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Linear Algebra

This document discusses cofactor expansion, a method for calculating the determinant of a matrix. It defines cofactors as the signed minors of a matrix and explains that the determinant of a matrix can be expanded along any row or column as the sum of each entry multiplied by its cofactor. Examples are provided to illustrate expansion along rows and columns. The document also defines the adjoint of a matrix and states properties relating a matrix, its adjoint, its determinant, and its inverse.

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266 views6 pages

Linear Algebra

This document discusses cofactor expansion, a method for calculating the determinant of a matrix. It defines cofactors as the signed minors of a matrix and explains that the determinant of a matrix can be expanded along any row or column as the sum of each entry multiplied by its cofactor. Examples are provided to illustrate expansion along rows and columns. The document also defines the adjoint of a matrix and states properties relating a matrix, its adjoint, its determinant, and its inverse.

Uploaded by

abd_ren_ren
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

2 Cofactor Expansion
DEF ( p. 152) Let A = [a ij ] be an n n matrix.
M ij denotes the (n 1) (n 1) matrix of A
obtained by deleting its i-th row and j-th
column.
det(M ij ) is called the minor of a ij .
A ij = (1) i+j det(M ij ) is called the cofactor of
a ij .

1
EXAMPLE 1 For A =

0 1 2
2

A 12 = (1)

1+2

A 31 = (1)

3+1

0 2
2 0
1 4
1 2

1 4
we have:

3 0

= (1)(0 4) = 4
= (1)(2 + 4) = 6

MATH 316U (003) - 3.2 (Cofactor Expansion.) / 1

TH 3.9 ( p. 153) Let A = [a ij ] be an n n


matrix. For each i = 1, , n,
det(A) = a i1 A i1 + ` + a in A in
(expansion of det(A) along the i-th row)
det(A) = a 1i A 1i + ` + a ni A ni
(expansion of det(A) along the i-th column)

EXAMPLE 2 In Example 2 ( p. 154), the


1 2 3
determinant of A =

4 2
3 0

4
3

0 3

2 0 2

was

found by
expansion along the third row, and
expansion along the first column.
We shall illustrate the expansion along the second
column:

MATH 316U (003) - 3.2 (Cofactor Expansion.) / 2

det(A) = a 12 A 12 + a 22 A 22 + a 32 A 32 + a 42 A 42
4
= 2(1) 3

0 3

2 2
1 3
+ 2(1) 4

3
3
4

0 3

2 2

+0+0

= 2(0 6 18 0 + 24 9)
+ 2(0 + 18 24 0 6 + 27)
= 2(9) + 2(15)
= 48

MATH 316U (003) - 3.2 (Cofactor Expansion.) / 3

TH 3.10 ( p. 155) Let A = [a ij ] be an n n


matrix. For each i k,
a i1 A k1 + ` + a in A kn = 0
a 1i A 1k + ` + a ni A nk = 0

Outline of the proof:


Let B be the matrix obtained from A by
replacing the kth row with the ith row.
Expand det(B) along its kth row. Since
B kj = A kj and b kj = a ij , this expansion is
identical to the LHS of the first formula.
By Th. 3.3, det(B) = 0. This proves the first
formula (the proof of the 2nd formula is
identical).

MATH 316U (003) - 3.2 (Cofactor Expansion.) / 4

DEF ( p. 156) Let A = [a ij ] be an n n matrix.


The adjoint of A is the n n matrix
A 11 A 21 ` A n1
adj A =

A 12 A 22 ` A n2
_

A 1n A 2n ` A nn

TH 3.11 ( p. 157) Let A = [a ij ] be an n n


matrix. Then
A(adj A) = (adj A)A = det(A)I n
Outline of the proof of A(adj A) = det(A)I n :
The (i, j)-element of A(adj A) is
row i (A) 6 col j (adjA) = a i1 A j1 + `a in A jn
=

det(A)

if i = j

if i j

MATH 316U (003) - 3.2 (Cofactor Expansion.) / 5

COROLLARY 3.3 ( p. 158) If det(A) 0 then


A 1 =

1 (adjA)
det(A)

Equivalent conditions ( p.160)


For any n n matrix A, the following conditions
are equivalent:
1. A is nonsingular.
2. A x = 0 has only the trivial solution.
3. A is row equivalent to I n .
4. For every n 1 matrix b , the system
A x = b has a unique solution.
5. det(A) 0.

MATH 316U (003) - 3.2 (Cofactor Expansion.) / 6

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