Chapter 11, Solution 1.
Chapter 11, Solution 1.
v( t ) = 160 cos(50t )
i( t ) = -20 sin(50t − 30°) = 2 cos(50t − 30° + 180° − 90°)
i( t ) = 20 cos(50t + 60°)
1 1
P= Vm I m cos(θ v − θi ) = (160)(20) cos(60°)
2 2
P = 800 W
I I2 -j100 Ω
I1
+
30∠0° V j150 Ω 200 Ω
−
30∠0°
I1 = = 0.2∠ − 90° = - j0.2
j150
30∠0° 0.3
I2 = = = 0.1342∠26.56° = 0.12 + j0.06
200 − j100 2 − j
i 2 ( t ) = 0.1342 cos(500 t + 25.56°)
At t = 2 s , p = 6 cos(1000) sin(1000)
p = (6)(0.5624)(0.8269)
p = 2.79 W
10 cos(2t + 30°)
→ 10∠30° , ω= 2
1H
→ jωL = j2
1
0.25 F
→ = -j2
jωC
I 4Ω I1 2Ω
I2
+
10∠30° V j2 Ω -j2 Ω
−
( j2)(2 − j2)
j2 || (2 − j2) = = 2 + j2
2
10 ∠30°
I= = 1.581∠11.565°
4 + 2 + j2
j2
I1 = I = j I = 1.581∠101.565°
2
2 − j2
I2 = I = 2.236 ∠56.565°
2
20 Ω 10 Ω
+ I1 I2
50 V -j10 Ω j5 Ω
−
For mesh 1,
50 = (20 − j10) I 1 + j10 I 2
5 = (2 − j) I 1 + j I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
0 = (10 + j5 − j10) I 2 + j10 I 1
0 = (2 − j) I 2 + j2 I 1 (2)
In matrix form,
5 2 − j j I 1
0 = j2 2 − j I
2
∆ = 5 − j4 , ∆ 1 = 5 (2 − j) , ∆ 2 = -j10
∆ 1 5 (2 − j)
I1 = = = 1.746∠12.1°
∆ 5 − j4
∆ 2 - j10
I2 = = = 1.562 ∠128.66°
∆ 5 - j4
For the source,
1
S= V I 1* = 43.65∠ - 12.1°
2
The average power supplied = 43.65 cos(12.1°) = 42.68 W
1Ω 2Ω
+ –j2
8∠–40˚ − j6
8∠ − 40°
I1Ω = = 1.6828∠ − 25.38°
j6(2 − j2)
1+
j6 + 2 − j2
1.6828 2
P1Ω = 1 = 1.4159 W
2
P3H = P0.25F = 0
j6
I 2Ω = 1.6828∠ − 25.38° = 2.258
j6 + 2 − j2
2.258 2
P2Ω = 2 = 5.097 W
2
Chapter 11, Solution 6.
20 Ω 10 Ω
+ I1 I2
50 V -j10 Ω j5 Ω
−
For mesh 1,
(4 + j2) I 1 − j2 (4 ∠60°) + 4 Vo = 0 (1)
Vo = 2 (4 ∠60° − I 2 ) (2)
For mesh 2,
(2 − j) I 2 − 2 (4∠60°) − 4Vo = 0 (3)
Substituting (2) into (3),
(2 − j) I 2 − 8∠60° − 8 (4 ∠60° − I 2 ) = 0
40∠60°
I2 =
10 − j
Hence,
40∠60° - j8∠60°
Vo = 2 4 ∠60° − =
10 − j 10 − j
Substituting this into (1),
j32 ∠60° 14 − j
(4 + j2) I 1 = j8∠60° + = ( j8∠60°)
10 − j 10 − j
(4∠60°)(1 + j14)
I1 = = 2.498∠125.06°
21 + j8
1 2 1
P4 = I 1 R = (2.498) 2 (4) = 12.48 W
2 2
20 Ω 10 Ω
+ I1 I2
50 V -j10 Ω j5 Ω
−
Applying KVL to the left-hand side of the circuit,
8∠20° = 4 I o + 0.1Vo (1)
Applying KCL to the right side of the circuit,
V V1
8Io + 1 + =0
j5 10 − j5
10 10 − j5
But, Vo = V
→ V1 = Vo
10 − j5 1 10
10 − j5 Vo
Hence, 8Io + Vo + =0
j50 10
I o = j0.025 Vo (2)
Substituting (2) into (1),
8∠20° = 0.1 Vo (1 + j)
80∠20°
Vo =
1+ j
Vo 10
I1 = = ∠ - 25°
10 2
1 2 1 100
P= I 1 R = (10) = 250 W
2 2 2
V1 Io -j20 Ω V2
I2
At node 1,
V1 V1 − V2
6= + V1 = j120 − V2 (1)
j10 - j20
At node 2,
V2
0 .5 I o + I o =
40
V1 − V2
But, Io =
- j20
1.5 (V1 − V2 ) V2
Hence, =
- j20 40
3V1 = (3 − j) V2 (2)
j360 360
V2 = = (-1 + j6)
6 − j 37
V2 9
I2 = = (-1 + j6)
40 37
2
1 2 1 9
P = I2 R = (40) = 43.78 W
2 2 37
6
Vo = 1 + Vs = (4)(2) = 8 V rms
2
Vo2 64
P10 = = mW = 6.4 mW
R 10
P2 = I 2 R = 2 mW
Similarly,
P6 = I 2 R = 6 mW
Chapter 11, Solution 10.
No current flows through each of the resistors. Hence, for each resistor,
P = 0 W.
ω = 377 , R = 10 4 , C = 200 × 10 -9
ωRC = (377)(10 4 )(200 × 10 -9 ) = 0.754
tan -1 (ωRC) = 37.02°
10k
Z ab = ∠ - 37.02° = 6.375∠ - 37.02° kΩ
1 + (0.754) 2
2
2 × 10 -3
S= I 2
Z ab = (6.375∠ - 37.02°) × 10 3
rms
2
P = S cos(37.02) = 10.181 mW
Zth
8Ω -j2 Ω
(a)
(8)(-j2) 8
Z Th = 8 || -j2 = = (1 − j4) = 0.471 − j1.882
8 − j2 17
(b)
- j2
Io = (4∠0°)
8 − j2
- j64
VTh = 8 I o =
8 − j2
2
64
2
VTh 68
Pmax = = = 15.99 W
8RL (8)(0.471)
5Ω -j3 Ω
j2 Ω
Zth 4Ω
(c)
(5)(4 − j3)
Z Th = j2 + 5 || (4 − j3) = j2 + = 2.5 + j1.167
9 − j3
(a) We find Z Th at the load terminals using the circuit in Fig. (a).
j100 Ω
Zth
80 Ω -j40 Ω
(a)
(-j40)(80 + j100)
Z Th = -j40 || (80 + j100) = = 51.2 − j1.6
80 + j60
Io j100 Ω
+
3∠20° A 80 Ω -j40 Ω Vth
−
(b)
80 (8)(3∠20°)
Io = (3∠20°) =
80 + j100 − j40 8 + j6
(- j40)(24∠20°)
VTh = - j40 I o =
8 + j6
2
40
2 ⋅ 24
VTh 10
Pmax = = = 22.5 W
8RL (8)(51.2)
From Fig.(d), we obtain VTh using the voltage division principle.
5Ω -j3 Ω
j2 Ω
+
10∠30° V + 4Ω
−
Vth
−
(d)
4 − j3 4 − j3 10
VTh = (10∠30°) = ∠30°
9 − j3 3 − j 3
2
5 10
2 ⋅
VTh 10 3
Pmax = = = 1.389 W
8RL (8)(2.5)
j24 Ω –j10 Ω
I
+
16 Ω
VTh ZTh
40∠90º A 10 Ω
j8 Ω _
2
VTh
2
Pmax = I 2rms 8.245 = 2 8.245 = 456.6 W
(2x8.245) 2
To find Z Th , insert a 1-A current source at the load terminals as shown in Fig. (a).
1Ω 1 -j Ω 2
+
Vo jΩ 2 Vo 1A
−
(a)
At node 1,
Vo Vo V2 − Vo
+ =
→ Vo = j V2 (1)
1 j -j
At node 2,
V2 − Vo
1 + 2 Vo =
→ 1 = j V2 − (2 + j) Vo (2)
-j
Substituting (1) into (2),
1 = j V2 − (2 + j)( j) V2 = (1 − j) V2
1
V2 =
1− j
V2 1 + j
VTh = = = 0.5 + j0.5
1 2
1Ω -j Ω
+ +
+
12∠0° V Vo jΩ 2 Vo Vth
−
− −
(b)
12 − Vo Vo
2 Vo + =
1 j
- 12
Vo =
1+ j
Vo − (- j × 2 Vo ) + VTh = 0
(12)(1 + j2)
VTh = -(1 + j2)Vo =
1+ j
2
12 5
2
VTh 2
Pmax = = = 90 W
8RL (8)(0.5)
1 1
ω = 4, 1H
→ jωL = j 4, 1 / 20F
→ = = − j5
jωC j 4 x1 / 20
We find the Thevenin equivalent at the terminals of ZL. To find VTh, we use the circuit
shown below.
0.5Vo
2Ω V1 4Ω V2
+
+ +
10<0o Vo -j5 j4 VTh
- -
-
At node 1,
10 − V1 V V − V2
= 1 + 0.25V1 + 1
→ 5 = V1 (1 + j 0.2) − 0.25V2 (1)
2 − j5 4
At node 2,
V1 − V2 V
+ 0.25V1 = 2
→ 0 = 0.5V1 + V2 (−0.25 + j 0.25) (2)
4 j4
-j10 Ω 30 Ω
a b
40 Ω j20 Ω
(a)
(30)( j20) (40)(-j10)
Z Th = 30 || j20 + 40 || (- j10) = +
30 + j20 40 − j10
I1 I2
-j10 Ω 30 Ω
j5 A
+ VTh −
40 Ω j20 Ω
(b)
Using current division,
30 + j20
I1 = ( j5) = -1.1 + j2.3
70 + j10
40 − j10
I2 = ( j5) = 1.1 + j2.7
70 + j10
40 Ω -j10 Ω
40 Ω 80 Ω
a Zth
j20 Ω
b
(80)(-j10)
Z Th = j20 + 40 || 40 + 80 || (-j10) = j20 + 20 +
80 − j10
Z Th = 21.23 + j10.154
Z Th = 2.049 − j1.561
R L = Z Th = 2.576 Ω
To get VTh , let Z = 6 || (3 + j) = 2.049 + j0.439 .
2
VTh 70.258
Pmax = = = 3.409 W
8RL 20.608
To find Z Th , insert a 1-A current source at the terminals of R L , as shown in Fig. (a).
4 Io
Io 40 Ω V1 V2
+ −
-j20 Ω -j10 Ω 1A
(a)
At the supernode,
V1 V V
1= + 1 + 2
40 - j20 - j10
40 = (1 + j2) V1 + j4 V2 (1)
- V1
Also, V1 = V2 + 4 I o , where I o =
40
V2
1.1 V1 = V2
→ V1 = (2)
1 .1
V2
Z Th = = 1.05 − j6.71 Ω
1
R L = Z Th = 6.792 Ω
4 Io
Io 40 Ω V1 V2
+ −
+
+
120∠0° V -j20 Ω -j10 Ω Vth
−
−
(b)
At the supernode,
120 − V1 V V
= 1 + 2
40 - j20 - j10
120 − V1
Also, V1 = V2 + 4 I o , where I o =
40
V2 + 12
V1 = (4)
1 .1
109.09 − j21.82
VTh = V2 = = 18.893∠ - 92.43°
0.9091 + j5.818
2
VTh (18.893) 2
Pmax = = = 6.569 W
8RL (8)(6.792)
Chapter 11, Solution 21.
100 Ω -j10 Ω
a
40 Ω
Zth
50 Ω
j30 Ω
(100)(40 + j30)
where 100 || (40 + j30) = = 31.707 + j14.634
140 + j30
(50)(31.707 + j4.634)
Z Th = 50 || (31.707 + j4.634) =
81.707 + j4.634
Z Th = 19.5 + j1.73
R L = Z Th = 19.58 Ω
π
1 16 t sin 2t π 16 π
π∫
I 2
rms = 16 sin 2
tdt = − = ( − 0) = 8
0
π 2 4 0
π 2
I rms = 8 = 2.828 A
Chapter 11, Solution 23.
2
Vrms =
1
6
[ ∫ 15
0
2
2
dt + ∫2 5 2 dt =
6
] 550
6
Vrms = 9.574 V
5, 0 < t < 1
T = 2, v( t ) =
- 5, 1 < t < 2
2
Vrms =
1
2
[∫ 5
0
1
2
dt + ∫1 (-5) 2 dt =
2
] 25
2
[1 + 1] = 25
Vrms = 5 V
2
f rms
1 T 2
=
T
∫ 0
f ( t ) dt =
1 1
3
∫ 0
[ 2 3
(−4) 2 dt + ∫ 1 0dt + ∫2 4 2 dt ]
1 32
= [16 + 0 + 16] =
3 3
32
f rms = = 3.266
3
Chapter 11, Solution 26.
5 0< t<2
T = 4, v( t ) =
10 2 < t < 4
2
Vrms =
1
4
[∫ 5
2
0
2
4 1
4
]
dt + ∫2 (10) 2 dt = [50 + 200 ] = 62.5
Vrms = 7.906 V
T = 5, i( t ) = t , 0 < t < 5
1 5 2 1 t3 125
I 2
rms = ∫0 t dt = ⋅ 5
0 = = 8.333
5 5 3 15
I rms = 2.887 A
2
Vrms =
1
5
[ ∫ (4t )
2
0
2
dt + ∫2 0 2 dt
5
]
1 16 t 3 16
V 2
rms = ⋅ 2
0 = (8) = 8.533
5 3 15
Vrms = 2.92 V
2
Vrms 8.533
P= = = 4.267 W
R 2
Chapter 11, Solution 29.
20 − 2t 5 < t < 15
T = 20 , i( t ) =
- 40 + 2t 15 < t < 25
2
I eff =
1
20
[∫15
5
(20 − 2 t ) 2 dt + ∫15 (-40 + 2t) 2 dt
25
]
1 15
( t 2 − 40 t + 400) dt
25
= ∫ − + + ∫
2 2
I eff (100 20 t t ) dt
5 5 15
1 t 3 15 t3 25
I 2
= 100 t − 10 t + 5
2
+ − 20 t 2 + 400 t 15
eff
5 3 3
1
2
I eff = [83.33 + 83.33 ] = 33.332
5
I eff = 5.773 A
P = I eff
2
R = 400 W
t 0<t<2
v( t ) =
- 1 2 < t < 4
2
Vrms =
1
4
[∫ t 2
0
2
]
1 8
43
dt + ∫2 (-1) 2 dt = + 2 = 1.1667
4
Vrms = 1.08 V
1 1 4
2 1 2
1
V 2
rms = ∫ v(t )dt = ∫ (2t ) dt + ∫ (−4) 2 dt = + 16 = 8.6667
2
20 2 0 1 2 3
Vrms = 2.944 V
Chapter 11, Solution 32.
1 1
(10t 2 ) 2 dt + ∫ 0 dt
2
I 2rms = ∫
2 0 1
t5
= 50 ∫0 t dt = 50 ⋅
1
I 2
rms
4 1
0 = 10
5
I rms = 3.162 A
10 0 < t <1
i( t ) = 20 − 10t 1 < t < 2
0 2<t<3
I 2rms =
1
3
[ ∫ 10
0
1
2
dt + ∫1 (20 − 10t ) 2 dt + 0
2
]
3 I 2rms = 100 + 100∫1 (4 − 4t + t 2 ) dt = 100 + (100)(1 3) = 133.33
2
133.33
I rms = = 6.667 A
3
2
f rms =
1 T 2
T
∫ 0
1 2
[ 3
f ( t )dt = ∫ 0 (3t ) 2 dt + ∫ 2 6 2 dt
3
]
2
1 9t 3
= + 36 = 20
3 3
0
f rms = 20 = 4.472
Chapter 11, Solution 35.
2
Vrms =
1
6
[ ∫ 10
1
0
2
dt + ∫1 20 2 dt + ∫2 30 2 dt + ∫4 20 2 dt + ∫5 10 2 dt
2 4 5 6
]
1
2
Vrms = [100 + 400 + 1800 + 400 + 100 ] = 466.67
6
Vrms = 21.6 V
(a) Irms = 10 A
2
3 9
(b) V rms = 4 +
2 2
→ Vrms = 16 + = 4.528 V (checked)
2 2
36
(c) I rms = 64 + = 9.055 A
2
25 16
(d) Vrms = + = 4.528 V
2 2
i = i1 + i2 + i3 = 8 + 4 sin(t + 10 o ) + 6 cos(2t + 30 o )
16 36
I rms = I 21rms + I 2 2 rms + I 2 3rms = 64 + + = 90 = 9.487 A
2 2
0.5 H
→ jωL = j (2π )(50)(0.5) = j157.08
Z = R + jX L = 30 + j157.08
2
V (210) 2
S= =
Z* 30 − j157.08
(210) 2
Apparent power = S = = 275.6 VA
160
157.08
pf = cos θ = cos tan -1 = cos(79.19°)
36
pf = 0.1876 (lagging)
( j4)(12 − j8)
Z T = j4 || (12 − j8) =
12 − j4
pf = cos(74.74°) = 0.2631
At node 1,
120∠30 o − V1 V1 V1 − V2
= +
→
20 j30 50
At node 2,
V1 − V2 V2 V
= + 2
→ 0 = −V1 + (6 + j1.25)V2 (2)
50 10 − j 40
V 2 rms 1 | V2 | 2
P10 Ω = = = 173.3 / 20 = 8.665 W
R 2 R
1 | V1 − V2 | 2
P50 Ω = = 4603.1 / 100 = 46.03 W
2 R
1 | 120∠30 o − V1 | 2
P20 Ω = = 3514 / 40 = 87.86 W
2 R
120∠30 o − V1
(b) I = = 2.944 − j 0.3467, Vs = 120∠30 o = 103.92 + j 60
20
1
S = Vs I • = 142.5 − j106.3, S =| S | = 177.8 VA
2
(-j2)(-j3)
(a) - j2 || ( j5 − j2) = -j2 || -j3 = = -j6
j
Z T = 4 − j6 = 7.211∠ - 56.31°
( j2)(4 + j)
(b) j2 || (4 + j) = = 0.64 + j1.52
4 + j3
0.64 + j0.44
Z = 1 || (0.64 + j1.52 − j) = = 0.4793∠21.5°
1.64 + j0.44
pf = 0.86 = cos θ
→ θ = 30.683°
Q 5
Q = S sin θ
→ S = = = 9.798 kVA
sin θ sin(30.683°)
S 9.798 × 10 3 ∠30.683°
S = V I*
→ I * = = = 44.536 ∠30.683°
V 220
9 1
(a) Vrms = V 21rms + V 2 2 rms + V 2 3rms = 25 + + = 30 = 5.477 V
2 2
V 2 rms
(b) P = = 30 / 10 = 3 W
R
pf = 0.65 = cosθ
→ θ = 49.46 o
Thus,
Average power = 32.5 kW, Reactive power = 38 kVAR
Chapter 11, Solution 45.
60 2
(a) V 2 rms = 20 2 + = 2200
→ Vrms = 46.9 V
2
0.5 2
I rms = 12 + = 1.125 = 1.061A
2
2
V (80) 2
(c) S= = = 128∠30° = 90.51 + j64 VA
Z* 50∠ - 30°
2
(d) S = I Z = (100)(100∠45°) = 7.071 + j7.071 kVA
Q 2000
Q = S sin θ
→ S = = = 4588.31
sin θ sin(25.84°)
P = S cos θ = 4129.48
S = 4129 − j2000 VA
Q 450
(c) Q = S sin θ
→ sin θ = = = 0.75
S 600
θ = 48.59 , pf = 0.6614
S = 396.9 + j450 VA
2
V (220) 2
(d) S= = = 1210
Z 40
P 1000
P = S cos θ
→ cos θ = = = 0.8264
S 1210
θ = 34.26°
Q = S sin θ = 681.25
S = 1000 + j681.2 VA
4
(a) S = 4+ j sin(cos -1 (0.86)) kVA
0.86
S = 4 + j2.373 kVA
P 1.6
(b) pf = = 0.8 = cos θ
→ sin θ = 0.6
S 2
2
V (120) 2 14400
(d) S= * = =
Z 40 − j60 72.11∠ - 56.31°
S = 199.7 ∠56.31° = 110.77 + j166.16 VA
1000
(a) S = P − jQ = 1000 − j sin(cos -1 (0.8))
0.8
S = 1000 − j750
2
Vrms
But, S=
Z*
2
Vrms (220) 2
Z =
*
= = 30.98 + j23.23
S 1000 − j750
Z = 30.98 − j23.23 Ω
2
(b) S = I rms Z
S 1500 + j2000
Z= 2 = = 10.42 + j13.89 Ω
I rms (12) 2
2 2
Vrms V (120) 2
(c) Z =
*
= = = 1.6 ∠ - 60°
S 2S (2)(4500 ∠60°)
2
1 V (16) 2
(b) S = V I* = =
2 2 Z * (2)(8.188∠ - 5.382°)
S = 15.63∠5.382°
P = S cos θ = 15.56 W
(d) S = S = 15.63 VA
2000
S A = 2000 + j 0.6 = 2000 + j1500
0 .8
S B = 3000 x 0.4 − j3000 x 0.9165 = 1200 − j2749
SC = 1000 + j500
S = S A + S B + SC = 4200 − j749
4200
(a) pf = = 0.9845 leading.
4200 2 + 749 2
4200 − j749
(b) S = Vrms I ∗rms
→ I ∗rms = = 35.55∠ − 55.11°
120∠45°
Irms = 35.55∠–55.11˚ A.
Chapter 11, Solution 53.
SB S + SC S 5640∠0.2°
I∗rms = + A = = = 66.46∠ − 29.8°
Vrms Vrms Vrms 120∠30°
(a)
2
I = 2 x 66.46∠29.88° = 93.97∠29.8° A
1000
(a) S = P − jQ = 1000 − j sin(cos -1 (0.8))
0.8
S = 1000 − j750
2
Vrms
But, S=
Z*
2
Vrms (220) 2
Z =
*
= = 30.98 + j23.23
S 1000 − j750
Z = 30.98 − j23.23 Ω
2
(b) S = I rms Z
S 1500 + j2000
Z= 2 = = 10.42 + j13.89 Ω
I rms (12) 2
2 2
Vrms V (120) 2
(c) Z =
*
= = = 1.6 ∠ - 60°
S 2S (2)(4500 ∠60°)
-j20 Ω j10 Ω
I3
+ I1 I2 +
40∠0° V rms 20 Ω 50∠90° V rms
− −
∆ = 1− j , ∆ 1 = 4 − j3 , ∆ 2 = -1 − j5
∆ 1 4 − j3 1
I1 = = = (7 − j) = 3.535∠8.13°
∆ 1− j 2
∆ 2 - 1 − j5
I2 = = = 2 − j3 = 3.605∠ - 56.31°
∆ 1− j
(6)(- j2)
- j2 || 6 = = 0.6 − j1.8
6 − j2
Io
+
2∠30° A 3.6 + j2.2 Ω
Vo 5Ω
−
3.6 + j2.2
Io = (2∠30°) = 0.95∠47.08°
8.6 + j2.2
Vo = 5 I o = 4.75∠47.08°
1 1
S= Vo I *s = ⋅ (4.75∠47.08°)(2∠ - 30°)
2 2
4Ω Vo -j1 Ω V1 2Ω
+
+
24∠0° V 1Ω j2 Ω V2 2 Vo
−
−
At node o,
24 − Vo Vo Vo − V1
= +
4 1 -j
24 = (5 + j4) Vo − j4 V1 (1)
Vo − V1 V
At node 1, + 2 Vo = 1
-j j2
V1 = (2 − j4) Vo (2)
- 24 (-24)(2 - j4)
Vo = , V1 =
11 + j4 11 + j4
- 24 (-24)(6 − j4)
V2 = ⋅ (2 − j4 + 4) =
11 + j4 11 + j4
1 1
S= V2 I * = V2 (2 Vo* )
2 2
S = 25.23 − j16.82 VA
Ix -j3 kΩ j1 kΩ
8 mA 4 kΩ 10 kΩ
20 I o = 8 mA
From the right portion of the circuit,
4 16
Ix = (8 mA) = mA
4 + 10 + j − j3 7− j
2 (16 × 10 -3 ) 2
S = Ix R= ⋅ (10 × 10 3 )
50
S = 51.2 mVA
Ix -j3 kΩ j1 kΩ
8 mA 4 kΩ 10 kΩ
240 − Vo Vo Vo
4+ = +
50 - j20 40 + j30
88 = (0.36 + j0.38) Vo
88
Vo = = 168.13∠ - 46.55°
0.36 + j0.38
Vo
I1 = = 8.41∠43.45°
- j20
Vo
I2 = = 3.363∠ - 83.42°
40 + j30
20
S1 = 20 + j sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 20 + j15
0.8
16
S 2 = 16 + j sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 16 + j7.749
0.9
S = S1 + S 2 = 36 + j22.749 = 42.585∠32.29°
But S = Vo I * = 6 Vo
S
Vo = = 7.098 ∠ 32.29°
6
Io I2
S2
+ I1
So Vo S1 S3
−
4
S3 = 4 + j sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 4 + j1.937 kVA
0.9
1
But S4 = V I*
2 o 2
2 S 4 (2)(5.2 + j1.137) × 10 3
I =
*
= = 22.74 − j104
2
Vo 100 ∠90°
I 2 = 22.74 + j104
2
Similarly, S1 = 2 − j sin(cos -1 (0.707)) = 2 − j2 kVA
0.707
1
But S1 = Vo I 1*
2
2 S 1 (4 − j4) × 10 3
I 1* = = = -40 − j40
Vo j100
I 1 = -40 + j40
1
So = Vo I *o
2
1
So = ⋅ (100∠90°)(145∠ - 96.83°) VA
2
I1
+ +
+
Vs V1 V2
−
− −
15
S 2 = 15 − j sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 15 − j11.25
0.8
But S 2 = V2 I *2
S 2 15 − j11.25
I *2 = =
V2 120
I 2 = 0.125 + j0.09375
V1 = V2 + I 2 (0.3 + j0.15)
V1 = 120 + (0.125 + j0.09375)(0.3 + j0.15)
V1 = 120.02 + j0.0469
10
S1 = 10 + j sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 10 + j4.843
0.9
But S1 = V1 I 1*
S 1 11.111∠25.84°
I 1* = =
V1 120.02 ∠0.02°
Let S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 .
12
S1 = 12 − j sin(cos -1 (0.866)) = 12 − j6.929
0.866
16
S 2 = 16 + j sin(cos -1 (0.85)) = 16 + j9.916
0.85
(20)(0.6)
S3 = + j20 = 15 + j20
sin(cos -1 (0.6)
1
S = 43 + j22.987 = V I *o
2
2 S 44 + j22.98
I *o = =
V 110
I o = 0.4513∠ - 27.58° A
I2
I1
8Ω
+
Is − 120∠0º V
j12
Is + I2 = I1 or Is = I1 – I2
120
I1 = = 4.615 − j6.923
8 + j12
S 2500 − j400
But, S = VI ∗2
→ I ∗2 = = = 20.83 − j3.333
V 120
or I 2 = 20.83 + j3.333
1 -j
C = 1 nF
→ = 4 = -j100 kΩ
jωC 10 × 10 -9
4
Vo = ∠ - 45°
2
4
v o (t) = cos(10 4 t − 45°)
2
2
2
Vrms 4 1 1
P= = ⋅ W
R 2 2 50 × 10 3
P = 80 µW
As an inverter,
- Zf - (2 + j4)
Vo = Vs = ⋅ (4 ∠45°)
Zi 4 + j3
Vo - (2 + j4)(4∠45°)
Io = mA = mA
6 − j2 (6 - j2)(4 + j3)
P = 0.96 mW
Chapter 11, Solution 67.
1 1
ω = 2, 3H
→ jωL = j 6, 0.1F
→ = = − j5
jωC j 2 x0.1
− j 50
10 //( − j 5) = = 2 − j4
10 − j 5
Z1 =8+j6 Ω I1
-
+ Io
+ +
Z 3 = 12Ω
0.6∠20 o V Vo
-
-
1
S = Vs I *1 = (0.3∠20 o )(0.06∠ + 16.87 o ) = 14.4 + j10.8 mVA = 18∠36.86 o mVA
2
Z2 Vo ( 2 − j 4)
(b) Vo = − Vs , Io = =− (0.6∠20 o ) = 0.0224∠99.7 o
Z1 Z3 12(8 + j 6)
1
P= | I o | 2 R = 0.5(0.0224) 2 (12) = 2.904 mW
2
Chapter 11, Solution 68.
Let S = SR + SL + Sc
1 2
where S R = PR + jQ R = I R + j0
2 o
1
S L = PL + jQ L = 0 + j I o2 ωL
2
1 1
S c = Pc + jQ c = 0 − j I o2 ⋅
2 ωC
1 2 1
Hence, S= I o R + jωL −
2 ωC
12
tan θ =
→ θ = 50.19°
10
pf = cos θ = 0.6402
2
V (120) 2
(b) S= = = 295.12 + j354.09
2 Z* (2)(10 − j12)
(c) For unity power factor, θ1 = 0° , which implies that the reactive power due
to the capacitor is Q c = 354.09
V2 1
But Qc = = ωC V 2
2 Xc 2
2 Qc (2)(354.09)
C= 2 = = 130.4 µF
ωV (2π )(60)(120) 2
Chapter 11, Solution 70.
If the power factor is to be unity, the reactive power due to the capacitor is
Q c = Q = 528 VAR
2
Vrms 1 2 Qc
But Q= = ωC V 2
→ C =
Xc 2 ωV2
(2)(528)
C= = 69.45 µF
(2π)(50)(220) 2
Q2 50
P1 = Q1 = 150 x0.7071 = 106.065, Q2 = 50, S2 = , P2 = 0.8S = 0.8 = 66.67
0 .6 0 .6
Qc 56.058
C= = = 10.33 µF
ωV rms 2πx60 x120 2
2
Q c = P (tan θ1 − tan θ 2 )
Q c = (40)[ tan(40.54°) − tan(25.84°) ] kVAR
Q c = 14.84 kVAR
Qc 14840
C= = = 2.734 mF
ω Vrms (2π )(60)(120) 2
2
(b) θ1 = 40.54° , θ 2 = 0°
Qc 34210
C= = 6.3 mF
ω Vrms (2π)(60)(120) 2
2
S 10,000 + j7,000
(b) S = V I*
→ I * = =
V 240
7
(c) θ1 = tan -1 = 35° , θ 2 = cos -1 (0.96) = 16.26°
10
Qc 4083
C= = = 188.03 µF
ω Vrms (2π )(60)(240) 2
2
(d) S 2 = P2 + jQ 2 , P2 = P1 = 10 kW
S 2 = 10 + j2.917 kVA
But S 2 = V I *2
S 2 10,000 + j2917
I *2 = =
V 240
P1 24
S1 = = = 30 kVA
cos θ1 0.8
P2 40
S2 = = = 42.105 kVA
cos θ 2 0.95
S = S1 + S 2 = 64 + j31.144 kVA
31.144
θ = tan -1 = 25.95°
64
pf = cos θ = 0.8992
(b) θ 2 = 25.95° , θ1 = 0°
Qc 31,144
C= = = 5.74 mF
ω Vrms (2π )(60)(120) 2
2
Chapter 11, Solution 75.
2
V (240) 2 5760
(a) S1 = = = = 517.75 − j323.59 VA
Z1* 80 + j50 8 + j5
(240) 2 5760
S2 = = = 358.13 + j208.91 VA
120 − j70 12 − j7
(240) 2
S3 = = 960 VA
60
S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 = 1835.88 − j114.68 VA
114.68
(b) θ = tan -1 = 3.574°
1835.88
pf = cos θ = 0.998
Qc 114.68
C= = = 6.336 µF
ω Vrms (2π )(50)(240) 2
2
The wattmeter reads the real power supplied by the current source. Consider the
circuit below.
4Ω -j3 Ω Vo
+
12∠0° V j2 Ω 8Ω 3∠30° A
−
12 − Vo Vo Vo
3∠30° + = +
4 − j3 j2 8
36.14 + j23.52
Vo = = 0.7547 + j11.322 = 11.347 ∠86.19°
2.28 − j3.04
1 1
S= Vo I *o = ⋅ (11.347 ∠86.19°)(3∠ - 30°)
2 2
S = 17.021∠56.19°
P = Re(S) = 9.471 W
The wattmeter measures the power absorbed by the parallel combination of 0.1 F
and 150 Ω.
120 cos(2t )
→ 120∠0° , ω= 2
4H
→ jωL = j8
1
0.1 F
→ = -j5
jωC
+
120∠0° V Z
−
(15)(-j5)
Z = 15 || (-j5) = = 1.5 − j4.5
15 − j5
120
I= = 14.5∠ - 25.02°
(6 + j8) + (1.5 − j4.5)
1 1 2 1
S= V I * = I Z = ⋅ (14.5) 2 (1.5 − j4.5)
2 2 2
S = 157.69 − j473.06 VA
The wattmeter reads the power absorbed by the element to its right side.
2 cos(4t )
→ 2∠0° , ω= 4
1H
→ jωL = j4
1 1
F
→ = -j3
12 jωC
10 Ω I
+
20∠0° V Z
−
(4)(- j3)
Z = 5 + j4 + 4 || - j3 = 5 + j4 +
4 − j3
Z = 6.44 + j2.08
20
I= = 1.207 ∠ - 7.21°
16.44 + j2.08
1 2 1
S= I Z = ⋅ (1.207) 2 (6.44 + j2.08)
2 2
P = Re(S) = 4.691 W
The wattmeter reads the power supplied by the source and partly absorbed by the 40- Ω
resistor.
ω = 100,
1 1
10 mH
→ j100x10x10 − 3 = j, 500µF
→ = = − j20
jωC j100x500 x10 − 6
20 Io
I 40 j
V1 V2
+1
2 Io
o
10<0 -j20
-
At node 1,
10 − V1 V − V2 V1 − V2 3(V1 − V2 ) V1 − V2
= 2I o + 1 + = + →
40 j 20 20 j (1)
10 = (7 − j40)V1 + (−6 + j40)V2
At node 2,
V1 − V 2 V1 − V 2 V
+ = 2
→ 0 = (20 + j )V1 − (19 + j )V 2 (2)
j 20 − j 20
10 − V1 1
I= = 0.8443 + j 0.4141, S = VI • = 4.2216 − j 2.0703
40 2
P = Re(S) = 4.222 W.
V 110
(a) I= = = 17.19 A
Z 6.4
V 2 (110) 2
(b) S= = = 1890.625
Z 6 .4
cos θ = pf = 0.825
→ θ = 34.41°
(a) P1 = 5,000, Q1 = 0
P2 = 30,000 x0.82 = 24,600, Q2 = 30,000 sin(cos −1 0.82) = 17,171
S = S1 + S 2 = (P1 + P2 ) + j(Q1 + Q 2 ) = 29,600 + j17,171
S =| S |= 34.22 kVA
P 29,600
(c ) pf = = = 0.865
S 34,220
Q c = P(tan θ1 − tan θ 2 )
[ ]
= 29,600 tan(cos −1 0.865) − tan(cos −1 0.9) = 2833 VAR
Qc 2833
(d) C= = = 130.46µ F
ωV rms 2πx60 x 240 2
2
Chapter 11, Solution 83.
1 1
(a) S = VI ∗ = (210∠60 o )(8∠ − 25 o ) = 840∠35 o
2 2
(b) S = 840 VA
(b) To obtain $120,000 from 1,200 MWh will require a flat rate of
$120,000
per kWh = $0.10 per kWh
1,200 × 10 3
+
Ix
120<0o V 10 Ω
-
In
30 Ω
Iz
+ 10 Ω
120<0o V Iy
-
j5.655 Ω
I2
For mesh x,
120 = 10 Ix - 10 Iz (1)
For mesh y,
120 = (10+j5.655) Iy - (10+j5.655) Iz (2)
For mesh z,
0 = -10 Ix –(10+j5.655) Iy + (50+j5.655) Iz (3)
Solving (1) to (3) gives
Ix =20, Iy =17.09-j5.142, Iz =8
Thus,
I1 =Ix =20 A
I2 =-Iy =-17.09+j5.142 = 17.85∠163.26 o A
In =Iy - Ix =-2.091 –j5.142 = 5.907∠ − 119.5 o A
1 1
(b) S1 = (120) I • x = 60 x 20 = 1200, S2 = (120) I • y = 1025.5 − j 308.5
2 2
S = S1 + S 2 = 2225.5 − j 308.5 VA
Z i = 75 − j103.55 Ω
Z = R ± jX
VR 80
VR = I R
→ R = = = 1 .6 k Ω
I 50 × 10 -3
2 2
Z = R 2 + X2
→ X 2 = Z − R 2 = (3) 2 − (1.6) 2
X = 2.5377 kΩ
X 2.5377
θ = tan -1 = tan -1 = 57.77°
R 1.6
pf = cos θ = 0.5333
Chapter 11, Solution 88.
(b) S = S = 220 VA
2 2
V V (210) 2
(b) S= *
→ Z = *
=
Z S (9.36 + j7.51) × 10 3
Z = 34.398 + j27.6 Ω
Original load :
P1 = 2000 kW , cos θ1 = 0.85
→ θ1 = 31.79°
P1
S1 = = 2352.94 kVA
cos θ1
Additional load :
P2 = 300 kW , cos θ 2 = 0.8
→ θ 2 = 36.87°
P2
S2 = = 375 kVA
cos θ 2
The minimum operating pf for a 2300 kW load and not exceeding the kVA rating of the
generator is
P 2300
cos θ = = = 0.9775
S1 2352.94
or θ = 12.177°
The capacitor must supply the difference between the total load kVAR ( i.e. Q ) and the
permissible generator kVAR ( i.e. Q m ). Thus,
Q c = Q − Q m = 968.2 kVAR
P = S cos θ
P 2700
pf = cos θ = = = 0.8182
S (220)(15)
Qc 1897.3
C= = = 104 µF
ω Vrms (2π )(60)(220) 2
2
Chapter 11, Solution 92
P 80
(b) pf = = = 0.9248
S 86.51
S 86510
(c) I= = = 157.3 A
V 550
P1 3.7285
S1 = = = 4.661 kVA
pf 0.8
P2 = 1.2 kW , Q 2 = 0 VAR
S 2 = 1.2 + j0 kVA
Q4
S4 = = 2 kVA
sin θ 4
S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 + S 4
S = 7.3285 + j1.196 kVA
1.196
(b) θ = tan -1 = 9.27°
7.3285
pf = cos θ = 0.987
P2 700
S2 = = = 736.84 kVA
cos θ 2 0.95
Q1 Qc
(c) Yes, because (a) is greater than (b). Additional system capacity obtained
by using capacitors costs only 46% as much as new substation and
distribution facilities.
1
Xc = XL
→ = ωL
ωC
1
or ω= = 2π f
LC
1 1
f= = = 2.814 kHz
2π LC 2π (80 × 10 -3 )(40 × 10 -9 )
Vs2 (4.6) 2
(b) P= = = 529 mW (since Vs is in rms)
4 R L (4)(10)
ZTh
+
VTh ZL
−
Z L = Z *Th = 40 − j8 Ω
2
VTh (146) 2
(b) P= = = 66.61 W
8 R Th (8)(40)
Vs 240
I= =
Z T 100.2 + j22
2 2 (100)(240) 2
P = I R L = 100 I = = 547.3 W
(100.2) 2 + (22) 2