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Chapter 11, Solution 1.

The document contains 7 solutions to circuit analysis problems. Solution 1 analyzes a circuit with a voltage source, inductor, and capacitor to calculate power. Solution 2 analyzes a similar circuit in the frequency domain. Solution 3 analyzes another circuit in the frequency domain. Solution 4 uses mesh analysis to solve a circuit with resistors, an inductor and capacitor. Solution 5 converts another circuit to the frequency domain. Solution 6 uses mesh analysis and voltage division to solve a circuit. Solution 7 uses KVL, KCL and voltage division to analyze a final circuit.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
1K views60 pages

Chapter 11, Solution 1.

The document contains 7 solutions to circuit analysis problems. Solution 1 analyzes a circuit with a voltage source, inductor, and capacitor to calculate power. Solution 2 analyzes a similar circuit in the frequency domain. Solution 3 analyzes another circuit in the frequency domain. Solution 4 uses mesh analysis to solve a circuit with resistors, an inductor and capacitor. Solution 5 converts another circuit to the frequency domain. Solution 6 uses mesh analysis and voltage division to solve a circuit. Solution 7 uses KVL, KCL and voltage division to analyze a final circuit.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 11, Solution 1.

v( t ) = 160 cos(50t )
i( t ) = -20 sin(50t − 30°) = 2 cos(50t − 30° + 180° − 90°)
i( t ) = 20 cos(50t + 60°)

p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = (160)(20) cos(50t ) cos(50t + 60°)


p( t ) = 1600 [ cos(100 t + 60°) + cos(60°) ] W
p( t ) = 800 + 1600 cos(100t + 60°) W

1 1
P= Vm I m cos(θ v − θi ) = (160)(20) cos(60°)
2 2

P = 800 W

Chapter 11, Solution 2.

First, transform the circuit to the frequency domain.


30 cos(500t )  → 30 ∠0° , ω = 500
0.3 H 
→ jωL = j150
1 -j
20µF 
→ = = - j100
jωC (500)(20)(10 -6 )

I I2 -j100 Ω

I1
+
30∠0° V j150 Ω 200 Ω

30∠0°
I1 = = 0.2∠ − 90° = - j0.2
j150

i1 ( t ) = 0.2 cos(500 t − 90°) = 0.2 sin(500 t )

30∠0° 0.3
I2 = = = 0.1342∠26.56° = 0.12 + j0.06
200 − j100 2 − j
i 2 ( t ) = 0.1342 cos(500 t + 25.56°)

I = I 1 + I 2 = 0.12 − j0.14 = 0.1844 ∠ - 49.4°


i( t ) = 0.1844 cos(500t − 35°)

For the voltage source,


p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = [ 30 cos(500t ) ] × [ 0.1844 cos(500t − 35°) ]

At t = 2 s , p = 5.532 cos(1000) cos(1000 − 35°)


p = (5.532)(0.5624)(0.935)
p = 2.91 W

For the inductor,


p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = [ 30 cos(500t ) ] × [ 0.2 sin(500t ) ]

At t = 2 s , p = 6 cos(1000) sin(1000)
p = (6)(0.5624)(0.8269)
p = 2.79 W

For the capacitor,


Vc = I 2 (- j100) = 13.42∠ - 63.44°
p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = [13.42 cos(500 − 63.44°) ] × [ 0.1342 cos(500t + 25.56°)

At t = 2 s , p = 18 cos(1000 − 63.44°) cos(1000 + 26.56°)


p = (18)(0.991)(0.1329)
p = 2.37 W

For the resistor,


VR = 200 I 2 = 26.84 ∠25.56°
p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = [ 26.84 cos(500t + 26.56°) ] × [ 0.1342 cos(500t + 26.56°) ]

At t = 2 s , p = 3.602 cos 2 (1000 + 25.56°)


p = (3.602)(0.1329 2
p = 0.0636 W
Chapter 11, Solution 3.

10 cos(2t + 30°) 
→ 10∠30° , ω= 2
1H 
→ jωL = j2

1
0.25 F 
→ = -j2
jωC
I 4Ω I1 2Ω

I2
+
10∠30° V j2 Ω -j2 Ω

( j2)(2 − j2)
j2 || (2 − j2) = = 2 + j2
2

10 ∠30°
I= = 1.581∠11.565°
4 + 2 + j2

j2
I1 = I = j I = 1.581∠101.565°
2

2 − j2
I2 = I = 2.236 ∠56.565°
2

For the source,


1
S = V I* = (10∠30°)(1.581∠ - 11.565°)
2

S = 7.905∠18.43° = 7.5 + j2.5


The average power supplied by the source = 7.5 W

For the 4-Ω resistor, the average power absorbed is


1 2 1
P = I R = (1.581) 2 (4) = 5 W
2 2
For the inductor,
1 2 1
S = I 2 Z L = (2.236) 2 ( j2) = j5
2 2
The average power absorbed by the inductor = 0 W
For the 2-Ω resistor, the average power absorbed is
1 2 1
P = I 1 R = (1.581) 2 (2) = 2.5 W
2 2

For the capacitor,


1 2 1
S= I 1 Z c = (1.581) 2 (- j2) = - j2.5
2 2

The average power absorbed by the capacitor = 0 W

Chapter 11, Solution 4.

20 Ω 10 Ω

+ I1 I2
50 V -j10 Ω j5 Ω

For mesh 1,
50 = (20 − j10) I 1 + j10 I 2
5 = (2 − j) I 1 + j I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
0 = (10 + j5 − j10) I 2 + j10 I 1
0 = (2 − j) I 2 + j2 I 1 (2)
In matrix form,
5  2 − j j  I 1 
 0 =  j2 2 − j I 
    2 

∆ = 5 − j4 , ∆ 1 = 5 (2 − j) , ∆ 2 = -j10

∆ 1 5 (2 − j)
I1 = = = 1.746∠12.1°
∆ 5 − j4

∆ 2 - j10
I2 = = = 1.562 ∠128.66°
∆ 5 - j4
For the source,
1
S= V I 1* = 43.65∠ - 12.1°
2
The average power supplied = 43.65 cos(12.1°) = 42.68 W

For the 20-Ω resistor,


1 2
P = I 1 R = 30.48 W
2
For the inductor and capacitor,
P=0W
For the 10-Ω resistor,
1 2
P = I 2 R = 12.2 W
2

Chapter 11, Solution 5.

Converting the circuit into the frequency domain, we get:

1Ω 2Ω

+ –j2
8∠–40˚ − j6

8∠ − 40°
I1Ω = = 1.6828∠ − 25.38°
j6(2 − j2)
1+
j6 + 2 − j2
1.6828 2
P1Ω = 1 = 1.4159 W
2

P3H = P0.25F = 0

j6
I 2Ω = 1.6828∠ − 25.38° = 2.258
j6 + 2 − j2
2.258 2
P2Ω = 2 = 5.097 W
2
Chapter 11, Solution 6.

20 Ω 10 Ω

+ I1 I2
50 V -j10 Ω j5 Ω

For mesh 1,
(4 + j2) I 1 − j2 (4 ∠60°) + 4 Vo = 0 (1)
Vo = 2 (4 ∠60° − I 2 ) (2)
For mesh 2,
(2 − j) I 2 − 2 (4∠60°) − 4Vo = 0 (3)
Substituting (2) into (3),
(2 − j) I 2 − 8∠60° − 8 (4 ∠60° − I 2 ) = 0

40∠60°
I2 =
10 − j
Hence,
 40∠60°  - j8∠60°
Vo = 2  4 ∠60° − =
 10 − j  10 − j
Substituting this into (1),
j32 ∠60° 14 − j 
(4 + j2) I 1 = j8∠60° + = ( j8∠60°)  
10 − j 10 − j 

(4∠60°)(1 + j14)
I1 = = 2.498∠125.06°
21 + j8

1 2 1
P4 = I 1 R = (2.498) 2 (4) = 12.48 W
2 2

Chapter 11, Solution 7.

20 Ω 10 Ω

+ I1 I2
50 V -j10 Ω j5 Ω

Applying KVL to the left-hand side of the circuit,
8∠20° = 4 I o + 0.1Vo (1)
Applying KCL to the right side of the circuit,
V V1
8Io + 1 + =0
j5 10 − j5

10 10 − j5
But, Vo = V 
→ V1 = Vo
10 − j5 1 10

10 − j5 Vo
Hence, 8Io + Vo + =0
j50 10

I o = j0.025 Vo (2)
Substituting (2) into (1),
8∠20° = 0.1 Vo (1 + j)

80∠20°
Vo =
1+ j

Vo 10
I1 = = ∠ - 25°
10 2

1 2  1 100 
P= I 1 R =   (10) = 250 W
2  2  2 

Chapter 11, Solution 8.

We apply nodal analysis to the following circuit.

V1 Io -j20 Ω V2
I2

6∠0° A j10 Ω 0.5 Io 40 Ω

At node 1,
V1 V1 − V2
6= + V1 = j120 − V2 (1)
j10 - j20
At node 2,
V2
0 .5 I o + I o =
40

V1 − V2
But, Io =
- j20

1.5 (V1 − V2 ) V2
Hence, =
- j20 40

3V1 = (3 − j) V2 (2)

Substituting (1) into (2),


j360 − 3V2 − 3V2 + j V2 = 0

j360 360
V2 = = (-1 + j6)
6 − j 37

V2 9
I2 = = (-1 + j6)
40 37

2
1 2 1 9 
P = I2 R =   (40) = 43.78 W
2 2  37 

Chapter 11, Solution 9.

 6
Vo = 1 +  Vs = (4)(2) = 8 V rms
 2

Vo2 64
P10 = = mW = 6.4 mW
R 10

The current through the 2 -kΩ resistor is


Vs
= 1 mA
2k

P2 = I 2 R = 2 mW

Similarly,
P6 = I 2 R = 6 mW
Chapter 11, Solution 10.

No current flows through each of the resistors. Hence, for each resistor,
P = 0 W.

Chapter 11, Solution 11.

ω = 377 , R = 10 4 , C = 200 × 10 -9
ωRC = (377)(10 4 )(200 × 10 -9 ) = 0.754
tan -1 (ωRC) = 37.02°

10k
Z ab = ∠ - 37.02° = 6.375∠ - 37.02° kΩ
1 + (0.754) 2

i( t ) = 2 sin(377 t + 22°) = 2 cos(377 t − 68°) mA


I = 2 ∠ - 68°

2
 2 × 10 -3 
S= I 2
Z ab =   (6.375∠ - 37.02°) × 10 3
rms
 2 

S = 12.751∠ - 37.02° mVA

P = S cos(37.02) = 10.181 mW

Chapter 11, Solution 12.

(a) We find Z Th using the circuit in Fig. (a).

Zth
8Ω -j2 Ω

(a)
(8)(-j2) 8
Z Th = 8 || -j2 = = (1 − j4) = 0.471 − j1.882
8 − j2 17

Z L = Z *Th = 0.471 + j1.882 Ω


We find VTh using the circuit in Fig. (b).
Io
+
8Ω Vth -j2 Ω 4∠0° A

(b)

- j2
Io = (4∠0°)
8 − j2

- j64
VTh = 8 I o =
8 − j2

2
 64 
2  
VTh  68 
Pmax = = = 15.99 W
8RL (8)(0.471)

(b) We obtain Z Th from the circuit in Fig. (c).

5Ω -j3 Ω

j2 Ω

Zth 4Ω

(c)

(5)(4 − j3)
Z Th = j2 + 5 || (4 − j3) = j2 + = 2.5 + j1.167
9 − j3

Z L = Z *Th = 2.5 − j1.167 Ω


Chapter 11, Solution 13.

(a) We find Z Th at the load terminals using the circuit in Fig. (a).

j100 Ω

Zth
80 Ω -j40 Ω

(a)

(-j40)(80 + j100)
Z Th = -j40 || (80 + j100) = = 51.2 − j1.6
80 + j60

Z L = Z *Th = 51.2 + j1.6 Ω

(b) We find VTh at the load terminals using Fig. (b).

Io j100 Ω

+
3∠20° A 80 Ω -j40 Ω Vth

(b)

80 (8)(3∠20°)
Io = (3∠20°) =
80 + j100 − j40 8 + j6

(- j40)(24∠20°)
VTh = - j40 I o =
8 + j6

2
 40 
2  ⋅ 24
VTh  10 
Pmax = = = 22.5 W
8RL (8)(51.2)
From Fig.(d), we obtain VTh using the voltage division principle.

5Ω -j3 Ω

j2 Ω
+
10∠30° V + 4Ω

Vth

(d)

 4 − j3   4 − j3  10 
VTh =  (10∠30°) =   ∠30°
 9 − j3   3 − j  3 

2
 5 10 
2  ⋅ 
VTh  10 3 
Pmax = = = 1.389 W
8RL (8)(2.5)

Chapter 11, Solution 14.

j24 Ω –j10 Ω
I

+
16 Ω
VTh ZTh
40∠90º A 10 Ω
j8 Ω _

(10 + j24)(16 + j8)


Z Th = − j10 + = − j10 + 8.245 + j7.7 = 8.245 − j2.3Ω
10 + j24 + 16 + j8
Z = Z∗Th = 8.245 + j2.3Ω
10
VTh = I(16 + j8) = j40(16 + j8)
10 + j24 + 16 + j8
= 173.55∠65.66° = 71.53 + j158.12 V

2
VTh
2
Pmax = I 2rms 8.245 = 2 8.245 = 456.6 W
(2x8.245) 2

Chapter 11, Solution 15.

To find Z Th , insert a 1-A current source at the load terminals as shown in Fig. (a).

1Ω 1 -j Ω 2

+
Vo jΩ 2 Vo 1A


(a)
At node 1,
Vo Vo V2 − Vo
+ = 
→ Vo = j V2 (1)
1 j -j
At node 2,
V2 − Vo
1 + 2 Vo = 
→ 1 = j V2 − (2 + j) Vo (2)
-j
Substituting (1) into (2),
1 = j V2 − (2 + j)( j) V2 = (1 − j) V2

1
V2 =
1− j

V2 1 + j
VTh = = = 0.5 + j0.5
1 2

Z L = Z *Th = 0.5 − j0.5 Ω


We now obtain VTh from Fig. (b).

1Ω -j Ω

+ +
+
12∠0° V Vo jΩ 2 Vo Vth

− −

(b)
12 − Vo Vo
2 Vo + =
1 j
- 12
Vo =
1+ j

Vo − (- j × 2 Vo ) + VTh = 0

(12)(1 + j2)
VTh = -(1 + j2)Vo =
1+ j

2
12 5 
2  
VTh  2 
Pmax = = = 90 W
8RL (8)(0.5)

Chapter 11, Solution 16.

1 1
ω = 4, 1H 
→ jωL = j 4, 1 / 20F 
→ = = − j5
jωC j 4 x1 / 20

We find the Thevenin equivalent at the terminals of ZL. To find VTh, we use the circuit
shown below.
0.5Vo

2Ω V1 4Ω V2

+
+ +
10<0o Vo -j5 j4 VTh
- -
-
At node 1,
10 − V1 V V − V2
= 1 + 0.25V1 + 1 
→ 5 = V1 (1 + j 0.2) − 0.25V2 (1)
2 − j5 4

At node 2,
V1 − V2 V
+ 0.25V1 = 2 
→ 0 = 0.5V1 + V2 (−0.25 + j 0.25) (2)
4 j4

Solving (1) and (2) leads to


VTh = V2 = 6.1947 + j 7.0796 = 9.4072∠48.81o

Chapter 11, Solution 17.

We find R Th at terminals a-b following Fig. (a).

-j10 Ω 30 Ω

a b

40 Ω j20 Ω

(a)
(30)( j20) (40)(-j10)
Z Th = 30 || j20 + 40 || (- j10) = +
30 + j20 40 − j10

Z Th = 9.23 + j13.85 + 2.353 − j9.41


Z Th = 11.583 + j4.44 Ω
Z L = Z *Th = 11.583 − j4.44 Ω

We obtain VTh from Fig. (b).

I1 I2
-j10 Ω 30 Ω

j5 A
+ VTh −
40 Ω j20 Ω

(b)
Using current division,
30 + j20
I1 = ( j5) = -1.1 + j2.3
70 + j10

40 − j10
I2 = ( j5) = 1.1 + j2.7
70 + j10

VTh = 30 I 2 + j10 I 1 = 10 + j70


2
VTh 5000
Pmax = = = 53.96 W
8RL (8)(11.583)

Chapter 11, Solution 18.

We find Z Th at terminals a-b as shown in the figure below.

40 Ω -j10 Ω
40 Ω 80 Ω

a Zth
j20 Ω
b

(80)(-j10)
Z Th = j20 + 40 || 40 + 80 || (-j10) = j20 + 20 +
80 − j10

Z Th = 21.23 + j10.154

Z L = Z *Th = 21.23 − j10.15 Ω

Chapter 11, Solution 19.

At the load terminals,


(6)(3 + j)
Z Th = - j2 + 6 || (3 + j) = -j2 +
9+ j

Z Th = 2.049 − j1.561

R L = Z Th = 2.576 Ω
To get VTh , let Z = 6 || (3 + j) = 2.049 + j0.439 .

By transforming the current sources, we obtain


VTh = (4 ∠0°) Z = 8.196 + j1.756

2
VTh 70.258
Pmax = = = 3.409 W
8RL 20.608

Chapter 11, Solution 20.

Combine j20 Ω and -j10 Ω to get


j20 || -j10 = -j20

To find Z Th , insert a 1-A current source at the terminals of R L , as shown in Fig. (a).

4 Io
Io 40 Ω V1 V2
+ −

-j20 Ω -j10 Ω 1A

(a)
At the supernode,
V1 V V
1= + 1 + 2
40 - j20 - j10

40 = (1 + j2) V1 + j4 V2 (1)

- V1
Also, V1 = V2 + 4 I o , where I o =
40

V2
1.1 V1 = V2 
→ V1 = (2)
1 .1

Substituting (2) into (1),


V 
40 = (1 + j2)  2  + j4 V2
 1 .1 
44
V2 =
1 + j6.4

V2
Z Th = = 1.05 − j6.71 Ω
1

R L = Z Th = 6.792 Ω

To find VTh , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

4 Io
Io 40 Ω V1 V2
+ −
+
+
120∠0° V -j20 Ω -j10 Ω Vth

(b)
At the supernode,
120 − V1 V V
= 1 + 2
40 - j20 - j10

120 = (1 + j2) V1 + j4 V2 (3)

120 − V1
Also, V1 = V2 + 4 I o , where I o =
40

V2 + 12
V1 = (4)
1 .1

Substituting (4) into (3),


109.09 − j21.82 = (0.9091 + j5.818) V2

109.09 − j21.82
VTh = V2 = = 18.893∠ - 92.43°
0.9091 + j5.818

2
VTh (18.893) 2
Pmax = = = 6.569 W
8RL (8)(6.792)
Chapter 11, Solution 21.

We find Z Th at terminals a-b, as shown in the figure below.

100 Ω -j10 Ω
a

40 Ω
Zth
50 Ω
j30 Ω

Z Th = 50 || [ - j10 + 100 || (40 + j30) ]

(100)(40 + j30)
where 100 || (40 + j30) = = 31.707 + j14.634
140 + j30

(50)(31.707 + j4.634)
Z Th = 50 || (31.707 + j4.634) =
81.707 + j4.634

Z Th = 19.5 + j1.73

R L = Z Th = 19.58 Ω

Chapter 11, Solution 22.

i (t ) = 4 sin t , 0<t <π

π
1 16  t sin 2t  π 16 π
π∫
I 2
rms = 16 sin 2
tdt =  −  = ( − 0) = 8
0
π 2 4  0
π 2

I rms = 8 = 2.828 A
Chapter 11, Solution 23.

15, 0 < t < 2


v( t ) = 
 5, 2 < t < 6

2
Vrms =
1
6
[ ∫ 15
0
2
2
dt + ∫2 5 2 dt =
6
] 550
6

Vrms = 9.574 V

Chapter 11, Solution 24.

 5, 0 < t < 1
T = 2, v( t ) = 
- 5, 1 < t < 2

2
Vrms =
1
2
[∫ 5
0
1
2
dt + ∫1 (-5) 2 dt =
2
] 25
2
[1 + 1] = 25

Vrms = 5 V

Chapter 11, Solution 25.

2
f rms
1 T 2
=
T
∫ 0
f ( t ) dt =
1 1
3
∫ 0
[ 2 3
(−4) 2 dt + ∫ 1 0dt + ∫2 4 2 dt ]
1 32
= [16 + 0 + 16] =
3 3

32
f rms = = 3.266
3
Chapter 11, Solution 26.

5 0< t<2
T = 4, v( t ) = 
10 2 < t < 4

2
Vrms =
1
4
[∫ 5
2

0
2
4 1
4
]
dt + ∫2 (10) 2 dt = [50 + 200 ] = 62.5

Vrms = 7.906 V

Chapter 11, Solution 27.

T = 5, i( t ) = t , 0 < t < 5

1 5 2 1 t3 125
I 2
rms = ∫0 t dt = ⋅ 5
0 = = 8.333
5 5 3 15

I rms = 2.887 A

Chapter 11, Solution 28.

2
Vrms =
1
5
[ ∫ (4t )
2

0
2
dt + ∫2 0 2 dt
5
]
1 16 t 3 16
V 2
rms = ⋅ 2
0 = (8) = 8.533
5 3 15

Vrms = 2.92 V

2
Vrms 8.533
P= = = 4.267 W
R 2
Chapter 11, Solution 29.

 20 − 2t 5 < t < 15
T = 20 , i( t ) = 
- 40 + 2t 15 < t < 25

2
I eff =
1
20
[∫15

5
(20 − 2 t ) 2 dt + ∫15 (-40 + 2t) 2 dt
25
]
1  15
( t 2 − 40 t + 400) dt 
25
= ∫ − + + ∫
2 2
I eff (100 20 t t ) dt
5 5 15 

1 t 3  15  t3  25 
I 2
=  100 t − 10 t +  5
 2
+  − 20 t 2 + 400 t  15 
eff
5  3 3  

1
2
I eff = [83.33 + 83.33 ] = 33.332
5

I eff = 5.773 A

P = I eff
2
R = 400 W

Chapter 11, Solution 30.

t 0<t<2
v( t ) = 
- 1 2 < t < 4

2
Vrms =
1
4
[∫ t 2

0
2
]
1 8
43

dt + ∫2 (-1) 2 dt =  + 2  = 1.1667
4

Vrms = 1.08 V

Chapter 11, Solution 31.

1  1 4
2 1 2
1 
V 2
rms = ∫ v(t )dt =  ∫ (2t ) dt + ∫ (−4) 2 dt  =  + 16 = 8.6667
2

20 2 0 1  2 3 

Vrms = 2.944 V
Chapter 11, Solution 32.

1 1
(10t 2 ) 2 dt + ∫ 0 dt 
2
I 2rms = ∫
2  0 1 

t5
= 50 ∫0 t dt = 50 ⋅
1
I 2
rms
4 1
0 = 10
5

I rms = 3.162 A

Chapter 11, Solution 33.

 10 0 < t <1

i( t ) =  20 − 10t 1 < t < 2
 0 2<t<3

I 2rms =
1
3
[ ∫ 10
0
1
2
dt + ∫1 (20 − 10t ) 2 dt + 0
2
]
3 I 2rms = 100 + 100∫1 (4 − 4t + t 2 ) dt = 100 + (100)(1 3) = 133.33
2

133.33
I rms = = 6.667 A
3

Chapter 11, Solution 34.

2
f rms =
1 T 2
T
∫ 0
1 2
[ 3
f ( t )dt = ∫ 0 (3t ) 2 dt + ∫ 2 6 2 dt
3
]
 2 
1  9t 3
= + 36 = 20
3 3 
 0 
f rms = 20 = 4.472
Chapter 11, Solution 35.

2
Vrms =
1
6
[ ∫ 10
1

0
2
dt + ∫1 20 2 dt + ∫2 30 2 dt + ∫4 20 2 dt + ∫5 10 2 dt
2 4 5 6
]
1
2
Vrms = [100 + 400 + 1800 + 400 + 100 ] = 466.67
6

Vrms = 21.6 V

Chapter 11, Solution 36.

(a) Irms = 10 A
2
 3  9
(b) V rms = 4 + 
2 2
 → Vrms = 16 + = 4.528 V (checked)
 2 2
36
(c) I rms = 64 + = 9.055 A
2
25 16
(d) Vrms = + = 4.528 V
2 2

Chapter 11, Solution 37.

i = i1 + i2 + i3 = 8 + 4 sin(t + 10 o ) + 6 cos(2t + 30 o )

16 36
I rms = I 21rms + I 2 2 rms + I 2 3rms = 64 + + = 90 = 9.487 A
2 2

Chapter 11, Solution 38.

0.5 H 
→ jωL = j (2π )(50)(0.5) = j157.08

Z = R + jX L = 30 + j157.08
2
V (210) 2
S= =
Z* 30 − j157.08

(210) 2
Apparent power = S = = 275.6 VA
160

 157.08 
pf = cos θ = cos  tan -1   = cos(79.19°)
  36 

pf = 0.1876 (lagging)

Chapter 11, Solution 39.

( j4)(12 − j8)
Z T = j4 || (12 − j8) =
12 − j4

Z T = 0.4 (3 + j11) = 4.56 ∠74.74°

pf = cos(74.74°) = 0.2631

Chapter 11, Solution 40.

At node 1,

120∠30 o − V1 V1 V1 − V2
= + 
→
20 j30 50

103.92 + j60 = V1 (1.4 − j0.6667) − 0.4V2 (1)

At node 2,

V1 − V2 V2 V
= + 2 
→ 0 = −V1 + (6 + j1.25)V2 (2)
50 10 − j 40

Solving (1) and (2) leads to

V1 = 45.045 + j66.935, V2 = 9.423 + j9.193


(a) Pj 30 Ω = 0 = P− j 40 Ω

V 2 rms 1 | V2 | 2
P10 Ω = = = 173.3 / 20 = 8.665 W
R 2 R

1 | V1 − V2 | 2
P50 Ω = = 4603.1 / 100 = 46.03 W
2 R

1 | 120∠30 o − V1 | 2
P20 Ω = = 3514 / 40 = 87.86 W
2 R

120∠30 o − V1
(b) I = = 2.944 − j 0.3467, Vs = 120∠30 o = 103.92 + j 60
20

1
S = Vs I • = 142.5 − j106.3, S =| S | = 177.8 VA
2

(c ) pf = 142.5/177.8 = 0.8015 (leading).

Chapter 11, Solution 41.

(-j2)(-j3)
(a) - j2 || ( j5 − j2) = -j2 || -j3 = = -j6
j

Z T = 4 − j6 = 7.211∠ - 56.31°

pf = cos(-56.31°) = 0.5547 (leading)

( j2)(4 + j)
(b) j2 || (4 + j) = = 0.64 + j1.52
4 + j3

0.64 + j0.44
Z = 1 || (0.64 + j1.52 − j) = = 0.4793∠21.5°
1.64 + j0.44

pf = cos(21.5°) = 0.9304 (lagging)


Chapter 11, Solution 42.

pf = 0.86 = cos θ 
→ θ = 30.683°

Q 5
Q = S sin θ 
→ S = = = 9.798 kVA
sin θ sin(30.683°)

S 9.798 × 10 3 ∠30.683°
S = V I* 
→ I * = = = 44.536 ∠30.683°
V 220

Peak current = 2 × 44.536 = 62.98 A

Apparent power = S = 9.798 kVA

Chapter 11, Solution 43.

9 1
(a) Vrms = V 21rms + V 2 2 rms + V 2 3rms = 25 + + = 30 = 5.477 V
2 2
V 2 rms
(b) P = = 30 / 10 = 3 W
R

Chapter 11, Solution 44.

pf = 0.65 = cosθ 
→ θ = 49.46 o

S = S (cosθ + j sin θ ) = 50(0.65 + j 0.7599) = 32.5 + j 38 kVA

Thus,
Average power = 32.5 kW, Reactive power = 38 kVAR
Chapter 11, Solution 45.

60 2
(a) V 2 rms = 20 2 + = 2200 
→ Vrms = 46.9 V
2

0.5 2
I rms = 12 + = 1.125 = 1.061A
2

(b) P = Vrms I rms = 49.74 W

Chapter 11, Solution 46.

(a) S = V I * = (220∠30°)(0.5∠ - 60°) = 110∠ - 30°


S = 95.26 − j55 VA

Apparent power = 110 VA


Real power = 95.26 W
Reactive power = 55 VAR
pf is leading because current leads voltage

(b) S = V I * = (250∠ - 10°)(6.2 ∠25°) = 1550∠15°


S = 1497.2 + j401.2 VA

Apparent power =1550 VA


Real power = 1497.2 W
Reactive power = 401.2 VAR
pf is lagging because current lags voltage

(c) S = V I * = (120∠0°)(2.4∠15°) = 288∠15°


S = 278.2 + j74.54 VA

Apparent power = 288 VA


Real power = 278.2 W
Reactive power = 74.54 VAR
pf is lagging because current lags voltage
(d) S = V I * = (160 ∠45°)(8.5∠ - 180°) = 1360∠ - 135°
S = - 961.7 − j961.7 VA

Apparent power = 1360 VA


Real power = - 961.7 W
Reactive power = - 961.7 VAR
pf is leading because current leads voltage

Chapter 11, Solution 47.

(a) V = 112 ∠10° , I = 4∠ - 50°


1
S = V I * = 224∠60° = 112 + j194 VA
2
Average power = 112 W
Reactive power =194 VAR

(b) V = 160 ∠0° , I = 25∠45°


1
S = V I * = 200∠ - 45° = 141.42 − j141.42 VA
2

Average power = 141.42 W


Reactive power = - 141.42 VAR

2
V (80) 2
(c) S= = = 128∠30° = 90.51 + j64 VA
Z* 50∠ - 30°

Average power = 90.51 W


Reactive power = 64 VAR

2
(d) S = I Z = (100)(100∠45°) = 7.071 + j7.071 kVA

Average power = 7.071 kW


Reactive power = 7.071 kVAR
Chapter 11, Solution 48.

(a) S = P − jQ = 269 − j150 VA

(b) pf = cos θ = 0.9 


→ θ = 25.84°

Q 2000
Q = S sin θ 
→ S = = = 4588.31
sin θ sin(25.84°)

P = S cos θ = 4129.48

S = 4129 − j2000 VA

Q 450
(c) Q = S sin θ 
→ sin θ = = = 0.75
S 600
θ = 48.59 , pf = 0.6614

P = S cos θ = (600)(0.6614) = 396.86

S = 396.9 + j450 VA

2
V (220) 2
(d) S= = = 1210
Z 40

P 1000
P = S cos θ 
→ cos θ = = = 0.8264
S 1210

θ = 34.26°

Q = S sin θ = 681.25

S = 1000 + j681.2 VA

Chapter 11, Solution 49.

4
(a) S = 4+ j sin(cos -1 (0.86)) kVA
0.86
S = 4 + j2.373 kVA
P 1.6
(b) pf = = 0.8 = cos θ 
→ sin θ = 0.6
S 2

S = 1.6 − j2 sin θ = 1.6 − j1.2 kVA

(c) S = Vrms I *rms = (208∠20°)(6.5∠50°) VA


S = 1.352 ∠70° = 0.4624 + j1.2705 kVA

2
V (120) 2 14400
(d) S= * = =
Z 40 − j60 72.11∠ - 56.31°
S = 199.7 ∠56.31° = 110.77 + j166.16 VA

Chapter 11, Solution 50.

1000
(a) S = P − jQ = 1000 − j sin(cos -1 (0.8))
0.8

S = 1000 − j750

2
Vrms
But, S=
Z*

2
Vrms (220) 2
Z =
*
= = 30.98 + j23.23
S 1000 − j750

Z = 30.98 − j23.23 Ω

2
(b) S = I rms Z

S 1500 + j2000
Z= 2 = = 10.42 + j13.89 Ω
I rms (12) 2

2 2
Vrms V (120) 2
(c) Z =
*
= = = 1.6 ∠ - 60°
S 2S (2)(4500 ∠60°)

Z = 1.6 ∠60° = 0.8 + j1.386 Ω


Chapter 11, Solution 51.

(a) Z T = 2 + (10 − j5) || (8 + j6)

(10 − j5)(8 + j6) 110 + j20


ZT = 2 + = 2+
18 + j 18 + j

Z T = 8.152 + j0.768 = 8.188∠5.382°

pf = cos(5.382°) = 0.9956 (lagging)

2
1 V (16) 2
(b) S = V I* = =
2 2 Z * (2)(8.188∠ - 5.382°)

S = 15.63∠5.382°

P = S cos θ = 15.56 W

(c) Q = S sin θ = 1.466 VAR

(d) S = S = 15.63 VA

(e) S = 15.63∠5.382° = 15.56 + j1.466 VA

Chapter 11, Solution 52.

2000
S A = 2000 + j 0.6 = 2000 + j1500
0 .8
S B = 3000 x 0.4 − j3000 x 0.9165 = 1200 − j2749
SC = 1000 + j500
S = S A + S B + SC = 4200 − j749

4200
(a) pf = = 0.9845 leading.
4200 2 + 749 2

4200 − j749
(b) S = Vrms I ∗rms 
→ I ∗rms = = 35.55∠ − 55.11°
120∠45°

Irms = 35.55∠–55.11˚ A.
Chapter 11, Solution 53.

S = SA + SB + SC = 4000(0.8–j0.6) + 2400(0.6+j0.8) + 1000 + j500

= 5640 + j20 = 5640∠0.2˚

SB S + SC S 5640∠0.2°
I∗rms = + A = = = 66.46∠ − 29.8°
Vrms Vrms Vrms 120∠30°
(a)
2
I = 2 x 66.46∠29.88° = 93.97∠29.8° A

(b) pf = cos(0.2˚) ≈ 1.0 lagging.

Chapter 11, Solution 54.

1000
(a) S = P − jQ = 1000 − j sin(cos -1 (0.8))
0.8

S = 1000 − j750

2
Vrms
But, S=
Z*

2
Vrms (220) 2
Z =
*
= = 30.98 + j23.23
S 1000 − j750

Z = 30.98 − j23.23 Ω

2
(b) S = I rms Z

S 1500 + j2000
Z= 2 = = 10.42 + j13.89 Ω
I rms (12) 2

2 2
Vrms V (120) 2
(c) Z =
*
= = = 1.6 ∠ - 60°
S 2S (2)(4500 ∠60°)

Z = 1.6 ∠60° = 0.8 + j1.386 Ω


Chapter 11, Solution 55.

We apply mesh analysis to the following circuit.

-j20 Ω j10 Ω

I3
+ I1 I2 +
40∠0° V rms 20 Ω 50∠90° V rms
− −

For mesh 1, 40 = (20 − j20) I1 − 20 I 2


2 = (1 − j) I1 − I 2 (1)
For mesh 2, - j50 = (20 + j10) I 2 − 20 I1
- j5 = -2 I1 + (2 + j) I 2 (2)
Putting (1) and (2) in matrix form,
 2  1 − j - 1  I1 
 - j5 =  - 2 2 + j I 
    2 

∆ = 1− j , ∆ 1 = 4 − j3 , ∆ 2 = -1 − j5

∆ 1 4 − j3 1
I1 = = = (7 − j) = 3.535∠8.13°
∆ 1− j 2

∆ 2 - 1 − j5
I2 = = = 2 − j3 = 3.605∠ - 56.31°
∆ 1− j

I 3 = I1 − I 2 = (3.5 + j0.5) − (2 − j3) = 1.5 + j3.5 = 3.808∠66.8°


For the 40-V source,
1 
S = -V I 1* = -(40)  ⋅ (7 − j)  = - 140 + j20 VA
2 
For the capacitor,
2
S = I1 Z c = - j250 VA
For the resistor,
2
S = I3 R = 290 VA
For the inductor,
2
S = I2 Z L = j130 VA
For the j50-V source,
S = V I *2 = ( j50)(2 + j3) = - 150 + j100 VA
Chapter 11, Solution 56.

(6)(- j2)
- j2 || 6 = = 0.6 − j1.8
6 − j2

3 + j4 + (-j2) || 6 = 3.6 + j2.2

The circuit is reduced to that shown below.

Io
+
2∠30° A 3.6 + j2.2 Ω
Vo 5Ω

3.6 + j2.2
Io = (2∠30°) = 0.95∠47.08°
8.6 + j2.2

Vo = 5 I o = 4.75∠47.08°

1 1
S= Vo I *s = ⋅ (4.75∠47.08°)(2∠ - 30°)
2 2

S = 4.75∠17.08° = 4.543 + j1.396 VA

Chapter 11, Solution 57.

Consider the circuit as shown below.

4Ω Vo -j1 Ω V1 2Ω

+
+
24∠0° V 1Ω j2 Ω V2 2 Vo


At node o,
24 − Vo Vo Vo − V1
= +
4 1 -j
24 = (5 + j4) Vo − j4 V1 (1)

Vo − V1 V
At node 1, + 2 Vo = 1
-j j2

V1 = (2 − j4) Vo (2)

Substituting (2) into (1),


24 = (5 + j4 − j8 − 16) Vo

- 24 (-24)(2 - j4)
Vo = , V1 =
11 + j4 11 + j4

The voltage across the dependent source is


V2 = V1 + (2)(2 Vo ) = V1 + 4 Vo

- 24 (-24)(6 − j4)
V2 = ⋅ (2 − j4 + 4) =
11 + j4 11 + j4

1 1
S= V2 I * = V2 (2 Vo* )
2 2

(-24)(6 − j4) - 24  576 


S= ⋅ = (6 − j4)
11 + j4 11 - j4  137 

S = 25.23 − j16.82 VA

Chapter 11, Solution 58.

Ix -j3 kΩ j1 kΩ

8 mA 4 kΩ 10 kΩ

From the left portion of the circuit,


0.2
Io = = 0.4 mA
500

20 I o = 8 mA
From the right portion of the circuit,
4 16
Ix = (8 mA) = mA
4 + 10 + j − j3 7− j

2 (16 × 10 -3 ) 2
S = Ix R= ⋅ (10 × 10 3 )
50

S = 51.2 mVA

Chapter 11, Solution 59.

Consider the circuit below.

Ix -j3 kΩ j1 kΩ

8 mA 4 kΩ 10 kΩ

240 − Vo Vo Vo
4+ = +
50 - j20 40 + j30

88 = (0.36 + j0.38) Vo

88
Vo = = 168.13∠ - 46.55°
0.36 + j0.38

Vo
I1 = = 8.41∠43.45°
- j20

Vo
I2 = = 3.363∠ - 83.42°
40 + j30

Reactive power in the inductor is


1 2 1
S = I 2 Z L = ⋅ (3.363) 2 ( j30) = j169.65 VAR
2 2

Reactive power in the capacitor is


1 2 1
S = I 1 Z c = ⋅ (8.41) 2 (- j20) = - j707.3 VAR
2 2
Chapter 11, Solution 60.

20
S1 = 20 + j sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 20 + j15
0.8

16
S 2 = 16 + j sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 16 + j7.749
0.9

S = S1 + S 2 = 36 + j22.749 = 42.585∠32.29°

But S = Vo I * = 6 Vo

S
Vo = = 7.098 ∠ 32.29°
6

pf = cos(32.29°) = 0.8454 (lagging)

Chapter 11, Solution 61.

Consider the network shown below.

Io I2
S2
+ I1

So Vo S1 S3

S 2 = 1.2 − j0.8 kVA

4
S3 = 4 + j sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 4 + j1.937 kVA
0.9

Let S 4 = S 2 + S 3 = 5.2 + j1.137 kVA

1
But S4 = V I*
2 o 2
2 S 4 (2)(5.2 + j1.137) × 10 3
I =
*
= = 22.74 − j104
2
Vo 100 ∠90°

I 2 = 22.74 + j104

2
Similarly, S1 = 2 − j sin(cos -1 (0.707)) = 2 − j2 kVA
0.707

1
But S1 = Vo I 1*
2

2 S 1 (4 − j4) × 10 3
I 1* = = = -40 − j40
Vo j100

I 1 = -40 + j40

I o = I 1 + I 2 = -17.26 + j144 = 145∠96.83°

1
So = Vo I *o
2

1
So = ⋅ (100∠90°)(145∠ - 96.83°) VA
2

S o = 7.2 − j0.862 kVA

Chapter 11, Solution 62.

Consider the circuit below

0.2 + j0.04 Ω I I2 0.3 + j0.15 Ω

I1
+ +
+
Vs V1 V2

− −
15
S 2 = 15 − j sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 15 − j11.25
0.8

But S 2 = V2 I *2

S 2 15 − j11.25
I *2 = =
V2 120

I 2 = 0.125 + j0.09375
V1 = V2 + I 2 (0.3 + j0.15)
V1 = 120 + (0.125 + j0.09375)(0.3 + j0.15)
V1 = 120.02 + j0.0469

10
S1 = 10 + j sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 10 + j4.843
0.9

But S1 = V1 I 1*

S 1 11.111∠25.84°
I 1* = =
V1 120.02 ∠0.02°

I 1 = 0.093∠ - 25.82° = 0.0837 − j0.0405


I = I 1 + I 2 = 0.2087 + j0.053
Vs = V1 + I (0.2 + j0.04)
Vs = (120.02 + j0.0469) + (0.2087 + j0.053)(0.2 + j0.04)
Vs = 120.06 + j0.0658
Vs = 120.06∠0.03° V

Chapter 11, Solution 63.

Let S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 .

12
S1 = 12 − j sin(cos -1 (0.866)) = 12 − j6.929
0.866

16
S 2 = 16 + j sin(cos -1 (0.85)) = 16 + j9.916
0.85
(20)(0.6)
S3 = + j20 = 15 + j20
sin(cos -1 (0.6)

1
S = 43 + j22.987 = V I *o
2

2 S 44 + j22.98
I *o = =
V 110

I o = 0.4513∠ - 27.58° A

Chapter 11, Solution 64.

I2
I1

8Ω
+
Is − 120∠0º V

j12

Is + I2 = I1 or Is = I1 – I2

120
I1 = = 4.615 − j6.923
8 + j12
S 2500 − j400
But, S = VI ∗2 
→ I ∗2 = = = 20.83 − j3.333
V 120
or I 2 = 20.83 + j3.333

Is = I1 – I2 = –16.22 – j10.256 = 19.19∠–147.69˚ A.


Chapter 11, Solution 65.

1 -j
C = 1 nF 
→ = 4 = -j100 kΩ
jωC 10 × 10 -9

At the noninverting terminal,


4∠0° − Vo Vo 4
= 
→ Vo =
100 - j100 1+ j

4
Vo = ∠ - 45°
2

4
v o (t) = cos(10 4 t − 45°)
2

2
2
Vrms  4 1   1 
P= = ⋅   W
R  2 2   50 × 10 3 

P = 80 µW

Chapter 11, Solution 66.

As an inverter,
- Zf - (2 + j4)
Vo = Vs = ⋅ (4 ∠45°)
Zi 4 + j3

Vo - (2 + j4)(4∠45°)
Io = mA = mA
6 − j2 (6 - j2)(4 + j3)

The power absorbed by the 6-kΩ resistor is


2
1 2 1  20 × 4 
P = Io R = ⋅  × 10 × 6 × 10
-6 3
2 2  40 × 5 

P = 0.96 mW
Chapter 11, Solution 67.

1 1
ω = 2, 3H 
→ jωL = j 6, 0.1F 
→ = = − j5
jωC j 2 x0.1

− j 50
10 //( − j 5) = = 2 − j4
10 − j 5

The frequency-domain version of the circuit is shown below.


Z2=2-j4 Ω

Z1 =8+j6 Ω I1
-
+ Io
+ +
Z 3 = 12Ω
0.6∠20 o V Vo
-
-

0.6∠20 o − 0 0.5638 + j 0.2052


(a) I 1 = = = 0.06∠ − 16.87 o
8 + j6 8 + j6

1
S = Vs I *1 = (0.3∠20 o )(0.06∠ + 16.87 o ) = 14.4 + j10.8 mVA = 18∠36.86 o mVA
2

Z2 Vo ( 2 − j 4)
(b) Vo = − Vs , Io = =− (0.6∠20 o ) = 0.0224∠99.7 o
Z1 Z3 12(8 + j 6)

1
P= | I o | 2 R = 0.5(0.0224) 2 (12) = 2.904 mW
2
Chapter 11, Solution 68.

Let S = SR + SL + Sc

1 2
where S R = PR + jQ R = I R + j0
2 o

1
S L = PL + jQ L = 0 + j I o2 ωL
2

1 1
S c = Pc + jQ c = 0 − j I o2 ⋅
2 ωC

1 2  1 
Hence, S= I o  R + jωL − 
2   ωC 

Chapter 11, Solution 69.

(a) Given that Z = 10 + j12

12
tan θ = 
→ θ = 50.19°
10

pf = cos θ = 0.6402

2
V (120) 2
(b) S= = = 295.12 + j354.09
2 Z* (2)(10 − j12)

The average power absorbed = P = Re(S) = 295.1 W

(c) For unity power factor, θ1 = 0° , which implies that the reactive power due
to the capacitor is Q c = 354.09

V2 1
But Qc = = ωC V 2
2 Xc 2

2 Qc (2)(354.09)
C= 2 = = 130.4 µF
ωV (2π )(60)(120) 2
Chapter 11, Solution 70.

pf = cos θ = 0.8  → sin θ = 0.6


Q = S sin θ = (880)(0.6) = 528

If the power factor is to be unity, the reactive power due to the capacitor is
Q c = Q = 528 VAR

2
Vrms 1 2 Qc
But Q= = ωC V 2 
→ C =
Xc 2 ωV2

(2)(528)
C= = 69.45 µF
(2π)(50)(220) 2

Chapter 11, Solution 71.

Q2 50
P1 = Q1 = 150 x0.7071 = 106.065, Q2 = 50, S2 = , P2 = 0.8S = 0.8 = 66.67
0 .6 0 .6

S 1 = 106.065 + j106.065, S 2 = 66.67 − j 50

S = S 1 + S 2 = 172.735 + j 56.06 = 181.6∠17.98 o , pf = cos17.98 o = 0.9512

Qc = P(tan θ 1 − tan θ 2 ) = 172.735(tan 17.98 o − 0) = 56.058

Qc 56.058
C= = = 10.33 µF
ωV rms 2πx60 x120 2
2

Chapter 11, Solution 72.

(a) θ1 = cos -1 (0.76) = 40.54°


θ 2 = cos -1 (0.9) = 25.84°

Q c = P (tan θ1 − tan θ 2 )
Q c = (40)[ tan(40.54°) − tan(25.84°) ] kVAR
Q c = 14.84 kVAR

Qc 14840
C= = = 2.734 mF
ω Vrms (2π )(60)(120) 2
2
(b) θ1 = 40.54° , θ 2 = 0°

Q c = (40)[ tan(40.54°) − 0 ] kVAR = 34.21 kVAR

Qc 34210
C= = 6.3 mF
ω Vrms (2π)(60)(120) 2
2

Chapter 11, Solution 73.

(a) S = 10 − j15 + j22 = 10 + j7 kVA


S = S = 10 2 + 7 2 = 12.21 kVA

S 10,000 + j7,000
(b) S = V I* 
→ I * = =
V 240

I = 41.667 − j29.167 = 50.86∠ - 35° A

7
(c) θ1 = tan -1   = 35° , θ 2 = cos -1 (0.96) = 16.26°
10 

Q c = P1 [ tan θ1 − tan θ 2 ] = 10 [ tan(35°) - tan(16.26°) ]


Q c = 4.083 kVAR

Qc 4083
C= = = 188.03 µF
ω Vrms (2π )(60)(240) 2
2

(d) S 2 = P2 + jQ 2 , P2 = P1 = 10 kW

Q 2 = Q1 − Q c = 7 − 4.083 = 2.917 kVAR

S 2 = 10 + j2.917 kVA
But S 2 = V I *2

S 2 10,000 + j2917
I *2 = =
V 240

I 2 = 41.667 − j12.154 = 43.4∠ - 16.26° A


Chapter 11, Solution 74.

(a) θ1 = cos -1 (0.8) = 36.87°

P1 24
S1 = = = 30 kVA
cos θ1 0.8

Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = (30)(0.6) = 18 kVAR


S1 = 24 + j18 kVA

θ 2 = cos -1 (0.95) = 18.19°

P2 40
S2 = = = 42.105 kVA
cos θ 2 0.95

Q 2 = S 2 sin θ 2 = 13.144 kVAR


S 2 = 40 + j13.144 kVA

S = S1 + S 2 = 64 + j31.144 kVA

 31.144 
θ = tan -1   = 25.95°
 64 

pf = cos θ = 0.8992

(b) θ 2 = 25.95° , θ1 = 0°

Q c = P [ tan θ 2 − tan θ1 ] = 64 [ tan(25.95°) − 0 ] = 31.144 kVAR

Qc 31,144
C= = = 5.74 mF
ω Vrms (2π )(60)(120) 2
2
Chapter 11, Solution 75.

2
V (240) 2 5760
(a) S1 = = = = 517.75 − j323.59 VA
Z1* 80 + j50 8 + j5

(240) 2 5760
S2 = = = 358.13 + j208.91 VA
120 − j70 12 − j7

(240) 2
S3 = = 960 VA
60

S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 = 1835.88 − j114.68 VA

 114.68 
(b) θ = tan -1   = 3.574°
1835.88 

pf = cos θ = 0.998

(c) Q c = P [ tan θ 2 − tan θ1 ] = 18.35.88[ tan(3.574°) − 0 ]


Q c = 114.68 VAR

Qc 114.68
C= = = 6.336 µF
ω Vrms (2π )(50)(240) 2
2

Chapter 11, Solution 76.

The wattmeter reads the real power supplied by the current source. Consider the
circuit below.

4Ω -j3 Ω Vo

+
12∠0° V j2 Ω 8Ω 3∠30° A

12 − Vo Vo Vo
3∠30° + = +
4 − j3 j2 8
36.14 + j23.52
Vo = = 0.7547 + j11.322 = 11.347 ∠86.19°
2.28 − j3.04

1 1
S= Vo I *o = ⋅ (11.347 ∠86.19°)(3∠ - 30°)
2 2

S = 17.021∠56.19°

P = Re(S) = 9.471 W

Chapter 11, Solution 77.

The wattmeter measures the power absorbed by the parallel combination of 0.1 F
and 150 Ω.
120 cos(2t ) 
→ 120∠0° , ω= 2
4H 
→ jωL = j8
1
0.1 F 
→ = -j5
jωC

Consider the following circuit.


6Ω j8 Ω I

+
120∠0° V Z

(15)(-j5)
Z = 15 || (-j5) = = 1.5 − j4.5
15 − j5

120
I= = 14.5∠ - 25.02°
(6 + j8) + (1.5 − j4.5)

1 1 2 1
S= V I * = I Z = ⋅ (14.5) 2 (1.5 − j4.5)
2 2 2

S = 157.69 − j473.06 VA

The wattmeter reads


P = Re(S) = 157.69 W
Chapter 11, Solution 78.

The wattmeter reads the power absorbed by the element to its right side.
2 cos(4t ) 
→ 2∠0° , ω= 4
1H 
→ jωL = j4

1 1
F 
→ = -j3
12 jωC

Consider the following circuit.

10 Ω I

+
20∠0° V Z

(4)(- j3)
Z = 5 + j4 + 4 || - j3 = 5 + j4 +
4 − j3

Z = 6.44 + j2.08

20
I= = 1.207 ∠ - 7.21°
16.44 + j2.08

1 2 1
S= I Z = ⋅ (1.207) 2 (6.44 + j2.08)
2 2

P = Re(S) = 4.691 W

Chapter 11, Solution 79.

The wattmeter reads the power supplied by the source and partly absorbed by the 40- Ω
resistor.
ω = 100,
1 1
10 mH 
→ j100x10x10 − 3 = j, 500µF 
→ = = − j20
jωC j100x500 x10 − 6

The frequency-domain circuit is shown below.

20 Io

I 40 j
V1 V2

+1
2 Io
o
10<0 -j20
-

At node 1,

10 − V1 V − V2 V1 − V2 3(V1 − V2 ) V1 − V2
= 2I o + 1 + = + →
40 j 20 20 j (1)
10 = (7 − j40)V1 + (−6 + j40)V2

At node 2,

V1 − V 2 V1 − V 2 V
+ = 2 
→ 0 = (20 + j )V1 − (19 + j )V 2 (2)
j 20 − j 20

Solving (1) and (2) yields V1 = 1.5568 –j4.1405

10 − V1 1
I= = 0.8443 + j 0.4141, S = VI • = 4.2216 − j 2.0703
40 2

P = Re(S) = 4.222 W.

Chapter 11, Solution 80.

V 110
(a) I= = = 17.19 A
Z 6.4
V 2 (110) 2
(b) S= = = 1890.625
Z 6 .4

cos θ = pf = 0.825 
→ θ = 34.41°

P = S cos θ = 1559.76 ≅ 1.6 kW

Chapter 11, Solution 81.

kWh consumed = 4017 − 3246 = 771 kWh

The electricity bill is calculated as follows :


(a) Fixed charge = $12
(b) First 100 kWh at $0.16 per kWh = $16
(c) Next 200 kWh at $0.10 per kWh = $20
(d) The remaining energy (771 – 300) = 471 kWh
at $0.06 per kWh = $28.26.

Adding (a) to (d) gives $76.26

Chapter 11, Solution 82.

(a) P1 = 5,000, Q1 = 0
P2 = 30,000 x0.82 = 24,600, Q2 = 30,000 sin(cos −1 0.82) = 17,171
S = S1 + S 2 = (P1 + P2 ) + j(Q1 + Q 2 ) = 29,600 + j17,171

S =| S |= 34.22 kVA

(b) Q = 17.171 kVAR

P 29,600
(c ) pf = = = 0.865
S 34,220

Q c = P(tan θ1 − tan θ 2 )
[ ]
= 29,600 tan(cos −1 0.865) − tan(cos −1 0.9) = 2833 VAR

Qc 2833
(d) C= = = 130.46µ F
ωV rms 2πx60 x 240 2
2
Chapter 11, Solution 83.

1 1
(a) S = VI ∗ = (210∠60 o )(8∠ − 25 o ) = 840∠35 o
2 2

P = S cosθ = 840 cos 35 o = 688.1 W

(b) S = 840 VA

(c) Q = S sin θ = 840 sin 35 o = 481.8 VAR

(d) pf = P / S = cos 35 o = 0.8191 (lagging)

Chapter 11, Solution 84.

(a) Maximum demand charge = 2,400 × 30 = $72,000


Energy cost = $0.04 × 1,200 × 10 3 = $48,000
Total charge = $120,000

(b) To obtain $120,000 from 1,200 MWh will require a flat rate of
$120,000
per kWh = $0.10 per kWh
1,200 × 10 3

Chapter 11, Solution 85.

(a) 15 mH  → j 2πx60 x15 x10 −3 = j 5.655


We apply mesh analysis as shown below.
I1

+
Ix
120<0o V 10 Ω
-
In
30 Ω
Iz

+ 10 Ω
120<0o V Iy
-

j5.655 Ω
I2
For mesh x,
120 = 10 Ix - 10 Iz (1)
For mesh y,
120 = (10+j5.655) Iy - (10+j5.655) Iz (2)
For mesh z,
0 = -10 Ix –(10+j5.655) Iy + (50+j5.655) Iz (3)
Solving (1) to (3) gives
Ix =20, Iy =17.09-j5.142, Iz =8
Thus,
I1 =Ix =20 A
I2 =-Iy =-17.09+j5.142 = 17.85∠163.26 o A
In =Iy - Ix =-2.091 –j5.142 = 5.907∠ − 119.5 o A

1 1
(b) S1 = (120) I • x = 60 x 20 = 1200, S2 = (120) I • y = 1025.5 − j 308.5
2 2

S = S1 + S 2 = 2225.5 − j 308.5 VA

(c ) pf = P/S = 2225.5/2246.8 = 0.9905

Chapter 11, Solution 86.

For maximum power transfer


Z L = Z *Th → Z i = Z Th = Z *L
Z L = R + jωL = 75 + j (2π)(4.12 × 10 6 )(4 × 10 -6 )
Z L = 75 + j103.55 Ω

Z i = 75 − j103.55 Ω

Chapter 11, Solution 87.

Z = R ± jX
VR 80
VR = I R 
→ R = = = 1 .6 k Ω
I 50 × 10 -3

2 2
Z = R 2 + X2 
→ X 2 = Z − R 2 = (3) 2 − (1.6) 2
X = 2.5377 kΩ

X  2.5377 
θ = tan -1   = tan -1   = 57.77°
R   1.6 

pf = cos θ = 0.5333
Chapter 11, Solution 88.

(a) S = (110)(2 ∠55°) = 220∠55°

P = S cos θ = 220 cos(55°) = 126.2 W

(b) S = S = 220 VA

Chapter 11, Solution 89.

(a) Apparent power = S = 12 kVA

P = S cos θ = (12)(0.78) = 9.36 kW


Q = S sin θ = 12 sin(cos -1 (0.78)) = 7.51 kVAR

S = P + jQ = 9.36 + j7.51 kVA

2 2
V V (210) 2
(b) S= * 
→ Z = *
=
Z S (9.36 + j7.51) × 10 3

Z = 34.398 + j27.6 Ω

Chapter 11, Solution 90

Original load :
P1 = 2000 kW , cos θ1 = 0.85 
→ θ1 = 31.79°

P1
S1 = = 2352.94 kVA
cos θ1

Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = 1239.5 kVAR

Additional load :
P2 = 300 kW , cos θ 2 = 0.8 
→ θ 2 = 36.87°

P2
S2 = = 375 kVA
cos θ 2

Q 2 = S 2 sin θ 2 = 225 kVAR


Total load :
S = S1 + S 2 = (P1 + P2 ) + j (Q1 + Q 2 ) = P + jQ
P = 2000 + 300 = 2300 kW
Q = 1239.5 + 225 = 1464.5 kVAR

The minimum operating pf for a 2300 kW load and not exceeding the kVA rating of the
generator is
P 2300
cos θ = = = 0.9775
S1 2352.94

or θ = 12.177°

The maximum load kVAR for this condition is


Q m = S1 sin θ = 2352.94 sin(12.177°)
Q m = 496.313 kVAR

The capacitor must supply the difference between the total load kVAR ( i.e. Q ) and the
permissible generator kVAR ( i.e. Q m ). Thus,
Q c = Q − Q m = 968.2 kVAR

Chapter 11, Solution 91

P = S cos θ

P 2700
pf = cos θ = = = 0.8182
S (220)(15)

Q = S sin θ = 220(15) sin(35.09°) = 1897.3

When the power is raised to unity pf, θ1 = 0° and Q c = Q = 1897.3

Qc 1897.3
C= = = 104 µF
ω Vrms (2π )(60)(220) 2
2
Chapter 11, Solution 92

(a) Apparent power drawn by the motor is


P 60
Sm = = = 80 kVA
cos θ 0.75

Q m = S 2 − P 2 = (80) 2 − (60) 2 = 52.915 kVAR

Total real power


P = Pm + Pc + PL = 60 + 0 + 20 = 80 kW

Total reactive power


Q = Q m + Q c + Q L = 52.915 − 20 + 0 = 32.91 kVAR

Total apparent power


S = P 2 + Q 2 = 86.51 kVA

P 80
(b) pf = = = 0.9248
S 86.51

S 86510
(c) I= = = 157.3 A
V 550

Chapter 11, Solution 93

(a) P1 = (5)(0.7457) = 3.7285 kW

P1 3.7285
S1 = = = 4.661 kVA
pf 0.8

Q1 = S1 sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 2.796 kVAR


S 1 = 3.7285 + j2.796 kVA

P2 = 1.2 kW , Q 2 = 0 VAR
S 2 = 1.2 + j0 kVA

P3 = (10)(120) = 1.2 kW , Q 3 = 0 VAR


S 3 = 1.2 + j0 kVA
Q 4 = 1.6 kVAR , cos θ 4 = 0.6 
→ sin θ 4 = 0.8

Q4
S4 = = 2 kVA
sin θ 4

P4 = S 4 cos θ 4 = (2)(0.6) = 1.2 kW


S 4 = 1.2 − j1.6 kVA

S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 + S 4
S = 7.3285 + j1.196 kVA

Total real power = 7.3285 kW


Total reactive power = 1.196 kVAR

 1.196 
(b) θ = tan -1   = 9.27°
 7.3285 

pf = cos θ = 0.987

Chapter 11, Solution 94

cos θ1 = 0.7  → θ1 = 45.57°


S1 = 1 MVA = 1000 kVA
P1 = S1 cos θ1 = 700 kW
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = 714.14 kVAR

For improved pf,


cos θ 2 = 0.95 
→ θ 2 = 18.19°
P2 = P1 = 700 kW

P2 700
S2 = = = 736.84 kVA
cos θ 2 0.95

Q 2 = S 2 sin θ 2 = 230.08 kVAR


P1 = P2 = 700 kW
θ1
θ2
Q2
S2
S1

Q1 Qc

(a) Reactive power across the capacitor


Q c = Q1 − Q 2 = 714.14 − 230.08 = 484.06 kVAR

Cost of installing capacitors = $30 × 484.06 = $14,521.80

(b) Substation capacity released = S1 − S 2


= 1000 − 736.84 = 263.16 kVA

Saving in cost of substation and distribution facilities


= $120 × 263.16 = $31,579.20

(c) Yes, because (a) is greater than (b). Additional system capacity obtained
by using capacitors costs only 46% as much as new substation and
distribution facilities.

Chapter 11, Solution 95

(a) Source impedance Zs = R s − jXc


Load impedance ZL = R L + jX 2

For maximum load transfer


Z L = Z *s 
→ R s = R L , X c = X L

1
Xc = XL 
→ = ωL
ωC

1
or ω= = 2π f
LC
1 1
f= = = 2.814 kHz
2π LC 2π (80 × 10 -3 )(40 × 10 -9 )

Vs2 (4.6) 2
(b) P= = = 529 mW (since Vs is in rms)
4 R L (4)(10)

Chapter 11, Solution 96

ZTh

+
VTh ZL

(a) VTh = 146 V, 300 Hz


Z Th = 40 + j8 Ω

Z L = Z *Th = 40 − j8 Ω

2
VTh (146) 2
(b) P= = = 66.61 W
8 R Th (8)(40)

Chapter 11, Solution 97

Z T = (2)(0.1 + j) + (100 + j20) = 100.2 + j22 Ω

Vs 240
I= =
Z T 100.2 + j22

2 2 (100)(240) 2
P = I R L = 100 I = = 547.3 W
(100.2) 2 + (22) 2

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