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L01 Operational Amplifier

This document discusses operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), including an introduction to ideal and non-ideal Op-Amp applications, comparisons between ideal and non-ideal Op-Amps, and considerations for non-ideal Op-Amps. It provides analysis of common Op-Amp circuits like inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. The document also examines properties of ideal versus practical Op-Amps and how to analyze circuits using ideal Op-Amp assumptions.

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RamaDinakaran
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231 views27 pages

L01 Operational Amplifier

This document discusses operational amplifiers (Op-Amps), including an introduction to ideal and non-ideal Op-Amp applications, comparisons between ideal and non-ideal Op-Amps, and considerations for non-ideal Op-Amps. It provides analysis of common Op-Amp circuits like inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. The document also examines properties of ideal versus practical Op-Amps and how to analyze circuits using ideal Op-Amp assumptions.

Uploaded by

RamaDinakaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Lecture 1 Op-Amp

Introduction of Operation Amplifier (OpAmp)


Analysis of ideal Op-Amp applications
Comparison of ideal and non-ideal Op-Amp
Non-ideal Op-Amp consideration

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)


+Vcc
Very high differential gain
Input 1
+
High input impedance
Vo
Vd
Low output impedance
Output

Provide voltage changes


Input 2
(amplitude and polarity)
Rin~inf -Vcc Rout~0
Used in oscillator, filter and
Vo GdVd
instrumentation
Accumulate a very high
Gd : differential gain normally
gain by multiple stages
very large, say 105

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

IC Product
OFFSET
NULL

8 N.C.

-IN

V+

+IN

OUTPUT

OFFSET
NULL

DIP-741

Ref:080114

OUTPUT A

-IN A

+IN A

7 OUTPUT B

V+

-IN B

5 +IN B

Dual op-amp 1458 device

Operational Amplifier

Single-Ended Input
+

~ Vi

+ terminal : Source
terminal : Ground
0o phase change

+ terminal : Ground
terminal : Source
180o phase change

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

Double-Ended Input
V

Differential input

Vd V V

0o phase shift change

between Vo and Vd
+

~ V1

Qu: What Vo should be if,

Ref:080114

Ans: (A or B) ?
Operational Amplifier

(A)

(B)

Distortion
+V =+5V
cc

+5V
o

0
5V

V =5V
cc

The output voltage never excess the DC


voltage supply of the Op-Amp
Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

Common-Mode Operation
+

Same voltage source is applied

at both terminals

Ideally, two input are equally


amplified
Output voltage is ideally zero
due to differential voltage is
zero
Practically, a small output
signal can still be measured
Ref:080114

Note for differential circuits:


Opposite inputs : highly amplified
Common inputs : slightly
amplified
Common-Mode Rejection

Operational Amplifier

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)


Differential voltage input :

Vd V V

Output

Common voltage input :

1
Vc (V V )
2

Inverting
Input

Common-mode rejection ratio:


CMRR

Output voltage :

Vo Gd Vd GcVc
Gd : Differential gain
Gc : Common mode gain
Ref:080114

Noninverting
+
Input

Gd
G
20 log10 d (dB)
Gc
Gc

Note:
When Gd >> Gc or CMRR
Vo = GdVd

Operational Amplifier

CMRR Example
What is the CMRR?
100V

100V

60700V

80600V
20V

40V

Solution :
Vd 1 100 20 80V

(1)

Vd 2 100 40 60V

100 20
100 40
60V
Vc 2
70V
2
2
From (1)
Vo 80Gd 60Gc 80600V

Vc1

From (2)
Gd 1000

(2)

Vo 60Gd 70Gc 60700V


and

Gc 10

CMRR 20 log(1000 / 10) 40dB

NB: This method is Not work! Why?

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain
-

The gain without feedback


Equal to differential gain
Zero common-mode gain
Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000

(2) Infinite Input impedance


-

Input current ii ~0A


T- in high-grade op-amp
m-A input current in low-grade opamp

(3) Zero Output Impedance

V1

V2

Vo

i1~0

i2~0

Vo

Rout
Vo' +

Rload

- act as perfect internal voltage source


- No internal resistance
Rload
- Output impedance in series with load
Vload Vo
- Reducing output voltage to the load
Rload Rout
20-100
- Practically, Rout ~Operational
Ref:080114
Amplifier
10

Frequency-Gain Relation

Ideally, signals are amplified


from DC to the highest AC
(Voltage Gain)
frequency
Gd
Practically, bandwidth is limited 0.707Gd
741 family op-amp have an limit
bandwidth of few KHz.

Unity Gain frequency f1: the


gain at unity
Cutoff frequency fc: the gain
drop by 3dB from dc gain Gd

20log(0.707)=3dB

1
0

fc

f1
(frequency)

GB Product : f1 = Gd fc
Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

11

GB Product
Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp
having a unit gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage
differential gain Gd = 20V/mV
(Voltage Gain)

Sol:

Gd
0.707Gd

Since f1 = 10 MHz

? Hz

By using GB production equation

f1 = Gd fc

10MHz

fc = f1 / Gd = 10 MHz / 20 V/mV
= 10 106 / 20 103

1
0

f1
(frequency)

= 500 Hz
Ref:080114

fc

Operational Amplifier

12

Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp


Ideal

Practical

Open Loop gain A

105

Bandwidth BW

10-100Hz

Input Impedance Zin

>1M

10-100

Output Impedance Zout


Output Voltage Vout

Depends only
on Vd =
(V+V)
Differential
mode signal

CMRR

Ref:080114

Depends slightly
on average input
Vc = (V++V)/2
Common-Mode
signal

Vin

+ AVin

Ideal op-amp

Zout=0

Vin

Zin

Vout

Practical op-amp

Zout

Vout

AVin

10-100dB

Operational Amplifier

13

Ideal Op-Amp Applications


Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1) The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2) The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero
For ideal Op-Amp circuit:
(1) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting
terminal V+
(2) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(3) Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

14

Noninverting Amplifier
(1)

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V+


yields, V Vi
Kirchhoff node equation at V
yields, V 0 V Vo 0
Ra

(3)

in

Ra

Rf

Rf

Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi Vo

0
Ra
Rf
or

Ref:080114

Rf
Vo
1
Vi
Ra

Operational Amplifier

15

v+

v-

vi

v+
v-

Rf
Ra

)vi

Rf

Voltage follower

vo vi

Ref:080114

R2

v-

vo

vo

Rf

Ra

Noninverting amplifier

vo (1

R1

v+

vi

Noninverting input with voltage divider


Rf
R2
vo (1 )(
)vi
Ra R1 R2
v

v+
i

v-

Less than unity gain

vo

Operational Amplifier

R2
vi
R1 R2

16

Inverting Amplifier
(1)

Rf

Kirchhoff node equation at V+


yields, V 0

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V


yields, Vin V_ Vo V

0
Ra
Rf

(3)

Setting V+ = V yields

Vo R f

Vin
Ra
Ref:080114

Ra

V ~
in

Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is


dependent upon the ratio of two resistors,
and is independent of the open-loop gain.
This is caused by the use of feedback output
voltage to subtract from the input voltage.

Operational Amplifier

17

Multiple Inputs
(1)

Kirchhoff node equation at V+


yields, V 0

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V


yields,
V_ Vo
Rf

(3)

Rf
Va
Vb
Vc

Ra
Rb
Rc

V Va V Vb V Vc

0
Ra
Rb
Rc

Setting V+ = V yields
c V
Va Vb Vc
j
Vo R f

R f
j a R j
Ra Rb Rc

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

18

Inverting Integrator
Now replace resistors Ra and Rf by complex
components Za and Zf, respectively, therefore
Zf
Vo
Vin
Supposing
Za
(i) The feedback component is a capacitor C, in
i.e.,
1
Zf
jC
(ii) The input component
is a resistor R, Za = R
Therefore, the closed-loop gain (Vo/Vin) become:

Za

V ~

where

vi (t ) Vi e

jt

What happens if Za = 1/jC whereas, Zf = R?


Inverting differentiator

Ref:080114

V ~
in

Operational Amplifier

C
R

1
vo (t )
vi (t )dt

RC

Zf

19

Example:

Op-Amp Integrator
C

(a) Determine the rate of change


of the output voltage.

+5V
0

R
100s

(b) Draw the output waveform.

10 k

0.01F

Vo(max)=10 V

Solution:
(a) Rate of change of the output voltage
Vo
V
5V
i
t
RC (10 k)(0.01 F)
50 mV/s

(b) In 100 s, the voltage decrease

Vo (50 mV/s)(100s) 5V

Ref:080114

+5V
0

0
-5V
-10V

Operational Amplifier

V
20

Op-Amp Differentiator
R
0

to

C
t1

t2

to

t1

t2

dVi
vo
RC
dt

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

21

Non-ideal case (Inverting Amplifier)


Rf
Ra

Vin ~

in

Equivalent Circuit
Rf
Ra

R
R
V
+ +

Ref:080114

Vin

Zin

Practical op-amp

Zout
~

Vout

AVin

3 categories are considering

Close-Loop Voltage Gain


Input impedance
Output impedance

-AV
Operational Amplifier

22

Close-Loop Gain
Applied KCL at V terminal,
Vin V V Vo V

0
Ra
R
Rf
By using the open loop gain,

Rf

Ra

in

R R

+ +

Vo AV

Vin Vo
V
V
V

o o o 0
Ra ARa AR R f AR f

in

R R Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Vin Vo f
Ra

Ra

-AV
Rf

V R

ARa R R f

The Close-Loop Gain, Av

AR R f
Vo
Av

Vin R R f Ra R f Ra R ARa R

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

23

Close-Loop Gain
When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,
Av ~

Rf
Ra

Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form


as an ideal case

Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

24

Input Impedance
Rf

Input Impedance can be regarded as,


Rin Ra R // R

Ra

where R is the equivalent impedance


of the red box circuit, that is
V
R
if
However, with the below circuit,
V ( AV ) i f ( R f Ro )
V R f Ro
R

if
1 A

Ref:080114

in

Operational Amplifier

V R

+ +

-AV
R'

if

Rf
R

V
+

-AV

25

Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1
1 A
Rin Ra

R
R

R

f
o

Rin Ra

R ( R f Ro )
R f Ro (1 A) R

Since, R f Ro (1 A) R , Rin become,


Rin ~ Ra

( R f Ro )
(1 A)

Again with R f Ro (1 A)
Rin ~ Ra

Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from


input to output
Ref:080114

Operational Amplifier

26

Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered,
i.e. Vi is assumed to be 0
Firstly, with figure (a),

Rf

Ra

Ra // R
Ra R
V
Vo V
Vo
R f Ra // R
Ra R f Ra R R f R

R
V

By using KCL, io = i1+ i2


Vo
V ( AV )
io
o
R f Ra // R f
Ro

io

+
-AV

By substitute the equation from Fig. (a),


The output impedance, Rout is
Ro ( Ra R f Ra R R f R )
Vo

io (1 Ro )( Ra R f Ra R R f R ) (1 A) Ra R

R and A comparably large,


Ro ( Ra R f )
Rout ~
ARa

Ref:080114

Rf

i2

i1

V
R

Ra

(a)

Operational Amplifier

V
+

-AV

(b)

27

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