38 CHAPTERS HAPTER PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED ENI 5. A plane flies from base camp to lake A, a distance of 280 km at a direction of 20.0° north of east. After dropping off supplies, the plane flies to lake B, which is 190 km and 30.0° west of north from lake A. Graphically determine the distance and direction from lake B to the base camp. Solution First choose a convenient scale, such ‘as 1.cm=20 km, and lay out the first two legs of the trip on a scale drawing with the base camp at the origin of the coordinate system. Choose the horizontal axis to be the east- west line and orient the arrow representing the trip to lake A and the arrow representing the trip from lake A to lake B in the specified directions as shown at the right. This process accurately locates the two lakes on your drawing. Base Camp The vector B drawn from the location of lake B back to the origin represents the displacement of the base camp from lake B. Measure the length of this vector and multiply by your scale factor to determine the distance you are from camp. Measure the angle 0 to determine the direction from lake B back to the base camp. Your results should approximately equal the vector given below: 1D =310 km at 57° south of west °Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion 39 11. A gial delivering newspapers covers her route By traveling 3.00 blocks west, 4.00 blocks north and then 6.00 blocks east. (a) What is her resultant displacement? (b) What is the total distance she travels? +y) © cel < Solution (a) eastward and northward are chosen as ‘sx and the +y directions respectively, the components of each displacement are: Displacement x-component y-component A -3.00 blocks 0.00 B 0.00 +4.00 blocks ic +6.00 blocks 0.00 ‘The components of the resultant are then: R,=A,+B,+Cy R, =A, +B, +C, = +4.00 blocks 3.00 blocks The magnitude and direction of the resultant are then given by: R= JR2+R? =5.00 blocks ° o= taf (b) The distance traveled is d=(3.00+ 4.00+6.00) blocks =13.0 blocks ° 1° north of east °40 CHAPTER 3 15. The eye of a hurricane passes over Grand Bahama Island in a direction 60.0° north of west with a speed of 41.0 km/h. Three hours later, the course of the hurricane suddenly shifts due north, and its speed slows to 25.0 km/h. How far from Grand Bahama is the hurricane 4.50 h after it passes over the island? Solution Assume that Grand Bahama Island lies at the origin of the coordinate system shown in the diagram at the right. During the first three hours after passing this island, the hurricane travels a distance of =(41.0. km/h)(3.00 h) = 123 km in a direction 60.0° north of west. Thus, it travels a distance Ave: = (123 km) cos60.0° = 61.5 km (westward) and Avorn = (123 km) sin60.0° = 106 km (northward) In the next 1.50 h, the hurricane moves due northward an additional distance of Bao = UyAt, = (25.0 kn/h)(1.50 h) = 37.5 km (northward) Thus, 4.50 h after passing Grand Bahama the hurricane is located Ryet = Avu: + Boost =615 km +0 = 61.5 km west and Rrorth = Aarts + Boris =106 km + 37.5 km = 144 km north Its total distance from the island at this time is R= JRL +R, = (615 km) + (144 km)? =157 km °Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion 41 49. Aman pushing a mop across a floor causes the mop to undergo two displacements. The first has a magnitude of 150 cm and makes an angle of 120° with the positive * ‘axis, The resultant displacement has a magnitude of 140 cm and is directed at an angle of 35.0° to the positive x axis. Find the magnitude and direction of the second displacement. Solution rrr ——C—“——*™e™sstrtT———S from above the floor. If A and B are the first and second displacements, the resultant displacement is +B It we take A,, A,, By, and B, to be the components of the first and second displacements, the components of the resultant displacement are given by R,=A,+B, and R,=A,+By ‘The vectors R and A are known. Their components are as follows: x-components: R, = Roos, = (140 cm)cos35.0° = +115 cm ‘A, = Acos@, =(150 em).cos 120° = ~75.0 em y-components: Ry =Reind, = (140 em)sin35.0° = +80.3 cm A, = Asin 6, = (150 cm) sin120° = +130 cm ‘The components of the secorid displacement B may then be found to be: B,=R,-A,=190 cm B A, = 749.7 cm ‘The magnitude of B is B= JB: + B; = y(190 cm) +(—49.7 cm)" = 196 cm ‘The direction of B is 0, \- tan” (-0.261) =-14.7° Thus, B=196 om at 14.7° below the positive x direction. ee42° CHAPTERS — A tennis player standing 12.6 m from the net hits the ball at 3,00° above the horizontal. To clear the net, the ball must rise at least 0.330 m. Ifthe ball just clears the net at the apex of its trajectory, how fast was the ball moving when it left the racquet? Solution ay 0.330 m fi Soe - Therefore, », At the apex of the trajectory, , ny +A,t gives the time to reach the net as oy _ 0-2 8in3.00° _ vy sin3.00° “8 g Since the vertical acceleration is constant, the average velocity in the vertical direction is (2), = 5 For the time interval from when the ball leaves the racquet until when it reaches the net, this becomes 0+ sin3.00° _ v, sin3, (2), BSS 7 2 = ‘The vertical displacement during this time interval is wsin3, = 2 sin3.00° sin? 3,00° ay=(o,), (1 7 : } 25 Tf the ball just clears the net, then Ay = 0.330 m, giving L25(88) _YP(ORD m/e YORI) sin3.00° sin3.00° Note that it was unnecessary to use the horizontal distance of 12.6 m in this solution.Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion 43 33. A projectile is launched with an initial speed of 60.0 m/s at an angle of 30.0° ‘above the horizontal. The projectile lands on a hillside 4.00 s later. Neglect air friction. (a) What is the projectile’s velocity at the highest point of its trajectory? (b) What is the straight-line distance from where the projectile was launched to where it hits its target? Solution (2) At the highest point on the trajectory, the projectile’s velocity is horizontal with components of 2, =0 and v, =p, =U) cos =(60.0 m/s)cos30.0° = 52.0 m/s ‘Thus, at the trajectory’s highest point, v= ,/o? +0; =52.0 m/s and ¥=52.0 m/s directed horizontally ° (0) At £=4.00s after launch, the displacement of the projectile from the launch site has components of Ax =v, t= (25008 8)t = (60.0 m/s)cos30.0°(4.00 s)=208 m and Ay=0,,t+ 4a? =(v)sind)t-4gt” =[(60.0 ‘m/s)sin30.0°](4.00 s)- (9.80 m/s*)(4.00 s) =41.6m ‘The straight-line distance from the launch site to the landing spot equals the magnitude of the displacement vector, or (ax)? +(Ay)’ = \(208 mj’ +(41.6 m)* =212 m44 CHAPTERS 439, A rowboat crosses a river with a velocity of 3.30 mi/h at an angle 62.5° north of vest relative to the water, The river is 0.505 mi wide and carries an eastward current of 15 mni/ih, Hlow far upstream is the boat when it reaches the opposite shore? Solution dye North (across stream) ‘The velocity of the boat relative to the shore, V,j, may be expressed as the sum Ves =Vaw + Vs Where Vow is the velocity of the boat relative to the water and Vys is the velocity of the water relative to the shore. Graphical addition of these vectors i illustrated in the sketch to the right. 4 (along stream) Each component of the boat's velocity is as follows: Directed across the stream (northward), (Fas) an = (00 ae + (Fs ann 8-30 mifh) sin 62.5°+ 0=2.93 mi/h Directed parallel to the stream (eastward), (es) an = (Wav leat +(Fws ag = 703-30 mifh)cos62.5°+ 1.25 mi/h 0.274 mi/h ‘The time required for the boat to cross the stream (that is, move 0.505 mi north) is given by: 0,505 mi (rs) The displacement of the boat parallel to the stream during this time is given by: x= (Vos) £ = (0.274 mi/h)(0.172 h) 0.505 mi 2.93 mi/ 0.172h 4.71x107 mi ‘Thus, as the boat crosses the river, it moves in the negative eastward (that is, westward or upstream) direction a distance of 5280 ft 1.00 mi \x|=(471<107 mil j= ft eerVectors and Two-Dimensional Motion 45 47, Towns A and B in Figure P3.47 are 80.0 km apart. A couple arranges to drive from town A and meet a couple driving from town B at the lake, L. The two couples leave simultaneously and drive for 2.50h in the directions shown. Car 1 has a speed of 90.0 km/h. If the cars arrive simultaneously at the lake, what is the speed of car 2? Figure P3.47 Solution The vector diagram at the right shows the displacement between the cities as AB (magnitude AB=80.0 km), the displacement undergone by Car 1 as AC (magnitude AC), and the displacement of Car 2 as BC (magnitude BC). Observe that : -(» 22.50 h)=225 km From the right triangle ADC: BD = AD-AB = (AC) cos 40.0°-80.0 km =(225 km)cos 40.0°-80.0 km = 92.4 km Finally, using triangle BDC, the Pythagorean theorem gives BC = (BD) +(Dc)’ = (BD) + (AC sin 40.0°)" BC = (92.4 km) +[ (225 km)sin 40.0°F =172 km _BC _172km 8.6 km/h t 2.50h mh Hence, the speed of Car2is 2,46 55. (CHAPTERS ‘A home run is hit in such a way that the baseball just clears a wall 21 m high, located 130 m from home plate. The ball is hit at an angle of 35° to the horizontal, and air resistance is negligible. Find (a) the initial speed of the ball, (b) the time it takes the ball to reach the wall, and (c) the velocity components and the speed of the ball when it reaches the wall. (Assume that the ball is hit at a height of 1.0 m above the ground.) Solution (a) Choose a reference frame with the origin at the point where the ball Teaves the bat. The x axis should be horizontal and directed toward the point where the ball crosses the wall. The time required for the ball to reach the wall (that is, achieve a horizontal displacement of 130 m) is, [At this time, the ball must be 21 m above the ground, or 20 m above its launch point (Ay =420 m). Therefore, Ay =, telat wt tay 2 becomes 20 m=(0, snas( ).2(-o80 7 (2 m) % ) 2 - Simplifying and solving for the initial velocity gives v) = 42 mys, ° From above, the elapsed time when the ball reaches the wall is 159m _ 159m % 42 m/s 8s ° At this time, the velocity components of the ball are 0, = Up, =U, C0S35° = (42m/s)cos35° = 34 m/s, ° and 0, =), +a,t = (42m/s)sin35°+(-9.80 m/s) (3.8 s)=-13 m/s ° " ‘The speed of the ball as it crosses the wall is v= Jv; +0 = 37 m/s °Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion 47 61, By throwing a ball at an angle of 45°, a girl can throw the ball a maximum horizontal distance of R on a level field. How far can she throw the same ball vertically upward? Assume that her muscles give the ball the same speed in each case. (Is this assumption valid?) Solution Throwing the ball at an angle of 45° achieves maximum range for a given initial speed. At this projection angle, the initial velocity components are ny = 0, Sin 45° = v4 /-V2 We realize that when the ball returns to ground level, it will have v, use of ¥, = %, +4, to determine the time of flight as The maximum horizontal range is then 2 Romt=() v2) _ oh n hos ) sg When the ball is thrown straight upward at speed v,, the velocity at maximum height is u, =0 and vi = vj, +2a,Ay gives the maximum height reached as 2 (49) nu =~ Comparing this result to Equation (1) shows that for a given initial speed, R (89) 3, If the girl takes a step when she makes the horizontal throw, she can likely give a higher initial speed to that throw than for the vertical throw, °48° CHAPTERS 65. A daredevil is shot out of a cannon at 45.0° to the horizontal with an initial speed of 25.0 m/s. A net is positioned a horizontal distance of 50.0 m from the cannon. At what height above the cannon should the net be placed in order to catch the daredevil? Solution ‘Choose a reference frame with its origin at the point where the daredevil leaves the cannon, with the x-axis horizontal and the y-axis vertical. 19 =25.0 m/s ‘Then, the components of the daredevil’s initial velocity and acceleration are: 2%, = (25.0 m/s)cos 45° =17.7 m/s 0 Uy =(25.0 m/s) sin 45° = 17.7 m/s 4, Thus, the horizontal velocity v,=0),+4,t is constant and the time to travel the horizontal distance of 50.0 m to the net is, = 4. 500m __ aT vegee The daredevil's y-coordinate at this time is given by y=2,t+4a,!" as: y=(17.7 m/s)(2.83 s) +4(-9.80 m/s) (2.83 s)' =+#10.8 m The net should be placed 10.8 m above the level where the daredevil leaves the cannon.2(250.pya)ain700° 1 7868) mya “4798 The horizontal fafige of this snowball is R= Yet, =[(25.0 m/s)c0s70.0°](4.79 s) = 41.0 m The time f, after its launch when the second snowball, thrown at angle @with initial speed 0, =25.0 m/s, returns to ground level is given by Ay = Dat thar with Ay=0 as Requiring the horizontal range of this snowball be the same as that of the first ball (that is, R, =0,,t, = R,) yields [(25.0 m/s)coso][(5.10 s)sin6]=41.0 m or sin@cos@=0.321 Using the trigonometric identity sin20=2sin6cos@ gives sin20=2(0.321)=0.642 and 8=20.0° ° (0) From part (a) above, the time of flight for the first snowball is 1,=4.79s and that for the second snowball is t, =(5.10 s)sin@=(5.10 s)sin20.0°= 1.74 s. Thus, if they are to arrive simultaneously, the time delay between the first and second snowballs should be At 2 = 4.79 8-174 s=3.05 5 ° _—_ eee