number of children who are victims of trafficking, either
in country or abroad, including those that due to their fragile living condition
are exposed to this risk;
an undefined number of children exploited for labour purposes, and
exposed to hazardous working conditions with or without the knowledge
or consent of their parents;
an unspecified number of internally displaced and refugee children, in
particular those living in miserable conditions in evacuation centres for a
number of years.
The demand for protection addressed to the State authorities is as complex
as the variety of lives of all these children. Seen from a child rights perspective,
they are as are all children holders of universal, indivisible, interdependent
and inalienable rights. As stated in the UN Convention on the Rights of the
Child, children should be granted these rights according to a principle of nondiscrimination.
Due to the intensification of the experience of marginalisation of some groups
of children, it may be pertinent to identify and focus on certain priority issues
and concerns in child protection:
Particular concern is invoked by the situation of children in institutions
who may have been experiencing abuse and exploitation but whose
experiences are left undocumented by the apparent lack of attention to
their needs and concerns.
Special attention may need to be paid to children with disabilities,
whether living in institutions or residing with their families, who seem to be
neglected in many discussions of child protection issues.
Children in the informal sector, especially girls who work as domestic
workers in private households, should become a matter of concern for the
community and for policy makers, as well as the traditionally accepted forms
of child labour, in particular in rural areas.
Last but not least, we should not forget the volatile situation of a large
number of IDP and refugee children, for whom in addition to the
traumatic consequences of being exposed to conflict situations or losing

70

loved ones and property in natural disasters the possibility of settling

down in a stabilising environment is denied.
Time and again, the Philippines has been cited as possessing a remarkably strong
legislative framework that enables the passing of child protection laws and
policies, both at the national and local levels (national plans of action, childrens
codes, local ordinances). However, the perennial issue that has been evident
across all the priority areas is the lack of understanding and capacity of the
different stakeholders to enforce, implement and uphold these laws. It is also
unfortunate that some of those who are expected to uphold these laws and
policies are reported to be the ones who enable the perpetrators to get away
with their violations. This is especially true for some police personnel who were
accused of being protectors of trafficking rings. Accusations implicating local
magistrates of corruption, which is said to account for the low conviction rates
in trafficking cases, also abound.
The Philippines is also not lagging in the creation of structures and mechanisms
that address child protection issues across the selected priority areas (e.g.
Special Committee on Child Protection), CWC Sub-Committee on Children
Affected by Armed Conflict and Displacement (SC CAACD), CHR Child Rights
Desk, inter-agency bodies, IACAT, LCPCs, etc). However, it is impossible to
evaluate how effective these structures and mechanisms are in addressing these
issues. While the Philippine Government has been very open to working with
civil society groups along certain issues, civil society groups feel that most of the
time, the different line agencies rely on their initiatives to implement the plans
and strategies set out for each interagency body that was created. It may also be
that there is no single agency tasked to oversee all these different coordinating
functions. While the Council for the Welfare of Children exists, its diminished
status as an adjunct division within the DSWD does not give it the sufficient
mettle to influence other government agencies to work on the different
programme areas.
The possibility for duty-bearers to perform their role successfully is seriously
hampered by the lack of reliable data, moreover of relevant breakdowns, an
indispensable instrument for policy planning and the provision of services. A
national data collection system that keeps track of the cases of rights violations
and informs policies and programmatic responses is still in the pre-testing stage.
The absence of such an information system has really hampered the processing
of collecting accurate information about children in the Philippines.
While there is no doubt as to the number of professionals who are dedicated to
the promotion of child rights and child protection, the issue has always been the
adequacy of the skills and competencies of people tasked to ensure the safety
and protection of children.
There are a number of existing and available programmes and services for
children confronting different protection issues. These are delivered by both
government organisations and non-government institutions.
Education and training seem to be the most widely practiced forms of
preventive intervention. It is used in both formal (e.g. scholarships) and
informal (e.g. street-based education) settings with some reported degree of
success. Training programmes for child care workers and other professionals
have likewise been generally successful. Notable are the initiatives in training
the police and other law enforcers in the sensitive handling of child protection

71

issues. However, the conduct of these tends to be donor-driven or directed

by what intervention is currently in vogue and not necessarily based on a
thorough assessment of training needs.
Interventions that target children have adopted more creative forms of
communication. The use of the theatre arts has been reported to be quite
effective in communicating to the public a number of diverse protection issues
such as child trafficking, violence, corporal punishment, etc. Furthermore,
children involved in these productions report improved sense of well being as
a result of their participation in these activities. Meanwhile, the use of comics,
storybooks and workbooks was also found to be another effective strategy to
reach out to children
The diverse range of child protection programmes and services focus on
the following: responding to the physical and psychological effects of rights
violations; rescue the children victims from their abusers; bring perpetrators to
court; reach out to potential victims; and, organise and mobilise the communities
in detecting, responding to, and preventing child abuse. There are a number of
problems and gaps in the implementation of programmes and services.
The following are the most significant:
Though the Barangay Council for the Protection of Children is one of
the first agencies to receive reports of child protection issues, it is not
adequately equipped to handle such cases.
The quality of casework and documentation of cases are notably below par
due to the heavy caseload of social workers and other child care workers.
Another strength lies in the opportunities for different forms of participation
available to children. The proliferation of a number of childrens organisations
attests to a significant level of democratic space afforded to children. A shining
example would be the organisation of child domestic workers. However, there
needs to be a more systematic process of monitoring and documenting these
initiatives in order to ensure more meaningful participation of and by children.
Filipino children may experience a significant change in the quality of their life
and their sense of well-being, if there is a commitment from all sides (policy
makers, professional categories, international agencies, NGOs) to multiply the
efforts towards the improvement of protection network. In particular, it is
recommended that the action of Save the Children in the short and medium
term should be focused on:
Strengthening the training duty-bearers on children rights and
child protection. The final aim is to develop critical skills in the exercise
of the aid relationship, and set up proper referral systems to assist children
(both legally and psychologically) throughout the whole institutional
protection path, also with the involvement of NGOs;
Promoting of awareness raising campaigns focused on the social
inclusion of marginalised children. A strong change in the collective
mind is necessary to stop the often discriminatory attitude towards children
falling out of the parameters of normality (disabled children, children
coming from broken families, street children, young victims of trafficking
and exploitation for sexual purposes). An improved child protection system
can take place only in a welcoming environment, where individuals do
care for the destiny of persons with special needs as members of the same
community;
Improvingdata collection and analysis at all levels, to enhance the
planning of innovative intervention centred on expressed needs. In this
sense, the consistent and valuable work already done by the several

72

NGOs active in the sector of child protection should be given appropriate

consideration.
The aim of this initial assessment of the situation of children across the different
protection areas is to demonstrate core features that may be applicable in work
with any group of children in need of protection.105 The experiences of children
across the five areas reveal some shared features or elements: experience
of poverty and disadvantage; displacement from communities of origin; and a
breakdown of support and care systems.
The experience of poverty and disadvantage: While it may be true that
poverty is not necessarily the root cause of the childrens vulnerabilities, poverty
serves as the catalyst for the host of other issues and problems. For example,
the experience of poverty has pushed children to leave their communities in
search for better livelihood and employment opportunities, making them targets
of traffickers. The sense of marginalisation and injustice due to the experience
of poverty makes it easier for armed groups to recruit children. Impoverished
communities are the hardest hit in times of natural disasters, and take the
longest to recover from the devastation and loss. Poverty forces parents to
abandon and neglect their children who in most cases wind up in residential
care facilities.
The breakdown of systems of support and care: The breakdown of
systems of support and care may also be a function of poverty. However, it could
also be brought about by structural factors such as natural disasters wiping
out whole communities, or protracted fighting rendering many communities as
virtual ghost towns as residents flee to other safer locations.
Unfortunately, certain government priorities and policies weaken community
support systems. For example, the continued concentration of government
resources in urban centres render rural communities more and more
impoverished. Another policy is the active promotion of overseas labour
employment which presents significant negative consequences to family and to
the already tenuous community ties.
Sadly, programmes and services that are designed to protect children may also
unwittingly contribute to the breakdown of community care and support. For
example, there are interventions that require children and their families to
leave their communities, for example, residential care facilities located in major
cities and other urban centres, or evacuation centres located far away from
communities of origins.
On the other hand, the absence or loss of systems of support and care may be
exactly the reason why children end up in institutions. In the case of trafficked
children, they lack the access to their social support.
The isolation and dislocation from communities of origin:
Displacement or the sense of dislocation is another shared experience. The
experience of dislocation could be at the level of the individual in the case of
abandoned and neglected children put into residential care or the dislocation of
trafficked children for labour and sexual purposes. Or the experience could be
at the collective level as whole communities may experience displacement as in
the case of natural disasters or armed conflict.
It is recommended that Save the Childrens programming for its protection
initiatives focus on approaches that emphasize a return to the community.

105

Thematic Programme Planning Guidance for the Protection Objective, Save

the Children, 2006

73

As the evidence from the five protection areas demonstrate children leave
a much weakened community but experience a deep sense of isolation and
dislocation that further highlights their experience of vulnerability.
The Return to the Community model presents a three-pronged approach
to the strengthening of child protection systems: investment on impoverished
communities; promotion of community-based responses, systems and
mechanisms, and the development of a community of competent and capable
advocates and change agents.
Invest on impoverished communities
Save the Childrens programming will have to be measured on its ability to
have an impact on the protection and care needs of the poorest 10 percent
of children.106 Impoverished communities are those that lack the access to
existing protection systems. In order to achieve this goal, it is recommended
that Save the Children:
conduct a programme review to check and validate if present programmes
target the poorest 10 perceent of children, and/or impoverished
communities
realign resources and allocations to programmes and services that target
impoverished communities
conduct advocacy and education campaigns and capacity-building activities
with members of impoverished communities
Promote community-based responses, systems and mechanisms
In order to achieve this goal, it is recommended that Save the Children:
conduct a systematic research that focuses on current community-based
protection systems in order to identify what works and other good practices
take into account community resources in the planning and design of
community-based responses, systems and mechanisms
involve community members in the planning and design of such initiatives so
as to promote a sense of community ownership
conduct capacity-building activities with local community members to equip
them with the necessary knowledge and skills to be able to manage these
community-based protection systems
ensure that interventions address the problems of isolation and dislocation
by considering the development of a sense of community as one of the
targets of programmes and services

106

Thematic Programme Planning

Guidance for the Protection Objective,
Save the Children, 2006

74

Develop a community of competent and capable advocates and

change agents
Partnerships, whether at the individual, organisational or community levels, are
essential in developing a community of competent and capable advocates and
change agents. This could be achieved through the following:
take the lead or facilitate the building of communities of individuals,
organisations and communities who work along common areas of concern;
support initiatives and efforts that will foster this sense of community among
these individuals and groups (eg., provide venue for sharing and exchange of
ideas either through regular meetings or annual conferences that celebrate
good practices)
support capacity-building initiatives that would ensure that these individuals
and groups adopt a common understanding, language or even a shared set
of standards of behaviour (e.g., promote the idea of adopting child protection
policies for all individuals and organisations who deal with children in their
work)
encourage the sharing of information through common or linked web
portals, database systems for monitoring cases

REFERENCES
GENERAL PROTECTION FRAMEWORK
Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2005). Concluding Observations on the
Second Periodic Report of the Philippines.
Council for the Welfare of Children. (2004). Laws and Issuances on Children:
Council for the Welfare of Children and PLAN Philippines.
Government of the Philippines. (2007). Third and Fourth Periodic Reports
Submitted to the Committee on the Rights of the Child.
Innocenti Research Center. (2003). Changing Minds, Policies and Lives (Improving
Protection of Children in Eastern Europe and Central Asia---Redirecting
Resources to Community-Based Services): UNICEF and World Bank.
Inter-Agency Working Group on Childrens Participation (2008). Children as
Active Citizens. Bangkok, Thailand: Inter-Agency Working Group on Childrens
Participation: ECPAT International, Knowing Children, Plan International, Save
the Children Alliance, UNICEF EAPRO and World Vision.
Lamberte, E. (2002). Ours to Protect and Nurture (The Case of Children
Needing Special Protection): UNICEF.
Manasan, D. R. G. (2002). Philippines Country Study on Meeting the Millennium
Development Goals: United Nations Development Programme.
Republic of the Philippines, U. (2003). Philippines Progress Report on the
Millennium Development Goals: Republic of the Philippines, UNICEF.
Wessells, M. (2009). What Are We Learning About Protecting Children In The
Community? An Inter-Agency Review of Evidence on Community-Based Child
Protection Mechanisms. Executive Summary. Save the Children UK.

CHILDREN IN RESIDENTIAL CARE

Protacio-Marcelino, E., Cruz, M. T. C. d., Balanon, F. A. G., Camacho, A. Z.V., & Yacat,
J. A. (2000). Child Abuse in the Philippines (An Integrated Literature Review and
Annotated Bibliography): PLAN International Philippines and UP CIDS.
Psychosocial Trauma and Human Rights Program. (2003). Emerging Good
Practices (A Documentation of the Experiences and Learning of Save the
Children UKs Programme for Abused and Exploited Children: Psychosocial
Trauma and Human Rights Program Center for Integrative and Development
Studies, UP and Save the Children (UK) Philippines.

CHILD LABOUR
Aldaba, F.; Lanzona, L. & Tamangan, R. (2004). A National Policy Study on Child
Labour and Development in the Philippines. Discussion Paper Series no. 2004-15.
Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
Ano, D. (2002). A Cursory Assessment Study on the Situation of Child Labor in
the Pyrotechnics Industry. Manuscript. ILO-IPEC.

75

Brillantes, R. (1996). Developing Strategic Services for Child Domestic Workers:

Using Survey Data on their Working and Living Conditions in Metro-Manila.
BWYW-DOLE.
Edralin, D. (2002). In Depth Study on the Situation of Child Labour in the
Pyrotechnics Industry. ILO-IPEC.
ILO. (2005). Employers Demand for Child Labor in the Pyrotechnics and Fashion
Accessories Industries in the Philippines.
Remedio, E. (2002). Children in Pa-aling and Kubkub Expeditions: An Assessment
Report for the Deep-Sea and Fishing Sector Studies. Manuscript. ILO-IPEC.
Rollolazo, M. and Logan, L. (2002). An In Depth Study on the Situation of Child
Labor in Agriculture (Preliminary Findings). ILO-IPEC.
Rosario, R. d., & Bonga, M. A. (2000). Child Labor in the Philippines: A Review
of Selected Studies and Policy Papers. Manila, Philippines: Office of the Vice
Chancellor for Research and Development, University of the Philippines-Diliman,
Australian Agency for Internation Development (AusAID), and United Nations
Childrens Fund (UNICEF).

CHILD TRAFFICKING
Abueva, A.V. (2008). Philippine Guidelines for the Protection of Trafficked
Children: Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking.
Abueva, A., Matilac, R. et. al. (2007). Protecting the Rights and Dignity of the
Trafficked Children in South East Asia: Asia ACTs with funding support from
Terre des Hommes-Netherlands and Oak Foundation.
Cabilao, F. (2009). International Social Welfare Services: The Malaysian
Experience. Social Welfare and Development Journal, 3(4); 2-11.
IACAT (n.d.) Anti-Trafficking in Persons: A Policy Resource Book. Inter-Agency
Council Against Trafficking.
IACAT and DOJ. (n.d.). Republic Act No. 9208 : Anti-Trafficking in Person Act of
2003 and its Implementing Rules and Regulation. IACAT and DOJ.
Innocenti Research Center. (2009). Handbook on the Optional Protocol on
the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography: United Nations
Childrens Fund.
International Labor Organization. (2001). Child Trafficking in the Philippines: A
situational analysis: International Labour Organizations.

CHILDREN IN SITUATIONS OF DISASTERS

Marcelo, C. S. (2006). A Rainbow After the Rain: World Visions Child Friendly
Spaces in Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte: World Vision.
Maria-Abalos, F. S., Calipjo, M., Clarin, S. M., Par, H., & Portugal, F. (2006).Voices
and Spaces of Resilience (Children rising above the flash floods of REINA):
Christian Childrens Fund (CCF).

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Tolfree, D. (2004). Whose Children?: Separated Childrens Protection and

Participation in Emergencies: Save the Children Sweden.
UNICEF. (2007). The Participation of Children and Young People in Emergencies
(A guide for relief agencies, based largely on experiences in the Asian tsunami
response).
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs. (2005). UNDAC
Mission to Philippines Assessment of National Disaster Response Capacity.
World Vision. (2006). A Rainbow After the Rain (World Visions Child Friendly
Spaces in Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte): World Vision Development Foundation,
Inc. (WVDF)

CHILDREN IN SITUATIONS OF ARMED CONFLICT

Andag, R. A., Buenaventura,V. A. A., Retuerma,V. G., Simbulan, D. N. P., &
Subingsubing, D. (2005). Deadly Playgrounds (The Phenomenon of Child Soldiers
in the Philippines).
CWC. (2008). Initial Philippine Report on the Optional Protocol to the
Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed
Conflict and UN CRC Concluding Observations: Council for the Welfare of
Children.
Ibon Foundation. (2007). Uncounted Lives: Children, Women and Conflict in the
Philippines. A Needs Assessment of Children and Women Affected by Armed
Conflict. United Nations Childrens Fund.

KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW

Key informants
NAME

ORGANISATION

Amihan Abueva

Asia Against Child Trafficking

Carla Cuntapay

Head, Social Partnership and Alliance Unit

Visayan Forum

Dolores Alforte

Executive Director
End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of
Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT Philippines)

Anelie Burgo

Head, Program Management Bureau

Department of Social Welfare and Development

Faye Balanon

Office in Charge
Psychosocial Support and Children Rights and Resource Center

Jess Far

Child Protection Officer

UNICEF Philippines
Kids for Peace
Mindanao Emergency Response Network

77

Interview guide
1. Position and scope of responsibility within organisation
2. Years of service with the organisation brief job history
3. Organisation vision and mission
4. How long has the organisation been working in this sphere of concern?
How has it come to work in this particular arena?
5. What particular services are being offered by the organisation to the
children? Why are these services being offered?
6. What particular types of children are being reached by programmes and
services? Who are not reached? Why is this so?
7. What are the role of children under your care vis a vis your programmes
and services?
8. Do you have a Child Protection Policy? Who drafted the policy?
9. Are there child protection mechanisms in your organisation?
10. In your observation, what particular rights of children (category of children)
are being met by duty bearers in your area? How are these met? Who are
these duty-bearers?
11. What factors do you think contribute to the realisation of these rights?
12. In general, what is the role of children in these efforts?
13. How do you relate to other duty-bearers in your area?
14. What are the strengths and weaknesses of your organisation in terms of the
fulfilment of childrens rights?
15. What particular rights of children (refer to category of children) are not
being met or being violated? Provide examples. Who are these people?
16. Are there child protection mechanisms in your area/community? What steps
are being made to ensure that childrens rights are protected? What steps
are undertaken if and when childrens rights are violated?
17. What factors do you think contribute to the non-realisation/violation of
the rights?
18. What can be done to ensure that duty bearers (specify which duty bearer)
can be made accountable in ensuring that the rights are promoted?

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WE ARE the worlds leading independent organisation for children.

OUR VISION is a world in which every child attains the right to
survival, protection, development and participation.
OUR MISSION is to inspire breakthroughs in the way the world
treats children, and to achieve immediate and lasting change in
their lives.

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