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Section Notes1

This document provides an overview of key formulae in applied mathematics including: 1) The distance formula for calculating the distance between two points in space. 2) Standard forms for representing geometric objects like spheres with a given center and radius. 3) Equations for calculating the length and unit vector of a vector. 4) The dot product formula for calculating the dot product of two vectors and its relation to the angle between the vectors. 5) Formulae for calculating the scalar and vector projections of one vector onto another.

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John Doe
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17 views

Section Notes1

This document provides an overview of key formulae in applied mathematics including: 1) The distance formula for calculating the distance between two points in space. 2) Standard forms for representing geometric objects like spheres with a given center and radius. 3) Equations for calculating the length and unit vector of a vector. 4) The dot product formula for calculating the dot product of two vectors and its relation to the angle between the vectors. 5) Formulae for calculating the scalar and vector projections of one vector onto another.

Uploaded by

John Doe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Math 21a: Section 1, Fall 2012

Brandon Sim ([email protected])


September 11, 2012

Summary

1.1

Miscellaneous Formulae

Distance formula.

The distance

|P1 P2 |

|P1 P2 | =
1.2

between the points

P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 )

and

P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 )

is:

(x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2 + (z2 z1 )2

(1)

Standard forms

Sphere.

A sphere with center

with coordinates

(h, k, l)

and radius

can be denoted by:

(x h)2 + (y k)2 + (z l)2 = r2


To obtain this form, you may have to
1.3

(2)

complete the square.

Vectors

Length of a vector.

A vector

hv1 , v2 , v3 i

has length, or magnitude:

|v| =
Unit vectors.

Dot product.

A unit vector

v12 + v22 + v32

u in the same direction of a vector v


v
u=
|v|

The dot product of two vectors

ab=

(3)
is given by:
(4)

a = ha1 , a2 , a3 i and b = hb1 , b2 , b3 i is given by:

3
X

(5)

ai bi = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3

i=1
Dot product.

The dot product can also be written:

a b = |a||b| cos
If the dot product of two vectors is
1.4

zero then the two vectors are orthogonal.

Projections

Scalar projection of

onto

a:
compa b

Vector projection of

where

(6)

onto

a:

a is the unit vector of a ( recall:

proja b

a = |aa|

ab
|a|

(7)

= compa b a

(8)

).

Problems
1.

Distance between two spheres.

Find the distance between the spheres

x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 1 and x2 +y 2 +z 2 =

4x + 4y + 4z 8.
2.

Shirts on a clothesline.

A clothesline is tied between two poles,

not sag). When a wet shirt with a mass of


is pulled down by

8 centimeters.

8 meters apart. The line is taut (does


0.8 kilograms is hung at the middle of the line, the midpoint

Find the tension in each half of the clothesline. You don`t have to give

a complete numerical answer, but can leave the answer in terms of constants like
constant.

g,

the gravitational

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